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Copyright©2016byLukeWang460163956.Allrightsreserved.
pg.1
ContractsI-Components
Index
ContractsI-Components.............................................................................................................1
Overview.......................................................................................................................................4Terminologyincontractlaw...................................................................................................................4Whatisacontract?................................................................................................................................5Essentialelementsofabindingcontract:...............................................................................................5
TypesofContracts........................................................................................................................5Typesvaryaccordingtonature:.............................................................................................................5Typesvaryregardingseal.......................................................................................................................5
Simplecontracts.................................................................................................................................5Formalcontracts................................................................................................................................5
Formalitiesandcontracts.......................................................................................................................6
Thecontents,breachandendingofacontract...........................................................................7Contentsofacontract............................................................................................................................7Breachofacontract...............................................................................................................................7Endingacontract...................................................................................................................................7
Agreement:offerandacceptance...............................................................................................8Agreementmaybereachedwhen:........................................................................................................8Whyofferandacceptance?...................................................................................................................8Therulesofofferandacceptance..........................................................................................................8Whatisanoffer?....................................................................................................................................8Whatisnotanoffer?.............................................................................................................................9
Arequestforinformation...................................................................................................................9An‘invitationtotreat’........................................................................................................................9
Communicationoftheofferandterms.................................................................................................9Cross-offers..........................................................................................................................................10
Battleofforms..................................................................................................................................10Monumentalcase(CarbolicSmokeBall)..............................................................................................10Terminationofanoffer........................................................................................................................11
Revocation........................................................................................................................................11Lapseoftime....................................................................................................................................11Conditioninoffernotfulfilled...........................................................................................................11Deathofaparty...............................................................................................................................11Changeofcircumstances,forexample,astolencar........................................................................11Rejectionbytheofferee...................................................................................................................11
Theofferee’sresponse.........................................................................................................................12Seekmoreinformation.....................................................................................................................12Makeacounteroffer........................................................................................................................12Accepttheoffer................................................................................................................................12Rejecttheoffer.................................................................................................................................12Ignoretheoffer................................................................................................................................12
Offer/AcceptanceAnalysis...................................................................................................................12Whatisanacceptance?.......................................................................................................................12
Requirements...................................................................................................................................12Rulesaboutthe‘acceptance’:..........................................................................................................12
Copyright©2016byLukeWang460163956.Allrightsreserved.
pg.17
Intentionnottocreatelegalrelations–commercialagreements
• Wherethereisacontractofacommercialorbusinessnature,itisassumedthatthepartiesdidintendtocreatelegalrelations.–EdwardsvSkywaysLtd[1964]1WLR349
• Needclearexpressionnottobebound;therearetwomainwaysbywhichitcanbeshown thatlegalrelationsarenotintendedinacommercialagreement:
o Anexpressstipulationintheagreementthatitwasnotintendedtobeenforceable inacommercialarrangementRoseandFrankCovCromptonandBrosLtdAC445“not…formalorlegalagreement”,thereforenointention.
o ThewordingoftheagreementitselfSoutervShyambaPtyLtd(2002)11BPR 20269JonesvVernonPoolsLtd[1938]2AllER626“honourclause”=no intention
Lettersofcomfort-justwhatisbeingpromised
• Aletterofcomfortisastatementofintentionoftengiventoacreditorbyathirdpartyasasubstituteforaguaranteeandisgenerallyintendedtobenon-binding.KleinwortBensonLtdvMalaysiaMiningCorporationBhd[1988]1WLR799“policy” statement–nointentionBanqueBrusselsLambertSAvAustralianNationalIndustriesLimited(1989)21 NSWLR502“practice”statement–intention
Administrativearrangements• whereagovernmentdepartmentorauthoritytakessomeactionrequiredofitbylaw
orundersomegovernmentscheme,thisdoesnotnecessarilymeanthatanenforceableagreementexistsbetweenitandtheotherpartyo contractualobligationonlyarisesiftherewasaclearintentionthatthe
agreementistobeenforceableinacourtoflawo AdministrationofTerritoryofPapuaandNewGuineavLeahy(1961)105CLR6
Otherstatementsofintension,butdonotshowanagreementthatistobelegally binding:• Letterofintent• MemorandumofUnderstanding• ProposalforDealing• StrategicAlliance• PreferredDealerProposal
Ambiguouslanguage
• Ifambiguityarisesfromthewordsusedbythepartiesintheiragreement,thecourtscandisregardthewordsusedandascertaintheintentiononthepartiesfromthegeneralcircumstancessurroundingthetransaction
o EdwardsvSkywaysLtd[1964]1WLR349
Copyright©2016byLukeWang460163956.Allrightsreserved.
pg.23
Capacity
Principles• Contractsmaynotbeenforceablebecauseoneofthepartiesisconsideredincapableof
enteringintothecontractbecauseofsomephysical,mentalorlegaldisability. Thus,incapacityofapartymakesthecontractvoid.
