%)) jif{kl5 bflgPnsf] eljiojf0fL kl5 %)) jif{ laTof] . O=k"= $ df /f]dLx¿n] ox"bLx¿nfO{ wfld{s :jtGqtf lbP, t/

ltgLx¿af6 w]/} s/ lnP . dlGb/sf] k'glg{df{0f ul/of] / of] ox"bL hLjgsf] s]Gb| lyof] . w]/}n] cfpg] d;Lxsf] af/]sf] eljiojf0fL la;]{, t/ s]xLn] cem} klg Joj:yf kfng u/] / v|Li6sf] af6f] x]/] . ltgLx¿sf aLrdf lzldof]g gfdsf j[4

dflg; klg lyP . pgL kljq dflg; lyP / eljiojQmfn] atfPsf JolQmnfO{ x]g{ rfxGy] . pgn] w]/} jif{b]lv eljiojf0fLx¿ k9\b} ;do glhs 5 eGg] ljrf/ ul//x]sf lyP . t/ ca pgL j[4 lyP / w]/} afFRb}gy] xf]nf . k/d]Zj/n] xJjfnfO{ pgsf] ;Gtfgn] b'i6sf sfdx¿ gi6 ug]{5 eg]sf] sl/a $))) jif{ k'lu;s]sf] lyof] .

ca ;do eof] . #%) eGbf a9L k|lt1fx¿ k"/f x'g cfF6]sf lyP .

cWofo &M gofF s/f/, v|Li6sf] hGd / k/LIff

cWofo &M gofF s/f/, v|Li6sf] hGd / k/LIff

x] ca|fxfd, O;xfs / ofs"asf k/d]Zj/, d}n] d'lQmbftfnfO{ kv]{sf] lyPF, t/ ca d afFlRbgF xf]nf .

lgZro g} tF w]/} afFRb}g;\ t/ t}Fn]

k|lt1f ul/PsfnfO{ dg'{cl3 b]Vg]5;\ .

dLsf %M@ cg';f/ k'q cgGt / k/d]Zj/ x'g'x'G5 / ehg;+u|x $%M^ df t k'q

k/d]Zj/ elgPsf] 5 .

lzldof]gn] cudjf0fLx¿ vf]h] / pgn] v|Li6sf] af/]df y'k|} cudjf0fLx¿ kfP .

lzldof]g, tkfO{+ oxfF x/]s lbg cfpg'x'G5 . c¿ k"hfxf/Lx¿ klg

tkfO{+h:t} eQm eP slt /fd|f] x'GYof] .

oz}ofdf v|Li6sf] af/]df ePsf] eljiojf0fLsf] af/]df tkfO{+ s] eGg'x'G5 < o;n] eG5 ls sGof

ue{jtL eP/ Pp6f 5f]/f hGdfpg]5] . of] xJjfnfO{ elgPsf] :qLsf] ;Gtfg x'g'k5{ .

xf], oz}ofn] pxfFnfO{ zlQmdfg k/d]Zj/ elgg]5 klg eg] . t/ eljiojf0fLx¿ a'em\g sl7g 5g\ .

tkfO{+n] of] s'/f dfGg] yf]/} dfq kfpg'x'G5 .

To;sf/0f of] s'/f] ;fj{hlgs ¿kdf eGg'x'Gg .

gq tkfO{+nfO{ 9'ª\ufn] xfg]/ dfl/g]5 .

tkfO{+n] b]Vg'x'g]5 . d dg'{cl3 d;Lx oxL dlGb/df cfpg'x'g]5

/ d pxfFnfO{ b]Vg]5' .

pxfFn] 7Ls} eGb} x'g'x'G5 .

d}n] d2t k'¥ofpg ;lsgF t/ tkfO{+x¿sf] s'/f ;'g]+ . d}n] klg

wd{zf:q k9]sf] 5' / %)) jif{cl3 bflgPnn] cfpg] d;Lxsf] af/]df crDdsf]

eljiojf0fL u/]sf lyP .

zf:qLx¿n] ghfg]sf s'g s'/f ltdLnfO{ yfxf 5 <

Tof] agfpg cf1f lbPsf] $$( jif{ eO;Sof] . ca

#$ jif{ afFsL 5, h;sf] cy{ d;Lx ca cfpg'kg]{ xf] .

xf]Og, clxn] xf]Og . kljq cfTdfn] dnfO{ b]vfpg'eof] ls d dg'{ klxn] d}n] oxL dlGb/df

afns d;LxnfO{ b]Vg]5' . tkfO{+n] o:tf s'/f

s;/L hfGg'eof] <

ltdLn] b]Vg]5f} .

clg tkfO{+ sf] xf] < tkfO{+ oL s'/fx¿sf] af/]df s] hfGg'x'G5 <

k/d]Zj/n] bflgPnnfO{ eGg'eof] ls dlGb/ k'gMlgdf{0f ug{ lbOPsf] cf1fkl5 d;Lxsf]

;do;Dd $*# jif{ x'g]5 .

pTklQ #M!%Ù ehg;+u|x $%M^Ù oz}of &M!$, (M^Ù bflgPn (M@%–@^Ù dLsf %M@Ù n"sf @M@%–@^

158

h;} lzldof]g j[4 x'Fb} / k|lt1f ul/Psf v|Li6nfO{ dlGb/df

klv{/x]sf lyP, hs/Lof gfdsf k"hfxf/L dlGb/df k|fy{gf ug{ uP . pgL /

pgsL >LdtL j[4 eO;s]sf lyP t/ ltgLx¿sf s'g} ;Gtfg lyPgg\ .

cs:dft\ j]bLsf] bflxg]lt/ Pp6f :ju{b"t b]vf k/] Û

g8/fpm Û ltd|f] k|fy{gf ;'lgPsf] 5 / ltd|L >LdtL Plnlzafn] Pp6f 5f]/f]

hGdfpg]l5g\ / ltdLn] p;sf] gfd o"xGgf /fVg]5f} .

p;sf] hGddf w]/}hgf /dfpg]5g\ lsgls pgn] g} cfpg] d;Lxsf] nflu dflg;x¿nfO{ tof/L ug]{5g\ . pgn] s8f dB lkpg]5}gg\ / pgn] Plnofsf]

cfTdf kfpg]5g\ .

tkfO{+n] eg]sf s'/f ;To x'g\ eg]/ d s;/L hfGg] < d / d]/L >LdtL xfdL b'j} aRrf hGdfpg g;Sg]

u/L w]/} j[4 eO;Sof}+ / pgL k"/} hLjge/ afFemL lyOg\ .

