corporativismo en mexico

7/23/2019 corporativismo en mexico

1/23

]DH\MSPHNGN NM IG^ME]GBG

@G^MNSG^H@K6 B$@$@$ EM@^KS DG\G PG]@MNG


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4/23

3$ Bg qkb~h`g bgcksgb nm Msdmp~k Vmnhbbk

Bg nm|gb}g`hd nm nh`hmicsm nm 788> qbgd~m bg dm`mphngn nm `kd~hd}gs bkp Qg`~kpM`kdih`kp" bkp `}gbmp l}mskd `kdk`hnkp `kik G`}msnkp M`kdih`kp$ Gb hdh`hgspmmb pmumdhk nm Msdmp~k Vmnhbbk pm lhsi mb Qg`~k qgsg mb Chmdmp~gs" bg Mp~gchbhngn x mb

@sm`hihmd~k %|ms `}gnsk =($ N}sgd~m p} |hjmd`hg" bg hdlbg`hd g`}i}bgng bbmj g7$>- ihmd~sgp w}m pbk e}ck }d g}imd~k pgbgshgb nm :-$

N}sgd~m mp~g m~gqg" bg @Î qsmpmd~ gd~m bg Pm`sm~gsg nmb ^sgcgfk x Qsm|hphdPk`hgb }d qbgd nm smmp~s}`~}sg`hd nmb qg`~k" bbgignk #Mb miqbmk" bkp pgbgshkp x bgdm`mphngn nm smlksigs mb qg`~k#" mb `}gb hd`b}g qskjsgigp qgsg sm`}qmsgs mb qknmsgnw}hph~h|k nmb pgbgshk" hdp~g}sgs bg d}m|g `}b~}sg bgcksgb" imfksgs bkp pms|h`hkp nmbPmj}sk Pk`hgb x mb HDLKDG\H $ Mb qbgd `kd~miqbgcg ~kigs imnhngp dm`mpgshgpqgsg nmpgsskbbgs }dg mp~sg~mjhg dg`hkdgb nm `gqg`h~g`hd x qskn}`~h|hngn w}mhd|kb}`sgsg |msngnmsgimd~m g bkp pm`~ksmp qskn}`~h|kp$ %70( @kd mp~m nk`}imd~k"bg @Î qsm~mdng g|md~gfgs g bgp nmip ksjgdhvg`hkdmp nmb @kdjsmpk nmb ^sgcgfk"gp}ihmdnk }dg qkp~}sg nm `kdpmdpk x nm `kbgcksg`hd `kd mb sjhimd$

G qmpgs nm w}m bg nhsm``hd nm bg @Î gpmj}sgcg egcms bkjsgnk g}imd~kppgbgshgbmp md bgp sm|hphkdmp `kd~sg`~}gbmp" nm md~sm 75- x 35-" bg dm`mphngn nmhd`smimd~gs p} bmjh~hihngn gd~m bgp cgpmp" ehvk w}m bg @Î gimdgvgsg gb jkchmsdk`kd dk lhsigs bkp qg`~kp nm `kd~md`hd pgbgshgb m hd`b}pk pmgb w}m hdh`hgsg`kd`ms~g`hkdmp nhsm`~gp `kd bkp miqsmpgshkp$ N}sgd~m mb jkchmsdk nm Msdmp~kVmnhbbk" bg @Î `kd~hd} p} qkp~}sg nm igdmfgs }d nkcbm bmdj}gfm" md mb w}m ))qks}d bgnk)) gp}ig bg nmlmdpg kcsmsg x ))qks mb k~sk)) bg nhp`hqbhdg m`kdih`g nmbsjhimd$

Md 7885" nmpq}p nm nhmv gkp nm lhsigs bkp Qg`~kp x G`}msnkp" bg hdlbg`hdg`}i}bgng bbmj gb 3>8$3-$ %7>( Mb pgbgshk x mb miqbmk pm nm~mshksgskd`kdphnmsgcbmimd~m$ Bg qskqhg @Î igdhlmp~ w}m mb =


5/23

Nhlmsmd`hgp md~sm mb i}dnk nmpgsskbbgnk x mb p}cnmpgsskbbgnk

Bg nhlmsmd`hg nm nmpgsskbbk md~sm qgpmp pm nmcmd g ib~hqbmp `g}pgp" dk

dh`gimd~m g bgp nm ~hqk m`kdih`k$ Mpgp `g}pgp ~hmdmd g bg |mv }d kshjmd hd~msdk

`kik mu~msdk$

Dk ~knkp bkp Mp~gnkp ~hmdmd mb ihpik jsgnk nm ksjgdhvg`hd pk`hgb" dh phihbgsmp

mp~s}`~}sgp qskn}`~h|gp" dh qgsm`hnkp sm`}spkp lhdgd`hmskp" dh iknkp nm |hng

mw}hqgsgcbmp$ Md bg g`~}gbhngn" nkp smgbhngnmp `kd~sgp~gd cs}p`gimd~m6 bg nm bkp

qgpmp nmpgsskbbgnkp x bg nm bkp qgpmp p}cnmpgsskbbgnkp k md nmpgsskbbk$ Mb 51-nm bg qkcbg`hd i}dnhgb |h|m md mp~m pmj}dnk js}qk$

I}dnk nmpgsskbbgnk

Bkp qgpmp nmpgsskbbgnkp ~hmdmd }dg gb~g smd~g qks `qh~g" mp nm`hs" }dkp mbm|gnkp

hdjsmpkp imnhkp qks qmspkdg qks md`hig nm bkp 71$111 nbgsmp gd}gbmp? }dg

hdn}p~shg qk~md~m x ~m`dkbjh`gimd~m g|gdvgng? }d gb~k dh|mb nm |hng" w}m pm

smlbmfg md mb nmpgsskbbk nm bgp hdlsgmp~s}`~}sgp x md bg `gd~hngn x `gbhngn nm

pms|h`hkp pgdh~gshkp" mn}`g~h|kp" `}b~}sgbmp" m~`$ gnmip" }dg c}mdg qgs~m nm bg

qkcbg`hd igd~hmdm }d mbm|gnk dh|mb nm `kdp}ik$

I}dnk p}cnmpgsskbbgnk

Bkp qgpmp p}cnmpgsskbbgnkp ~hmdmd }dg cgfg smd~g qks egch~gd~m" w}m

dksigbimd~m dk gb`gdvg bkp 3$111 nbgsmp gd}gbmp? }d nmpgsskbbk hdn}p~shgb mp`gpk

k hd`hqhmd~m" qmsk w}m" `kd lsm`}md`hg" nmqmdnm nm bg hd|msphd mu~mshks x mp~

cgpgnk md bg igdk nm kcsg cg~g~g x md mb gb~k `kdp}ik mdmsj~h`k? sm`}spkp

dg~}sgbmp nmp~hdgnkp l}dngimd~gbimd~m g bg muqks~g`hd? }dg l}ms~m nmqmdnmd`hg

nmb mu~mshks md ~m`dkbkjg" `kims`hk x `snh~kp? }d smn}`hnk dh|mb nm |hng" `kd

pms|h`hkp nm cgfg `gbhngn m hdg``mphcbmp g }dg jsgd qgs~m nm bg qkcbg`hd?

