1

CURS 10

PLURAL NOUNS (Pluralul substantivelor) # Spelling rules for regular noun plurals (Ortografierea pluralelor regulate) 1. One vowel one consonant (o vocal o consoan)

Cat (pisica) cats bed (pat) beds

2. Words ending in ss, sh ( cuvinte terminate n ss, sh) Glass (pahar) glasses dish (farfurie) dishes

3. Words ending in ch (cuvinte terminate n ch)

Match (pereche, chibrit, meci) matches watch (ceas) watches

4. Words ending in x (cuvinte terminate n x) Box (cutie) boxes fax (fax) faxes

5. Words ending in o (cuvinte terminate n o)

Potato (cartof) potatoes tomato (roie) tomatoes

6. Words ending in consonant and y (cuvinte terminate n consoan + y) Family (familie) families

7. Words ending in vowel and y (cuvinte terminate n vocal + y) Donkey (mgar) donkeys

8. Words with final consonant f (cuvinte terminate n consoana f) Knife (cuit) knives life (via) lives Leaf (frunz) leaves thief (ho) thieves

# Irregular noun plurals (pluralele substantivelor neregulate): Some nouns have irregular plurals or do not change ( unele substantive au plurale

neregulate sau nu se schimb) Man (brbat) men woman (femeie) women Child (copil) children tooth (dinte) teeth Mouse (oarece) mice foot (picior) feet # No change (nu sufer schimbri): Some words have the same singular and plural (unele cuvinte au acelai singular

i plural). Sheep (oaie) sheep fish (pete) fish

2

Some words are always plural (unele cuvinte sunt ntotdeauna plurale) Scissors (foarfeci) a pair of scissors Trousers (pantaloni) a pair of trousers jeans (blugi) a pair of jeans

shorts ( cma brbteasca scurt) a pair of shorts Practice: 1. What are they? They are.(picioare) ( Ce sunt ele/acestea?) They are (cuite). They are..(copii) They are(dini) They are .(oi) They are(pahare). 2. Write the plural of each word in brakets (scriei pluralul fiecrui cuvnt din paranteze):

a) Can you go to the shops? We need some (potato) potatoes b) Most (family).enjoy going on holiday together. c) Jake decided to make some (bookshelf).for his bedroom. d) Do you think you could help me wash the (dish).? e) Sue bought three (box)..of chocolates. f) In the afternoon we went to the zoo and fed the (monkey)

3. Complete the words (completai cuvintele):

a). In the autumn, the l..eaves on the trees change colour, and then fall off. b). In the library there were lots of s. full of books. c). We wanted to light a fire so we bought a box of m.. d). Kate has got to c.a son and a daughter. e). Nowadays wwant to do the same jobs as men. f). My eyes ache when I read. I think I need new g..

COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS (substantive numrabile i

nenumrabile) # Countable nouns (substantive numrabile) 1. We can count countable nouns (putem numra substantivele numrabile)

A bottle ( o sticl) two bottles ( 2 sticle) Three bottles ( 3 sticle)

2. Countable nouns - singular a/an ( substantivele numrabile - singular a/an) We use an before words beginning with a vowel (folosim a/an n faa cuvintelor

care ncep cu vocal)

3

Ive got an umbrella ( Am o umbrel). Have you got a chair? ( Ai un scaun?) Some words are irregular because the sound is different ( unele cuvinte sunt

neregulate pentru ca sunetul difer): An hour (the h is silent) o ora (h nu se aude) A university ( yu) o universitate

3. Countable nouns plural some, any, not any ( substantive numrabile plural)

We use some for statements ( folosim some [nite] pentru afirmaii) There are some chairs in the other room ( Sunt nite scaune n camera cealalt). We use any for questions ( folosim any [vreo/vreun] pentru ntrebri) Are there any chairs in the other room? ( E vreun scaun / sunt cumva scaune n camera cealalt?) We use not.any for negatives ( folosim not.any [ nici un] pentru negaii) There arent any chairs in the other room. ( Nu e nici un scaun / nu exist scaune n camera cealalt)