d ula|Pn x'F / k/d]Zj/sf] pkl:yltdf v8f x'G5' / d

ltdLnfO{ oL s'/f eGg k7fOPsf] x'F . ltdLnfO{ lrGx rflxof] < ltdLn] oL s'/fx¿ k"/f ePsf] gb]v];Dd ltdL

km]l/ af]Ng ;Sb}gf} .

rf/ xhf/ jif{cl3 g} cudjQmfn] d;Lx cfpg] s'/f u/]sf lyP . &)) jif{cl3 eljiojQmf oz}ofn] eg], æPp6L sGo] ue{jtL eP/ Pp6f

5f]/f] hGdfpg]5] / pgnfO{ ODdfg'Pn elgg]5, k/d]Zj/ xfdLx¿;Fu .Æ

d of] af/]df xfdLn] s'/f ug{ ;s]kl5 v';L

x'g]5' . of] 3/ w]/}zfGt 5 . tkfO{+n] :ju{b"tnfO{ d'v

kmsf{pg'x'Fb}gYof] .

hs/Lof, cem} klg kTofpg ufx«f] k5{ . xfd|f hfltsL cfdf ;f/fh:t}, k/d]Zj/n]

xfd|f] k|fy{gf ;'Gg'eof] / ca d 7"nf] cudjQmfsL cfdf aGg nfu]sL 5' .

d/Lodsf] of];]km;Fu lax] x'g dugL eO;s]sf] lyof] . pgsf] s;};Fu ;xjf; ePsf] lyPg . pgL

df]zfsf ;a} Joj:yfk|lt cf1fsf/L lyOg\ .

cs:dft\Ù Pp6f :ju{b"t dl/odsxfF b]vf k/] Û

d/Lod, ltdLn] k/d]Zj/af6 7"nf] s[kf kfPsL 5f} . ltdLn] cfˆgf] ue{af6 k/d]Zj/sf

k'qnfO{ hGdfpg]5f} .

d}n] s'g} k'?if;Fu ;xjf; gu/L s;/L o:tf] s'/f x'g ;S5 <

kljq cfTdfn] ltdLnfO{ 9fSg'x'g]5 . ltd|f] ue{df cfpg] kljq lap k/d]Zj/sf k'q x'g'x'g]5 . afFemL sxlnPsL ltd|L lbbL Plnlzafsf] klg 5f]/f] x'g]5 .

pgsf] clxn] ^ dlxgf eof] .

d k/dk|e'sL ;]ljsf x'F . pxfFsf]

OR5fcg';f/ dnfO{ xf];\.

d k/d]Zj/sf k'qsf] cfdf x'g]5' . of];]kmn] dnfO{ ljZjf; unf{g\ t < ha ltgLx¿n] d ue{jtL

ePsf] 7fG5g\, ltgLx¿sf] dgddf s] s'/f cfpnf < dnfO{ yfxf 5 Û d Plnlzaf;Fu

a:g hfg]5' .

n"sf !M%–@), @^–$)

159

Plnlzaf Û

d]/L, d]/L 5f]/L Û

ltdL wGo / ltd|f] ltd|f] ue{sf] kmn wGo . d]/f] k|e'sL

cfdf dnfO{ e]6\g cfOg\, d s:tL :qL < ha d}n] ltd|f] ;f]/ ;'g]+, d]/f] ue{sf]

afns v';Ln] plk|mof] .

d]/f] dg d]/f k/d]Zj/df /dfPsf] 5, o;n] d]/f] d'lQmbftfsf]

k|z+;f ub{5 . of]kl5 ;a} k':tfn] dnfO{ wGosL eGg]5g\ lsgls pxfFn]

dxfg\ s'/fx¿ ug'{ePsf] 5 .

gd|x¿nfO{ pxfFn] pRr kfg'{ePsf] 5 . xfd|f lktf ca|fxfdnfO{

eg]em}F pxfFn] xfdLnfO{ s[kf ug{ ;Demg'ePsf] 5 .

d/Lod PlnlzafsxfF

tLg dlxgf hlt al;g\ .

hs/Lof 5f]/f x'G5 eGg]df lglZrt lyP, :ju{b"tn] pgnfO{ o;f]

eg] eG5g\ .

7Ls 5, ca o;sf] gfpF klg hs/Lofsf]

h:t} /fVg'k5{ .

pgL cfP . pg}nfO{ ;f]wf}+

pgn] ljZjf; gu/]sf]n] :ju{b"tn] pgnfO{ u'Fuf] agfP

eG5g\ .

;do cfPkl5 Plnlzafn] 5f]/f] hGdfOg\ .

aRrfsf] gfd s] /fVg] ePsf 5 f}t <

pgnfO{ n]Vg] kf6L rflxof] /] .

:ju{b"tn] cf1f u/]em}F aRrfsf] gfd o"xGgf /fVg]

eg]/ pgL eG5g\ .t/ pgsf]

kl/jf/df s;}sf] gfd o"xGgf 5}g .

of] 5f]/f] xf], /fd|f] skfn ePsf] 5f]/f] .

k/dk|e'sf] jrgcg';f/ p;sf] gfd o"xGgf xf] . p;n] d;LxnfO{ xfd|f dflg;x¿

O;|fPnsf] dfemdf lrgfpg]5 .

pgn] af]Ng ;s] Û olt w]/} dlxgfkl5 pgL af]Ng

;S5g\ Û

of] aRrf ;fFRr} eljiojf0fLsf]

Plnof aGnf t <

n"sf !M$!–^$

160

Tolt a]n} of];]kmn] d/Lod ue{jtL ePsf] yfxf kfP / pgnfO{ of] cfˆgf] aRrf xf]Og eGg] yfxf lyof] .

cfdf, dnfO{ cem} klg ljZjf; nfUb}g . s'g} klg dflg; pgsf] glhs uPsf]

5}g . pgL ;w}F cfˆgf] kl/jf/;Fu x'lGyg\ . d}n] of] ul/gF t/ of] ;To xf] Û pgL

ue{jtL l5g\ .

pgn] s;nfO{ aRrfsf] a'af elG5g\ t <

of];]km, ca ltdL s] u5f}{ t <

d ca pgL;Fu lax] ug{ ;lSbgF, t/ d o;nfO{ ;fj{hlgs klg ug{ rfxGgF . pgnfO{ Jolerf/sf] cf/f]kdf 9'ª\ufn] xfg]/

dfl/g]5 . d r'krfk dugL tf]8\g]5' .

pgL 5f]/fsf a'af k/d]Zj/ / s'g} zf/Ll/s ;Dks{lagf kljq cfTdfaf6 ue{wf/0f ePsf] elG5g\ .

cf]xf] Û pgsf] lbdfu t v':s]g <

pgL elG5g\ ls Tof] 5f]/f] ;+;f/sf]

d'lQmbftf / k/d]Zj/sf k'q

x'g]5 .

