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Correlation of Hadrons in Jets Produced at RHIC. Rudolph C. Hwa University of Oregon. Workshop on QCD and RHIC physics Wuhan, June 22, 2005. Work done in collaboration with Chunbin Yang (Hua-Zhong Normal University, Wuhan) Rainer Fries (University of Minnesota) - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Correlation of Hadrons in Jets Produced at RHIC
Rudolph C. HwaUniversity of Oregon
Workshop on QCD and RHIC physics
Wuhan, June 22, 2005
2
Work done in collaboration with
Chunbin Yang (Hua-Zhong Normal University, Wuhan)
Rainer Fries (University of Minnesota)
Ziguang Tan (Hua-Zhong Normal University, Wuhan)
Charles Chiu (University of Texas, Austin)
3
Regions of transverse momentum
Traditional classification in terms of scattering
pT0 2 4 6 8 10
hardsoft
pQCD + FF
A different classification in terms of hadronization
pT0 2 4 6 8 10
(low) (intermediate)
thermal-thermal thermal-shower
(high)shower-shower
Terminology used in recombination
4
recombination
What about string fragmentation?
• Fragmentation is not important until pT > 9
GeV/c.• String model may be relevant for pp collisions,
• String/fragmentation has no phenomenological support in heavy-ion collisions.
but not for AA collisions.
5
pdNπ
dp=
dq1
q1∫
dq2
q2
Fjj'(q1,q2)Rπ (q1,q2,p)
Basic equations for pion production by recombination
Rπ (q1,q2,p)=
Shower parton distributions are determined from
Fragmentation function xDi
π (x) =dx1x1
∫dx2x2
Sij(x1),Si
j '(x2
1−x1
)⎧ ⎨ ⎩
⎫ ⎬ ⎭ Rπ(x1,x2,x)
q1q2
pδ(q1 +q2 −p)
Fjj ' =TT + TS +SS
6
Thermal partons are determined from the final state, not from the initial state.
Transverse plane
dNπ
pTdpT
(log scale)
pT2
An event generator takes care of the spatial problem. cf. Duke and TAMU work on recombination.
We deal in momentum space only, with all partons collinear until we treat angular dependence.
k
7
thermal
fragmentation
soft
hard
TS Pion distribution (log scale)
Transverse momentum
TT
SS
Phenomenological successes of this picture
8
production in AuAu central collision at 200 GeV
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (LZW) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Hwa & CB Yang, PRC70, 024905 (2004)
TS
fragmentation
thermal
9
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (LZW) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.All in recombination/ coalescence model
Compilation of Rp/ by R. Seto (UCR)
10
kT broadening by multiple
scattering in the initial state.
Unchallenged for 30 years.
If the medium effect is before fragmentation, then should be independent of h= or p
Cronin Effect
p
q
in pA or dA collisionsCronin et al, Phys.Rev.D (1975)h
dNdpT
(pA→ πX)∝ Aα , α >1
A
RCPp >RCP
πSTAR, PHENIX (2003)
Cronin et al, Phys.Rev.D (1975)
p >
11
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (LZW) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
d+Au collisions
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (LZW) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Hwa & CB Yang, PRL 93, 082302 (2004)
No pT broadening by multiple scattering in the initial state.Medium effect is due to thermal (soft)-shower
recombination in the final state.
soft-soft
pion
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (LZW) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
12
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (LZW) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Hwa, Yang, Fries, PRC 71, 024902 (2005)
Forward production in d+Au collisions
Underlying physics for hadron production is not changed from backward to forward rapidity.
BRAHMS
13
Correlations
2. Correlation in jets: trigger, associated particle, background subtraction, etc.
1. Two-particle correlation with the two particles treated on equal footing.
14
Correlation function
ρ2(1,2)=dNπ1π2
p1dp1p2dp2
ρ1(1) =dNπ1
p1dp1
Normalized correlation function
K2(1,2) =C2(1,2)
ρ1(1)ρ1(2)=r2(1,2)−1 r2(1,2) =
ρ2(1,2)ρ1(1)ρ1(2)
In-between correlation function
G2(1,2)=C2(1,2)
ρ1(1)ρ1(2)[ ]1/ 2
C2 (1,2) =ρ2 (1,2)−ρ1(1)ρ1(2)
15
Correlation of partons in jets
A. Two shower partons in a jet in vacuum
Fixed hard parton momentum k (as in e+e- annihilation)
k
x1
x2
ρ1(1) =Sij(x1)
ρ2(1,2)= Sij(x1),Si
j'(x2
1−x1
)⎧ ⎨ ⎩
⎫ ⎬ ⎭
=12
Sij(x1)Si
j'(x2
1−x1
) +Sij (
x1
1−x2
)Sij'(x2)
⎧ ⎨ ⎩
⎫ ⎬ ⎭
r2(1,2) =ρ2(1,2)
ρ1(1)ρ1(2)
x1 +x2 ≤1
The two shower partons are correlated.