Incapacitycircumstances
Minors• LegislationinallStatesandTerritoriesprovidesthatnaturalpersonshavefull
contractualcapacityattheageof18years.• InNSW,theMinors(PropertyandContracts)Act1970providesthat:
o Minorsareboundiftheyunderstandthecontractanditisfortheirbenefit(i.e.for “necessaries”–reasonablecomfortaccordingtolifestylee.g.mobilephonecontracts)
o Contractswithminorsarepresumptivelybindingif:§ Forbenefitoftheminor:s19§ Forsaleorpurchaseofproperty:s20
o Torts:Aminorisgenerallyliableforanytorttheycommitunlesstheactionwouldbeanindirectmeansofenforcingtheagreement.
• Threecategoriesthatmaybeenteredintobyminors:ValidContracts
VoidableContracts VoidContracts
• Thosecontractsfornecessariesand beneficialcontractsofservice,e.g.mobile phonecontracts.
• Validcontractsarethosecontractsthat willmaintaintheminorinreasonablecomfortaccordingtotheirlifestyle.
• Forgoodstobeconsiderednecessaries, theplaintiffmustbeabletoestablish:o Thattheunpaidgoodsor
services arecapableofbeingnecessariesfor apersonintheparticularcircumstances–BojczukvGregorcewicz[1961]SASR128
• Beneficialcontractsofservice–contracts ofemployment,apprenticeship,trainingoreducation.
1. Enduringcontracts• Contractsunderwhichtheminor
will obtainalastingbenefit.• Bindingunlessrepudiatedbytheminor
duringtheirinfancyorwithinareasonable timeofturning18.
• Minorwillremainliableforanyobligations thatmighthaveaccruedupuntilthetime ofrepudiationunlesstheminorreceived nobenefitatall–SteinbergvScala(Leeds) Ltd[1923]2Ch452.Iftheminordoesreceivebenefitunderan agreementthatisvoidable,theylosetherighttoclaimbackanymoneysalready paid.
2. Temporarycontracts• Notofacontinuingnature• Requireexpressratificationofthe
minor, afterattaining18yearsofagetomake thembinding.
• Aminorisnotliableonabillofexchangeorcontractsprovidingsecuritytorepay moneys.
• Aminorcannotcontracttogiveanundertakingofsecuritytorepayan advanceofmoneys,evenifthemoneywas topurchasenecessaries.
Copyright©2016byLukeWang460163956.Allrightsreserved.
pg.11
Classificationoftermsofthecontract
Conditions Warranties Intermediate/InnominateEssentialtermmajorterm Notessentialterm;
minor/ancillarytermEitheressentialtermornon-essentialterm
Breach?InnocentpartycanaffirmthecontractandclaimdamagesORcanterminatethecontractandclaimdamages
Breach?Innocentpartycanclaimdamagesonly(cannotterminatecontractsomuststillperformanyremainingobligations)
Breach?DamagesonlyifconsequencesofbreacharenotseriousDamagesandterminationofthecontractifconsequencesofbreachareserious
conditionorwarranty?“Thequestionwhetheraterminacontractisaconditionorawarranty,i.e.anessentialora
non-essentialpromise,dependsupontheintentionofthepartiesasappearinginorfromthecontract.Thetestofessentialityiswhetheritappearsfromthegeneralnatureofthecontractconsideredasawhole,orfromsomeparticulartermorterms,thatthepromiseisofsuchimportancetothepromiseethathewouldnothaveenteredintothecontractunlesshehadbeenassuredofastrict,orasubstantial,performanceofthepromise,asthecasemaybe,andthatthisoughttohavebeenapparenttothepromisor….