s'g} klg :qLn] To;f] eGg' O{Zj/ lgGbf xf] . d}n]

pgnfO{ hlt;Sof] 6f9f /fv]/ ;a} s'/f rfF8} ;Sg'k5{ .

of] oz}ofsf] eljiojf0fL k"/f ePsf] xf], æPp6L sGof ue{jtL x'g]5] / Pp6f 5f]/f]

hGdfpg]5], h;nfO{ ODdfg'Pn elgg]5, h;sf] cy{ …k/d]Zj/

xfdLx¿;FuÚ eGg] x'G5 .Æ

To; a]n'sf ha of];]km ;'lt/x]sf lyP, Pp6f :ju{b"t ltgLsxfF cfP .

of];]km, bfpmbsf k'q, d/Lod;Fu lax] ug{ g8/fpm

lsgls pgsf] ue{df ePsf] aRrf kljq cfTdfaf6sf] xf] . pgn] Pp6f 5f]/f] hGdfpg]l5g\ / ltdLn] pxfFsf] gfpF o]z" /fVg" lsgeg] pxfFn] cfˆgf dflg;x¿nfO{ ltgLx¿sf kfkaf6

5'6sf/f lbg'x'g]5 .

d/Lod, d}n] ltdLnfO{ zª\sf u/]sf]df

ltdLn] dnfO{ s;/L Ifdf lbG5f} <

dnfO{ yfxf 5 . of] ;a} s'/f /dfOnf] 5 . O;|fPnsf

;Dk"0f{ :qLx¿, ;a} ztfAbLaf6 k/d]Zj/n] dnfO{ k[YjLdf d;LxnfO{

hGd lbg 5fGg'eof] .

aRrf s:tf] 5 < k/d]Zj/ z/L/df x'g] ePsf]n] hGdg]lalQs} pm af]N5 t < p;nfO{ s;/L k9\g] eg]/

klxNo} yfxf 5 ls <

cf]xf] of];]km, dnfO{ yfxf 5}g . k/d]Zj/nfO{ yfxf

5 . xfdLn] klv{g'k5{ .

xfdL b'j} bfpmbsf] j+zsf xf}+ / eljiojQmfn] d;Lx bfpmbsf] j+zaf6

cfpg]5g\ eg]y] .d}n] cs}{ s'/f ;f]r]+ . cbgsf] au}Frfdf

k/d]Zj/n] :qLsf] ;Gtfgn] ;k{sf] ;Gtfgsf] 6fpsf] s'Rofpg]5 eg]/ k|lt1f ug'{eof] . d ca b]Vb} 5' Û of] aRrf dflg;sf] ;Gtfg xf]Og, :qLsf] ;Gtfg xf] . k/d]Zj/n] of]

;a}eGbf ;'?d} of]hgf ug'{ePsf] /x]5 .

pTklQ #M!%Ù oz}of &M!$, (M&Ù dQL !M!*–@#Ù n"sf !M#@–##

161

of];]km / d/Lod ufnLnsf] gf;/tdf a:y] . t/ k'/fgf] eljiojf0fLn] d;Lx ox"bfsf] a]tnx]ddf hGdG5g\ eGYof] -dLsf %M%–@_ . rfF8} d/Lodn] cfˆgf] aRrf unt ;x/df hGdfpFb} lyOg\ .

pgLx¿nfO{ eljiojf0fLsf] af/]df yfxf lyPg / nfdf] ofqf u/]/ a]tnx]d hfg'kg]{ s'g} sf/0f lyPg .

;'g–;'g, xfd|f ;d|f6 s};/sf] x:tfIf/ ePsf] cflwsfl/s 3f]if0ffcg';f/ ;a}hgf cfˆgf k'vf{x¿sf] ;x/df gfd

n]vfpg hfg", hg;ª\Vof lnP/ s/ p7fpg ;lhnf] x'g]5 .

of];]km To;sf] cy{ tkfO{+ a]tnx]d hfg'k5{ . tkfO{+ uPkl5 aRrf

hlGdg]5 .

d uPF eg] dflg;x¿n] /fd|f]

7fGb}gg\ . d ltdLnfO{ klg ;Fu} nfg]5' .

d/Lod, d}n] ltdLnfO{ of] nfdf]

ofqfdf gNofpg'kg]{/x]5 . xfdL kms{g'k5{ ls

h:tf] 5 .

x'Fb}g, aRrf hGdFbf d tkfO{+;Fu} x'g'k5{ . c¿

s;}n] a'em\b}gg\ .

em08} !)) dfOnsf] ofqf ug{ ltgLx¿nfO{ sl/a Ps xKtf nfUof] .

xfdLn] l56f] ug'{k5{ . ca ;do eof] .

d kf}jfdf 7fpF vf]Hg] sf]l;; u5'{ .

d/Lod, d}n] xfdLnfO{ d2t ug]{

;'F8]gL NofPF .kf}jfdf 7fpF lyPg / <

5}g, Tof] t el/P5 .

tkfO{+n] cfˆgf] klxnf] aRrfsf] nflu w]/} /fd|f] ug'{eof] . p;n] uf]7df hGdg'k¥of], lar/f Û

To;nfO{ 7"nf] gdfg . o;n] s'g} lbg ;+;f/df

zf;g ug]{5 .

xf] / < tkfO{+n] dxf/fgL lSnof]kf6«f p;sf] ;'8]gL lyOg\ eGg ;Sg'x'G5 .

n"sf @M!–&

162

s] xf] < of] :ju{b"t xf] Û

xhf/f}++ :ju{b"t < g8/fcf], k/d]Zj/n] dnfO{ ;a} dflg;x¿sf] nflu v';Lsf]

;dfrf/ ltdLx¿nfO{ eGg k7fpg'ePsf] 5 . bfpmbsf]

;x/df ltdLx¿sf lglDt Pshgf d'lQmbftfsf] hGdePsf] 5, pxfF ox"bL d;Lx / k|e' x'g'x'G5 .

ltdLx¿n] afnsnfO{ 8'F8df ;'tfO/x]sf] e]6\g]5f}

/ Tof] ltdLx¿nfO{ lrGx x'g]5 .

k/dwfddf k/d]Zj/nfO{ dlxdf Û k/d]Zj/n]

k[YjLdf zflGt k7fpg'x'G5 lsgls pxfFn] dflg;x¿sf]

enfO rfxg'x'G5 .

ltdL of] ljZjf; ug{ ;S5f} < :ju{b"t xfdLsxfF

b]vf k/]sf Û

d}n] d]/L >LdtLnfO{ geg'Gh]n

kv{ Ûp;n] s] eGof],

ltdLn] ;'Gof} t < O;|fPndf d;Lx hGdg'eof] /] .

