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Water and wastewater
Grace Tjandraatmadja
19 April 2009
Climate Adaptation National Research Flagship
Integrated Water/Waste Water
System
Background to CSIRO research
Infrastructure
Centralised &
decentralised service
integration andimplications
Technology
Modelling
Supply, reuse andtreatment Kitchen
Bathroom
Laundry
Toilet
Septic Tank
Greywater
Sewer
Rainwater
RoofRunoff
Stormwater
Garden
overflow
Leachfield
Integration at householdWashing machine, shower and
bathroomconsume 32% of water used in the home.
Toilets consume 27%.
Gardens typically 33%.Other uses 8%
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Sustainable use
Use less water:
Water efficient appliances
Low water use fittings
Reuse:
Greywater (bathroom and laundry wastewater, not toilet) can
beuntreated used for irrigation in the garden
Only store untreated for maximum of 24h.
If treated can be used for toilet flushing/washing machine
Reduce impact on environment
use low phosphorus and low sodium detergents in laundry.
(http://www.lanfaxlabs.com.au/laundry-detergents-brochure-2009.pdf)
Treat wastewater before disposal
Greywater & Stormwater technologies
Greywater Stormwater
Greywaterdiverter Pontostreatment
sandfilterAerated treatment
Natural systems
Wastewater Technologies
Wastewater
On site management
Water use reduction and/or on-sitetreatment
Off-site management
Small package plants
Additional challenges
Pathogen concentrations
Sludge removal or treatment
Cluster collection and treatment
Gravity, vacuum, low pressure
Large range of technologies
Recycling effluent quality
Environment
Dispersion
Crop
Considerations household level
Infrastructure
Climate
Topography
Retrofit vs new built (consider current /future retrofit, e.g.
ifdiverting greywaterfrom bathroom)
Storage
Site restrictions
(roof area, lot size, occupancy)
Maintenance: your involvement
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Reliability of Existing Water Supply System
Rainwater Tank Performance
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Tank Volume (kL)
VolumetricReliability(%)
I nd oo r O nl y I nd oo r & G ar de n
Av. failure days= 49Occupancy: 2.5 people
Township Scale Considerations
Climate
Topography
Site restrictions (lot size, occupancy, density)
Maintenance
Legislation
Environmental impact/benefits (protection, reuse)
Security of supplyUpgrade potentialStorage
Public Health
The Currumbin Ecovillage
Summary
110 ha, 144 residential allotmentsand Village Centre
Wastewater - A combination ofcentralised and on-site systems
Rainwater - household tank:22.5 to 44-45kL tanks (incl. 5kL
firefighting). Other features : body corporate,
rainwater tanks, solar watersystem, 3A or 4A ratedappliances and
the use ofrecycled water
Other tools
Performance monitoring systemsfor each household mandated bythe
body corporate
An education centre has beenbuilt to provide continuingeducation
in sustainable practices
Landscaping: 80% of the site asopen-space
List of potential suppliers oftechnologies and servicessupplied
to all householders
Kinglake
54 ha
66 properties
189 people
159 litres per capita per day
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0
5
10
15
20
25
Conv.gravity1.1
Conv.CED1.2
GreyWuntr.,PS,US2.1
A
GreyWtr.,PS,US2.1B
GreyW+toiletuntr.,PS,US2.2A
GreyW+toilettr.PS,US2.2B
GreyW+toilet+laundrytr.PS,US2.2
C
GreyW+toilet+laundrytr.,PS,2.2D
PS,US2.3
tonnesN
Nitrate (STP)
Nitrate (stormwater)
Establishing options
Options, vary in cost, footprint, performance and
complexity.
Factors to consider when looking at integration
Include economic, environmental and social factors
Occupancy and water use
Climate
Topography, soil
Land use, lot size and density
Other inter-relationships
Trade-offs in design choices
Many options, solution unique for each community
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Thank you
Phone: +61 3 9252 6564Email: [email protected]
Web: www.csiro.au/org/ClimateAdaptationFlagship
Contact Us
Phone: 1300 363 400 or +61 3 9545 2176
Email: [email protected] Web: www.csiro.au