16
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (LZW) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
no correlationC2 (1,2) =[r2 (1,2)−1]ρ1(1)ρ1(2)
0
Hwa & Tan, nucl-th/0503052
17
B. Two shower partons in a jet in HIC
Hard parton momentum k is not fixed.
ρ1(1) =Sj(q1) =ξ dkkfi∫
i∑ (k)Si
j(q/ k)
ρ2(1,2) = (SS) jj '(q1,q2 ) = ξ dkkfi∫
i∑ (k) Si
j (q1
k),Si
j '(q2
k − q1
)⎧⎨⎩
⎫⎬⎭
r2(1,2) =ρ2(1,2)
ρ1(1)ρ1(2)fi(k)
fi(k) fi(k)
fi(k) is small for 0-10%, smaller for 80-92%
18
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (LZW) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (LZW) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
19
Correlation of pions in jets
Two-particle distribution
dNππ
p1dp1p2dp2=
1(p1p2)
2
dqi
qii∏
⎡
⎣ ⎢ ⎤
⎦ ⎥ ∫ F4(q1,q2,q3,q4)R(q1,q3,p1)R(q2,q4, p2)
F4 =(TT+ST+SS)13(TT+ST+SS)24
k
q3
q
1
q4
q2
20
Correlation function of produced pions in HIC
C2(1,2) =ρ2(1,2)−ρ1(1)ρ1(2)
ρ2(1,2)=dNπ1π2
p1dp1p2dp2
ρ1(1) =dNπ1
p1dp1
F4 =(TT+ST+SS)13(TT+ST+SS)24
Factorizable terms: (TT)13(TT)24 (ST)13(TT)24 (TT)13(ST)24
Do not contribute to C2(1,2)
Non-factorizable terms (ST+SS)13(ST+SS)24
correlated
21
C2(1,2) =ρ2(1,2)−ρ1(1)ρ1(2)
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (LZW) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Hwa & Tan, nucl-th/0503052
22
G2(1,2)=C2(1,2)
ρ1(1)ρ1(2)[ ]1/ 2
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (LZW) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
along the diagonal
23
24
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (LZW) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Hwa and Tan, nucl-th/0503052
RCPG2 (1,2) =
G2(0−10%)(1,2)
G2(80−92%)(1,2)
25
Physical reasons for the big dip:
• competition for momenta by the shower partons in a jet
• if p1 and p2 are low, hard parton k can be
low, and the competition is severe.Recall that r2(1,2) < 1 for shower
partons.
• if p1 and p2 are high, hard parton k can be
high, but fi(k) is suppressed, so ρ1(1)ρ1(2) is
small, and C2(1,2) becomes positive.
26
Correlation with trigger particle
Study the associated particle distributions
27
STAR has measured: nucl-ex/0501016
Associated charged hadron distribution in pT
Background subtracted and distributions
Trigger 4 < pT < 6
GeV/c
28
Associated particle pT distribution
dNππ
p1dp1p2dp2=
1(p1p2)
2
dqi
qii∏
⎡
⎣ ⎢ ⎤
⎦ ⎥ ∫ F4(q1,q2,q3,q4)R(q1,q3,p1)R(q2,q4, p2)
F4 =(TT+ST+SS)13(TT+ST+SS)24
After background subtraction, consider only:
dNπ
p2dp2trig =
dp1p1dNππ
p1dp1p2dp24
6
∫dp1p1
dNπ
p1dp14
6
∫
p1 -- trigger
p2 -- associated
(ST+SS)13(ST+SS)24
29
Reasonable agreement with data
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (LZW) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Hwa & Tan, nucl-th/0503052
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QuickTime™ and aTIFF (LZW) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Hwa & Tan, nucl-th/0503060
31
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (LZW) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Very little dependence on centrality in dAu
32
and distributions (STAR nucl-ex/0501016)
P1
P2
pedestal
subtraction point no pedestal
short-range correlation?
long-range correlation?