d x]g{ hfg rfxG5' .

d'lQmbftf Û dflg;x¿nfO{ zflGt Û Pp6f afns < x]g{

hfcf} Û

tkfO{+x¿nfO{ b'Mv lbPsf]df dfkmL dfU5', t/ Pp6f

:ju{b"tn] xfdLnfO{ oxfF k7fP . d;Lx Û

s;n] o:tf] ;f]r]sf] lyof] xf]nf Û k/d]Zj/ afns aGg] s'/f <

n"sf @M*–@)

163

pxfFn] s] x'G5, ;f] b]v]kl5 ltdLx¿sf] x[bo

klg 6'j|mg]5 .

d/Lod / of];]kmn] gofF afnsnfO{ k"hfxf/LsxfF nfg] / Joj:yfcg';f/ alnbfg r9fpg] ;do cfof] .

of];]km, pm klxnf] k6s dlGb/ cfpFb}

5 / s;}nfO{ klg o]z" g} v|Li6 x'g'x'G5 eGg]

yfxf 5}g .

d]/f] ljrf/df xfdLn] ;a}nfO{ of] s'/f] eGb} lx+8\g'kb}{g .

pm x's]{Gh]n kvf}{+ .

pxfF ToxfF x'g'x'G5 Û xfdLn] w]/} kVof}{+ .

d/Lod pgL sf] x'g\ <

dnfO{ yfxf 5}g . oxfF

xfdLnfO{ s;}n] lrGb}g .

t/, tkfO{+n] s;/L yfxf kfpg'eof] <

d]/f] s'/f ;'Gg'xf];\, of] afns O;|fPndf

w]/}sf] pGglt / s;}sf] nflu n8\g] sf/0f x'g]5,

p;sf] lj/f]w klg x'g]5 .

x]/ Û d;Lx . pxfF cfˆgf] dlGb/df cfpg'ePsf] 5 . cudjQmfx¿n] pxfFs}

af/]df s'/f u/]y] .

Tof] a]nfb]lv xGgfn] 5'6sf/fsf] af6f] x]l//x]sf

;a}nfO{ pxfFsf] af/]df elgg\ .

;'g afa', of] afns g} v|Li6 xf], ;f/f ;+;f/sf d'lQmbftf . pxfFn] O;|fPnLx¿nfO{ ltgLx¿sf]

kfkaf6 hf]ufpg'x'G5 .

tkfO{+ wGo x'g'x'G5, x] k|e' xfd|f k/d]Zj/ . tkfO{+n] k|lt1f u/]em}F d}n]

tkfO{+sf] d'lQm b]v]/ ca d zflGt;Fu dg]{5' . pxfF O;|fPnsf dlxdf / cGohfltx¿sf

nflu Hof]lt x'g'x'G5 .

n"sf @M@&–#*

lzldof]g dlGb/df lyP .

Tof] xGgf xf] . p;n] cfˆgf] hLjg g} d;LxnfO{

kv]{/ latfO{ .

164

O;|fPneGbf k"j{sf b]zdf 1fgL dflg;x¿ a:y] /

ltgLx¿n] Oltxf;sf] cWoog ul//x]sf lyP, k/d]Zj/sf]

af/]df klg ltgLx¿nfO{ yfxf lyof] . pgLx¿nfO{ cfpg] d;Lxsf] af/]df elgPsf] eljiojf0fL yfxf lyof] .

bz{g / ;kgfdf ltgLx¿nfO{ k/d]Zj/n] b]vfpg'eof] ls

k|lt1f ul/Psf JolQm hlGd;Sg'ePsf] 5 . To;kl5 ltgLx¿n] cgf}7f] tf/f b]v], h;n] O;|fPnlt/ b]vfof] .

xfdL 6f9f cfO;Sof}+ . xfdL ljb]zL e"lddf hfFb} 5f}+ .

xfdLn] w]/} xKtfb]lv ofqf ul//x]sf 5f}+ .

Tff/f cl3 al9/Xof] . xfdL o;nfO{ hlt 6f9f uP klg k5\ofpg]5f}+ .

cs:dft tf/fn] ltgLx¿nfO{ O;|fPnlt/ 8f]¥ofof] / ltgLx¿ o¿zn]d uP/ ev{/} hGd]sf /fhfsf] af/]df ;f]wvf]h u/] .

dxf/fh x]/f]b, k"j{af6 w]/} wgLh:tf nfUg] tLghgf

dflg;x¿ cfPsf 5g\ . ltgLx¿ eG5g\ ls ltgLx¿n] O;|fPnsf gofF /fhfnfO{ vf]lh/x]sf 5g\,

Pp6f afns .

Pp6f afns < Pp6f /fhf < /fhf t d x'F . ltgLx¿nfO{ leq Nofcf]

/ k|wfg k"hfxf/L / zf:qLx¿nfO{ klg dsxfF Nofcf] .

tkfO{+x¿ afns /fhfnfO{ e]6\g cfpg'ePsf] eGg'x'G5 <

tkfO{+x¿n] s;/L o:tf s'/f hfGg'eof] < xfdLn] k"j{df

pxfFsf] tf/f b]Vof}F / oxfF pxfFnfO{ cf/fwgf

ug{ cfof}+ .

pgL sxfF 5g\ t <

xfdLnfO{ s'g 7fpF eGg] yfxf 5}g . To;sf/0f xfdL oxfF

cfof}+ .

d}n] ljåfgx¿nfO{ af]nfPsf] 5' . ltgLx¿n] o; af/]df s] hfg]sf 5g\ eg]/ xfdLn] x]g]{5f}+ . d;Fu uf]Ko

sf]7fdf cfpg'xf];\ .ltgLx¿ eG5g\ ls ltgLx¿

ox"bLx¿sf /fhfnfO{ cf/fwgf ug{ cfPsf x'g\, k|lt1f ul/Psf JolQm / dflg;x¿nfO{ arfpg] . ltdLx¿sf]

zf:qn] o;af/] s] eG5 t <

xf], w]/} cudjQmfx¿n] pxfFsf] cfudgaf/] eg]sf 5g\, t/ oL eljiojf0fLx¿ cIf/zM k"/f x'G5 eg]/ xfdL

ljZjf; ub}{gf}+ .

dnfO{ ltdLx¿sf] ljrf/;Fu s'g} ;/f]sf/ 5}g . eljiojf0fLn]

s]rflxF eG5 <

dLsfsf] eljiojf0fLn] d;Lx ox"bfsf] s'naf6 a]tn]x]ddf

hGdg]5g\ eG5 .

;'Gg'xf];\, d klg /fhfnfO{ cf/fwgf ug{ rfxG5' .

