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Producing CWMeasurements for

Model TuningJames Checkley

C-CP-RP-P-001

RADIO ENGINEERING SOLUTIONS

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[Enter Doc Ref No] Page 1For Internal Distribution

CONTENTS

1 BACKGROUND 3

1.1 R EASONS FOR CARRYING OUT CW MEASUREMENTS 3

1.2 PROPAGATION MODELS 3

1.3 MODEL PARAMETERS 4

Path Loss Parameters 4

1.3.2 Effective Site Antenna Height (Heff) Algorithm 4

Diffraction Method 4

Clutter Offsets 5

TUNING PROCESS 5

2 EQUIPMENT 6

2.1 EQUIPMENT SELECTION 6

2.1.1 Measurement Equipment 6

2.1.2 Transmission Equipment 6

2.1.3 Equipment Database 7

2.2 EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE 8

3 MEASUREMENT THEORY 9

3.1 R ECEIVED SIGNAL ENVELOPE 9

Fading 9

3.1.2 Local Mean 10

3.1.3 Lee Criterion 11

3.1.4 Sampling Average 12

4 SURVEY PLANNING 13

4.1 INTRODUCTION 13

4.2 MAP DATA RECOMMENDATIONS 13

4.2.1 High Resolution Scanned Map 13

4.2.2 Clutter (Morphology) Map 13

4.2.3 Digital Terrain Mapping (DTM) 13

4.2.4 Vector Data 13

4.3 SITE SELECTION 14

4.3.1 Site Selection 14

3.1.2 Site Parameters 14

4.3.2 Building Height 14

4.3.3 Antenna Clearance 154.3.4 Access and power 15

4.4 R OUTE PLANNING 16

4.4.1 Route Planning Pitfalls 17

5 EQUIPMENT SET-UP 18

5.1 R OOFTOP MAST 18

5.1.1 Safety Notes. 18

5.1.2 Equipment Requirements 18

5.1.3 Tool Requirements 18

Procedure 19

5.2 TRAILER MAST 22

5.2.1 Safety Notes 22

5.2.2 Equipment Requirements 22

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5.2.3 Tool Requirements 22

5.2.4 Preparation 22

5.2.5 Procedure 24

5.3 TRANSMITTER 26

5.3.1 Safety Notes 26

5.3.2 Equipment Required 26

5.3.3 Preparation 26

Procedure 27

5.4 MEASURING EQUIPMENT & SOFTWARE 29

5.5 MEASURING EQUIPMENT HARDWARE SET-UP 30

5.6 MEASURING EQUIPMENT SOFTWARE SET-UP 30

5.6.1 Configurations and Views 30

5.6.2 Distance Measurement Calibration 31

5.6.3 GPR Receiver Set up 31

6 PERFORMING MEASUREMENTS 31

6.1 SAFETYNOTES 31

6.2 STARTING MEASUREMENTS 31

6.3 PROCEDURE WHILST MEASURING 31

6.3.1 Maximum Vehicle Speed 31

6.3.2 Use of Tags 31

6.3.3 Viewing Results 31

6.3.4 Other Software 31

6.4 STOPPING MEASUREMENTS 31

7 RESULT PROCESSING 31

7.1 CHASE (HINDSIGHT) FILE FORMAT 31

7.2 ASSET (SIGNIA) FILE FORMAT 31

7.3 FILE CONVERSION 327.4 POST PROCESSING 32

8 SUMMARY 32

APPENDIX APROOF OF LEE CRITERION 32

APPENDIX B USING THE EQUIPMENT DATABASE 33

B.1 FUNCTIONS OF THE DATABASE 33

B.2 STARTING THE DATABASE 33

B.3 VIEWING AND UPDATING EQUIPMENT DETAILS 34

B.3.1 Viewing equipment as a table 36 B.3.2 Adding New equipment 36

B.4 SEARCHING FOR EQUIPMENT RECORDS 36

B.5 VIEWING AND UPDATING EQUIPMENT HISTORY 37

APPENDIX CSUPPLIER CONTACT DETAILS 42

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For Internal Distribution

1 BACKGROUND

1.1 Reasons for carrying out CW measurements

The quality of a network plan is dependent on the accuracy of the propagation modelused to produce coverage prediction for its cells.