JordanCJinTramwaysAdvertisingPtyLtdvLunaPark(NSW)Ltd(1938)CLR633
“Testofessentiality”-isitanessentialpromise?TramwaysAdvertisingPtyLtdvLunaPark(NSW)Ltd(1938)CLR633 ‘Lunapark’• Summary:AmusementparkrentedadvertisingspaceontramsinSydneyforperiodof3
years.Advertisementson53boardsweretobedisplayedontheroofsofthetramcars.Clauseincontract:"Weguaranteethattheseboardswillbeonthetracksatleast eighthoursperdaythroughoutyourseason."AfterthesecondseasonLunaParkobjectedthatthedisplaycontractedforwasnot beingprovided
• Issue:Isitacondition?• Held:Yes–LunaParkcouldterminatecontract(andnothavetopay advertisingfeesfor
thethirdyearofthecontract)
“[aconditionis]astipulation[which]goestotherootofthematter,sothatafailuretoperformitwouldrendertheperformanceoftherestofthecontractathingdifferentinsubstancefromwhatthedefendanthasstipulatedfor.”BettinivGye(1876)1QBD183at188perBlackburnJ ‘Lateforrehearsal,B&G’• Summary:ContractforBtosinginanopera/concertsover3months.Termincontract
thatB hadtoarriveinLondon6daysbeforefirstconcertforrehearsals.Barrived2daysbeforeconcert.Gtriedtoterminatethecontract(onlybreachofaconditioninthecontractwould entitleGtotreatcontractatanend).
• Issue:Arrivinglateforrehearsal–Isitaconditionorwarranty?• Held:Warranty–damagesonly(nottermination).
ContrastAssociatedNewspapersLtdvBancks(1951)83CLR 322 ‘newsprintshortage’• Summary:ContractforBtosupplyNewspaperwithacartooneachweek.Newspaper
agreedtopublishcartoononfrontpageofthecomicsection.Duetonewsprintshortage,comicappearedonpage3for3consecutiveweeks.Bsoughttoterminatecontractforbreachofcondition.
• Issue:Condition(termination+damages)orWarranty(damagesonly)?• Held:Condition–Bwouldnothaveenteredcontractonthatbasis.
Copyright©2016byLukeWang460163956.Allrightsreserved.
pg.1
Tortofnegligence
Index
Tortofnegligence.........................................................................................................................1Whatisatort?........................................................................................................................................3Whatarethedifferenttypesoftorts?...................................................................................................3Whatistherelationshipbetweentorts,crimesandliabilityincontract?.............................................4
LiabilityinContract–civilaction........................................................................................................4Torts–civilaction...............................................................................................................................4Crimes–criminalaction.....................................................................................................................4Overlap?.............................................................................................................................................4
Tortofnegligence..................................................................................................................................4Negligenceisaformofcarelessness,recognizedbylawanditcarrieslegalconsequences..............4
Elementsofanegligenceaction.............................................................................................................4DutyofCare........................................................................................................................................4Breachofdutyofcare........................................................................................................................5CausationandRemoteness................................................................................................................5
DonoghuevStevenson[1932]AC562...................................................................................................5• Facts...........................................................................................................................................5• Issue............................................................................................................................................5• Thegenerictestfortortiousliability–thedutyofcarequestion...............................................5LordAtkin’sneighbourprinciple.........................................................................................................5
Element1–DutyofCare........................................................................................................................6• Thequestionoflaw....................................................................................................................6Reasonableforeseeability..................................................................................................................6Establishedcategoriesofdutyofcare................................................................................................6
“Therecognisedcases”–dutyofcareowedby:...........................................................................................6SalientfeaturesTest:..........................................................................................................................8
Element2-Breachofdutyofcare...........................................................................................................9Whatistheforeseeableriskofharm?................................................................................................9
Element3-Causation..........................................................................................................................11Element4-Remoteness......................................................................................................................13Sourcesofthelawoftorts...................................................................................................................13Momentumforchanges.......................................................................................................................13ReasonableForeseeablility...................................................................................................................13VicariousLiability.................................................................................................................................14ThemainthrustoftheCivilLiabilityAct2002(NSW)...........................................................................14DefencetoNegligenceclaims...............................................................................................................14
Contributorynegligence...................................................................................................................14Voluntaryassumptionofrisk............................................................................................................15Civilliabilityreform..........................................................................................................................15
5LNoliabilityforharmsufferedfromobviousrisksofdangerousrecreationalactivities........................155INoliabilityformaterialisationofinherentrisk......................................................................................15
Wideacceptedcompetentpractice..................................................................................................155OStandardofcareforprofessionals.......................................................................................................15
CivilLiabilityAct2002(NSW)................................................................................................................15DutyofCare......................................................................................................................................15
5BGeneralprinciples.................................................................................................................................155GInjuredpersonspresumedtobeawareofobviousrisks.....................................................................16
Copyright©2016byLukeWang460163956.Allrightsreserved.
pg.3
Whatisatort?• Atortisawrongfulactthatleadstocivilliabilityandcivilwrong.• Torts-civil(private)wrongswhichgivearemedytoapersoninjuredbyanactoromission
ofanother• Wrongdoer-knownas‘tortfeasor’• Injury-maybephysical,proprietaryoreconomic• Usualremedy-compensationintheformofdamages
Whatarethedifferenttypesoftorts?• Alltortsinvolveunlawfulinterferencewiththeinterestsofothers.