To;sf/0f ha tkfO{+x¿n] /fhfnfO{ kQf nfpg'x'G5, dnfO{ klg pxfF sxfF 5g\ eg]/ va/

ug'{xf]nf .

lgZro g} xfdLn] pxfFnfO{ e]6\g]lalQs}

va/ ug]{5f}+ .

x]/f]b /fhf hGd]sf ;'g]/ 8/fP . To;sf/0f pgn] ev{/ hGd]sf afnsx¿nfO{ dfg]{ ljrf/ u/] .

dQL @M!–*Ù dLsf %M@

165

zf:qLx¿nfO{ d;Lx sxfF hGdg]5g\ eGg] yfxf ePsf]n]

xfdLnfO{ d2t eof] . t/ ltgLx¿ cfˆg} cudjQmfx¿df

km/s lyP .

O;|fPnsf cudjQmfx¿sf] k':ts c¿x¿sf] h:t} 5}g . d}n]

o:tf] k"0f{ ljj/0f ePsf] eljiojf0fL klxn] b]v]sf] lyOgF .

x]/ Û xfdLn] k"j{df b]v]sf] of] tf/f c¿h:t} 5}g . of] c¿ tf/fx¿em}F

rNb}g / of] ce}m rlDsnf] 5 .

o;sf] :yfgnfO{ ;lDem/fv / ef]ln o;nfO{ k5\ofpg'k5{ .

of] xfdLn] c¿ a]nf b]v]sf] c¿ s'g} tf/fh:tf] 5}g . o;sf] c¿ tf/fsf] em}F ult 5}g / of] w]/}

rlDsnf] 5 .

ToxfF, Tof] 3/sf] dfly /f]lsof] . t/ of] a]tnx]d xf]Og Û w]/} dlxgf

eO;Sof] . pgLx¿ cGt} ;l/;s] ls .

jf:tjd} of] cgf}7f] tf/f xf] . of] afbneGbf dfly 5}g .

xfd|f] ofqf lgs} nfdf]

eO;Sof] / xfdL k'Ug}nfUof}+ .

xfdL tkfO{+nfO{ afwf lbg rfxGgf}+, t/ xfdLn] ev{/

hGd]sf /fhfnfO{ x]g{ / cf/fwgf ug{ w]/} xKtfsf] ofqf ul/;Sof}+ .

tkfO{+x¿nfO{ of] s;/L yfxf

eof] <

xfdLn] kljq zf:qx¿ k9]sf lyof}+ . tkfO{+sf cudjQmfx¿n] pxfFsf] cfudgsf] af/]df eljiojf0fL

u/]sf lyP / Pp6f tf/fn] xfdLnfO{ oxfF;Dd 8f]¥ofof] . of] clxn] klg tkfO{+sf] 3/dfly 5 .

xfdL ;f/f ;+;f/sf d'lQmbftfnfO{ gd|tfdf

oL ;fgf pkxf/ r9fpF5f}+ . pgn]

w]/}nfO{ wfld{stfdf 8f]¥ofpg]5g\ .

Tof] /ft ;kgfdf k/d]Zj/ 1fgL dflg;x¿;Fu af]Ng'eof] / x]/f]bnfO{ ge]6\g, t/ cfˆgf] b]z csf]{ af6f]af6 kms{g eGg'eof] . x]/f]bn] afnsx¿ dfg{nfO{ vf]Hg] x'gfn] k/d]Zj/n]

of];]kmnfO{ klg ld>df hfg eGg'eof] .

dQL @M(–!@

166

k"j{af6 cfpg] tL dflg;x¿n] dnfO{ e'mSofP .

pgLx¿ cs}{ af6f] kms]{5g\ . To;sf] cy{ ltgLx¿n] afnsnfO{ e]6] /

of] af6f] cfpg 8/fP .

d]/f ljz]if ;]gf a]tnx]ddf k7fpm . ltgLx¿nfO{ b'O{ jif{d'lgsf

;a} s]6fx¿nfO{ dfg"{ eg .

w]/} jif{klxn] cudjQmfx¿n] a]tnx]ddf of] b'MvbfoL 36gf x'g]5 eg]sf lyP .

of];]km, d/Lod / o]z" ld>df uP, h;/L ofs"a w]/}

jif{klxn] ToxfF uPsf lyP . 1fgL dflg;n] lbPsf pkxf/n]

ltgLx¿nfO{ ld>df b'O{ jif{;Dd a;]/ vfg / ofqf ug{ k'Uof] .

x]/f]b d/]kl5 o]z" b'O{ jif{sf] x'g'eof] / k/d]Zj/n] ltgLx¿nfO{

O;|fPn kms{g x's'd ug'{eof] . of] klg afOansf]

eljiojf0fLsf] k"0f{tf lyof], æd}n] d]/f k'qnfO{ ld>af6 NofPF .Æ

ha ltgLx¿ ld>af6 kms]{, Pp6f :ju{b"tn] ltgLx¿nfO{ gf;/t gfdsf] ;fgf] ;x/

hfg eg] . of] klg eljiojf0fL k"/f ePsf] xf], h;n] eG5 …pxfFnfO{ gf;/L elgg]5Ú .

o]z"n] cfˆgf a'af;Fu} l;sdL{sf] sfd ug'{eof] . pxfF z/L/ / cfTdfdf 1fgL x'Fb} x's{g'eof] .

d]/f kfFrhgf dflg;x¿n]

lbgel/ g} sfd ug]{ xf] < vfg cfpg'xf];\ .

old{of #!M!%Ù xf]z] !!M!Ù dQL @M!#–@#

167

o]z" !@ jif{k'u]kl5 o;f]kmn] kl/jf/nfO{ lg:tf/ rf8 dgfpg o¿zn]d lnP/ uP . ltgLx¿n] cfˆgf kfksf] alnbfgsf]

nflu kf7f] klg nu] .

o]z", ltdL of] kf7f] k"hfxf/LsxfF nfg ;S5f} . ef]ln of] alnbfg

r9fpg'cl3 o;nfO{ ltgLx¿n] 7Ls 7x¥ofpg'k5{ .

a'af, d o]z";Fu} dlGb/ x]g{ hfg ;S5' <

alnbfg r9fPsf] w]/} lbgkl5 .

of];]km, d}n] o]z"nfO{ st} e]6\g ;lsgF .

lbgel/ s;}n] klg p;nfO{ b]v]g . d]/f] ljrf/df xfdLn]

p;nfO{ o¿zn]dd} lal;{of+} .

t/ xfdL kms+{b} lyof}+ eGg] p;nfO{ yfxf lyof] . d]/f] ljrf/df pm xfd|f gft]bf/x¿;Fu 5 xf]nf .

xfdLn] kms]{/ p;nfO{ vf]Hg'k5{ .

