Critical Thinking Intellectual Standards استدلال برنامه آموزشی تم طولی ، حل مسأله وتصمیم گیری(تفکر نقاد) دانشجویان پزشکی

Critical ThinkingIntellectual Standards

طولی استدالل تم آموزشی برنامه ) ( نقاد تفکر گیری وتصمیم مسأله حل ،

تهران دانشگاه پزشکی دانشجویان91مهر

شواهد بر مبتنی وپزشکی نقاد تفکر گروهدوم کارگاه سوم ترم


: های مهره و پیچ بقیه مطالب رئوساستانداردهاتفکر

صحت وضوح دقت

اهمیت کفایت ارتباط

بودن منطقيانصاف

عمق نظر ها وسعت مولفه زمینه

هدف ادعا/ استنتاج

پرسشمسئله/مفاهيم

سرانجام ديدگاه پیش اطالعات

ذهنی فرضها ويژگیهایپشتکار عقلی تواضع

عقلی اطمينان عقلی استقالل

استدالل بههمدلی درستیعقلی

عقلی منصف شهامتعقلی

بودن

در بایدموارد زيررود بكار

كه چناناين مي‌آموزيم

يصرا خصاپرورشمي‌دهيم

Critical ThinkingIntellectual Standards وضوح

دهی؟ • شرح گفتی را آنچه توانی می آیاطریق • از را خود منظور توانی می آیا

کنی؟ روشن مثال؟ • نه یا دهی ارائه مثالی توانی می آیا

The key to clarification is concrete, specific examples .


• Clarity is a gateway standard. If a statement is unclear, we cannot determine whether it is accurate or relevant. In fact, we cannot tell anything about it because we don't yet know what it is saying.• Example: EBM

• In philosophy unclear proposition is not worth to evaluate.

Clarity

Accuracy

Precision

Relevance

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Breadth

Logicalness

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Fairness

For example, the question "What can be done about the education system in America?" is unclear.


• To adequately address the question, we would need a clearer understanding of what the person asking the question is considering the "problem" to be.

• This question, because of its increased clarity, provides a better guide to thinking. It lays out in a more definitive way the intellectual task at hand.

Clarity

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A clearer question might be, "What can educators do to ensure that students learn the skills and

abilities that help them function successfully on the job and in their daily decision making?"

Critical ThinkingIntellectual StandardsClarity

Accuracy

Precision

Relevance

Depth

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• Clearness• Is the thinking clear?• Is this clear in my mind?• Am I saying this clearly?

• Definition: Your thinking is clear when it's easily understood' when it’s free from the likelihood of misunderstanding, when it‘s readily apparent what follows from it.

• Related terms: understandable, plain• Opposites: Your thinking is ,unclear when it is obscure

ambiguous, confused, easily misunderstood or you don't see what follows from it.

Clarity

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• CONVERTING UNCLEAR THOUGHTS TO CLEAR THOUGHTS

• Can you convert an unclear thought to one that is clear? • Suppose you are engaged in a discussion about welfare and

one person says, "Let's face it-welfare is corrupt!" What does this mean? What could it mean?

1. It could mean, "The very idea of giving people goods and services they have not personally earned is equivalent to stealing money from those who have earned it" (a moral claim).

2. Or it could mean, "The welfare laws have so many loophole (escape) that people are receiving money and services that were not envisioned when the laws were initially formulated" (a legal claim).

3. Or it could mean, "The people who receive welfare so often lie and cheat to falsify the documents they submit that they should be thrown in jail" (a claim about the ethical character of the recipients).

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Accuracy

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• Clearness Is Context Dependent• what is clear in one context is not necessarily clear in

another' One• Audience • Discipline or subject matter • Stage of thinking


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Critical ThinkingIntellectual Standards صحت

کنم؟ • بررسی را آن توانم می چطورمطمئن • آن صحت از توانم می چطور

شوم؟تحقیق • موردش در توانم می چطور

را آن یا کردهکنم؟ امتحان

انتقادی متعادلی متفکر متعادلی بدبینی درباره بدبینیو چیستی درباره ـ عمومی توصیفات

. دارد ـ موضوع صحت

Critical ThinkingIntellectual Standards دروغ انواع

نمیدانی • تو و میگویم دروغ منهم • تو و میگویم دروغ من

میگویم دروغ من میدانیهم • تو و میگویم دروغ من

تو که میدانم هم من و میدانی! میگویم باز ولی میدانی


• RECOGNIZING INACCURATE STATEMENTS • Can You identify a Statement that You heard recently

that Was clear but inaccurate? • you will find an abundance of examples in everyday

statements that people often make in praise or criticism.

• People in general have a tendency to make two kinds of inaccurate statements: • false positives about the people they personally like

(these would be untrue positive statements about people they like) and

• false negatives about the people they personally dislike (untrue negative thing, about people they don't like).