Unlawfulinterferencemaybe: Intentionalorunintentional
‘Trespasstoperson’PersonalRights Assault–threatofdirectforcetoanother
Battery–unauthorizedphysicalcontact FalseImprisonment–unlawfuldetention
PropertyRights Defamation–damagetopersonalreputation Trespasstogoods–wrongfullyinterferingwithanother’spossession
ofgoods Conversion–wrongfullydealingwithanother’sgoods Detinue–wrongfullydetaininganother’sgoods Trespasstoland–unauthorizedentrytoanother’sproperty Nuisance–interferencewithanother’suseandenjoymentofland
EconomicInterests
Passingoff–misrepresentingthatgoods/services/businesshavesomeconnectionorassociationwiththebusinessofanother
Procuringbreachofcontract–inducingapartytoacontracttobreachtheirobligationsunderthecontract
Injuriousfalsehood–wordsspokenorwrittenorconductintentionallydisparaginganother’sgoodsorbusiness
Deceit–fraudulentuntruth/misrepresentation
• Atortisabreachofdutyimposedbylaw,asopposedtodutyimposedbyagreements• “themainobjective[oftortslaw]istodiscourageunnecessarilyharmfulbehaviourbythe
impositionofcompensationliabilityonthepersonwhocommitsatort” Liptonetal
Copyright©2016byLukeWang460163956.Allrightsreserved.
pg.1
Misleadingordeceptiveconduct/Unconscionableconduct/UnfairtermsACLss18-25
Index
Misleadingordeceptiveconduct/Unconscionableconduct/Unfairterms.................................1
ACLss18-25...................................................................................................................................11.Misleadingordeceptiveconduct......................................................................................................2
Whichprovision?................................................................................................................................3s18:Elements.........................................................................................................................................4
Person.................................................................................................................................................4intradeorcommerce.........................................................................................................................4engageinconduct..............................................................................................................................4engageinconduct-Silence?..............................................................................................................4engageinconduct-Conductorconduit?...........................................................................................4engageinconduct-Disclaimers.........................................................................................................5engageinconduct-Conductaimedatidentifiedpersons?................................................................5engageinconduct-Predictions,opinions,forecasts..........................................................................5Misleadingordeceptive.....................................................................................................................5Misleadingordeceptive-Intent?.......................................................................................................6
ExampleofApplyingtheelements.........................................................................................................6Liabilityissues.........................................................................................................................................62.UnconscionableConduct–ss20-22...................................................................................................6
Definition............................................................................................................................................7s20–Commonlawunconscionability................................................................................................7ss21,22–Statutoryunconscionability................................................................................................7
s21.................................................................................................................................................................7Whys21?.......................................................................................................................................................8ACCCvColes(notacasebecauseofconsentorders)...................................................................................8ACCCvLuxPtyLtd[2004]FCA926................................................................................................................9TestforUnconscionability.............................................................................................................................9s22.................................................................................................................................................................9ACCCvSimplyNoKnead(Franchising)PtyLtd............................................................................................10
3.UnfairContractTerms......................................................................................................................10S23-ConsumerContract..................................................................................................................10S27-Standardformcontract...........................................................................................................10S24-Unfaircontracts.......................................................................................................................11S25-Whatmightbeunfairterms?..................................................................................................11
ACCCvBytecard(consentorders)...............................................................................................................12ACCCReview................................................................................................................................................12FutureDirections.........................................................................................................................................12
ReferenceLectureslidesofCLAW1001byUniversityofSydneyTerry,A.andGiugni,D.2016BusinessandtheLaw6e
Copyright©2016byLukeWang460163956.Allrightsreserved.
pg.2
IntellectualProperty[IP]TypesofProperty
Whatis‘intellectualproperty’?
• Intellectualproperty[IP]referstoavarietyofrightsconferredbylawfortheprotectionofcreativeeffortandtheeconomicinvestmentthatunderliesit.
• “Intellectualpropertyrepresentsthepropertyofyourmindorintellect.Inbusinessterms,thisalsomeansyourproprietaryknowledge.”IPAustralia
• IPrightsallowcreators,orowners,ofpatents,trademarksorcopyrightedworkstobenefitfromtheirownworkorinvestmentinacreation.
TypesofIntellectualProperty