tkfO{+x¿ d;Lx bfpmbsf k'q x'g'x'G5 eGg] ljZjf; ug'{x'G5, cudjQmfx¿n] klg To;} eg] .

bfpmbn] pxfFnfO{ k|e' eg]sf] s'/fdf klg tkfO{+x¿ ;xdt x'g'x'G5, d;Lx pxfFsf k/d]Zj/em}F . To;f] eP s;/L

d;Lx bfpmbsf k'q / k|e' x'g ;S5g\, To;f] xf] eg]==== .

ltdLn] Tof] x/kmsf] sf/0f lbO/xFbf w]/} xf]lzof/

x'g'k5{ . cGTorflxF O{Zj/lgGbf x'g ;S5 .

wd{zf:q ;To jf c;To x'g ;S5 . xfdLn] xfd|f k/Dk/fx¿df ldNg] s'/fx¿nfO{

dfq ljZjf; ug]{ t <

t/ ltdLn] cfˆgf] JofVof 7Ls eGg hf]8 lbFb} 5f}+ . oL ulx/f ;Tox¿ a'em\g kfsf dflg;x¿ cem of]Uo 5g\ .

;To slxNo} ulx/f] x'G5 / < wd{zf:q xfdLnfO{ a'em\g

lbPsf] xf]Og / <

t/ ;a} s'/f h:tfsf] t:t} lng ;lsGgF . wd{zf:qn] eG5=== .Æ

pm ToxfF 5 .

oz}of (M&Ù n"sf @M$@–$^Ù @ltdf]yL #M!^M!&

168

o]z", xfdLn] ltdLnfO{ ;a}lt/ vf]Hof}+ . ltdLn]

xfdLnfO{ lsg o:tf] u/]sf] <

pm b'O{ lbgb]lv xfdL;Fu lyof] . tkfO{+sf]

5f]/f cnf}lss 5 .

tkfO{+x¿n] lsg ;a}lt/ vf]Hg'eof] < d}n] d]/f lktfsf] sfd ug'{k5{ eg]/ tkfO{+x¿nfO{ yfxf

lyPg / <

d}n] olt w]/} wd{zf:qsf s'/fx¿

hfGg] o:tf] ;fgf] dfG5] slxNo} e]6]sf]

lyOgF .

…p;n] cfˆgf] lktfsf] sfd ug'{k5{Ú eg]/ s] eGg

vf]h]sf] < p;nfO{ vf]lh/xg] g} p;sf] a'af xf]Ogg\ / <

o]z" cfˆgf cleefjsx¿;Fu kms]{/ ltgLx¿k|lt cf1fsf/L

x'g'eof] . pxfFn] l;sdL{sf] sfd

ul//xg'eof] / sb / a'l4df j[l4 x'g'eof] .

pxfF ;w}F wfld{stfdf lxF8]sf] / cfˆgf ;fyLx¿df c;n ePsf]n] ;a}n] pxfFnfO{ dg k/fpFy] . ha c¿ o'jfx¿n] kfk ul//x]sf lyP, o]z"n] k/d]Zj/sf ;a} cf1fx¿ ;Dk"0f{ x[bon] kfng ug'{eof] .

tkfO{+ Hofb} c;n x'g'x'G5 / gf;/tdf tkfO{+h:tf] l;sdL{ csf]{ 5}g . d of]h:t} c¿ ^

j6f lng]5' .

n"sf @M$^–%@

169

t/ deGbf kl5 cfpg] deGbf dxfg\ / deGbf klxn]

g} x'g'x'GYof] . pxfFn] ltdLx¿nfO{ kljq cfTdfn] alKt:df lbg'x'g]5 .

w]/} l9nf] x'g'cl3 g} cfˆgf x[box¿ kmsf{cf] .

d/Lodn] eGbf ^ dlxgfklxn] Plnlzafn] 5f]/f] hGdfPsL lyOg\ eGg] ofb ug'{xf];\ . :ju{b"tn] hs/LofnfO{ pgsf] gfd o"xGgf /fVg" / pgn] cfpg] d;Lxsf] nflu dflg;x¿sf] x[bo tof/ kfg]{5g\ eg]sf lyP . of] ljifodf w]/} cudjQmfx¿n] %)) jif{cl3 klg cudjf0fL u/]sf lyP .

ltdLx¿n] cfˆgf] b'i6tf Tofu]/ k/d]Zj/sf] cf1f

kfng ug'{k5{ lsgeg] :ju{sf] /fHo k|s6 x'g}nfu]sf] 5 .

ltdLx¿n] cfˆgf x[bo d;Lxsf] nflu tof/ kf/]df d ltdLx¿nfO{ kfgLn] alKt:df lbG5' .

o"xGgf, xfdLn] s] ug]{ t < xfdL wdL{ x'g k/d]Zj/n]

s] rfxg'x'G5 <

ltdLx¿;Fu b'O{j6f bf}/f 5 / csf]{ gx'g]

dflg;nfO{ e]6\of} eg] Pp6f bf}/f lbOxfn . ltdLx¿;Fu vfg]s'/f

5 / sf]xL ef]sf] 5 eg] p;nfO{ Vjfcf] .

dflg;x¿sf] 7Ls Gofo u/ .

o"xGgf, xfdL ;/sf/L sd{rf/Lx¿n] s;nfO{ v';L kfg]{ t < d s/ ;ª\sng ug]{

sd{rf/L x'F / oxfF ePsf gfafn eG;f/df sfd u5{g\ .

3'; gn]cf] . ltd|f] sfof{no c¿af6 k};f kfpg] ;fwg gagfcf] .

cfˆgf ;a} sfddf GofoL / c;n ag .

d tkfO{+sf] wd{sf] dflg; xf]Og . t/ d klg k/d]Zj/nfO{ v';L kfg{

rfxG5' . d}n] s] ug'{k5{ t <

ltdLn] zf;g ug]{ dflg;k|lt s7f]/ gag . grf]/ / cfˆgf] :yfg s;}sf] k};f jf ;DklQ n'6\g k|of]u gu/ . cfˆgf] 7Ls Hofnf n]pm .

deGbf kl5 cfpg'x'g] deGbf zlQmzfnL x'g'x'G5 / d pxfFsf] h'Qfsf] lkmQf vf]Ng of]Uo 5}g . ltdLx¿n] kZrfQfk u/]/

ljZjf; u¥of} eg] pxfFn] ltdLx¿nfO{ kljq cfTdfn]

alKt:df lbg'x'g]5 .ltdLx¿n] pxfFnfO{ OGsf/ u/]/ cfˆgf kfk ul//x\of} eg] pxfFn] ltdLx¿n] cgGt

b08sf] cfuf]df kmflnlbg'x'g]5 . ca kfk ug{ 5f]8 .