Empirical models, such as the Okamura Hata model employed by ASSET, require tuning.The tuning process involves comparing predicted signal strength levels with actual signalstrength levels determined by CW measurements. The model can be calibrated byadjusting parameters so as to minimise the discrepancy.

The standard of CW measurements available therefore directly affects the accuracy of themodel. This document details the steps that need to be taken to ensure that CWmeasurements taken are both accurate and suitable for the purpose of model tuning.

1.2 Propagation models

Propagation models such as the Okamura Hata model work on the principle of path losscalculation.

The area under study is divided into a grid. The path loss (loss in radio signal strength) iscalculated between each square in the grid and the base station transmitter. If the radiatedpower of the transmitter is known this information can be used to calculate the signalstrength at each square in the grid.

Figure (1) Demonstrates signal strength predictions for an area of land.

No propagation model is accurate over all types of terrain, for example, a propagationmodel that would produce accurate predictions for the Swiss Alps would not be suitable

-76-87 -72-65 -67

-71-85 --67-43 -56

-50-75 -69-70 -53

-87-95 -76-85 -84

-94-102 -69-77 -86

Figure (1) Signal levels shown are in dBm

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for a flat area such as East Anglia or a city such as New York. For this reasonpropagation models need to be tuned depending on the area under study.

This document is only concerned with the collection of CW measurements and so doesnot give details of the model tuning process. However some background information onthe process is given below.

1.3 Model Parameters

The standard macrocell (1) propagation model employed by ASSET has severalparameters that can be used to tune the model

1.3.1 Path Loss Parameters

The equation for the model isshown in figure (2). The sevenK values can be adjusted,adjusting the predictions for pathloss due to terrain.

1.3.2 Effective SiteAntenna Height (Heff)Algorithm

Used to calculate the Heffparameter in the equation above.

1.3.3 Diffraction Method

Used to calculate the diffraction

loss from knife edged. Fourpossible methods are available.

Figure (2)

Figure (3)

Figure (4)

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1.3.4 Clutter Offsets

An additional offset can also beentered for each of the diffenect clutter(land usage). Types available.

1.4 Tuning Process

The tuning process involves producing predictions using the propogation model and

comparing these to the actual signal levels from the CW survey.

ASSET provides tools to assist this process, which can analyse the error in the model.The radio planner can use this information to adjust the parameters so as to minimise theerror.

Figure(6) Example of an ASSET graph displaying measured CW results on a log scale.

Figure(5)

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2 EQUIPMENT

2.1 Equipment Selection

2.1.1 Measurement Equipment

AIRCOM has two types of measurement equipment available

CHASE field survey equipment, consisting of a measuring receiverconnected to a laptop running the Hindsight software package. This equipment isdistance triggered (measurements taken every x metres) by connection a sensor fitted

to the wheels of the vehicle in use.

SIGNIA Aircoms in house CW measurement solution. A spectrum analyseris used to take measurements, these are fed to a laptop running the SIGNIA softwarethrough a GPIB interface. SIGNIA equipment is time triggered (measurements takenevery x seconds).

The time based sampling system employed by SIGNIA causes several problems. Themeasurement process must be stopped whenever the vehicle comes to a halt (at trafficlights etc.) to avoid biasing the results, or these measurements must be removed by postprocessing. If the vehicle in use travels above a certain speed (approx. 30mph dependenton the frequency being measured), the measurements are not valid. The driver must

therefore stay below this speed, increasing the time taken to complete the measurementsand causing a safety hazard in certain situations.

For these reasons it is recommended that the CHASE equipment is used wheneverpossible. SIGNIA should only be used if the CHASE equipment is not available. Thisprocedures outlined in this document detail the use of CHASE equipment.

2.1.2 Transmission Equipment

Three items are required for transmission:

Transmitter

Feeder Cable

Antenna

It is important that all of the above items are suitable for use at the frequency range beingsurveyed. The black cased LMW transmitters should be used in preference to the Grangertransmitter as these are more durable.

