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Costas Receiver and Quadrature-Carrier
Multiplexing
Professor Deepa Kundur
University of Toronto
Professor Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto)Costas Receiver and Quadrature-Carrier Multiplexing 1 / 40
Costas Receiver and Quadrature-Carrier
Multiplexing
Reference:
Sections 3.4 and 3.5 of
S. Haykin and M. Moher, Introduction to Analog & DigitalCommunications, 2nd ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007. ISBN-13978-0-471-43222-7.
Professor Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto)Costas Receiver and Quadrature-Carrier Multiplexing 2 / 40
3.4 Costas Receiver
Costas Receiver
Professor Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto)Costas Receiver and Quadrature-Carrier Multiplexing 3 / 40
3.4 Costas Receiver
Coherent Demodulation Output
v0(t) =1
2AcA
′c cos(φ)m(t)
I To maximize v0(t), would like φ ≈ 0.
0
1
-1
I For v0(t) to be proportional to m(t), φ should be constant.
Thus, we wish to synchronize the local oscillator.Let A′c = 1 for simplicity.
Professor Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto)Costas Receiver and Quadrature-Carrier Multiplexing 4 / 40
3.4 Costas Receiver
Costas Receiver
-90 degreePhase Shifter
Voltage-controlledOscillator
ProductModulator
Low-passFilter
PhaseDiscriminator
ProductModulator
Low-pass�lter
DSB-SC wave
DemodulatedSignal
Professor Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto)Costas Receiver and Quadrature-Carrier Multiplexing 5 / 40
3.4 Costas Receiver
Costas Receiver: Coherent Demodulation
-90 degreePhase Shifter
Voltage-controlledOscillator
ProductModulator
Low-passFilter
PhaseDiscriminator
ProductModulator
Low-pass�lter
DSB-SC wave
DemodulatedSignal
Coherent Demodulation
v (t)0local oscillator output
Goals: (1) Coherent demodulation of DSB-SC input signal.
(2) Tweak the local oscillator phase such that φ = 0.Professor Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto)Costas Receiver and Quadrature-Carrier Multiplexing 6 / 40
3.4 Costas Receiver
Costas Receiver: Phase Lock Circuit
-90 degreePhase Shifter
Voltage-controlledOscillator
ProductModulator
Low-passFilter
PhaseDiscriminator
ProductModulator
Low-pass�lter
DSB-SC wave
DemodulatedSignal
Coherent Demodulation
Circuit for Phase Locking
v (t)0local oscillator output
Goals: (1) Coherent demodulation of DSB-SC input signal.
(2) Tweak the local oscillator phase such that φ = 0.Professor Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto)Costas Receiver and Quadrature-Carrier Multiplexing 7 / 40
3.4 Costas Receiver
Costas Receiver: Phase Lock Circuitφ > 0: Freq of local oscillator needs to temporarily decrease
0
t
0
t
local oscillatorcarrier
local oscillator phase is ahead of carrier and must decrease its frequency to wait for carrier
Professor Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto)Costas Receiver and Quadrature-Carrier Multiplexing 8 / 40
3.4 Costas Receiver
Costas Receiver: Phase Lock Circuitφ < 0: Freq of local oscillator needs to temporarily increase
0
t
0
t
local oscillatorcarrier
local oscillator phase lags behind carrier and must increase its frequency to catch up
Professor Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto)Costas Receiver and Quadrature-Carrier Multiplexing 9 / 40
3.4 Costas Receiver
Costas Receiver: In-Phase and Quadrature-Phase
-90 degreePhase Shifter
Voltage-controlledOscillator
ProductModulator
Low-passFilter
PhaseDiscriminator
ProductModulator
Low-pass�lter
DSB-SC wave
DemodulatedSignal
Q-Channel (quadrature-phase coherent detector)
I-Channel (in-phase coherent detector)
v (t)I
v (t)Q
Professor Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto)Costas Receiver and Quadrature-Carrier Multiplexing 10 / 40
3.4 Costas Receiver
Costas Receiver: In-Phase Coherent Detector
-90 degreePhase Shifter
Voltage-controlledOscillator
ProductModulator
Low-passFilter
PhaseDiscriminator
ProductModulator
Low-pass�lter
DSB-SC wave
DemodulatedSignalv (t)I
v (t)Q
Professor Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto)Costas Receiver and Quadrature-Carrier Multiplexing 11 / 40
3.4 Costas Receiver
Costas Receiver: In-Phase Coherent Detector
s(t) = Ac cos(2πfct)m(t)
vI (t) = s(t) · cos(2πfct + φ)
Recall
cos(2πfct + φ) =e jφ
2e j2πfc t +
e−jφ
2e−j2πfc t
e jφ
2δ(f − fc) +
e−jφ
2δ(f + fc)
VI (f ) = S(f ) ?