nmlh`hmd~mp hdlsgmp~s}`~}sgp? }d mbm|gnk dnh`m nm gdgblgcm~hpik? }d `sm`hihmd~k

nmikjslh`k i}x mbm|gnk? x }d cgfk dh|mb nm `kdp}ik$ Gnmip" bg hdmp~gchbhngn


6/23

qkb~h`g" bg `kss}q`hd x bg nmphj}gbngn pk`hgb pkd `ksshmd~mp md mp~kp Mp~gnkp$

Mb p}cnmpgsskbbk6 ^sgp bg Pmj}dng J}mssg I}dnhgb pm `kimdv g egcbgs nm

p}cnmpgsskbbk" qgsg smlmshspm g bkp qgpmp qkcsmp$ Jmdmsgbimd~m" mp~m ~sihdk pm

}pg md }d pmd~hnk m|kb}~h|k6 gp" Dg`hkdmp ]dhngp nmdkihdg g bkp qgpmp `kik

qgpmp md |gp nm nmpgsskbbk k md nmpgsskbbk" qks `kd~sgqkph`hd g bkp qgpmp

nmpgsskbbgnkp$

Eg`hg 78=1" Gblsmn Pg}|x }~hbhv bg muqsmphd ms`ms I}dnk qgsg nmphjdgs g bkp

qgpmp qkcsmp" `kiqgsdnkbkp `kd mb ^ms`ms Mp~gnk" mb mp~gimd~k ip cgfk nm

bg pk`hmngn lsgd`mpg g lhdmp nmb phjbk U\HHH

G imnhgnkp nm 78:1 p}sjh mb ~sihdk P}s qgsg smlmshspm g bkp qgpmp qkcsmp "

`kdphnmsgnkp `kik }d emihplmshk P}s ihmd~sgp w}m bkp nmpgsskbbgnkp `kdp~h~}gd

mb emihplmshk dks~m" g}dw}m md gickp emihplmshkp egx ~knk ~hqk nm qgpmp$Qkp~mshksimd~m pm bkp bbgi qmshlsh`kp g bkp qgpmp w}m pm ph~gd md }dg

qkph`hd nm nmqmdnmd`hg nm bkp qgpmp nmb `md~sk k `md~sgbmp w}m mfms`md }d

qgqmb nkihdgd~m$

Igqg nmb nmpgsskbbk

`kd`mq~kp Dks~m x P}s dk nmp`shcmd mug`~gimd~m nkp emihplmshkp jmkjslh`kp"

q}mp gbj}dkp qgpmp emihplmshk p}s qsmpmd~gd }d gb~phik nmpgsskbbk" ihmd~sgp

k~skp nmb emihplmshk dks~m ~hmdmd }d nmpgsskbbk mp`gpk$

Bkp qgpmp ip nmpgsskbbgnkp pkd qshd`hqgbimd~m jsgd qgs~m nm bkp Mp~gnkp

m}skqmkp" @gdgn$ Mp~gnkp ]dhnkp" Fgqd" G}p~sgbhg x D}m|g Vmbgdng$

]d nmpgsskbbk hd~msimnhk mp mb w}m qsmpmd~gd S}phg xg }dgp smqcbh`gp pk|h~h`gp6

Csgphb x `hms~kp qgpmp nm Hcmskgish`g p}ihnkp md }dg qskbkdjgng `shphp ~sgp

n`gngp nm qskpqmshngn? x gbj}dkp gph~h`kp w}m miqhmvgd g `sm`ms" `kik

Igbgphg x Phdjgq}s$

Md mb mu~smik kq}mp~k pm md`}md~sgd bkp qgpmp ip qkcsmp nmb qbgdm~g" w}m pm

bk`gbhvgd md Gphg imshnhkdgb x kshmd~gb %Gljgdhp~d x Qgohp~d(" md @md~skgish`g

%Egh~( x" pkcsm ~knk" md mb lsh`g p}cpgegshgdg$

Mb HNE" dnh`m nm Nmpgsskbbk E}igdk

Md bgp n`gngp qgpgngp pm }~hbhvgcg bg smd~g qks egch~gd~m nm }d egch~gd~m qgsg

imnhs p} jsgnk nm shw}mvg x nmpgsskbbk$ Mp~g |gshgcbm" phd micgsjk" dk smlbmfg bg


7/23


8/23

kq}mp~k" muhp~md 31 ihbbkdmp nm `giqmphdkp phd ~hmssgp" w}m ~sgcgfgd qgsg bkp

~mssg~mdhmd~mp" `kd lsm`}md`hg md `kdnh`hkdmp nm pmihmp`bg|h~}n$

Gb hj}gb w}m Csgphb" \mdmv}mbg mp }d qgp nm jsgdnmp `kd~sgp~gp$ Ihmd~sgp bg

igxksg nm bg qkcbg`hd nhl`hbimd~m q}mnm p}cphp~hs x }d ~ms`hk nm bg ihpig |h|m

`kd imdkp nm nkp nbgsmp nhgshkp" }dg ihdksg qkpmm jsgdnmp lks~}dgp$ \mdmv}mbg

mp mb pmu~k qgp qskn}`~ks nm qm~sbmk nmb i}dnk" qmsk mp~g shw}mvg gqmdgp

sm|hms~m md bg igxksg nm bg qkcbg`hd$

Bk ihpik k`}ssm `kd Qms" @kbkichg" M`}gnks" m~`$ X bgp ph~}g`hkdmp nm

nmphj}gbngn pm q}mnmd mu~sgqkbgs g k~sgp smjhkdmp nmb i}dnk" bbmjgdnk g

mu~smikp nsgi~h`kp md mb Glsh`g p}cpgegshgdg$

uh~k qmspkdgb x lsg`gpk pk`hgb

Nmpnm 785:" bg sm|hp~g Lkscmp q}cbh`g `gng gk }dg bhp~g nm bgp qmspkdgp w}mqkpmmd }dg lks~}dg p}qmshks g bkp 7$111 ihbbkdmp nm nbgsmp$ Smp}b~g pksqsmdnmd~m

