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Crop Evapotranspiration of Corn, Soybean, and Sorghum under Dryland Conditions as
Quantified Using Soil Water Balance
Jenny Rees
Extension Educator, Clay County
University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension
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Do you have:
33%
33%
33%
Irrigated ... Dryland Cr... Both
1. Irrigated Crops
2. Dryland Crops
3. Both
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Proposal/Objectives:
Compare water use of 3
crops in 2 dryland fields.
Utilize tools such as ET
gage and Watermark
sensors.
Summer field day.
Present research findings.
#54 alfalfa
canvas cover
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Sensor
collar
Hand-held meter
Sensor
collar
Stainless
steel sleeve
Electrodes
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#54 alfalfa
canvas cover
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Crop Replication
Sorghum
1Corn
Soybeans
Corn
2Soybeans
Sorghum
Soybeans
3Corn
Sorghum
Field Experimental Design
Datalogger (8 soil
sensors/datalogger
4 sensors/crop
Soil matric potential
measured every ft. up
to 4 ft.
Matric potential
converted to soil water
in inch/ft using soil
water retention curve.
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Field Pics
John in field
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Parameter
LAWRENCE CHESTER
Corn Soybean Sorghum Corn Soybean Sorghum
Planting date May 7 May 8 May 19 May 7 May 7 May 26
Emergence date May 16 May 16 May 23 May 16 May 16 June 6
Maturity day/group 113-day 2.6 - 113-day 3.4 -
“Full” maturity date Oct 5 Sept 15 Oct 6 Oct 10 Sept 15 Oct 6
Planting population (ppa) 20,000 135,000 65,000 20,000 135,000 65,000
Hybrid/variety 33T57 92M61 85Y40 33T57 92M61 85Y40
Row spacing/planted rows30”/12 30”/12 r 30”/12 r
30”/16 r 30”/16 r 30”/16 r
Management Practices
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0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
16
-Ma
y-0
9
21
-Ma
y-0
9
26
-Ma
y-0
9
31
-Ma
y-0
9
5-J
un
-09
10
-Ju
n-0
9
15
-Ju
n-0
9
20
-Ju
n-0
9
25
-Ju
n-0
9
30
-Ju
n-0
9
5-J
ul-
09
10
-Ju
l-0
9
15
-Ju
l-0
9
20
-Ju
l-0
9
25
-Ju
l-0
9
30
-Ju
l-0
9
4-A
ug
-09
9-A
ug
-09
14
-Au
g-0
9
19
-Au
g-0
9
24
-Au
g-0
9
29
-Au
g-0
9
3-S
ep
-09
8-S
ep
-09
13
-Se
p-0
9
18
-Se
p-0
9
23
-Se
p-0
9
28
-Se
p-0
9
3-O
ct-
09
8-O
ct-
09
Date
Dail
y r
ain
fall
(in
)
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
11.0
Cu
mu
lati
ve
ra
infa
ll (
in)
Daily rainfall
Cumulative rainfall
Lawrence
Rainfall - Lawrence
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Rainfall - Chester
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
16
-Ma
y-0
9
21
-Ma
y-0
9
26
-Ma
y-0
9
31
-Ma
y-0
9
5-J
un
-09
10
-Ju
n-0
9
15
-Ju
n-0
9
20
-Ju
n-0
9
25
-Ju
n-0
9
30
-Ju
n-0
9
5-J
ul-
09
10
-Ju
l-0
9
15
-Ju
l-0
9
20
-Ju
l-0
9
25
-Ju
l-0
9
30
-Ju
l-0
9
4-A
ug
-09
9-A
ug
-09
14
-Au
g-0
9
19
-Au
g-0
9
24
-Au
g-0
9
29
-Au
g-0
9
3-S
ep
-09
8-S
ep
-09
13
-Se
p-0
9
18
-Se
p-0
9
23
-Se
p-0
9
28
-Se
p-0
9
3-O
ct-
09
8-O
ct-
09
Date
Dail
y r
ain
fall
(in
)
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
11.0
12.0
13.0
14.0
15.0
16.0
Cu
mu
lati
ve r
ain
fall
(in
)
Daily rainfall
Cumulative rainfallChester
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Distribution of daily average soil matric potential Lawrence - CORN
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
225
250
7-May-09 27-May-09 16-Jun-09 6-Jul-09 26-Jul-09 15-Aug-09 4-Sep-09 24-Sep-09 14-Oct-09 3-Nov-09
Date
Da
ily
av
era
ge
so
il m
ati
rc p
ote
nti
al
(kP
a)
1 ft 2 ft
3 ft 4 ft
Lawerence-CORNLawrence-CORN
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0
25
50
75
100
7-May-09 27-May-09 16-Jun-09 6-Jul-09 26-Jul-09 15-Aug-09 4-Sep-09 24-Sep-09 14-Oct-09 3-Nov-09
Date
Da
ily
av
era
ge
so
il m
ati
rc p
ote
nti
al
(kP
a) 1 ft 2 ft
3 ft 4 ft
Chester-CORN
Distribution of daily average soil matric potential Chester - CORN
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Distribution of daily average soil matric potential Lawrence-Soybean
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
225
250
7-May-09 27-May-09 16-Jun-09 6-Jul-09 26-Jul-09 15-Aug-09 4-Sep-09 24-Sep-09
Date
Da
ily
av
era
ge
so
il m
ati
rc p
ote
nti
al
(kP
a)
1 ft 2 ft
3 ft 4 ft
Lawerence-SOYBEANLawrence-SOYBEAN
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Distribution of daily average soil matric potential Chester- SOYBEAN
0
25
50
75
100
7-May-09 27-May-09 16-Jun-09 6-Jul-09 26-Jul-09 15-Aug-09 4-Sep-09 24-Sep-09 14-Oct-09
Date
Da
ily
av
era
ge s
oil
ma
tirc
po
ten