[e jφ
2δ(f − fc) +
e−jφ
2δ(f + fc)
]=
e jφ
2S(f ) ? δ(f − fc) +
e−jφ
2S(f ) ? δ(f + fc)
=e jφ
2S(f − fc) +
e−jφ
2S(f + fc)
Professor Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto)Costas Receiver and Quadrature-Carrier Multiplexing 12 / 40
3.4 Costas Receiver
Costas Receiver: In-Phase Coherent Detector
VI (f ) =e jφ
2S(f − fc) +
e−jφ
2S(f + fc)
=cos(φ) + j sin(φ)
2S(f − fc) +
cos(−φ) + j sin(−φ)2
S(f + fc)
=cos(φ) + j sin(φ)
2S(f − fc) +
cos(φ) − j sin(φ)2
S(f + fc)
=cos(φ)
2︸ ︷︷ ︸≈1/2
[S(f − fc) + S(f + fc)] + jsin(φ)
2︸ ︷︷ ︸small
[S(f − fc) − S(f + fc)]
for φ� 1.
Professor Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto)Costas Receiver and Quadrature-Carrier Multiplexing 13 / 40
3.4 Costas Receiver
Costas Receiver: In-Phase Coherent Detector
repetitions
repetitions
repetitions
baseband componentsadd coherently
repetitions
repetitions
repetitions
baseband componentscancel out
Professor Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto)Costas Receiver and Quadrature-Carrier Multiplexing 14 / 40
3.4 Costas Receiver
Costas Receiver: In-Phase Coherent Detector
baseband componentsadd coherently
baseband componentscancel out
Professor Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto)Costas Receiver and Quadrature-Carrier Multiplexing 15 / 40
3.4 Costas Receiver
Costas Receiver: In-Phase Coherent Detector
VI (f ) =e jφ
2S(f − fc) +
e−jφ
2S(f + fc)
=cos(φ) + j sin(φ)
2S(f − fc) +
cos(−φ) + j sin(−φ)2
S(f + fc)
=cos(φ) + j sin(φ)
2S(f − fc) +
cos(φ) − j sin(φ)2
S(f + fc)
=cos(φ)
2︸ ︷︷ ︸≈1/2
S(f − fc) + S(f + fc)︸ ︷︷ ︸significant baseband
+ j sin(φ)2︸ ︷︷ ︸small
S(f − fc) − S(f + fc)︸ ︷︷ ︸negligible baseband
for φ� 1.
The closer φ is to zero, the more significant the baseband term ofvI (t) and vice versa.
Professor Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto)Costas Receiver and Quadrature-Carrier Multiplexing 16 / 40
3.4 Costas Receiver
Costas Receiver: In-Phase Coherent Detector
For φ small.Professor Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto)Costas Receiver and Quadrature-Carrier Multiplexing 17 / 40
3.4 Costas Receiver
Costas Receiver: Quadrature-Phase Detector
-90 degreePhase Shifter
Voltage-controlledOscillator
ProductModulator
Low-passFilter
PhaseDiscriminator
ProductModulator
Low-pass�lter
DSB-SC wave
DemodulatedSignalv (t)I
v (t)Q
Professor Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto)Costas Receiver and Quadrature-Carrier Multiplexing 18 / 40
3.4 Costas Receiver
Costas Receiver: Quadrature-Phase Detector
s(t) = Ac cos(2πfct)m(t)
vQ(t) = s(t) · sin(2πfct + φ)
Recall
sin(2πfct + φ) =e jφ
2je j2πfc t − e
−jφ
2je−j2πfc t
e jφ
2jδ(f − fc) −
e−jφ
2jδ(f + fc)
VQ(f ) = S(f ) ?
[e jφ
2jδ(f − fc) −
e−jφ
2jδ(f + fc)
]=
e jφ
2jS(f ) ? δ(f − fc) −
e−jφ
2jS(f ) ? δ(f + fc)
=e jφ
2jS(f − fc) −
e−jφ
2jS(f + fc)
Professor Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto)Costas Receiver and Quadrature-Carrier Multiplexing 19 / 40
3.4 Costas Receiver
Costas Receiver: Quadrature-Phase Detector
VQ(f ) =e jφ
2jS(f − fc)−
e−jφ
2jS(f + fc)
=cos(φ) + j sin(φ)
2jS(f − fc)−
cos(−φ) + j sin(−φ)2j
S(f + fc)
=cos(φ) + j sin(φ)
2jS(f − fc)−
cos(φ) − j sin(φ)2j
S(f + fc)
=cos(φ)
2j︸ ︷︷ ︸≈1/2j
[S(f − fc)−S(f + fc)] + jsin(φ)
2j︸ ︷︷ ︸small
[S(f − fc)+S(f + fc)]
for φ� 1.
