COURSE OUTLINE HUMAN BIOLOGY ATAR YEAR 11: 2020 UNIT 1 … · the lymphatic system functions to return tissue fluid to the circulatory system and to assist in protecting the body

COURSE OUTLINE

HUMAN BIOLOGY - ATAR YEAR 11: 2020

UNIT 1 AND UNIT 2

This course will run the two units, 1 and 2, concurrently. The student Semester 1 grade will therefore be an estimate.

Term Week Topic and key teaching points Syllabus content Assessment

1 1

SIS1 – propose hypotheses and predict possible outcomes

SIS2 – design investigations

SIS3 – conduct investigations to collect data

SIS4 – represent, organise and analyse data

SIS5 – interpret texts and consider evidence to make

conclusions

SIS6 – use appropriate representations to communicate

understanding and solve problems

SIS7 – communicate to specific audiences

Chapter 1 – Human Biological Science Chapter 2 – Scientific Inquiry Act 1.1 Is this how pollen causes hay fever? Act 1.2 Hairnu Act 2.1 Hypothesising Act 2.2 Controlled experiments Act 2.3 Testing a hypothesis Act 2.4 Tabulation of data Act 2.5 Graphing

Familiarisation with course documents – course outline and assessment outline Course expectations – homework and class participation Assessment expectations and absence procedures Online resources – Connect Required materials – textbook, workbook, scientific calculator, ruler and stationery Science Inquiry Skills

o Hypothesising o Graphing o Tabulating o Reliable and valid data o Recognising patterns o Drawing conclusions

HOMEWORK

Ch1 RQ and AYK Ch2 RQ and AYK

COURSE OUTLINE


UNIT 1 AND UNIT 2

1 2

SU1 – the human body is comprised of cells, tissues and

organs

SU2 – cell organelles maintain life process

SU3 – the cell membrane separates the cell from its environment and allows movement of materials Chapter 3 – Cells Act 3.1 Observing cells Act 3.2 A model cell Act 3.3 What size is it? OR Size of cells activity STAWA Act 3: EGGSperimenting with osmosis STAWA Act 15: SA: Vol ratio – Why is it important?

Cells and tissues

The human body is comprised of cells, tissues and organs within complex systems that work together to maintain life

Cell organelles maintain life processes and require the input of materials and the removal of wastes to support efficient functioning of the cell

Cell membrane & movement of materials:

The cell membrane separates the cell from its surrounding with a structure, described by the fluid mosaic model, which allows for the movement of materials into and out of the cell by;

o Diffusion o Facilitated diffusion o Osmosis o Active transport o Vesicular transport (endocytosis and

exocytosis)

TASK ONE SIS

Second-hand data analysis WEIGHTING 7%

HOMEWORK

Ch3 RQ and AYK

1 3

SU4 – factors affecting exchange of materials across the cell membrane SU5 – the various tissues of the human body perform specific functions Chapter 4 – Cells exchange materials Chapter 5 – Tissues Act 4.1 A model membrane Act 4.2 Diffusion through a differentially permeable membrane Act 5.1 Looking at tissues

Cell membrane & movement of materials:

Factors affecting the exchange of materials across the cell membrane include;

o Surface area to volume ratios o Concentration gradients o The physical and chemical nature of the

materials being exchanged

Tissues

The various tissues of the human body perform specific functions and can be categorised into four basic tissue types:

HOMEWORK Ch4 RQ and AYK Ch5 RQ and AYK

COURSE OUTLINE


UNIT 1 AND UNIT 2

o Epithelial o Connective o Muscular o Nervous

1 4

SU6 – biochemical processes are controlled by specific

enzymes

SU7 – cellular respiration occurs to release energy

SU8 – for efficient metabolism, cells require oxygen and

nutrients

Chapter 6 – Cells at work Act 6.1: Aerobic and anaerobic respiration during exercise

Metabolism

biochemical processes, including anabolic and catabolic reactions in the cell, are controlled in the presence of specific enzymes

cellular respiration occurs, in different locations in the cytosol and mitochondria, to catabolise organic compounds, aerobically or anaerobically, to release energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

for efficient metabolism, cells require oxygen and nutrients, including carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins and minerals