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2.1.3 Equipment Database

Details of all CW equipment owned by AIRCOM is available in the equipment database.This Access database provides many details on equipment including

Location

Maintenance History

Status

Appearance

Manufacturer, model & serial number

Bookings

The database can be used to recall and update details of individual items, as well as toproduce reports on sets of equipment.

It is important that the database is kept up to date, for this reason any changes should beentered in the database as soon as practical. This includes

Changes of equipment location

Additional equipment purchased

Booking details

Any change in equipment status, for example if it shouldbecome faulty.

Full instruction on using the equipment database are given inAppendix (B).

The location of the database file is:

\\SERVER\documents\C -Consultancy\Administration\Equipment

Inventory\CWEquipment.mdb

Figure (7) Equipment Database Screenshot

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2.2 Equipment Maintenance

Equipment should be properly maintained for the following reasons.

Safety - improperly maintained equipment may present a safety hazard. Allsafety critical equipment should be regularly inspected.

Accuracy - The measuring and transmission devices may require calibrationat regular intervals. If these items are not calibrated the accuracy of results producedcannot be proven.

Reliability Poorly maintained equipment is prone to failure. If equipmentfails in the field it may be expensive and time consuming to arrange a repair or

replacement.

Details of maintenance required and maintenance carried out are stored in the equipmentdatabase.

Appendix (C) contains details of companies who can arrange calibration, repairs andreplacements for all items of equipment.

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3 MEASUREMENT THEORY

3.1 Received Signal Envelope

3.1.1 Fading

Fading refers to changes in the amplitude of the envelope of a radio signal. Figure (x)

shows a transverse wave with its associated envelope. It is the amplitude of theenvelope, not the instantaneous amplitude of the wave that we are interested in.

In the mobile environment, fading can be categorised into two types:

3.1.1.1 Slow Fading

Fading due to the effects of terrain and clutter is known as slow fading. Because this typeof fading follows a log-normal probability distribution it is also known as log normaldistribution.

Slow fading is what we attempt to predict in propagation models, and it is therefore thischaracteristic that we try to measure when carrying out CW surveys.

Figure(8) Example waveform

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3.1.1.2 Fast fading

Fast fading is fading due to multipath effects. Figure (9) shows a mobile in an urban areareceiving a signal through three different paths, one of these is line of sight, the other tworeflected.

Because each path is a, different length the phase of the signals at the mobile not besynchronised. If the paths are out of phase cancellation occurs, this is the cause of fastfading.

Fast fading is characterised by a Rayleigh probability distribution.

3.1.2 Local Mean

The composite received signal therefore takes the form of a fast Rayleigh componentsuperimposed onto a slow fading log normal signal.

Fast fading can only be analysed statistically, it can not be predicted with a propagationmodel. Therefore we aim to remove the fast fading component of the measured signal sothat it does not affect the tuning approach.

The fast fading components can be removed by means of an averaging system. The signalcan be averaged by using a moving window of length 2L, as shown in figure (z). It is

important to choose the length L correctly. If it is to short then part of the fast fadingcomponent may be retained. If it is to long, part of the log normal fading characteristicsmay be lost.

Figure (9) Multipath Fading

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Figure (10) shows a signal envelope with two fading components. In order to remove the fastcomponent a moving average can be taken over the window shown, which has the length 2L.

Because the signal is averaged over a small area, the slow fading log normal component of thesignal is known as the local mean.

3.1.3 Lee Criterion

To calculate how to measure the local average power of the signal when the signal is received bya moving receiver Lee addressed two major questions. His approach to both was aimed at thereduction of errors in the measurements. The first question is how to choose a proper length, 2L of signal data for averaging.

The second question, after determining the length 2L, is how many independent samplepoints are needed for averaging over that length.

Lee analysed the variance of the local mean for different values of 2L. The table below shows the

1 spread in dB against the length of 2L

2L 1 Spread

5 3

10 2.1

20 1.56

40 1

The exact choice of 2L is a matter of judgement, but the most commonl y used value is 40, as

this obtains a 1 dB spread of 1 dB

L L

Figure (10) Fast and

slow fading.