tia
l (k
Pa
) 1 ft 2 ft
3 ft 4 ft
Chester-SOYBEAN
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Distribution of daily average soil matric potential Lawrence -SORGHUM
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
225
250
27-May-09 16-Jun-09 6-Jul-09 26-Jul-09 15-Aug-09 4-Sep-09 24-Sep-09 14-Oct-09 3-Nov-09
Date
Da
ily
av
era
ge
so
il m
ati
rc p
ote
nti
al
(kP
a)
1 ft 2 ft
3 ft 4 ft
Lawerence-SORGHUMLawrence-SORGHUM
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Distribution of daily average soil matric potential Chester - SORGHUM
0
25
50
75
100
7-May-09 27-May-09 16-Jun-09 6-Jul-09 26-Jul-09 15-Aug-09 4-Sep-09 24-Sep-09 14-Oct-09 3-Nov-09
Date
Da
ily
av
era
ge s
oil
ma
tirc
po
ten
tia
l (k
Pa
) 1 ft 2 ft
3 ft 4 ft
Chester-SORGHUM
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Trend of daily total soil water in the top 4 ft - Lawrence
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
11.0
12.0
7-May-09 27-May-09 16-Jun-09 6-Jul-09 26-Jul-09 15-Aug-09 4-Sep-09 24-Sep-09 14-Oct-09 3-Nov-09
Date
To
tal
soil
wa
ter
in t
he
to
p 4
ft
(in
)
Corn
Soybean
Sorghum
Lawrence
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Trend of daily total soil water in the top 4 ft - Chester
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
11.0
12.0
7-May-09 27-May-09 16-Jun-09 6-Jul-09 26-Jul-09 15-Aug-09 4-Sep-09 24-Sep-09 14-Oct-09 3-Nov-09
Date
To
tal
soil
wa
ter
in t
he
to
p 4
ft
(in
)
Corn
Soybean
Sorghum
Chester
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Calculation of Crop Evapotranspiration
- General soil water balance equation was used to quantify crop
evapotranspiration as a function of water input and output to and
from the field:
ETc = (TSWi - TSWe) + rainfall – RO – DP
where:
ETc = crop evapotranspiration (in)
TSWi = initial available soil water at the beginning of season (in)
TSWe = available soil water at the full maturity (in)
RO = Runoff (assumed zero)
DP = Deep percolation (assumed zero)
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Crop Evapotranspiration for Each Site
Crop Rainfall
(in)
TSWi
(in)
TSWe
(in)
ETc
(in)
Corn 9.21 10.5 5.2 14.51
Soybean 8.84 10.6 5.4 14.04
Sorghum 9.96 10.4 6.8 13.56
Lawrence Chester
Crop Rainfall
(in)
TSWi
(in)
TSWe
(in)
ETc
(in)
Corn 15.75 10.5 8.4 17.85
Soybean 15.05 10.4 8.6 16.85
Sorghum 13.59 10.3 7.7 16.19
Lower ETc rates in Lawrence site is most likely due to water stress
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0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
11.0
12.0
13.0
14.0
15.0
Corn Soybean Sorghum
Seaso
nal
cro
p e
vap
otr
an
sp
irati
on
(in
)
Lawrence
Crop evapotranspiration - Lawrence
14.514.0
13.7
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Crop evapotranspiration - Chester
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
11.0
12.0
13.0
14.0
15.0
16.0
17.0
18.0
Corn Soybean Sorghum
Seaso
nal
cro
p e
vap
otr
an
sp
irati
on
(in
)
Chester
16.216.917.9
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Yield Data
Location Corn Sorghum Soybeans
Lawrence 97.5 bu/A 77.4 bu/A 33.4 bu/A
Chester 113.1 bu/A 98.7 bu/A 33.3 bu/A
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Evapotranspiration means:
Evapora
tion fr
om cr
op a..
Evapora
tion fr
om so
il an...
I’m
not s
ure
33% 33%33%1. Evaporation from crop
and transpiration from
soil
2. Evaporation from soil
and transpiration from
crop
3. I’m not sure
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Are you interested in
participating in NAWMDN
(irrigation scheduling)?
33%
33%
33% 1. Yes
2. No
3. Already am involved
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This study found greatest ET use
in which crops?
25%
25%
25%
25% 1. Corn > Soybean > Sorghum
2. Sorghum > Soybean > Corn
3. Soybean > Corn > Sorghum
4. Soybean > Sorghum > Corn
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Thank You!
John Dolnicek and James Vorderstrasse
Nebraska Grain Sorghum Board
Little Blue NRD-Daryl Andersen
Dr. Suat Irmak-UNL Extension Irrigation Specialist
Dr. Charlie Wortmann-UNL Extension Soils
Specialist
Dr. Mark Bernards-UNL Extension Weed Scientist
Lowell Sandell-UNL Extension Weed Scientist
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Extension is a Division of the Institute of Agriculture
and Natural Resources at the University of Nebraska–
Lincoln cooperating with the Counties and the United
States Department of Agriculture.
University of Nebraska–Lincoln Extension educational
programs abide with the nondiscrimination policies of
the University of Nebraska–Lincoln and the United
States Department of Agriculture.