HOMEWORK Ch6 RQ and AYK

1 5

SU6 – biochemical processes are controlled by specific

enzymes

SU9 – enzyme function can be affected by several factors

Chapter 6 – Cells at work

Metabolism

enzyme function can be affected by factors including pH, temperature, presence of inhibitors, co-enzymes and co-factors, and the concentration of reactants and products

Plan and conduct enzyme investigation

TASK TWO SIS Enzyme investigation and in-class report

WEIGHTING 6%

COURSE OUTLINE


UNIT 1 AND UNIT 2

1 6

SU12 – transport of materials by the circulatory system

SU13– blood transports materials around the body

SHE1 – blood transfusions can treat many different

diseases and conditions

SHE2 – treatment of conditions due to system or organ dysfunction has changed over time Chapter 7 – Blood and circulation Act 7.1 Blood flow during exercise

Circulatory System

The transport of materials within the internal environment for exchange with cells is facilitated by the structure and function of the circulatory system at the cell, tissue and organ levels

the components of blood facilitate the transport of different materials around the body (plasma and erythrocytes), play a role in the clotting of blood (platelets) and the protection of the body (leucocytes)

TASK THREE TEST Cells, tissues and metabolism

WEIGHTING 5%


1 7

SU14 – lymphatic system returns fluid to the circulatory

system and assists in protecting the body

Chapter 7 – Blood and circulation Act 7.2 Heart Structure OR STAWA Act 16: Heart & lung dissection

Circulatory System

the components of blood facilitate the transport of different materials around the body (plasma and erythrocytes), play a role in the clotting of blood (platelets) and the protection of the body (leucocytes)

the lymphatic system functions to return tissue fluid to the circulatory system and to assist in protecting the body from disease

1 8

SU10 – the respiratory system exchanges gases

SU11 – efficient exchange of gases in the lungs

Chapter 8 – The respiratory system Act 8.1 Structure of the lungs Act 8.2 Investigating breathing

Respiratory System

The exchange of gases between the internal and external environments of the body is facilitated by the structure and function of the respiratory system at the cell, tissue and organ levels.

The efficient exchanges of gases in the lungs is maintained by;

o The actions of breathing o Blood flow

The structure of the alveoli


COURSE OUTLINE


UNIT 1 AND UNIT 2

1 9

SU15 – the digestive system supplies nutrients

SU16 – molecules are broken down by mechanical and

chemical digestion

SU17 – digestion is aided by accessory organs

SHE4 – lifestyle choices can compromise body functioning

Chapter 9 – The digestive system Act 9.1 Alexis St. Martin Act 9.2 Starch digestion

Digestive System

the supply of nutrients in a form that can be used in cells is facilitated by the structure and function of the digestive system at the cell, tissue and organ levels

Digestion involves the breakdown of large molecules to smaller ones by mechanical digestion (teeth, bile and peristalsis) and chemical digestion (by enzymes with distinctive operating conditions and functions that are located in different sections of the digestive system)

the salivary glands, pancreas, liver and gall bladder produce or store secretions which aid the processes of digestion


1 10

SU18 – nutrients are absorbed into the blood and lymph

SU19 – undigested materials and wastes are eliminated

SHE4 – lifestyle choices can compromise body functioning

Chapter 9 – The digestive system

Digestive System

absorption requires nutrients to be in a form that can

cross cell membranes into the blood or lymph and

occurs at different locations, including the small

intestine and large intestine

Elimination removes undigested materials and some

metabolic wastes from the body, and is a separate

process from excretion

TASK FOUR TEST Circulatory, respiratory and digestive

systems WEIGHTING 5%

COURSE OUTLINE


UNIT 1 AND UNIT 2

2 1

SU24 – the excretory system regulates body fluids

SU25 – deamination of amino acids produces urea

SU26 – the nephrons in the kidney facilitate filtration,

reabsorption and secretion

Chapter 10 – Removal of waste

STAWA Act A model of a kidney nephron Act 10.1 Urine production Act 10.2 Kidney output Act 10.3 Urine analysis

Excretory System

the excretory system regulates the chemical

composition of body fluids by removing metabolic

wastes and retaining the proper amounts of water,

salts, and nutrients; components of this system

include the kidneys, liver, lungs, and skin functioning

at the organ level

deamination of amino acids in the liver produces urea,

which then is transported to the kidneys for removal

the nephrons in the kidney facilitate three basic

processes: filtration, reabsorption and secretion

during urine formation to maintain the composition of

body fluids (hormone control is not required)


2 2

SU20 – sliding filament theory

SU21 – actions of paired muscles

Chapter 11 – The musculoskeletal system (muscles)

Act 11.1 Muscles working together Act 11.2 Are you fast or slow twitch?