dnfsL #M!Ù n"sf #M@–!*, &M@$,@&

170

ltdLx¿n] cfˆgf] 3d08 / cledfgsf] kfk TofUg'k5{ . aGr/f] ¿vsf] km]bdf kl/;s]sf] 5 /

ltdLx¿n] cfˆgf] x[bo kl/jt{g u/]gf} eg] ltdLx¿ sfl6P/ gfz x'g] cfuf]df kmflng]5f} .

ltdL s] u5f}{ t < ltdLn] s;/L ;'? u5f}{ < ltdL dlGb/df

hfG5f} t <

d d;Lx xf]Og .

d;Lxsf] cfudgsf] 3f]if0ff ug]{ ltdL sf] xf}< ltdL cfˆg}

af/]df rflxF s] eG5f} t <

df]zfn] eljiojf0fL u/]sf cudjQmf ltdL g} xf}, h;n] dflg;x¿nfO{ k/d]Zj/tkm{

cu'jfO ug]{5g\ .xf]Og, oz}of cudjQmfn]

eg]sf lyP, æd phf8:yfgdf s/fpg] cfjfh x'F, d;Lxsf] nflu

af6f] tof/L kf/ .ÆTo;f] xff] eg] s'g clwsf/n]

ltdL xfd|f] wd{sf] clwsf/df cfP/ dflg;x¿nfO{ alKt:df lbG5f} t <

d d;Lxsf] nflu af6f] tof/ kfg]{ ;Gb]zafxs dfq x'F, t/ ltdLx¿ ;k{sf ;Gtfg xf} . ltdLx¿ ox"bLx¿ / ca|fxfdsf ;Gtfg ePs}n] k/d]ZJf/sf ;Gtfg x'F eGg] ;f]Rb5f} .

o"xGgf, ltdL d;Lx rfF8} cfpFb} x'g'x'G5 eG5f} . pxfF slxn] cfpg'x'G5 eg]/ ltdLnfO{

s;/L yfxf eof] <

dnfO{ k/d]Zj/sf Pp6f b"tn] eGg'eof] ls h;dfly k/d]Zj/sf cfTdf

9's'/sf] ¿kdf cfO/x]sf] d b]Vg]5', pxfF g} O;|fPnsf d;Lx / ;+;f/sf

d'lQmbftf x'g'x'G5 .

o"xGgfn] ^ dlxgf k|rf/ u/] / o]z" #) jif{ k'Ug'eof] .

of] ;do cfpg]5 eGg] dnfO{ yfxf lyof] . ula|Pn :ju{b"tn] dnfO{ 7"nf]

b'Mvsf] ;do x'g]5 eg]sf lyP . ltd|f a'af, d}n] eGg vf]h]sf] of];]km, clxn];Dd of] lbg b]Vg

afFr]sf eP x'g]lyof] .

dnfO{ yfxf 5}g . d]/f lktfn] dnfO{ b]vfpg'x'g]5 . ;a}eGbf klxn] d}n] o"xGgfnfO{ e]6]/ pgsf] xftaf6 alKt:df lng'k5{ . pgn] k'gM:yfkgfsf] nflu w]/}sf] x[bo

tof/ kf/]sf 5g\ .ltdL kms]{/ dnfO{ e]6\g cfpF5f} t <

lgZro g} cfdf, d tkfO{+nfO{ la;{g]5}gF, t/ tkfO{+ alnof] x'g'k5{ . tkfO{+nfO{ lgs}

ufx«f] x'g] s'/fx¿ ddfly cfOkg]{5g\ .

oz}of $)M#Ù dQL #M!–!@Ù n"sf #M!%–!*,@#Ù o"xGgf !M!(–@&, ##

171

d;Lxsf] cfudgsf] nflu tof/L xf]cf] . ltdL a'afx¿n] cfˆgf] x[bo cfˆgf 5f]/f5f]/Lx¿lt/

kmsf{pg'k5{ . ltdLx¿n] k/d]Zj/sf Joj:yfsf s'/fx¿ ltgLx¿nfO{ l;sfpg cfˆgf] ;do / zlQmdf a'l4dfg /

;dlk{t x'g'k5{ . ltd|f cgf1fsf/L 5f]/f5f]/Lx¿n] ltdLx¿sf] OdfGfbfl/tf b]v] eg] o;n] ltgLx¿sf] x[bo cfˆgf a'afx¿lt/ kmsf{pg]5 / ltd|f] kl/jf/ lgsf] x'g]5 .

ltdLx¿sf] x[bosf] ljrf/ of] xf] / pxfF cfPkl5 ltdLx¿

d;LxnfO{ k5\ofpg rfxG5f} eg] kfgLdf cfcf] / d ltdLx¿nfO{ kZrfQfksf]

alKt:df lbG5' / d;Lx cfPkl5 pxfFn] ltdLx¿sf kfk Ifdf lbg'x'g]5 .

o"xGgf, s] ltdL dnfO{ alKt:df lbG5f} <

a? tkfO{+n] dnfO{ alKt:df lbg'k5{, jf:tjd} tkfO{+ wfld{s

JolQm x'g'x'G5 .

o"xGgf, d}n] k/d]Zj/sf ;a} Joj:yfx¿ k"/f ug'{k5{ . d}n] k/d]Zj/n]

cfˆgf dflg;nfO{ cf1f ug'{ePem}F ug]{5' .

9's'/ Û d}n] 9's'/ b]v]+ .

dQL #M!#–!&Ù n"sf #M@!–@@

172

tkfO{+ g} d;Lx x'g'x'G5 Û d}n] tkfO{+nfO{ lrlggF .

logL d]/f lk|o k'q x'g\, logL;Fu clt

k|zGg 5' .

pxfF g} ;f/f ;+;f/sf] kfk p7fOn}hfg]

k/d]Zj/sf y'df x'g'x'G5 .

pxfF cfpg'eof] Û

k/d]Zj/sf kljq JolQm Û

v|Li6 Û

pxfFn] /fHo :yflkt

ug'{x'g]5 Û

n"sf #M@@Ù o"xGgf !M@(–#$Ù ! o"xGgf @M!–@

173

pxfF stf hfFb} x'g'x'G5 < pxfFn] g} b]znfO{ 5'6sf/f

lbg] xf]Og / <

;do cfPkl5, t/ ;'?df pxfF k/LIffdf pQL0f{

x'g'k5{ .

s:tf] k/LIff <

Pp6f cfbd / p;sf ;Dk"0f{ ;Gtfgx¿ c;kmn eP . pxfFn] cGwsf/sf] /fhs'df/nfO{

e]6\g}k5{ .