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• Is the thinking accurate? • Are the statements accurate, true?• Definition: Aristotle gave one of the clearest definitions

of the term true:• To say of what is that it is , or of what is not that it is not

, is true .• We could define accuracy in much the same way:• My thinking and my words are accurate when they

describe the way things actually are.• Related terms: true, well established, confirmed.• Opposite: my thinking and my words are inaccurate

when they are not in accord with the way things in fact are. Notice that can be inaccurate or false even if I believe they are in accord with reality.

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• Impediments: What's Difficult About Being Accurate and Recognizing What's Accurate

• It is often hard to be open to the accuracy of things we hear, especially if what we hear is threatening to us.

• lnertia. lt is more comfortable to keep the beliefs we have than to change them, even when we get evidence that our beliefs are not accurate.

• Wishful thinking and denial. We often let our desires or our fears influence our assessments of what's accurate.• The desire to win the lottery blinds us to the fact

that we have no realistic chance to win it. • People often blind themselves to their own

alcoholism and the alcoholism of those they are closest to.

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بسازیم ” دگم هایمان تئوری از نداریم حق مامذهبی ایمان مان سیاسی کتاب های آیه به و

. که را چیزی که است فرض ما بر کنیم پیدااز آزاد فضایی در ایم، انگاشته درست

سرشار جوی در و قشری آور شرم تعصباتدرست دیگران که چیزهایی با فرزانگی، از

اشتباه در ما اگر تا بزنیم محک به اند انگاشتهاگر و شوند راهمان چراغ دیگران ایم، افتاده

لغزش از ما روند، می خطا راه به دیگران ... شویم مانع شان

Critical ThinkingIntellectual Standards دقت

باشی؟ • تر صریح توانی میکنی؟ • ارائه بیشتری جزئیات توانی میباشی؟ • تر دقیق توانی می


• Questions focusing on making thinking more precise include:

• Could you give me more details? • Could you be more specific? • Definition: Your thinking is precise when you have been

as specific and detailed as needed to reason through an issue.

• Related terms: when you are satisfied with speaking in generalities without getting down to specific issues.

• Hot example: what do you want to do to improve outpatient management

• Answer: we should do our job and you too!

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Accuracy

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• Impediments: What's Difficult About Being Precise ,We often overlook the need to be precise,

• lt takes work to be precise. lt means getting specific enough to tell exactly what we are talking about. lt's easy to settle for generalities.

• We are sometimes too rushed to take the time to make our reasoning precise.

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Critical ThinkingIntellectual Standards ارتباط

به • ارتباطی چه موضوع ایندارد؟ مشکل

می • پیدا ربط مسئله به چطورکند؟

به • کمکی چه مسئله با رابطه درکند؟ می ما


• Definition: To say something is important is to say that it matters, If you're thinking about an issue, the thinking is important when it matters in deciding that issue. The thinking is important when it's directly relevant to addressing the problem at hand.

• Related terms: relevant, main, central, essential, crucial, critical.

• Opposites: You are focusing on what is unimportant if it makes little or no difference in relation to the question you're addressing. Your thinking can focus on a minor aspect of the problem. At an extreme, your thinking can be irrelevant to the problem at hand.

Clarity

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Critical ThinkingIntellectual Standards عمق

این • دشواری در فاکتورهایی چهدارند؟ تاثیر مشکل

مشکل • این های پیچیدگی برخیچیست؟

آنها • به باید که هایی دشواریکدامند؟ بپردازیم

Example: Let's say you are asked what should be done about the problem of drug use in America

and you answer by saying, "Just say no".


* This slogan, which was for several years used to discourage children and teens from using drugs, is

clear, accurate, precise, and relevant.

* Nevertheless, it lacks depth because it treats an extremely complex issue, the pervasive problem

of drug use among people in our culture superficially.

* How much our children admit our reasoning?

* It does not address

* the history of the problem,

* the politics of the problem,

* the economics of the problem,

* the psychology of addiction, and so on.

Clarity

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Critical ThinkingIntellectual Standards وسعت

نظردیگری • دیدگاه از است الزم آیا

کنیم؟ نگاه مسئله این بهدیگری • نظر نقطه بایست می آیا

کنیم؟ لحاظ نیز رابه • را مسئله این است الزم آیا

کنیم؟ بررسی دیگری های شیوه


* Humans are frequently guilty of narrow-mindedness for many reasons:

* limited education, * innate sociocentrism,

* natural selfishness, * self-deception,

* and intellectual arrogance. * Points of view that significantly disagree with

our own often threaten us. It's much easier to ignore perspectives with which we disagree

than to consider them.

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• Discussion• Differences between depth and breadth. Depth and

breadth are aspects or sufficiency; the question is always” Is the person reasoning this out deeply enough (or broadly enough) to accomplish his or her purpose in a reasonable way?”

• The two standards are not always clearly distinguishable.