Musculoskeletal system (muscles)

the muscular system is organised to maintain posture and produce movement; muscle fibre contraction can be explained using the sliding filament theory

movement results from the actions of paired muscles, with others acting as stabilisers, to produce the required movement


PREPARE FOR

TASK FIVE

http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookglossE.html#excretory system

http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookglossE.html#excretory system

COURSE OUTLINE


UNIT 1 AND UNIT 2

2 3

SU22 – bone and cartilage

SU23 – joints of the skeleton

SHE3 – osteoporosis and osteoarthritis are diseases that

cause disability

Chapter 12 – The musculoskeletal system (skeleton)

Act 12.1 The human skeleton Act 12.2 A long bone Act 12.3 Bone composition Act 12.4 Where bones meet

Musculoskeletal system (skeleton)

the skeletal framework of the body consists of bone

and cartilage which function to provide body support,

protection and movement, and is facilitated by the

structure and function at cell and tissue levels

articulations of joints of the skeleton are classified

according to their structure or the range of

movements permitted

TASK FIVE EXT RESP Osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, kidneys and

muscles WEIGHTING 5%


2 4

EXAM REVISION

Use past exam questions to write 1. Extended response answers 2. Short answer responses 3. Multi-choice answers

UNIT ONE CONTENT

2 5 EXAM WEEK UNIT ONE CONTENT TASK SIX EXAM

UNIT ONE WEIGHTING 15%

2 6

EXAM WEEK UNIT ONE CONTENT TASK SIX EXAM UNIT ONE

WEIGHTING 15%

COURSE OUTLINE


UNIT 1 AND UNIT 2

2 7

SU1 – DNA occurs bound to chromosomes SU2 – DNA stores information for protein production SU3 – DNA structure allows for its replication Chapter 13 – DNA (the code for life)

Act 13.1 Modelling DNA structure and replication Act 13.2 Extracting DNA

DNA occurs bound to proteins in chromosomes in the nucleus and as unbound DNA in the mitochondrion

DNA stores the information for the production of protein that determines the structure and function of the cells

The structural properties of the helical DNA molecule, include double stranded, nucleotide composition and weak bonds involved in base pairing between the complementary strands, allow for its replication.


2 8

SU4 – protein synthesis involves transcription and translation SIS6 – use appropriate representations to communicate understanding and solve problems Chapter 13 – DNA (the code for life)

Act 13.3 Transcribe and translate a gene Genetic Science Learning Center http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/molecules/transcribe/

Protein synthesis involves the transcription of a gene on DNA into messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) in the nucleus, and translation into an amino acid sequence at the ribosome with the aid of transfer RNA.

2 9

SU5 – epigenetics studies expression of genes

SHE2 – discoveries have increased understanding of DNA & gene expression Chapter 13 – DNA (the code for life)

Epigenetics is the study of phenotypic expression of genes, which depends on the factors controlling transcription and translation during protein synthesis, the products of other genes and the environment.

TASK SEVEN SIS Transcription, Translation and

Epigenetics WEIGHTING 7%

http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/molecules/transcribe/

http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/molecules/transcribe/

COURSE OUTLINE


UNIT 1 AND UNIT 2

2 10

SU6 – Mitosis produces new cells with the same genetic content SU7 – Mitosis is important for growth, repair and replacement of tissues SU9 – Uncontrolled cell division can result in cancer SHE4 – new technologies have made early detection of cancers possible Chapter 14 – New body cells

Act 14.1 Modelling mitosis and cytokinesis Act 14.2 Observing mitosis Act 14.3 The incidence of cancer in Australia STAWA Act 31: Human karyotypes STAWA Act 30: DNA- master molecule & protein synthesis

Cell Reproduction

Mitosis forms part of the cell cycle producing new cells with the same genetic content

The sequence of DNA replication, chromosome duplication and chromosome separation are important processes in the production of identical daughter cells by mitosis for growth, repair and replacement of tissues within the body

Uncontrolled division of cells can result in the development of a tumour

Stem cells have the ability to divide by mitosis and differentiate into many different tissues, depending on the level of cell potency.