w}m md Iuh`k" }d qgp nkdnm mb QHC qks egch~gd~m gqmdgp p}qmsg bkp 8$111

nbgsmp gd}gbmp" }dg qmspkdg k`}qgsg md 3113 mb q}mp~k 7: nm bgp qmspkdgp ip

sh`gp nmb qbgdm~g" `kd }dkp 77$=11 ihbbkdmp nm nbgsmp" x md mb gk 3110" nmchnk g

bg nmpg`mbmsg`hd m`kdih`g jmdmsgbhvgng" mb b}jgs 0=" `kd pkbk :$>11 ihbbkdmp$

Md Hcmskgish`g muhp~m ip nm }dg |mhd~mdg nm i}b~hihbbkdgshkp hd`b}hnkp md mp~g

bhp~g$ Bgp lks~}dgp qmspkdgbmp nm gbj}dkp |mdmvkbgdkp x cgdw}mskp csgphbmkp

skdngd bkp >$111 ihbbkdmp nm nbgsmp$ Mp~m uh~k qmspkdgb `kdp~h~}xm g bg |mv mb

lsg`gpk nm }d php~mig w}m mp hd`gqgv nm `}cshs bgp dm`mphngnmp ip cph`gp nm bg

igxksg nm bg qkcbg`hd i}dnhgb$

Gbj}dkp Ng~kp Mp~gnp~h`kp Hiqks~gd~mp

Ip nm 7311 ihbbkdmp nm qmspkdgp |h|gd `kd imdkp nm }d nbgs gb ng x 3$111

ihbbkdmp `kd imdkp nm nkp nbgsmp$

]d 7- NM BG qkcbg`hd i}dnhgb" mp nm`hs" }dkp pmj}dnk i}msm }dg

qmspkdg nm egicsm md mb i}dnk$

7$7 qmspkdgp dk ~hmdmd g``mpk gb gj}g qk~gcbm" dh 3$011 ihbbkdmp g

pgdmgihmd~kp gnm`}gnkp$


9/23

73 ihbbkdmp nm dhkp imdksmp nm `hd`k gk" i}msmd }p}gbimd~m qks `g}pgp w}m

pm q}mnmd m|h~gs k `}sgs$

Ip nm >1 ihbbkdmp nm qmspkdgp qgnm`md nm mdlmsimngn nmb PHNG$ Ip nm 7>

ihbbkdmp nm dhkp egd qmsnhnk g }dk k g gick$ qgnsmp qks bg mdlmsimngn$

Mb g}imd~k nm bgp nmphj}gbngnmp

N}sgd~m bg n`gng nm 7851 x `kihmdvkp nm bg phj}hmd~m" pm `smg w}m bgp gx}ngp g

bkp qgpmp ip qkcsmp" klsm`hngp qks nh|mspkp ksjgdhpikp m hdp~h~}`hkdmp

hd~msdg`hkdgbmp" gp `kik qks bkp qgpmp nmpgsskbbgnkp" pms|hsd qgsg hiq}bpgs p}

`sm`hihmd~k m`kdih`k x nm mp~g igdmsg hs imfksgdnk p} dh|mb nm |hng$

Phd micgsjk" md => qgpmp" ph~}gnkp igxksh~gshgimd~m md mb lsh`g p}cpgegshgdg"

qmsk ~gichd md Hcmskgish`g" Gphg `md~sgb x imshnhkdgb x md bg M}skqg nmb mp~m"

pm eg smjhp~sgnk }d nmp`mdpk nm p}p hdjsmpkp imnhkp x egd g}imd~gnk bgpnmphj}gbngnmp hd~msdgp gb gqgsm`ms g}~d~h`gp ckbpgp nm ihpmshg$

Bmfkp nm g`ks~gs p}p nhp~gd`hgp `kd bkp qgpmp ip sh`kp" md i}èkp nm mp~gp

dg`hkdmp pm eg gchms~k }dg csmèg `sm`hmd~m nhl`hb nm `mssgs$

@}icsm nmb Ihbmdhk

@kd mb dkicsm nm @}icsm nmb Ihbmdhk pm cg}~hvgskd bgp sm}dhkdmp `mbmcsgngp md

pmq~hmicsm nm 3111" md~sm bkp qgpmp ihmicskp nm bg Ksjgdhvg`hd nm bgp

Dg`hkdmp Md mbbgp pm mp~gcbm`hmskd kèk kcfm~h|kp qgsg mb gk 317= `kd mb lhd nm

smn}`hs bgp `g}pgp x igdhlmp~g`hkdmp nm x nm bkjsgs bg qgv" gp `kik mb smpqm~k g

bkp nmsmèkp e}igdkp x mb nmpgsskbbk pkp~mdhcbm md mb i}dnk$ nm`bgsg`hd smlbmfg

bg |kb}d~gn qkb~h`g nm bkp qgpmp qgbhgs mb qskcbmig nmb p}cnmpgsskbbk$

@kiqskim~m g ~knkp bkp Mp~gnkp" bkp `}gbmp nmcmd gnkq~gs d}m|gp ngp x g}dgs

mpl}msvkp$ Bkp qgpmp md nmpgsskbbk ~hmdmd smpqkdpgchbhngn nm miqsmdnms smlksigp

qkb~h`gp cmdmlh`hk nmb nmpgsskbbk nm p}p q}mcbkp" qmsk dm`mph~gd bg gx}ng nm bkp

qgpmp sh`kp" gp `kik }dgp dksigp `kims`hgbmp ip mw}h~g~h|gp x mb gbh|hk nm p}

nm}ng mu~msdg$

Gbj}dkp qgpmp mp~d qskjsmpgdnk gnm`}gngimd~m mpqmsg w}m gb`gd`md p}p

kcfm~h|kp lhfgnkp mb gk 317=" qmsk bg m|kb}`hd nm k~skp qkdm nm igdhlhmp~k bg

hiqkphchbhngn nm w}m bkjsmd p}p im~gp bkp qbgvkp mp~gcbm`hnkp$


10/23

Lg`~ksmp w}m `kdnh`hkdgd mb p}cnmpgsskbbk

Gb |gbksgs bgp nmphj}gbngnmp muhp~md~mp md~sm bkp qgpmp" egx w}m ~mdms md `}md~g

i}`ekp lg`~ksmp x dk pkbgimd~m bkp hdnh`gnksmp m`kdih`kp$ Egx `kdnh`hkdgd~mp

ehp~sh`kp" gw}mbbkp w}m pm smlhmsmd g bg m|kb}`hd qkb~h`g" bkp w}m nmqmdnmd nm bgp