• The goal is to develop an intuitive feel for when it is important to delve (dig) more deeply into an issue, and when it is important to look at it more broadly by taking account of other related issues.


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• Example: Imagine yourself on a path going toward a destination.

• Breadth says to look around you, at the forest, fields, mountains, other travelers, the impending weather. Depth asks you to look deeper: at the solidity of the path itself the state of your muscles when walking it, the strength of your desire to reach the destination, your knowledge of the human body's need for nutrition.

• One directs you to look around, to take a more comprehensive view of things; the other directs you to look below the surface, to see things in all their depth.


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• Depth and theory. • One fruitful way to gain depth in your thinking is to look

at the theoretical underpinnings (foundation) of the question you are considering.

• Often we operate by a rule of thumb: • Take daily multivitamins, • discipline your children without shaming them, • set performance quotas (share) as an important part

of sales management. • When these situations become problematic though, a

good place to look is at the theory that underlies them:• nutrition theory, • child development theory, and • sales management theory


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Accuracy

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• Impediments: What's Difficult About Reasoning Deeply Enough and Broadly Enough

• lt is difficult to live with the ambiguity and uncertainty that attend reasonable thinking about so many complex problems. We would like thing to be simpler more clear-cut.

• All or-nothing answers give us a feeling of control over complex problems. Even the illusion of control is sometimes comforting.

• Often you may not realize that there are complexities to an issue, In fact, one of the things we learn directly from disciplines is the amount of complexity there is to a seemingly simple issue.

• example: compare traditional and classic medicine

Critical ThinkingIntellectual Standards بودن منطقی

می • نظر به معقول موارد این آیارسند؟

آخر • پاراگراف با اول پاراگراف آیادارد؟ همخوانی

می • ناشی شواهد از حرفهایت آیاشوند؟


* Example: Say that you know a person who has had a heart attack, and her doctors have told her she must

be careful what she eats, to avoid problems in the future. Yet she concludes that what she eats really

doesn't matter. Given the evidence, her conclusion is illogical. It doesn't make sense.

* Example: * Our practitioners do not know common problems,

but they should be at high level ground rounds* To increase rank of health, medical education is

very important, but its rank is very low,* Thinking is very important, but our education is

based on recall

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Critical ThinkingIntellectual Standards اهمیت

بررسی • برای مشکل ترین مهم این آیااست؟

رویش • باید که است مرکزی ایده این آیاکرد؟ تمرکز

بیشتری • اهمیت حقایق این از یک کدامدارد؟

دارند، وجود زیادی مربوط های ایده گرچه . ندارند یکسانی اهمیت آنها همگی اما


* Too often we fail in our thinking because we do not recognize that, though many ideas may be relevant to

an issue, it does not follow that all are equally important.

* Example: * In college, few students focus on important

questions such as, "What does it mean to be an educated person? What do I need to do to become

educated?“* Instead, students tend to ask questions such as,

"What do I need to do to get an 'A' in this course? How many pages does this paper have to be?

What do I have to do to satisfy this professor?"

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* FOCUSING ON SIGNIFICANCE IN THINKING * Think about your life, about the way you spend your

time in terms of the amount of time you spend on significant versus trivial things. As you do so write the

answers to these questions: 1. What is the most important goal or purpose you should

focus on at this point in your life? Why is this purpose important? How much time do you spend focused on

it? 2. What are the most trivial or superficial things you

spend time focused on (things such as your appearance, impressing your friends, chatting about

insignificant things at parties, and the like)? 3. What can you do to reduce the amount of time you

spend on the trivial and increase the amount of time you spend on the significant?

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• Has this been reasoned out sufficiently?• Have reasoned this out enough to decide the issue

reasonably?• Definition: Your thinking about a question or an issue is

sufficient when you have reasoned it out thoroughly enough for the purpose at hand. when it is adequate for what is needed when you've taken account of all necessary factors.

• Related terms: adequate, enough, complete, comprehensive, thorough

• 0pposites: when there are other essential factors for you to address before you decide this issue.

Clarity Accuracy Precision Relevance Depth

Breadth Logicalness Significance

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Sufficiency


•Clarity Accuracy Precision Relevance Depth


Fairness

Sufficiency


• Impediments: What's Difficult About Reasoning Through Something Sufficiently

• jumping to conclusions (biased jumper) • a tendency to reason through unimportant issues too

much and through important issues too little• sticking with pre-established views that seem sufficient

because we have not examined alternatives.• unreasonable standards (such as perfectionism) of

what counts as enough• lack of relevant background knowledge is imply for

getting to ask, “is this sufficient?“ is it enough?'‘• Medical stuffs have a very limited knowledge about

human!

Clarity Accuracy Precision Relevance Depth


Fairness

Sufficiency

Documents

Critical Thinking Intellectual Standards استدلال برنامه آموزشی تم طولی ، حل مسأله وتصمیم گیری(تفکر نقاد) دانشجویان پزشکی