Crime & Deviance (1)

8/18/2019 Crime & Deviance (1)

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McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserve.

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!#CI#$#G% Richard T. Schaefer

Deviance and

Social Control

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8. Deviance and Social

Control• Social Control

• Deviance

• Crime

• Social Policy and Social Control


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– Con(ormit)* going along with peerswho have no special right to direct

behavior– #+eience* compliance with higherathorities in an hierarchical strctre

Social Control

• Techni!es and strategies areemployed for preventing deviant

hman behavior in any society

Sanctions: Penalties and rewards for conduct

concerning a social norm

• Conformity and "bedience


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Social Control

• Research demonstrates that people mayconform to attitdes and behavior of peerseven when it means e#pressing intolerancetowards others

• $ilgram pointed ot that in the modernindstrial world% we are accstomed tosbmitting to impersonal athority &gres%whose stats is indicated by a title or niform

• Conformity and "bedience

– Conformity to Pre'dice


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Social Control

– In(ormal !ocial Control* sed

casally to enforce norms– ormal !ocial Control* carried ot

by athori(ed agents

• )nformal and *ormal Social Control

Under conducive circumstances, otherwise normal

people can and often do treat one another inhumanely


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Social Control

– Some norms are so important to a

society that they are formali(ed intolaws

•$aw* governmental social control

•Control Theor)+ or connection to

members of society leads s tosystematically conform to society,s norms

• -aw and Society


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Deviance

– eviance* behavior that violates the

standards of condct or e#pectationsof a grop or society

• )nvolves violation of grop norms% whichmay or may not be formali(ed into law

• Sb'ect to social de&nition within aparticlar society and at a particlar time

• hat is Deviance/


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Deviance

*igre 801. The Stats of $edical $ari'ana

Sorce+ Developed by athor based on data from $ari'ana Policy Pro'ect 2334%2335


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Deviance

•!tigma* labels society ses to devalemembers of certain social grops

– Deviance and Technology

• Technological innovations can rede&nesocial interactions and standards ofbehavior related to them

• hat is Deviance/

– Deviance and Social Stigma


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Deviance

• #plaining Deviance

– *nctionalist Perspective

• $erton,s Theory of Deviance

Anomie Theory of Deviance: how people

adapt in certain ways by conforming to or by

deviating from cultural expectations,including conformity, innovation, ritualism,

retreatism, and rebellion


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Deviance

Table 801. $odes of )ndividal 9daptation

Sorce+ 9dapted from $erton 1:;8+1:4


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Deviance

• Cltral Transmission Theory– Cltral Transmission* hmans learn how

to behave in social sitations% whetherproperly or improperly

– i3erential Association* the processthrogh which e#posre to attitdes favorableto criminal acts leads to the violation of rles


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– Criminal victimi(ation increases whenmotivated o7enders and sitable targetsconverge

• -abeling Theory>Societal0Reaction9pproach

– Some individals or grops have the power tode&ne and apply labels

Deviance

• #plaining Deviance

– )nteractionist Perspective

• Rotine 9ctivities Theory


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• 9gents of social control and otherpowerfl grops can impose their ownself0serving de&nitions of deviance on thegeneral pblic

– *eminist Perspective• Society tends to treat women in

stereotypical fashion

• mphasi(es deviance% inclding crime%

tends to ?ow from economic relationships

Deviance

• #plaining Deviance– Con?ict Theory


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Deviance

Table 802. 9pproaches to Deviance


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Crime

– -aws divide crimes into categoriesbased on+

• Severity of o7ense• 9ge of o7ender

• Potential pnishment

• @risdiction

• Types of Crime

Crime: violation of criminal law, for which some

governmental authority applies formal penalties


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Crime

– 4ictimless Crimes+ willing e#change

among adlts of widely desired% btillegal% goods and services– Professional Crime

•5ro(essional criminal* person whoprses crime as a day0to0day occpation

– #rgani6e Crime+ grop thatreglates relations between varioscriminal enterprises involved in illegalactivities

• Types of Crime


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Computer Crime: use of high technology to carry

out illegal activityComputer Crime: use of high technology to carry

out illegal activityCorporate Crime: any act by a corporation that is

punishable by the government

Crime

• Types of Crime– hite Collar and Technology0Aased

Crime

– Transnational Crime

• Crime that occrs across mltiple nationalborders


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Crime

– Bot as accrate as social scientists

wold li6e– nderstanding Crime Statistics

• Reported crime is very high in the .S.

• Pblic regards crime as ma'or social

problem

• Crime Statistics

Victimization Surveys: surveys of ordinary people,

not police officers, to determine whether they have

been victims of crime


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Crime

Table 80E. Types of

Transnational Crime

Sorce+ Compiled by athor based on $eller 2331 and nited Bations "Fce on Drgs andCrime 2335


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Crime

*igre 802. ictimi(ation Rates% 1:GEH233E

Sorce+ Catalano 2334+1


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Social Policy and Social

Control

• "ver the past 13 years% two0thirds of allmrders committed with &rearms

• 1::4 Arady 9ct mandates &rearmsdealers rn criminal history bac6grond

chec6s on people who wish to prchasehandgns

– 9bot two percent of all prchases denied

• In Control

– The )sse


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Control

• The Second 9mendment to theConstittion garantees the Jright of thepeople to 6eep and bear armsK

• E3 to E5 million people in the nited

States own handgns• 9bot 45 percent of .S. hoseholds have

some type of &rearm on the premises.

• In Control

– The Setting


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Control

• Since Arady 9ct% spport for strictermeasres declined

• Con?ict theorists contend thatgrops li6e Bational Ri?e 9ssociation


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Control

• 9dvocates for stricter gn control want+– Total ban on assalt weapons

– Tight restrictions on permits to carryconcealed weapons

– )ncreased penalties for leaving &rearms wherethey are easily accessible

• In Control

– Policy )mplications

Unlawful use of guns is a global issue

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Crime & Deviance (1)