`gsg`~msp~h`gp lph`gp x bkp sm`}spk dg~}sgbmp" m~`$ Dhdj}dk nm mbbkp g`~g qks

pmqgsgnk `kik }dg `g}pg dh`g" phdk w}m pm `kdf}jgd m hd~msg`~gd md~sm p$

Bkp qshd`hqgbmp lg`~ksmp w}m `kdnh`hkdgd mb p}cnmpgsskbbk pkd bkp phj}hmd~mp6

Bg `kbkdhvg`hd ehp~sh`g

Bg `kbkdhvg`hd nm ~mssh~kshkp qks qgs~m nm bgp qk~md`hgp ip qknmskpgp mp }d

lmdimdk w}m pm eg |mdhnk smqh~hmdnk g bk bgsjk nm bg ehp~kshg$ Phd micgsjk" mp~m

qsk`mpk gb`gdv p} iuhik nmpgsskbbk g qgs~hs nm bg `kdw}hp~g nm Gish`g md mb

phjbk U\H" x `}bihd md mb phjbk UHU `khd`hnhmdnk `kd bg sm|kb}`hd hdn}p~shgb$ Pm

`kdpkbhn gp mb nkihdhk qkb~h`k x m`kdih`k nm bgp qk~md`hgp m}skqmgp pkcsm bg

igxksg nmb i}dnk6

Gish`g" Gphg" lsh`g x K`mgdg$ Bgp im~sqkbhp hiqks~gcgd nm p}p `kbkdhgp bgp

ig~mshgp qshigp w}m dm`mph~gcgd qgsg gbhimd~gs p}p hdn}p~shgp" g bg |mv w}m

muqks~gcgd bkp qskn}`~kp lgcsh`gnkp$ Pm `sm gp }d php~mig m`kdih`k nmphj}gb$

@}gdnk bgp `kbkdhgp gb`gdvgskd p} hdnmqmdnmd`hg" i}`egp nm mbbgp phj}hmskd

igd~mdhmdnk bg nmqmdnmd`hg m`kdih`g" lhdgd`hmsg" hdn}p~shgb x ~m`dkbjh`g nm p}p

gd~hj}gp im~sqkbhp x nm k~skp qgpmp sh`kp$

Bg Nm}ng Mu~msdg

Gbj}dkp qgpmp sm`hchmskd gx}ngp qgsg imfksgs p}p mp~s}`~}sgp qskn}`~h|gp md

lksig nm qsp~gikp qks qgs~m nm hdp~h~}`hkdmp lhdgd`hmsgp hd~msdg`hkdgbmp x nm bkp

qgpmp ip sh`kp$ Bkp hd~msmpmp nm mpkp qsp~gikp egd smp}b~gnk i}x mbm|gnkp"

qks bk w}m egx Mp~gnkp w}m egd `kd~sgnk }dg nm}ng gb~phig g bk bgsjk nm bkpgkp$ @kik ~hmdmd w}m nmp~hdgs }dg qgs~m i}x hiqks~gd~m nm p}p sm`}spkp

m`kdih`kp g bg nm|kb}`hd nm bg ihpig" pm md`}md~sgd `kd }d l}ms~m kcp~`}bk g

p}p qkphchbhngnmp nm nmpgsskbbk$ Md `gpk nm hd`}iqbhs p}p kcbhjg`hkdmp nm qgjk

pmsgd mu`b}hnkp nm l}~}skp qsp~gikp$

Md 788


11/23

Qgpmp Qkcsmp I}x Mdnm}ngnkp %QQIM( `kd mb lhd nm bhcmsgs nm }dg qgs~m nm mp~g

`gsjg g bkp qgpmp ip qkcsmp x `kd }dg nm}ng igxks$

Bg nmqmdnmd`hg ~m`dkbjh`g

Bg lgb~g nm ~m`dkbkjg qskqhg x nm `gqg`hngn qgsg gphihbgs bg nm bkp qgpmpnmpgsskbbgnkp `kbk`g g bkp ip qkcsmp md }dg qkph`hd i}x nmplg|ksgcbm md mb

ims`gnk i}dnhgb" xg w}m dk q}mnmd qskn}`hs nm lksig `kiqm~h~h|g$ Gnmip bkp

g|gd`mp ~m`dkbjh`kp egd nmfgnk kcpkbm~g }dg qgs~m hiqks~gd~m nm bg qskn}``hd

nm mp~kp qgpmp" bk w}m eg p}q}mp~k }dg smn}``hd nm p}p muqks~g`hkdmp x$ qks

~gd~k" nm p}p hdjsmpkp$ Qks mfmiqbk" mb `g}`ek dg~}sgb eg phnk p}p~h~}hnk qks

qskn}`~kp phd~~h`kp" x mb `kcsm" }~hbhvgnk qgsg bgp `ki}dh`g`hkdmp" mp~ phmdnk

smmiqbgvgnk qks bg lhcsg q~h`g$

G ~knk mpk pm }dm w}m bgp qmspkdgp gb~gimd~m `}gbhlh`gngp gqmdgp q}mnmd

nmpgsskbbgs p} bgcks md p}p qgpmp nm kshjmd x pkd gcpkschnkp qks jsgdnmp

`ksqksg`hkdmp qgsg ~sgcgfgs md mb i}dnk nmpgsskbbgnk$

Mb mbm|gnk `sm`hihmd~k nmikjslh`k

Bg dg~gbhngn pm igd~hmdm mbm|gng md bg igxksg nm bkp qgpmp ip qkcsmp"