Professor Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto)Costas Receiver and Quadrature-Carrier Multiplexing 20 / 40
3.4 Costas Receiver
Costas Receiver: Quadrature-Phase Detector
baseband componentscancel out
baseband componentsadd coherently
Professor Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto)Costas Receiver and Quadrature-Carrier Multiplexing 21 / 40
3.4 Costas Receiver
Costas Receiver: Quadrature-Phase Detector
VQ(f ) =e jφ
2jS(f − fc)−
e−jφ
2jS(f + fc)
=cos(φ) + j sin(φ)
2jS(f − fc)−
cos(−φ) + j sin(−φ)2j
S(f + fc)
=cos(φ) + j sin(φ)
2jS(f − fc)−
cos(φ) − j sin(φ)2j
S(f + fc)
=cos(φ)
2j︸ ︷︷ ︸≈1/2j
S(f − fc)−S(f + fc)︸ ︷︷ ︸negligible baseband
+ j sin(φ)2j︸ ︷︷ ︸small
S(f − fc)+S(f + fc)︸ ︷︷ ︸significant baseband
for φ� 1.
The closer φ is to zero, the more negligible the baseband term ofvQ(t) and vice versa.
Professor Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto)Costas Receiver and Quadrature-Carrier Multiplexing 22 / 40
3.4 Costas Receiver
Costas Receiver: Quadrature-Phase Detector
For φ small.Professor Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto)Costas Receiver and Quadrature-Carrier Multiplexing 23 / 40
3.4 Costas Receiver
Costas Receiver: vI (t) and vQ(t)
-90 degreePhase Shifter
Voltage-controlledOscillator
ProductModulator
Low-passFilter
PhaseDiscriminator
ProductModulator
Low-pass�lter
DSB-SC wave
DemodulatedSignal
spectrum
spectrum
spectrum
v (t)0v (t)I
v (t)Q
Professor Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto)Costas Receiver and Quadrature-Carrier Multiplexing 24 / 40
3.4 Costas Receiver
Costas Receiver: vI (t) and vQ(t)
-90 degreePhase Shifter
Voltage-controlledOscillator
ProductModulator
Low-passFilter
PhaseDiscriminator
ProductModulator
Low-pass�lter
DSB-SC wave
DemodulatedSignal
spectrum
spectrum
spectrum
v (t)I
v (t)Q
Professor Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto)Costas Receiver and Quadrature-Carrier Multiplexing 25 / 40
3.4 Costas Receiver
Costas Receiver: vI (t) and vQ(t)
-90 degreePhase Shifter
Voltage-controlledOscillator
ProductModulator
Low-passFilter
PhaseDiscriminator
ProductModulator
Low-pass�lter
DSB-SC wave
DemodulatedSignal
spectrum
spectrum
spectrum
v (t)I
v (t)Q
Professor Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto)Costas Receiver and Quadrature-Carrier Multiplexing 26 / 40
3.4 Costas Receiver
Costas Receiver: Low-Pass Filter
ProductModulator
-90 degreePhase Shifter
Voltage-controlledOscillator
ProductModulator
Low-passFilter
PhaseDiscriminator
Low-pass�lter
DSB-SC wave
DemodulatedSignal
spectrum
spectrum
spectrum
Professor Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto)Costas Receiver and Quadrature-Carrier Multiplexing 27 / 40
3.4 Costas Receiver
Costas Receiver: Local Oscillator Control
-90 degreePhase Shifter
Voltage-controlledOscillator
ProductModulator
Low-passFilter
PhaseDiscriminator
ProductModulator
Low-pass�lter
DSB-SC wave
DemodulatedSignal
g(t)
v (t)0
v’ (t)0
Professor Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto)Costas Receiver and Quadrature-Carrier Multiplexing 28 / 40
3.4 Costas Receiver
Costas Receiver: Phase Discriminator
Two components in sequence:
(1) multiplier
v0(t) · v ′0(t) =Ac2
cos(φ)m(t) · Ac2
sin(φ)m(t)
=A2c4
cos(φ)︸ ︷︷ ︸≈1
sin(φ)︸ ︷︷ ︸≈φ
m2(t)
=A2c4φm2(t)
for φ� 1.