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3.1.4 Sampling Average

The measuring equipment used does record the continuous waveform, but takes samplesat discrete intervals. Figure (11) shows an example of a signal with the red linesindicating sampling points.

The mean calculated by averaging the sampled values will have a certain error compared

to the true mean of the continuous variable over the sampling window.

This error is dependent on the number of sampling points. Lee states that we must take atleast 36 samples to have a 90% confidence that the sampled mean will be within 1dB ofthe true mean. This is to say that is 90% of the sampled averages taken will be within1dB of the true average.

Lee also states that the samples must be at least 0.8 apart, in order to ensure the samplesare not correlated. This is disputed by some authors.

Lee's calculations were based on the Rayleigh distribution in which no direct wavecomponent is present. This, he stated, is a worst case. When the mobile close to the base

station, or, these days, when in-building, a direct wave component can be received. Thedirect component produces fading with a Ricean distribution which does not require a

40 window. However as the signal environment of a travelling mobile is constantlychanges Lee concludes:

The optimum measurement method to remove fast fading is to take 36 samples overa window of length 40, in order to handle all situations.

The Lee criteria for measurements have become widely adopted and are seen as thestandard for averaging CW measurements.

Figure (11) Received signal sampling

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4 SURVEY PLANNING

4.1 Introduction

Ideally, signal strength measurements would be made by monitoring and recording thesignal received by a mobile unit as it moves away from the base station along a radialroute at a constant speed.

This measurement technique would be repeated over many different radial routes toenable a statistical analysis of the whole cell.

In practice, existing roads must be used, which confines the choice of route to be taken,

and vehicle speed is largely defined by road and traffic conditions.

A route must therefore be chosen that produces statistically valid results. This can beachieved by following the guidelines laid out below.

4.2 Map Data Recommendations

Good route planning requires accurate map data. The following maps and data setsshould be available before route planning is carried out.

4.2.1 High Resolution Scanned Map

This should a high resolution accurate map showing all roads and geographic features,such as U.K ordinance survey maps.

4.2.2 Clutter (Morphology) Map

The resolution required on dependent on the type of model being tuned, a microcellmodel for example would require more accurate clutter data than a macrocell.

4.2.3 Digital Terrain Mapping (DTM)

The resolution of this is generally the same as that for the clutter data.

4.2.4 Vector Data

May assist with navigation and could be used to correct for GPS errors and deadreckoning drift, to assign measurements to the correct point on a road.

Other map data such as building vectors or a building raster may also prove useful.

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4.3 Site Selection

To ensure validity of the calibration process it is essential that sites are selected carefullyand that various parameters required for the calibration process are verified. Furthermoresite visits before planning and conducting surveys are always useful since through thesepossible delays and problems can be identified soon before the surveys commence.Terrain and buildings around the site may limit the area over which the survey can becarried out.

4.3.1 Site Selection

Test sites measured should be representative of typical BTS sites, consideringissues such as the general environment, antenna height surrounding cluttercharacteristics etc.

They should be spread around the area where the prediction model will beused on so as to capture a wider range of DTM heights and locations thusensuring a valid model for the whole area being planned.

If possible roof top sites should have flat roofs and power outlets (possiblysites with BTS equipment on the roof) so that test masts and equipment can be

installed. Ground level sites should have access for a trailer mast and berelatively flat to allow the mast to be erected.

3.1.2 Site Parameters

Several details of the site need to be recorded. If possible the site should be surveyedsome time before the CW measurements are to be taken, as this will allow the routeplanner to take these factors into account. Alternatively the site details could be recordedwhen the transmitter is set up at the start of the measurement run.

4.3.1.1 Location

The exact location of the site should be confirmed using GPS or the high resolution

scanned map data.

4.3.2 Building Height

The building height provided by estate authorities may be inaccurate. If possible theheight should be confirmed using a clinometer or other measuring device.

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4.3.3 Antenna Clearance

It should be confirmed that the transmitted signal should not be blocked in any direction,unless this blocking will be accounted for in the propagation model. For example if anroof top air conditioning unit were to block the antennas line of sight in one directionthen the survey route should only cover the area that is not affected by this blocking.