ihmd~sgp bg iks~gbhngn pm eg smn}`hnk" qsk|k`gdnk }d l}ms~m `sm`hihmd~k

nmikjslh`k$ Qmsk bkp gbhimd~kp nhpqkdhcbmp dk egd `sm`hnk md bg ihpig

qskqks`hd$ Qks mbbk" bkp qgpmp qkcsmp dk q}mnmd pg~hplg`ms bgp dm`mphngnmp nm

~kng bg qkcbg`hd" `kiqskim~hmdnk p} l}~}sk nmpgsskbbk$

]dg pgb}n x }dg mn}`g`hd nmlh`hmd~mp

Bgp mdlmsimngnmp x bgp egics}dgp `kdbbm|gd hiqks~gd~mp kp pgdh~gshkp qgsg }d

qgp g `ks~k qbgvk" x ~hmdmd }d l}ms~m hiqg`~k g bgsjk qbgvk$ Bkp gn}b~kp mdlmsikp

x w}m qsmpmd~gd igb d}~sh`hd gcgdnkdgd p}p ~sgcgfkp x bgp lgihbhgp nmfgd nm ~mdms

hdjsmpkp$ I}`ekp dhkp pm |md kcbhjgnkp g ~sgcgfgs p}p~h~}`hd nm p}p qgnsmp

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qgs~m nm bkp qgpmp sh`kp" w}m qsk~mjmd p} qskn}``hd imnhgd~m p}c|md`hkdmp g


12/23

p}p gjsh`}b~ksmp" bk w}m bmp qmsih~m smcgfgs bkp qsm`hkp nm mp~kp qskn}`~kp md mb

ims`gnk i}dnhgb$ Hj}gbimd~m" bkp qgpmp md`}md~sgd cgssmsgp g p}p muqks~g`hkdmp

nm ~mu~hbmp " gbhimd~kp qsk`mpgnkp" cmchngp x k~skp qskn}`~kp w}m nm dk pms gp"

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13/23


14/23

smgbhvgdnk }dg g``hd nmp~hdgng g hdlb}hs md bgp hdp~h~}`hkdmp nmb qknms

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Mn$ Qgbb Igb$ Pmj}dng mnh`hd" 78


15/23

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nm ihmicskp" `kd }dg ksjgdhvg`hd chmd mp~s}`~}sgng x `kd gqks~mp

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k gjs}qg`hkdmp nm mbbgp w}m nmpgsskbbgd p}p l}d`hkdmp nmd~sk nmb qknms


16/23

j}cmsdgimd~gb k mp~g~gb %ksjgdhvg hkdmp nm l}d`hkdgshkp qcbh`kp" bgp

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Bg qmsp}gphd


17/23

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p}lsgjhk$ Bkp bih~mp nm bg mlh`g`hg nm bkp js}qkp nm qsmphd mp~d ngnkp


18/23

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http://www.sela.org/public_html/AA2K/ES/cap/N53/rcap531.htm%20%5C%20footnote2http://www.sela.org/public_html/AA2K/ES/cap/N53/rcap531.htm%20%5C%20footnote2


19/23

imnhgd~m bkp php~migp nm hd~mjsg hd w}m bkjsmd `kdpkbhngs" mfmsvgd md bkm`kdih`k)qkb~h`k }d qgqmb hiqks~gd~m md bg smj}bg`hd nm bkp hd~msmpmp nm p}psmpqm ~h|gp smjhkdmp x" `kik ~gb" ~mdjgd }d qmpk dk nmpnmgcbm `kik`kgnx}|gd~mp nmb Nhsm ~kshk I}dnhgb$ Mb ~ms`ms dh|mb `kiqsmdnms g bg jsgdigxksg nm bkp ihmicskp nm bg `ki}dhngn hd~msdg`hkdgb w}m mp~d qsh|gnkp nm bgp

`kdnh`hkdmp qgsg nmpmiqmgs }d qgqmb hd~msdg`hkdgb nm hiqks~gd`hg$Nmd~sk nm mp~m php~mig i}b~hqkbgs" bg Ksjgdhvg`hd nm bgp Dg`hkdmp ]dhngp ~mdnmsg mfms`ms }d qgqmb i}èk ip smbm|gd~m m hdnmqmdnhmd~m w}m mb w}m nmpmiqmgg`~}gbimd~m$ Bg i}b~hqkbgshngn smw}hmsm" i}èk ip w}m md bg ehq~mphp nm bgemjmikdg nm }d qgp hiqmshgb" lksigp hdp~h~}`hkdgbmp nm qsk`mnhihmd~k$ Bg lksigimnhgd~m bg `}gb pm `kdlhj}sm bg jmkim~sg nmb qknms nmd~sk nm mp~m qkphcbmphp~mig i}b~hqkbgs l}~}sk" g`~}gbimd~m hiqsm|hphcbm" nm~msihdgs hj}gbimd~m bglksig imnhgd~m bg `}gb bgp Dg`hkdmp ]dhngp q}mngd nmpmiqmgs p} qgqmb `kikhdp~s}imd~k hdp~h~}`hkdgb nmb l}~}sk ksnmd i}dnhgb x mb jsgnk nm g}~kdkighdp~h~}`hkdgb nm w}m q}mngd nhpqkdms$Md bgp g`~}gbmp `kdnh`hkdmp nmb i}dnk `gcm qsm|ms w}m nm~msihdgnkp qgpmp kphp~migp hd~msdg`hkdgbmp nm hd~mjsg`hd nmcmsd" `gph pmj}sgimd~m k i}xqskcgcbmimd~m" hd~mjsgs mpm qkphcbm Nhsm`~kshk I}dnhgb l}~}sk" ihmd~sgp w}m k~skpqgpmp pm qsmpmd~gd `kik qkphcbmp `gdnhng~kp g nm~md~gs mpg `kdnh`hd$ Md~sm bkpqshimskp lhj}sgd phd n}ng Mp~gnkp ]dhnkp x bg ]dhd M}skqmg$ Md~sm bkp ipqskcgcbmp `gdnhng~kp qgsg hd~mjsgs mpm qkphcbm Nhsm`~kshk l}~}sk lhj}sgd Fgqd"@ehdg x S}phg$ Pkd qkphcbmp `gdnhng~kp bg Hdnhg x IMS@KP]S" x ipsmik~gimd~m Hdnkdmphg x }d php~mig hpbih`k %ph pm bkjsg }dg hd~mjsg`hdpg~hplg`~kshg($Md gsgp nm bg csm|mngn dk pm gdgbhvgsd md mb qsmpmd~m mp~}nhk bkp gpqm`~kpsmbg`hkdgnkp `kd bkp hd~mjsgd~mp ip qskcgcbmp nmb pmj}dnk dh|mb$ Cgp~m pmgbgsw}m IMS@KP]S" gnmip nm bg qkphchbhngn nm bbmjgs g gnw}hshs bgp `kdnh`hkdmpqgsg mb hdjsmpk gb Nhsm`~kshk I}dnhgb" ~hmdm bgp ip gb~gp qskcgchbhngnmp nm`kdp~h~}hspm md }dk nm bkp ihmicskp nmb js}qk nm qgpmp nk~gnkp nm }dg smbm|gd~mhiqks~gd`hg smjhkdgb$Bgp qshd`hqgbmp `gsg`~msp~h`gp gp}ihngp qks mb php~mig i}b~hqkbgs" nm bbmjgs mp~ggb~msdg~h|g g qsm|gbm`ms md mb ekshvkd~m ~miqksgb nmb qsmpmd~m mp~}nhk" nmqmdnmsdmpmd`hgbimd~m" qks }d bgnk" nmb qmslhb qkb~h`k w}m gp}ig bg ]dhd M}skqmg x" qksk~sk" nmb qgqmb w}m nmpmiqmmd S}phg x @ehdg$ Pms hj}gbimd~m smbm|gd~m bglksig md w}m Mp~gnkp ]dhnkp )g`~}gbimd~m kshmd~gnk" g}dw}m phd bg hd~md`hdmuqsmpg k `kdp`hmd~m nmb q}mcbk mp~gnk}dhnmdpm" eg`hg mb mfms`h`hk nm }d qskxm`~khiqmshgb) pm gf}p~m gb php~mig i}b~hqkbgs" md mb p}q}mp~k nm w}m qsm|gbmv`g mp~ggb~msdg~h|g$