33
New issues to consider:
• Angular distribution (1D -> 3D)
shower partons in jet cone
• Thermal distribution enhanced due to
energy loss of hard parton
34
Longitudinal
Transverse
t=0 later
35
Events without jets T(q) =Cqe−q/T
Thermal medium enhanced due to energy loss of hard parton
Events with jets
T'(q) =Cqe−q/T 'in the vicinity of the jet
T’- T = T > 0new parameter
Thermal partons
36
For STST recombination
enhanced thermal
trigger associated particle
Sample with trigger particles and with background subtracted
F4
' =ξ dkkfi∫i
∑ (k)T'(q3){S(q1),S(q2)}T'(q4)G(ψ,q2 /k)
Pedestal peak in &
F4tr−bg =∑∫L (ST')13 (T'T' −TT)24 +(ST')13 (ST')24 G
37
kq2
z
hard parton
shower partonShower parton
angular distribution in jet cone
Cone width
σ(x) =σ 0(1−x)
G(ψ,q2 /k) =exp−(2tan−1g(η1 +Δη,η1))
2
2σ 2(q2 / k)
⎡
⎣ ⎢ ⎤
⎦ ⎥
38
1Ntrig
dNdΔη
=dη1 dp2p2 dp1p1
dNtrig−bg
p1dp1p2dp24
6
∫passocmin
4
∫−0.7
0.7
∫
dη1−0.7
0.7
∫ dp1p1dNtrig
p1dp14
6
∫
dNtrig
p1dp1=
ξp1
3 dkkfi∫i∑ (k) dq1∫ T'(p1 −q1)S
q1
k⎛ ⎝
⎞ ⎠
dNtrig−bg
p1dp1p2dp2=
ξ(p1p2)
3 dkkfi∫i∑ (k) dq1 dq2 ⋅∫∫
×
T'(p1 −q1)Sq1
k⎛ ⎝
⎞ ⎠
T'(q2)T'(p2 −q2)−T(q2)T(p2 −q2)[ ]
+T'(p1 −q1){Sq1
k⎛ ⎝
⎞ ⎠ ,S
q2
k−q1
⎛
⎝ ⎜ ⎞
⎠ ⎟ }T'(p2 −q2)G(ψ,q2 /k)
⎧
⎨ ⎪
⎩ ⎪
⎫
⎬ ⎪
⎭ ⎪
39
Pedestal in
P1,2 = dp2pmin(1,2)
4
∫dN(T'T'−TT)
dp2|trig
more reliable
0.15 < p2 < 4 GeV/c, P1 = 0.4
2 < p2 < 4 GeV/c, P2 = 0.04
P1
P2
less reliableparton distribution
T'(q) =Cqe−q/T ' T ’ adjusted to fit pedestal
find T ’= 0.332 GeV/c
cf. T = 0.317 GeV/cT = 15 MeV/c
40
Associated particle distribution in
Chiu & Hwa, nucl-th/0505014
41
Associated particle distribution in
Chiu & Hwa, nucl-th/0505014
42
The peaks in & arise from the recombination of thermal partons with shower partons in jets with angular spread.
2. The pedestal arises from the enhanced thermal medium.
That is the feedback from the hard parton through lost energy to the soft partons. By longitudinal expansion it gives rise to the long-range correlation.
Correlation exists among the shower partons, since they belong to the same jet.
That may be regarded as the short-range correlation --- though only kinematical (sufficient so far).
1.
43
Autocorrelation
Correlation function C2 (1,2) =ρ2 (1,2)−ρ1(1)ρ1(2)
1,2 on equal footing --- no trigger
Define
θ− =θ2 −θ1φ− =φ2 − φ1
Autocorrelation: Fix and , and integrate over all other variables in
θ− φ−
C2 (1,2)
The only non-trivial contribution to
near , would come from jets θ− : 0 φ− : 0
A(θ−,φ−)
44
p2
p1
x
yz
θ1θ2
pion momentum
space
q2
q1
x
yz
2
1
k
parton momentum
space
A(−,φ−)
-
H (θ1,θ2 ,φ−)P()
G( 1, 2 )Gaussian in jet cone
45
46
Autocorrelation
Chiu & Hwa (2005b)
47
Other recent work done on recombination
Fries, Muller, Bass, PRL94, 122301(2005)
Correlation
Muller, Fries, Bass, nucl-th/0503003
Beyond the valence quark approximation
Majumder, E. Wang, X.N. Wang, LBNL-57478
Modified fragmentation function
Greco and C.M. Ko, nucl-th/0505061
Scaling of hadron elliptic flow
48
Conclusion
Parton recombination provides a framework to interpret the data on jet correlations.
There seems to be no evidence for any exotic correlation outside of shower-shower correlation in a jet.
If future analysis finds no hole in , then some dynamical correlation among the shower partons may be needed.
RCPG2
Autocorrelation without subtraction is a good place to compare theory and experiment.
49
Porter & Trainor, ISMD2004, APPB36, 353 (2005)
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (LZW) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.Transverse rapidity yt
( pp collisions )
G2
STAR
50
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (LZW) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
51Hwa & Tan, nucl-th/0503052
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (LZW) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
52
z
θ1
θ
p1
trigger
Assoc p2kq2
z
hard parton
shower parton
ψ =θ −θ1
η−η1 =Δη
tanψ2
=g(η,η1)=e−η −e−η1
1+e−η−η1
=e−η1e−Δη −1
1+e−Δη−2η1
⎡
⎣ ⎢ ⎤
⎦ ⎥
Expt’l cut on trigger: -0.7 < 1 < +0.7k
jet cone exp[−ψ 2 /2σ 2(x)]