4.3.4 Access and power

If the site is being surveyed prior to the drive test, any access or power issues should benoted

Figure(12) showing an antenna that is blocked by the tallbuilding to the rear. In this case measurements should not betaken on the side of the antenna which is blocked by thebuilding. The exception would be if a microcell propagationmodel was being used which could take the effect of thebuilding into account.

.

Figure (12) Example antenna positioning

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4.4.1 Route Planning Pitfalls

Figure (13) shows some examples of roads to be avoided when route planning.

1)

Raised sections of road are unlikely to be included in the terrain map and willgenerally cause an increase in signal level, distorting the measurements.

2)

Cuttings will cause a drop in signal level, and therefore also distort the measurements

3)

Tunnels will block the signal.

4)

Cul-de-sacs would have to driven twice, one time in each direction. This woulddouble the weighting of the measurements for that road. This could be avoided byswitching off the measuring equipment for the second pass.

If any of the hazards above cannot be removed from the route then a tag should be used(see Section 6.3.2) allowing the erroneous readings to be removed at the post processingstage.

1

3

2

4

Figure (13) Example map

area

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The test route should be marked on to a map, either electronic or paper, before the drivetest commences.

5 EQUIPMENT SET -UP

5.1 Rooftop Mast

The rooftop mast is a pneumatic assembly used to raise the transmitting antenna up to 8mabove rooftop height.

The guide below demonstrates how this mast is set up.

5.1.1 Safety Notes.

The mast should be erected by at least 2 people.

The mast should not be used in high winds.

Be aware of hazards on the rooftop. Safety harnesses may be appropriate dependingfactors such as proximity to the roof edge, the height of the roof and the presence of a

safety barrier.

Do not erect the mast on fragile or sloping roofs.

See Miller Troll rooftop training guide in consultancy library for more details onrooftop safety.

Hard safety hats should be worn.

5.1.2 Equipment Requirements

1)

Tripod Component.

2)

Pneumatic Component

3)

Antenna Fixing Mount

4)

Safety Equipment such as hard hats or fall protection equipment

5.1.3 Tool Requirements

1)

Spanner

2)

Screwdriver

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4) Unpack the pneumatic component

5) Use the flanges marked 3 and 4 to fix the pneumatic component to the tripod component.

7) Place the antenna fixing mount (5) into the top of the pneumatic mast, tightening the fixingscrews (6) to hold it in place

3

4

3 4

6

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8) Attach guy ropes to three metal loops on the antenna fixing mount (5)

9) The mast can be raised by pumping the handle (9).

11) As the mast is raising tighten each one of the holding nuts (10) to hold in place. Thisprevents the mast coming down in theevent of a leak. Once the mast is fullyraised the guy ropes should be fixed toseparate anchor points on the roof.

12) The mast can be lowered by loosening

the holding nuts and turning the air release

valve (11).

9

11

10

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5.2 Trailer Mast

5.2.1 Safety Notes

The trailer should be prepared as detailed in section 5.2.4 below.

The mast should be erected by at least 2 people.

The mast should only be used on flat ground.

The mast should not be erected in high winds.

Do not climb on the trailer whilst the legs are raised.

All usual safety checks including tyre pressure, oil level, brake fluid and wiper fluidshould be carried out on the towing vehicle prior to departure.

Hard Safety hats should be worn whilst erecting the mast.

5.2.2 Equipment Requirements

1)

Trailer Mast

2)

Winch Handle

3)

Guy Ropes (3 - which attach to the top of the mast)

4)

Guy Rope Collar (usually attached to mast)

5)

12v Battery (Charged)

6)

Safety equipment such as hard hats.

5.2.3 Tool Requirements

1)

Spanners (For releasing the mast) (Also two 17mm Spanners for adjusting the brakeson the trailer)

2)

Sledgehammer and stakes

5.2.4 Preparation

The tasks detailed below should be carried out prior to departure.

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5.2.4.1 Trailer Brake Adjustment

The brakes on the trailer require frequent adjustment. If the brakes are notadjusted the trailer can become difficult to control while driving.