MB PHP^MIG CHQKBGS

^sgp bgp sm}dhkdmp nm qgv pm `smg bg KD]" qgsg p}p~h~}hs g bg Pk`hmngnnm Dg`hkdmp md bg nmlmdpg nm bkp nmsmèkp e}igdkp$ Mp~m ksjgdhpik dk phs|mqgsg m|h~gs bg ~mdphd md~sm bkp nkp cbkw}mp `smgnkp" `gng }dk `kd hdlb}md`hgpkcsm k~skp qgpmp ip nchbmp6 mb `gqh~gbhp~g" %`kd }d php~mig m`kdih`kcgpgnk md bg qskqhmngn qsh|gng x md bg bhcms~gn m`kdih`g(" nm hdlb}md`hg md mbsmg g~bd~h`g x Fgqd x mb `ki}dhp~g %`kd }d php~mig nm m`kdkig


20/23

qbgdhlh`gng qks mb Mp~gnk( `kd qsmqkdnmsgd`hg md M}skqg kshmd~gb$ Bkp Qgpmp dkGbhdmgnkp `kdphj}hmskd igd~mdmspm gb igsjmd nm qkb~h`g nm cbkw}mp" w}mjmdmsg" g iknk nm `kdpm`}md`hg hdimnhg~g" bk w}m `kdk`mikp `kik J}mssgLsg$ X mp w}m `gng cbkw}m qkpmg p}lh`hmd~m gsigimd~k qgsg qsk|k`gs }dgnmp~s}``hd ~k~gb" qks mpk" qmpm g bgp ~mdphkdmp" dk pm |g g nmpmd`gnmdgs }d

`kdlbh`~k jmdmsgbhvgnk$ Mb ~mssks qsk|k`gnk qks mp~m qmbhjskpk mw}hbhcshk" l}mqk~md`hgnk qks bkp imnhkp nm `ki}dh`g`hd$Md~sm bgp m~gqgp nm bg J}mssg qknmikp `h~gs 6 mb Hdh`hk %78>:)78=1(6MM]]" Lsgd`hg x Jsgd Csm~gg g`}msngd }dhlh`gs p}p vkdgp md Gbmigdhg x `smgs}dg ikdmng dh`g" x P~gbhd smg``hkdg cbkw}mgdnk Cmsbd %78>5($ ^s}igdmp~gcbm`m }d q}md~m gsmk x mb cbkw}mk s}pk pm bm|gd~g md 78>8$ Nmb nmpmdbg`mnm mp~g `shphp smp}b~gs bg nh|hphd nm Gbmigdhg md nkp mp~gnkp" bg Smqcbh`gLmnmsgb Gbmigdg %Ckdd `gqh~gb( x bg Smqcbh`g Nmik`s~h`g Gbmigdg %Cmsbd($ Md78>8 bkp qgpmp k``hnmd~gbmp `smgd }dg gbhgdvg ihbh~gs %K^GD6 Ksjgdhvg`hd nmb^sg~gnk nmb G~bd~h`k Dks~m( x md 78== bg ]SPP l}dng bg p}xg %Qg`~k nm \gspk|hg("@E]S@EHBB cg}~hv mp~g nh|hphd nm qgpmp `kd mb dkicsm nm ~mbd nm g`msk$Kd`m gkp nmpq}p nm bg `shphp nm Cmsbd" pm bm|gd~g md bg `h}ngn mb bbgignki}sk nm bg |msjmdvg qgsg m|h~gs l}jgp nm bg vkdg `ki}dhp~g g bg `gqh~gbhp~g$Bg j}mssg nm `ksmg %78=1)78=0( Md 78=1 @ksmg nmb Dks~m %`ki}dhp~g( hd|gnm@ksmg nmb P}s %`gqh~gbhp~g( bk w}m qskn}`m bg hd~ms|md`hd nm MM]]$ Gb ~sihdk nmbg j}mssg md 78=0" pm igd~hmdmd bgp lskd~msgp$ Qmsknk nm mp~gchbhvg`hd %78=0)78=


21/23

LIH`kik hnmg l}m qbgd~mgnk mb 33 nm f}bhk nm 78>> n}sgd~m }dg `kd|md`hd nm bg KD]md Csm~~kd Zkknp" Dmz Egiqpehsm" Mp~gnkp ]dhnkp? x p} `smg`hd `kik ~gb l}m md78>=$ P}p mp~g~}~kp nm`bgsgd `kik kcfm~h|kp qshd`hqgbmp bg qskik`hd nm qkb~h`gp`gichgshgp pkp~mdhcbmp g dh|mb hd~msdg`hkdgb" lg`hbh~gs mb `kims`hk hd~msdg`hkdgb xsmn}`hs bg qkcsmvg$