# Uncountable nouns (substantive nenumrabile) = mass nouns 1. We cannot count uncountable nouns ( nu putem numra substantive nenumrabile) some coffee = nite cafea some milk = nite lapte some rice = nite orez 2. All uncountable /mass nouns some, any, not any (toate substantivele

nenumrabile) We bought some tea. (Am cumprat nite ceai) Did you buy any tea? ( Ai cumprat ceai?) We didnt buy any tea. ( N-am cumprat ceai deloc) Could you buy me some tea? ( Ai putea s-mi cumperi nite ceai?) ( I expect you to say yes) ( M atept s spui da). Are there some sandwiches for me? There isnt any food left. ( Mai sunt sandwich-uri i pentru mine? Nu a mai rmas nimic de

mncare) Practice:

1. Choose a or some (alegei a sau some) a) un pom. B) nite cafea.. c) nite ap. d)nite sandwichuri e) o pasre f) nite bani

4

2. Underline the correct word in each sentence (subliniai cuvntul corect n fiecare propoziie)

a) Jack hasnt got a/any brother. b) There werent some/any letters for me this morning. c) Could I have a/some water, please? d) I went to the supermarket because I didnt have a/any milk. e) There isnt a/any railway station in this town. f) Sorry, we dont have some/any boxes left. g) Have you got a/any pen that I can borrow? 3. Choose some or any for each space (alegei some or any pentru fiecare spaiu

liber) a). There arent any good restaurants in this town. b). Dont worry about lunch. Ive brought .sandwiches. c). You need.scissors to cut the paper. d). Have you gotbrothers and sisters? e). I think you owe me.money. f). Wed like to stay longer, but we dont have .time. g). Could you give me.information please?

# Countable and uncountable nouns: problems (substantive numrabile i nenumrabile: probleme). 1. Change of meaning( schimbare de sens): some nouns are countable with one meaning and uncountable with another meaning (unele substantive au un sens dac sunt numrabile si altul dac sunt nenumrabile): a fish = un pete (viu) some fish = petele gtit a coffee = o can de cafea some coffee = boabele de cafea a paper = un ziar some paper = mai multe coli de hrtie a wood = o pdure some wood = scduri, lemn lucrat an iron = un fier de clcat some iron = obiecte din fier a glass = un pahar some glass = sticl, geamuri 2. Uncountables with no s plural (subst nenumrabile care au fac s la plural) advice [sfat] Can I have some advice? ( Poi s-mi dai nite sfaturi?) spaghetti Id like some spaghetti. ( A vrea nite spaghetti) English [language limba] Your English is good. ( Engleza ta este bun) Hair [pr] Your hair is beautiful. ( Prul tau este frumos). Furniture [mobil] This furniture is very modern. (Mobila asta e foarte

modern. Information [informaie] Could you give me some information? (Poi s-mi dai nite

informaii?) Weather [vreme] The weather is awful! ( Vremea este groaznic) Money [bani] The money is on the table. ( Banii sunt pe mas).

5

Luggage [bagaj] My luggage is in the taxi. ( Bagajul meu este in taxi). 3. Other problems (alte probleme) people [lume, oameni] There are some people in the garden. ( E ceva lume/ sunt

nite oameni in grdin) There is a person in the garden. ( Este o persoan/cineva in

grdin). Bread [pine] Could you buy a loaf of bread? ( Poi s cumperi o

franzel?) (We cannot say a bread nu putem spune a bread)

Fish [pete] One fish [un pete], two fish { 2 peti nu fishes] Police [ poliia] The police are coming! [Vine poliia!] (singular form,

plural verb!) News [tiri] The news is on TV. [ Sunt tirile la TV]. (plural form,

singular noun) Practice: 1. Complete the sentences. ( Completai propoziiile). Choose a, an or no article for each space ( alegei a, an, sau nici un articol pentru fiecare spaiu). a). The old bridge was made of --- iron. b). Shall we have..fish? This restaurant is famous for it. c). Could you bring meglass, please? d). They make this towels from.recycled paper. e). That was silly of me. Now theres .coffee all over the table. f). My shirt is dry now. Have you got.iron? g). One wall is .glass, so there is lots of light in the room. h). Can you buy me..paper? I want to check the football results. 2. Choose the most suitable word or phrase for each space ( alegei cuvntul sau sintagma cea mai potrivit pentru fiecare spaiu): a). Ill post your letters. Have you got .B? A) a stamp B) any stamps C) any stamp b). The streets were empty. There werent . There. A) peoples B) some people C) any people c). Have you got ? I can help you. A) a luggage B) some luggages C) any luggage d) Do you like? No, I dont. A) hot milk B) a hot milk C) some hot milk

6

e) Weve just moved into our house , and we havent got . A) a furniture B) any furniture C) some furniture f) There wasnt any wood, so we used A) plastic B) any plastic C) a plastic g) Can you help me? Id like. A) an advice B) some advice C) advices 3. Choose is or are for each space ( alegei is sau are pentru fiecare spaiu) a). Helens hair is very long. b). The weather.really good at the moment. c) Dont worry. The police here..very friendly. d) Can you turn on the television? The news .on. e) Women usually better listeners than men. f) Where money that I gave you yesterday? g) Your glasses on the table. h) Davids French .good. Hes been taking lessons.