This is because if the brakes are not correctly set they can apply to late and to hard whenthe towing vehicle brakes. This causes the trailer to jump, and the pressure on the tow baris removed, releasing the brakes and causing the process to repeat. This oscillation cancause the trailer to bounce, jump and skid, making it very difficult to control. It can beavoided by adjusting the trailer brakes as detailed in the procedure below.

1) Lift the trailer on all four legs so that the wheels can spin freely.

2) Disengage the hand-brake.

3) Unlock the two locking nuts in the centre of the underside of the trailer. These can befound by following the threaded rod from the front of the trailer backwards to where itends just past the point where it connects to the brakes.

4) Tighten the rear nut (not the locking nut which is the last one on the threaded bolt butthe one in front of it) until the brakes stop the wheels spinning, and then loosen it justenough to allow the wheels to spin with a little resistance

5) Tighten the locking nut.

5.2.4.2 Leg positioning

The four legs are on extensible arms. It is important that these are properly stowed beforethe trailer is towed.

1)

Wind the legs up to their most compact state making sure the rods at the base of theleg fit into the grooves which are cut into the legs outer shell.

2)

Pull out the arm supporting the legs a couple of inches (clear of the two prongs on thetrailer).

3)

Release the legs with the leaver on the trailer arm and lift them as high as possible.

4)

Push the arm supporting the leg in so that the rods on the wheel are above the prongson the trailer.

5)

Allow the leg to rest on the prongs and tighten the lever on the trailer arm.

6)

Turn the handle on the leg anticlockwise in order to lock the leg in position andprevent it from wobbling.

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5.3 Transmitter

The transmitter generates the single frequency signal that is radiated through the antenna.In order for the results of the drive test to be of use several measurements must be takenat the transmitter in order to determine transmitted power and ensure the transmitter andantenna are impedance matched.

5.3.1 Safety Notes

Do not turn on the transmitter without attaching a load (either an antenna, dummy

load or attenuator)

Do not touch the transmit antenna bare-handed while it is transmitting.

Do not stand near the antenna for prolonged periods of time while it is transmittingat high power. Be aware of the hazards of RF radiation exposure.

5.3.2 Equipment Required

1)

Transmitter

2)

Feeder Cables (one short feeder cable, one long enough to reach from the transmitterto the mast mounted antenna). These should have N-Type connections.

3)

Wattmeter (with element suitable for the frequency range. See top of case.

4)

Transmission antenna (suitable for frequency range being studied)

5.3.3 Preparation

The power supply for the transmitter (usually a 12V battery) should be charged. If theequipment is being used overseas it may be more economical to buy batteries in thecounty where the measurements are being carried out than to fly them over.

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5.3.4 Procedure

5.3.4.1 Radiated power measurement

To calculate the path loss between the transmitting antenna and receiving antenna, weneed to know the emitted radiated power (EIRP) from the transmitting antenna.

The EIRP can be calculated using:

ACA GLPEIRP +=

Where

= Power at output of transmitter.

= Loss due to cables and connectors.

= Transmitting antenna gain. ( a known quantity)

To calculate the radiated power we need to know how much power is going into the antenna, afterthe feeder cable. The loss from the feeder cable can be quite high, especially at higher frequenciesand longer lengths of antenna.

Two feeder cables are required.

Cable AThe long length of cable that will be used to connect the transmitter and antennawhile the drive test is taking place. This should be as short as possible whilst allowing thetransmitter and antenna to be connected.

Cable B a short length of cable that is used for taking measurement

Transmitter

Feeder Cable

EIRP

AP

CL

AG

ANTENNA

Figure (14) Transmitter Block Diagram

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1)

Connect cable A to the output of the transmitter at one end and the input to thewattmeter at the other.

2)

Connect cable B to the output of the wattmeter at one end and the input of the

antenna at the other. (A dummy load could be used in place of the transmitter).

3)

Ensure the correct attenuator is placed in the wattmeter.

4)

Switch on the transmitter and give it time to warm up. See the manufacturersrecommendations for details of exactly how long this will take. The transmittershould be warmed up after every time it has been switched of for more than a fewminutes. REMEMBER NOT TO SWITCH ON THE ANTENNA WITHOUTCONNECTING A LOAD FIRST.