@gcm nmp~g`gs" gnmip nm bgp nhlmsmd~mp qkb~h`gp smj}bgnksgp x `kd`hbhgnksgp gdh|mb hd~msdg`hkdgb" mb mp~gcbm`hihmd~k nmb qg~sd ksk+nkbgs$ Nh`ek qg~sdmw}hqgsgcg mb |gbks nm bgp nh|hpgp g }dg `hms~g `gd~hngn nm nbgsmp %~gb x `kik pmeg`m md bg g`~}gbhngn( qmsk phmiqsm g }d ~hqk lhfk %mp nm`hs" md gw}mbbkp gkp dkegcg |gshg`hkdmp md mp~m gpqm`~k md~sm bkp qgpmp smj}bgnkp qks mb LIH( Mpgimnhng" w}m mp }dg nm bgp `g}pgp qshimsgp nm bg `smg`hd nmb LIH" pm igd~mdnsgmd |hjks egp~g bg `shphp nm 78:0? `}gdnk l}m nmskjgng bg `b}p}bg w}m smjg bgpsmj}bg`hkdmp ikdm~gshgp md mpm gpqm`~k$

Lksig qgs~m nm bkp ksjgdhpikp mpqm`hgbhvgnkp nm bgp Dg`hkdmp ]dhngp" phmdnk}dg ksjgdhvg`hd hd~msj}cmsdgimd~gb w}m `}md~g `kd 75= ihmicskp$ G`~}gbimd~m~hmdm p} pmnm md Zgpehdj~kd" N$@$ x p} g`~}gb Nhsm`~ks Jmsmd~m mp mb lsgd`pNkihdhw}m P~sg}pp)Oged" nmpnm mb 35 nm pmq~hmicsm nm 311:" gk md w}mp}p~h~}x gb mpqgkb Sknshjk Sg~k

& Qskik|ms bg `kkqmsg`hd ikdm~gshg hd~msdg`hkdgb$& Lg`hbh~gs bg muqgdphd x `sm`hihmd~k mw}hbhcsgnk nmb `kims`hk hd~msdg`hkdgb$& Qskik|ms bg mp~gchbhngn md bkp hd~ms`gichkp nm nh|hpgp$& Lg`hbh~gs mb mp~gcbm`hihmd~k nm }d php~mig i}b~hbg~msgb nm qgjkp$& Smgbhvgs qsp~gikp k`gphkdgbmp g bkp ihmicskp w}m ~mdjgd nhlh`}b~gnmp md p}

cgbgdvg nm qgjkp$& G`ks~gs bg n}sg`hd x nhpihd}hs mb jsgnk nm nmpmw}hbhcshk md bgp cgbgdvgp nm

qgjkp nm bkp ihmicskp$

CIMb Cgd`k I}dnhgb" gcsm|hgnk `kik CI %md hdjbp6 ZCJ Zksbn Cgdo Jsk}q( mp}dk nm bkp ksjgdhpikp mpqm`hgbhvgnkp nm bgp Dg`hkdmp ]dhngp$ P} qskqph~knm`bgsgnk mp smn}`hs bg qkcsmvg imnhgd~m qsp~gikp nm cgfk hd~msp" `snh~kp phdhd~msmpmp g dh|mb cgd`gshk x gqkxkp m`kdih`kp g bgp dg`hkdmp md nmpgsskbbk$ Mp~hd~mjsgnk qks 75= qgpmp ihmicskp$ L}m `smgnk md 78>> x ~hmdm p} pmnm md bg`h}ngn nm Zgpehdj~kd" Mp~gnkp ]dhnkp$

Md 78>>" md mb igs`k nm bgp dmjk`hg`hkdmp qsm|hgp gb ~sihdk nm bg Pmj}dngJ}mssg I}dnhgb" dg`m bk w}m g bg lm`eg pm `kdk`msg `kik mb php~mig lhdgd`hmsk nm


22/23

Csm~~kd Zkknp %bbgignk gp qks mb dkicsm nm bg `h}ngn md Dmz Egiqpehsm" pmnmnm bg `kdlmsmd`hg nkdnm l}m `kd`mchnk( hd~mjsgnk qks nkp hdp~h~}`hkdmp"l}dngimd~gbmp qgsg md~mdnms bgp qkb~h`gp nm nmpgsskbbk w}m ~}|hmskd b}jgs g qgs~hsnm bg pmj}dng ih~gn nmb phjbk UU6 mb Cgd`k Hd~msdg`hkdgb qgsg bg Sm`kdp~s}``hd xmb Nmpgsskbbk %CHSN( x mb Lkdnk Ikdm~gshk Hd~msdg`hkdgb %LIH($

@kd`mchnk mb qshimsk" md }d qshd`hqhk" `kd mb lhd nm gx}ngs g bgp dg`hkdmpm}skqmgp md bg sm`kdp~s}``hd nm bgp `h}ngnmp n}sgd~m bg qkpj}mssg" qk`k g qk`kl}m giqbhgdnk p}p l}d`hkdmp" `smdnkpm ip ksjgdhpikp w}m l}d`hkdgsgdqgsgbmbgimd~m g mp~m" hd~mjsgdnk bk w}m ekx `kdk`mikp `kik mb Js}qk nmb Cgd`kI}dnhgb %JCI(

hd~mjsg`hkdMd bgp b~higp `hd`k n`gngp nmb phjbk UU" bkp lmdimdkp nm hd~mjsg`hd pm egd

emèk i}èk ip `ki}dmp$ @gsg`~msp~h`gp ip g`~}gbmp nmb i}dnk" `kik pkd bg`sm`hmd~m jbkcgbhvg`hd pkcsm ~knk md bg n`gng nmb 81" g`kiqggnk nmbqsmnkihdhk nm }d iknmbk m`kdih`k nm bhcsm ims`gnk mb `}gb pm d}~sm nmbhd~ms`gichk md~sm bkp Mp~gnkp)dg`hd" eg emèk dm`mpgshk gnkq~gs imnhngp~mdnhmd~mp g imfksgs bg qkph`hd dmjk`hgnksg lsmd~m g k~skp Mp~gnkp$ Mp~k b~hik pmeg bkjsgnk qks imnhk nm bkp qsk`mpkp nm hd~mjsg`hd smjhkdgb" w}m qmsih~md g bkpqgpmp dmjk`hgs `kik cbkw}m$ Bkp `gpkp ip `kdk`hnkp md bg g`~}gbhngn pkd6IMS@KP]S" DGL^G x bg ]M$