lktfn] cfˆgf] k'q o]z"nfO{ $) lbg pkjf; a:g eGg'eof] . pxfFn] s'g} vfg]s'/f klg

vfg'ePg . ha pxfFsf] z/L/ sdhf]/ x'Fb}uof], z}tfgn] pxfFnfO{ cfˆgf lktfsf] cf1f

pNnª\3g u/]/ cfˆgf] ef]s d]6\g pS;fof] .

klxnf] dflg; cfbdn] k/d]Zj/sf] cf1f pNnª\3g u/]/ cfˆgf] dxŒjk"0f{ 7fp“

u'dfPsf] lyof] . o]z" k/d]Zj/ / cgGtb]lv cl:tTjdf x'g'x'GYof], t/ ca pxfF gfzjfg z/L/df dflg; x'g'eof] . s] pxfFn] ;a}hgf c;kmn ePsf] hfFrnfO{ pQL0f{ ug{'x'g]5 t <

rfnL; lbgsf] pkjf;sf] cGtdf o]z" ef]sf] / sdhf]/ x'g'x'GYof] . ca pxfFn] ul/aLdf x'g' / cfˆg} z/L/ vfg yfNg];Ddsf] cj:yf s] xf] eg]/ yfxf

kfpg'eof] . ca pxfFn] PSnf] x'g', Toflug', la/fdL x'g' / sdhf]/ x'g' eg]sf] s] xf] eGg] a'em\g'eof] .

w]/} lbg;Dd z}tfgn] o]z"sf] lbdfudf 8/ / zª\sfn] cfj|md0f u¥of] . k/LIff ;lsg}

nfu]sf] / o]z" ;a}eGbf sdhf]/ ePsf] yfxf kfP/ z}tfgn] lj/n} ug]{ sfd u¥of], pm

o]z"sf] cufl8 v8f eof] .

tkfO{+ k/d]Zj/sf] k'q ePsf]n]

tkfO{+nfO{ vfg] clwsf/ 5 .

dQL $M!–#Ù n"sf $M!–#Ù /f]dL #M@#, %M!@–@!Ù lxa|" $M!%

174

z}tfgn] klxnf] dflg; cfbdnfO{ vfg lgif]w ul/Psf] s'/f vfg k/LIff u/]sf]

lyof] . ca p;n] ToxL s'/f ef]sfpg'ePsf] / sdhf]/ x'g'ePsf]

dflg;sf k'qnfO{ u/fpg] sf]l;; ub}{ 5 .

jf:tjd} of] $) lbg;Dd s]xL gvfPsf dflg;nfO{ ul/Psf] k/LIff lyof] .

ca tkfO{+ of] 9'ª\ufnfO{ /f]6L agfP/

vfO{ cfˆgf] ef]s d]6fpg ;Sg'x'G5 .

x'Fb}g, d To;f] ulb{gF lsgeg] wd{zf:qdf n]lvPsf] 5, dflg;

/f]6Ln] dfq afFRb}g, t/ k/d]Zj/sf] d'vaf6 lg:s]sf] x/]s jrgn]

afFRb5 .

To;f] xf] eg] d;Fu cfpg'xf];\, d

tkfO{+nfO{ tkfO{+n] k/d]Zj/sf] cf1f kfng ug{ ;Sg] 7fpFdf

n}hfG5' .

tkfO{+n] oxfFaf6 kmfn xfn]/ :ju{b"tx¿n] cfP/ tkfO{+nfO{ yfd]kl5

dflg;x¿n] Tof] b]Vg]5g\ / tkfO{+nfO{ d;Lxsf] ¿kdf u|x0f ug]{5g\ / tkfO{+ lsg cfpg'eof]

eGg] a'em\g]5g\ .

tkfO{+n] wd{zf:qsf] pNn]v ug'{eof] / wd{zf:qn] eG5 ls :ju{b"tn]

tkfO{+nfO{ xftxft} yfDg]5g\ / tkfO{+sf] v'§f 9'ª\ufdf ahfl/g]5}g . ca ltgLx¿nfO{ tkfO{+sf]

zlQm b]vfpg] ;do cfof] . wd{zf:qn] of] klg eG5, æt}Fn] cfˆgf k/dk|e'

k/d]Zj/sf] k/LIff gu/ .Æ

dnfO{ yfxf 5 ls tkfO{+n] ;+;f/nfO{ dfof ug'{x'G5 / tkfO{+ o;nfO{ arfpg cfpg'ePsf] xf] . To;sf/0f d

tkfO{+nfO{ dg kg]{ s'/f b]vfpg]5' .

dQL $M#–&

175

ca ToxfF, oxfFaf6 xfdLn] ;+;f/sf d'Vo /fHox¿ k|foM b]Vg]5f}+ .

ltgLx¿ cToGt} dlxldt 5}gg\ / < cfbdn] tkfO{+nfO{ OGsf/ u/]b]lv o; ;+;f/ d]/f] xf] . dflg;x¿n] x/]s lbg of] dnfO{ cem} a9L lbO/xG5g\ . of] ;a} d]/} xf], d of] ;+;f/sf]

O{Zj/ x'F, tkfO{+ xf]Og,

t/ d of] ;a} tkfO{+nfO{ lbg]5'=== Pp6f dfq} zt{df .

tkfO{+n] Ps k6s dfq} 3'F8f 6]s]/ dnfO{ b08jt\ u/]df d ;+;f/dflysf]

lgoGq0f TofUg]5' / oxfF ePsf x/]s dflg; tkfO{+sf x'g]5g\ .

tkfO{+ s] eGg'x'G5 t <

wd{zf:qn] eG5, æt}Fn] Pp6} oxf]jf

k/d]Zj/sf] dfq} ;]jf ug"{ / pxfFnfO{ dfq} cf/fwgf ug"{ .Æ tF c;kmn eO;\ .

ca oxfFaf6 efu\ .

z}tfg v|Li6sf] pkl:yltaf6 efUof] . dflg;sf] Oltxf;df klxnf] k6s z}tfgn] cfkm"n] wf]vf lbg g;Sg] dflg;sf] ;fdgf u¥of] . o]z" hfFrdf pQL0f{ x'g'eof] . ca k[YjLdf ;Dk"0f{¿kdf k/d]Zj/sf] cwLgdf x'g] Pp6f dflg; eof] .

$) lbgsf] k/LIff ;lsof], t/ o]z" Hofb} sdhf]/ ePsf]n] lxF8\g

;Sg'ePg .

:ju{b"tx¿n] kfgL / vfgf NofP/ pxfFsf] ;]jf u/] .

pxfFsf] z/L/ alnof] ePkl5 pxfF o"xGgfn] k|rf/ u/]sf]

7fpFdf cfpg'eof] .

dQL $M*–!!Ù n"sf $M!$

176