5)

The wattmeter can be used to measure the power flowing into the antenna. Recordthis figure.

5.3.4.2 Reflected Power Measurement

6)

The wattmeter can also be used to measure reverse power(see wattmeterinstructions). Use this facility to measure the reflected power from the antenna. Thisshould be a maximum of 10% of the power flowing into the antenna. If it is any morethan 10% there is an impedance matching problem which should be resolved beforework continues. Record the reflected signal level.

5.3.4.3 Positioning

7)

Before commencing transmissions for the drive test, find a location for thetransmitter that is as close to the antenna as possible but is also sheltered from theweather if possible.

8) Connect the long feeder referred to as cable A above to the antenna before it is raisedon the mast. Once the mast is raised connect the other end to the transmitter.

9)

Confirm the antenna is connected and turn on the transmitter. Use the low powersetting first, then step up to the high power setting if necessary. If it has been turnedoff for more than a few minutes give it time to warm up again before commencingmeasurements.

Transmitter

Feeder Cable A

Antenna

Or

Dummy

Load

Cable B

Figure (15) Wattmeter block diagram

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5.5 Measuring Equipment Hardware Set-up

5.6 Measuring Equipment Software Set-up

5.6.1 HINDSITE Structure

Hindsite comprises of an integrated set of components. There are three types of Hindsitecomponents:

1)

Main Hindsite program.

2)

Specific Instrument handling components.

3)

Data viewing components.

5.6.2 Configurations and Views

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5.6.3 Distance Measurement Calibration

5.6.4 GPR Receiver Set up

6 PERFORMING MEASUREMENTS

6.1 Safety Notes

6.2 Starting Measurements

6.3 Procedure Whilst Measuring

6.3.1 Maximum Vehicle Speed

6.3.2 Use of Tags

6.3.3 Viewing Results

6.3.4 Other Software

6.4 Stopping Measurements

7 RESULT PROCESSING

7.1 Chase (HINDSIGHT) File Format

7.2 ASSET (SIGNIA) File Format

SIGNIA CW files are made up of two components.

A header file with a .hd extension

A data file with a .dat extension

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7.3 File Conversion

7.4 Post Processing

8 SUMMARY

Appendix A Proof of Lee CriterionA.1 Reference

This proof is based on the book,

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Appendix BUsing the Equipment Database

B.1 Functions Of The Database

In order to track and maintain all of the CW equipment, details of this equipment arestored on a Microsoft Access database on the server. It is important that this database iskept up to date so that equipment can be found quickly and easily.

B.2 Starting the Database

The database is located under the following path on the AIRCOM server

\\Server\Documents\C - Consultancy\Administration\EquipmentInventory\CWequipment.mdb

If you have not used Access before on your PC you may need to run a patch first in orderto obtain a licence. The patch can be found from network neighbourhood on the path:

\\It\Updates\Office\Office.reg

If you are viewing this document on line, click on the link above.

Once the database has started the main switchboardwill be shown.

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This switchboard has the following options.

Enter/View Assets - For viewing existing equipment details and entering newequipment details. This option is also used for changing the details of existingequipment, for example if a location is changed.

Enter/View Other Information - For entering or viewing other information such asEmployees/Clients, Locations, Equipment Categories and Equipment Status options.

Preview Reports For generating reports on equipment, these can be used toautomatically create pro-forma etc and to instantly see what equipment is available.

Change Switchboard Items Do not use this option

Exit this database To close the database window.

B.3 Viewing and Updating Equipment Details

To view the details of a piece of equipment, click Enter/View Assets From the mainswitchboard. The Assets form window will appear.

By clicking on the buttons marked 2 it is possible to mover back and forwards throughthe records. The button marked 1 creates a new equipment record.

123

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To view a picture of the item, double click the internet explorer icon, labelled 3 in theabove diagram.

The equipment record contains the following fields:

Asset ID - A unique number identifying that piece of equipment

Description A description of what the equipment is.

Comments - Any other comments or technical parameters of the equipment.