@gcm nmp~g`gs qks pkcsm ~knkp bkp qsk`mpkp nm hd~mjsg`hd `kdk`hnkp" mb `gpk nmbg ]dhd M}skqmg" mb `}gb eg bbmjgnk i}èk ip gbb nm }d gpqm`~k pbkm`kdih`k$ Pm eg `smgnk ~kng }dg hdp~h~}`hkdgbhngn p}qsgdg`hkdgb" `kdg~shc}`hkdmp md ig~mshgp qkb~h`gp" f}snh`gp" nm nmlmdpg" pk`hgbmp x m`kdih`gp$

Bg lksig`hd nm mp~m ~hqk nm cbkw}mp dg`m cph`gimd~m nm }dg dm`mphngnl}d`hkdgb" md w}m `gng }dk nm bkp Mp~gnkp w}m nm`hnm hd~mjsgspm g }d cbkw}m" bkeg`m qksw}m |m md mbbk }dg kqks~}dhngn nm g}imd~gs mb chmdmp~gs nm p}p`h}ngngdkp k phiqbmimd~m qks }dg `}mp~hd nm hd~msp dg`hkdgb$ Mp qks mp~g sgvdw}m pm eg kq~gnk qks gdgbhvgs bkp qsk`mpkp nm hd~mjsg`hd nmpnm bg qmspqm`~h|gw}m dkp md~smjg bg ~mksg l}d`hkdgbhp~g nm bgp smbg`hkdmp hd~msdg`hkdgbmp" bg `}gbqgs~m nmb p}q}mp~k nm bg hd`gqg`hngn nmb mp~gnk iknmsdk nm pg~hplg`ms bgp `gng|mv ip `kiqbmfgp dm`mphngnmp nm hd~msp dg`hkdgb$ Qgsg `kbigs mpg `gsmd`hg"qskqkdm bg `smg`hd qg}bg~hdg nm }dg smn nm ksjgdhvg`hkdmp hd~msdg`hkdgbmp w}mhsgd gp}ihmdnk bg jmp~hd nm pm`~ksmp `kd`sm~kp %gjsh`}b~}sg" mdmsjg" nmlmdpg"qks mfmiqbk($ Pm jmp~gsg gp }d php~mig g~mssh~kshgb nm ~sgdpg``hkdmp" md`gsjgnknm pg~hplg`ms )`kd bg `kbgcksg`hd nm bkp jkchmsdkp mp~g~gbmp) bgp dm`mphngnmp nmbkp `h}ngngdkp$ Gp" qk`k g qk`k" p}sjhsg md~sm bkp Mp~gnkp" bg `kd`hmd`hg nm mp~gs|hd`}bgnkp g bkp nmip qks }dg smn `gng |mv ip nmdpg nm hd~msmpmp md `kid$Nm mp~m iknk pm qskn}`hsg }dg qg}bg~hdg ~sgdplmsmd`hg nm bgp bmgb~gnmp nmpnm bkpmp~gnkp eg`hg bgp nhp~hd~gp ksjgdhvg`hkdmp p}qsgdg`hkdgbmp$ Imnhgd~m mp~mi~knk" x g qgs~hs nmb nmpgsskbbk nm bg `kd`hmd`hg nm bgp |md~gfgp nm bg `kkqmsg`hdhd~msdg`hkdgb" pm mbhihdgsgd bgp g`~h~}nmp }b~sg dg`hkdgbhp~gp hssg`hkdgbmp w}mpmjd mb l}d`hkdgbhpik pkd bgp `g}pgd~mp nm bkp `kdlbh`~kp hd~msdg`hkdgbmp


23/23

|hkbmd~kp$

@GD^HNGN NM NHQ]^GNKP MD PGD B]HP QK^KPH

%SMLKSIGNK" Q$K$ 31 NM DK\HMICSM NM 7883$Mb@kdjsmpk nmb Mp~gnk pm hd~mjsg `kd w}hd`m Nhq}~gnkp mbm`~kp qks igxksgsmbg~h|g x egp~g nk`m Nhq}~gnkp mbm`~kp pmjd mb qshd`hqhk nm smqsmpmd~g`hdqskqks`hkdgb$ Qks `gngNhq}~gnk qskqhm~gshk pm mbmjhs }d p}qbmd~m$%SMLKSIGNK" Q$K$ 31 NM DK\HMICSM NM 7880$Bkpqgs~hnkp qkb~h`kp `kd nmsm`ek g qgs~h`hqgs md bgp mbm``hkdmp bk`gbmp qknsdqkp~}bgs }d `gdnhng~k qgsg `gng nhp~sh~k }dhdkihdgb x }dg bhp~g nm nk`m `gdnhng~kpqgsg pms mbm`~kpqks mb qshd`hqhk nm smqsmpmd~g`hd qskqks`hkdgb md bg `hs`}dp`shq`hd mp~g~gb$%SMLKSIGNK" Q$K$ 31 NM DK\HMICSM NM 788>$Bgbmx smjbgimd~gs bg lksig x qsk`mnhihmd~kp smbg~h|kp g bg mbm``hd nm Nhq}~gnkpnm igxksg x g bg gphjdg`hd nm Nhq}~gnkp nm smqsmpmd~g`hd qskqks`hkdgb$%SMLKSIGNK" Q$K$ 7< NM GJKP^K NM 3113(Mb iuhik nm Nhq}~gnkp qks gickp qshd`hqhkp" w}m q}mng gb`gdvgs }d qgs~hnkqkb~h`k" pms hj}gb gbdimsk nm nhp~sh~kp }dhdkihdgbmp nmb Mp~gnk$%SMLKSIGNK" Q$K$ 31 NM DK\HMICSM NM 788=$Pbkpmsd gphjdgnkp Nhq}~gnkp qks mb php~mig nm smqsmpmd~g`hd qskqks`hkdgb gbkp qgs~hnkp qkb~h`kp w}m `}iqbgd `kd bkp smw}hph~kp w}m pmgbm bg Bmx Mbm`~ksgb$

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