Professor Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto)Costas Receiver and Quadrature-Carrier Multiplexing 29 / 40
3.4 Costas Receiver
Costas Receiver: Phase Discriminator
Two components in sequence:
(2) time-averaging unit
g(t) =1
2T
∫ T−T
A2c4φm2(t)dt
=A2c4φ
1
2T
∫ T−T
m2(t)dt︸ ︷︷ ︸power of m(t); for T large is constant
Therefore, g(t) is proportional to φ, and is the same sign as thephase error φ.
Professor Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto)Costas Receiver and Quadrature-Carrier Multiplexing 30 / 40
3.4 Costas Receiver
Costas Receiver: Voltage-controlled Oscillator
-90 degreePhase Shifter
Voltage-controlledOscillator
ProductModulator
Low-passFilter
PhaseDiscriminator
ProductModulator
Low-pass�lter
DSB-SC wave
DemodulatedSignal
g(t)
v (t)0
v’ (t)0
Professor Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto)Costas Receiver and Quadrature-Carrier Multiplexing 31 / 40
3.4 Costas Receiver
Costas Receiver: Voltage-controlled Oscillator
I If g(t) > 0 (or φ > 0), then the local oscillator will decreasefrom fc proportional to the value of g(t) (or φ).
I If g(t) < 0 (or φ < 0), then the local oscillator will increasefrom fc proportional to the value of g(t) (or φ).
Professor Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto)Costas Receiver and Quadrature-Carrier Multiplexing 32 / 40
3.4 Costas Receiver
Costas Receiver: Voltage-controlled Oscillator
φ > 0: Freq of local oscillator needs to
temporarily decrease
0
t
0
t
local oscillatorcarrier
local oscillator phase is ahead of carrier and must decrease its frequency to wait for carrier
φ < 0: Freq of local oscillator needs to
temporarily increase
0
t
0
t
local oscillatorcarrier
local oscillator phase lags behind carrier and must increase its frequency to catch up
Professor Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto)Costas Receiver and Quadrature-Carrier Multiplexing 33 / 40
3.4 Costas Receiver
Costas Receiver
-90 degreePhase Shifter
Voltage-controlledOscillator
ProductModulator
Low-passFilter
PhaseDiscriminator
ProductModulator
Low-pass�lter
DSB-SC wave
DemodulatedSignal
Coherent Demodulation
Circuit for Phase Locking
v (t)0local oscillator output
Professor Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto)Costas Receiver and Quadrature-Carrier Multiplexing 34 / 40
3.5 Quadrature-Carrier Multiplexing
Quadrature Amplitude Multiplexing
Professor Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto)Costas Receiver and Quadrature-Carrier Multiplexing 35 / 40
3.5 Quadrature-Carrier Multiplexing
Multiplexing and QAM
Multiplexing: to send multiple message simultaneously
Quadrature Amplitude Multiplexing (QAM): (a.k.a quadrature-carriermultiplexing) amplitude modulation scheme that enables twoDSB-SC waves with independent message signals to occupy the samechannel bandwidth (i.e., same frequency channel) yet still beseparated at the receiver.
Professor Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto)Costas Receiver and Quadrature-Carrier Multiplexing 36 / 40
3.5 Quadrature-Carrier Multiplexing
QAM: Transmitter
-90 degreePhase Shifter
ProductModulator
ProductModulator
MultiplexedSignal
Messagesignal
Messagesignal
Professor Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto)Costas Receiver and Quadrature-Carrier Multiplexing 37 / 40
3.5 Quadrature-Carrier Multiplexing
QAM: Transmitter
s(t) = Acm1(t) cos(2πfct) + Acm2(t) sin(2πfct)
Professor Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto)Costas Receiver and Quadrature-Carrier Multiplexing 38 / 40
3.5 Quadrature-Carrier Multiplexing
QAM: Receiver
ProductModulator
Low-passFilter
ProductModulator
Low-pass�lter
MultiplexedSignal
-90 degreePhase Shifter
Professor Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto)Costas Receiver and Quadrature-Carrier Multiplexing 39 / 40
3.5 Quadrature-Carrier Multiplexing
QAM: Receiver
I Costas receiver may be used to synchronize the local oscillatorfor demodulation.
�
Professor Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto)Costas Receiver and Quadrature-Carrier Multiplexing 40 / 40
3.4 Costas Receiver3.5 Quadrature-Carrier Multiplexing