3 1

SU6 – Mitosis produces new cells with the same genetic content SU7 – Mitosis is important for growth, repair and replacement of tissues SU9 – Uncontrolled cell division can result in cancer SHE4 – new technologies have made early detection of cancers possible Chapter 14 – New body cells

Act 14.1 Modelling mitosis and cytokinesis Act 14.2 Observing mitosis Act 14.3 The incidence of cancer in Australia STAWA Act 31: Human karyotypes STAWA Act 30: DNA- master molecule & protein synthesis

Cell Reproduction

Mitosis forms part of the cell cycle producing new cells with the same genetic content

The sequence of DNA replication, chromosome duplication and chromosome separation are important processes in the production of identical daughter cells by mitosis for growth, repair and replacement of tissues within the body

Uncontrolled division of cells can result in the development of a tumour

Stem cells have the ability to divide by mitosis and differentiate into many different tissues, depending on the level of cell potency.

COURSE OUTLINE


UNIT 1 AND UNIT 2

3 2

SU10 – meiosis produces gametes for reproduction SU14 – the male and female reproductive systems produce offspring SU16 – human gametes are produced through spermatogenesis and oogenesis Chapter 15 – Production of sex cells

Act 15.3 Modelling meiosis

Cell Reproduction

meiosis produces gametes for reproduction and involves DNA replication, chromosome pairing, and two successive nuclear divisions distributing haploid sets of chromosomes to each gamete


3 3

SU11 – processes that occur during meiosis cause variation in gametes SU12 – mitosis and meiosis have different roles in the body SU13 – variations arise in offspring as a result of meiosis and fertilisation Chapter 24 – Variation in humans

Act 24.1 Modelling independent assortment Act 24.2 Independent assortment and fertilisation

crossing over, non-disjunction and random assortment of chromosomes during meiosis will produce gametes with different genetic content

differences between mitosis and meiosis reflect their roles in the body

variations in the genotypes of offspring, including gender, arise as a result of the processes of meiosis and fertilisation


3 4

SU15 – menstrual and ovarian cycle are regulated by hormones SU17 – pregnancy requires union of sperm and ovum SHE3 – understanding of the menstrual cycle has produced advancements in contraceptive methods and pregnancy; both have ethical considerations Chapter 16 – Reproductive cycles and fertilisation

Human Reproduction

both male and female reproductive systems are regulated by hormones, including the regulation of the menstrual and ovarian cycles

For the establishment of a pregnancy, conception requires the union of viable sperm and ovum at the optimal time in the ovarian cycle

TASK EIGHT TEST

Cellular reproduction, Human reproduction

WEIGHTING 7%


COURSE OUTLINE


UNIT 1 AND UNIT 2

3 5

SU8 – stem cells differentiate into many different types of tissue SU18 – the embryo differentiates into three germ layers after implantation Chapter 17 – Development of a human embryo

The development of the embryo after implantation involves the differentiation of cells into three different germ layers that will eventually produce specific systems in the body and the placenta


3 6

SU22 – Assisted Reproductive Technologies can help overcome infertility problems SU23 – range of techniques for genetic screening of embryos SHE1 –genetic profiling and genetic screening of adults and embryos both have implicit ethical considerations SHE5 – lifestyle choices, including diet, illicit drugs, alcohol and nicotine, may affect foetal development Chapter 18 – Development of a human foetus Act 18.1 Pregnancy and exercise Act 18.2 Should we use assisted reproductive technologies

There are a variety of assisted reproductive technologies to help overcome infertility problems, but each has its limitations, risks and benefits.