INSIDE JOURNALISM REVIEW # A good journalist is supposed to:

1. You must be able to present information clearly and simply with spotless spelling, punctuation and grammar.

2. You must have an unparalleled interest in all aspects of humanity and have a fascination for people in all walks of life and their lives. You should be able to exhibit a genuine interest in current affairs.

3. You must be sensible and have sound judgement, which is often assessed at interview by asking you how you would respond in a specific situation, and be able to write balanced copy objectively.

4. You must be prepared to devote your life to the pursuit of news, work very unsociable hours and be prepared to subordinate your private life to journalism.

5. You have to be able to work fast and accurately with accute attention to detail. 6. You have to be a good communicator and listener but assertive enough to

refuse to take no for an answer. 7. You must be able to face moral dilemmas and be prepared to conform to

editorial demands even if it is against your own wishes or principles. 8. Lastly, and perhaps, most importantly, you should have a healthy disrespect for

authority and question everything that is considered common sense. # In order to publish your first article: 1. First, have an idea. You may hear of something unusual in your community which you feel is newsworthy to the target readership. Make sure it has not been covered already by sifting through back issues in the library. Then try to come up with an angle, that is, the

7

most newsthworthy aspect of the story which will catch the editors - and the readers- attention. 2. Once you have the idea, make sure it is workable by knowing that you will be able to gain access to the relevant spokespeople and research. Its no use suggesting an exclusive about a local vice ring if no one will ever confirm it to you or comment on it. This is making sure you can stand the story up. 3. Study your target outlet. How long do articles tend to be? Are they written in a particular style? Try to stick to this as much as possible. 4. Once convinced your story will stand up, telephone the editor and explain who you are and ask if they would be interested in your story. If you tend to be nervous on the telephone, write down a script beforehand to put beside the telephone to remind you of the points you want to discuss so you come across as confident and cheerful, rather than hesitant. 5. If they accept, ask in what format they would like the work presented and to what deadline. Bigger papers may ask you to file over the telephone to a copytaker. A weekly may be happy with copy typed on one side of A4 paper, double-line spaced with a catch-word ( a one-word title to identify your story instantly to the newsdesk, sub-editors, etc), date of publication and your name. It may help the newsdesk if you also include names and telephone numbers of your contacts. However, if and when you start being paid for your contribution you can ask to be paid extra for contact details. 6. Dont ask to be paid, not the first time anyway. The column inches are more valuable to you than the chance of a fiver at this stage in your career. # How to impress your colleagues for a work placement 1. Offer to write fillers which are one or two paragraph stories important in their own

right and also used to fill gaps between stories on newspaper pages. These are time-consuming when you have main leads to do so get the reporters to sort through their in-trays. They may have some pictures that need captioning as well.

2. Offer to do a vox pop. This is where you go into the street and ask a random selection of members of the public their views of a particular issue, from pollution to football. These are time-consuming to journalists but add flavour to a newspaper or radio bulletin and would be well-received. They also give you the chance to illustrate and practice your interviewing and writing skills.

3. Ask if you can shadow a member of staff such as a sub-editor. They may take you to where the paper is printed and show you the production process in action or teach you a little of the rudiments of subbing which looks great on your CV. Or go out with a photographer and see what they get up to. As a journalist, there is more and more call for you to be multi-skilled. You certainly need to be able to communicate with people in other departments than your own.

4. Ask if any advertising features need writing. On a weekly paper, advertisements will sometimes be accompanied by editorial. Reporters often dont like doing these because they feel producing material of a commercial nature compromises their journalistic objectivity so your help will be welcomed.

8

Afterwards, keep in touch on a regular basis, letting them know what you are doing and seeing if you can assist with any particular project. The News Producer at Sky News advises that work placement candidates dont make a pest of themselves because everyone is so busy. Dont be pushy, she warns, because the commonly held belief that foot-in-the-door types land journalism jobs is not true. You are more likely to be invited back if you are polite, calm and competent.