There are a range of techniques available to genetically screen embryos before implantation or during early development, including blood tests, amniocentesis and chorionic villi sampling


3 7

SU19 – stages of labour include birth Chapter 19 – Birth and infant development

Act 19.1 Being born Act 19.2 Changes in hospital birth procedures

the stages of labour include birth, during which there are circulatory system changes in the child


COURSE OUTLINE


UNIT 1 AND UNIT 2

3 8

SU20 – contraception methods can be physical and hormonal, and all have risks and benefits SHE3 – understanding of the menstrual cycle has produced advancements in contraceptive methods and pregnancy; both have ethical considerations Chapter 20 – Contraception

Act 20.1 Developments in contraception

Contraception methods that reduce the probability of the union of gametes or implantation all have limitations, risks and benefits, and include methods that;

o Use steroid hormones o Physical barriers between gametes o Use chemical spermicides o Use sterilisation (tubal ligation, vasectomy) o Function after coitus (Emergency contraceptive pill

and IUD’s)

TASK NINE EXT RESP

Conception, pregnancy & birth WEIGHTING 5%

HOMEWORK

Ch20 RQ and AYK

3 9

SU21 – sexually transmitted infections can be prevented through safe sex methods, and can lead to serious health consequences if left untreated Chapter 21 – Sexually transmitted infections

Act 21.1 The origin of HIV Act 21.2 The social consequences of vaccines for STI’s

Human Reproduction Sexually transmitted infections (STI’s), diseases transmitted through unprotected sex or genital contact, can be prevented through safe sex methods; early detection and treatment of infection are important and, if left untreated, STI’s can lead to serious health consequences.


PREPARE FOR

TASK TEN

3 10

SU21 – sexually transmitted infections can be prevented through safe sex methods, and can lead to serious health consequences if left untreated Chapter 21 – Sexually transmitted infections

Act 21.1 The origin of HIV Act 21.2 The social consequences of vaccines for STI’s

Human Reproduction Sexually transmitted infections (STI’s), diseases transmitted through unprotected sex or genital contact, can be prevented through safe sex methods; early detection and treatment of infection are important and, if left untreated, STI’s can lead to serious health consequences.

TASK TEN EXT RESP Assisted reproductive technologies,

contraception and sexually transmitted infections

WEIGHTING 5%

COURSE OUTLINE


UNIT 1 AND UNIT 2

4 1

SU24 – Punnett squares can predict possible phenotypes and genotypes of offspring SIS6 – use appropriate representations to communicate understanding and solve problems Chapter 22 – Inheritance

Types of Inheritance

probable frequencies of genotype and phenotype of

offspring can be predicted using Punnett squares and

by taking into consideration patterns of inheritance,

including the effects of dominance, co-dominance,

autosomal or sex-linked alleles, and multiple alleles:

Huntington's disease, phenylketonuria (PKU), ABO

blood groups, red–green colour

blindness/haemophilia show different inheritance

patterns


4 2

SU25 – pedigree charts can be used to predict probability of inheriting genetic conditions SU26 – DNA profiling can be used to determine parentage Chapter 23 – Characteristics of offspring

Act 23.2 A family with Huntington’s disease

Types of Inheritance Pedigree charts can be constructed for families with a particular genetic disorder and can be used to reveal patterns of inheritance and assist in determining the probability of inheriting the condition in future generations


4 3

Review/ Revision

Use past exam questions to write

1. Extended response answers

2. Short answer responses

3. Multi-choice answers

UNIT ONE AND TWO CONTENT TASK ELEVEN TEST

Inheritance WEIGHTING 8%

COURSE OUTLINE


UNIT 1 AND UNIT 2

4 4

Review/ Revision

Use past exam questions to write

1. Extended response answers

2. Short answer responses

3. Multi-choice answers

UNIT ONE AND TWO CONTENT

4 5

EXAM WEEK UNIT ONE AND TWO CONTENT TASK TWELVE EXAM UNIT ONE AND TWO

WEIGHTING 25%

4 6

EXAM WEEK UNIT ONE AND TWO CONTENT TASK TWELVE EXAM UNIT ONE AND TWO

WEIGHTING 25%

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COURSE OUTLINE HUMAN BIOLOGY ATAR YEAR 11: 2020 UNIT 1 … · the lymphatic system functions to return tissue fluid to the circulatory system and to assist in protecting the body