Employee - The employee or client currently responsible for the equipment. If theequipment is in storage this should be set to not assigned. For example if theequipment is loaned to HPS, then HPS should be entered in the employee box. The

value is selected from a drop down list. For details on how to add new employees orclients to this list see section

Asset Category The category the equipment belongs to, such as CW measurement,CW transmissionor Neptune Equipment. For details of how to add new categoriessee section:

Asset Location The present location of the equipment. This is picked from a dropdown list. For details of how to add new locations see section:

Next Scbed Maint- The date of the next scheduled maintenance of the equipment.This could be a calibration or safety check. Very time maintenance is carried out on

the item this value should be updated.

Date Acquired - The date the equipment was originally purchased.

Date Sold - This is left blank unless the equipment has been sold.

Make & Model The make and model number of the equipment.

Serial Number - The unique serial number identifying the equipment.

Barcode# -Ignore this field.

Purchase Price The price of the equipment at the time of purchase

Current Value - The current value of the equipment.

Total Maintenance The cumulative cost of all maintenance carried out on theequipment.

Total Depreciation Ignore this field.

Connectors This is a list of all connectors that are required for a pati

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To change a value, click on it and enter the new value or select a value from the dropdown list.

B.3.1Viewing equipment as a table

To view the equipment as an EXCEL style table, go to the Enter/View Assets form asdescribed above select Datasheet View from the view menu. To return to the originalview, clickForm View from the view menu.

B.3.2Adding New equipment

To add new equipment

1.

Open the Enter/View Assetswindow as described in section B.3.

2.

Click on the add new record button

3.

Fill out the description field. An Asset IDwill be automatically created when this is filled out.

4.

Fill out as many other fields as are known.

5.

To add a picture, cut and paste it into the empty frame, or right click on the frame and useinsert object.

6.

Click the close window cross to close the from.

B.4 Searching For Equipment Records

If certain details about the equipment are known, such as the description or category is itspossible to find it by applying a filter. A filter shows only the records that match thecriteria you specify.

To create a filter

1.

Open the Enter/View Assets window as described in section B.3

2.

ClickRecords on the top menu, thenfiltersandfilter by form.

3.

A blank form will appear. Key in any known details about the equipment you arelooking for.

4.

If you only know part of a value, key in as much as you do know, and put a * at theend. This will make the filter look for values that are like the one you entered. Forexample if you want to look for all equipment made by BIRD but do not know themodel number key BIRD* into the make and modelbox.

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5.

ClickRecordsandApply Filter/Sort

6.

Look through the records as usual using the buttons labelled 2 in figure () to find therequired entry.

7.

To remove the filter click RecordsandRemove Filter/Sort

B.5 Viewing and Updating Equipment History

The equipment history log is used to record all events that happen to a piece ofequipment. These include

Maintenance or repair work carried out.

Transport of equipment to or from a project

Damage that occurs to equipment.

Equipment faults.

Parts or accessories that are ordered for the equipment.

To view the history for a piece of equipment.

1.

Open the Enter/View Assets window as described in section B.3

2.

Select the item you wish to view

3.

Click on the history button

4.

The history form will appear, as shown in figure.

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5.

The history form contains a table listing all the events that have occurred to that pieceof equipment. It is possible to scroll up and down this table using the cursors. Eachrow of the table contains the following fields.

Date - The date the event occurred

Description Description of the event. For exampleshipped to Botswana.

Performed by The AIRCOM employee who arrange the event and the company itwas arranged with.

Cost If applicable, the charge for the repair / new part etc.

To add a new event.

1.

Select the first blank row in the history table.

2.

Key in the details as above.

3.

Use the close window button to close the window.

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B.6 Viewing Location Details and Adding New Locations

Locations are selected from a drop down list in the Enter/View Assetswindow. To viewfurther details on a location.

1)

Click enter/view other information from the main switchboard to enter to formsswitchboardshown in figure (x)

2)

Click enter view locations.

3)

Use the arrow buttons at the bottom of the screen to find the location you areinterested in.

4)

Each Location Record contains the following fields.

Location ID A unique identifier automatically generated for each loaction.

Location Name For example Redhill (Sales)

Project Number If the location is associated with a particular project.

5)

To enter a new location, click Inserton the top menu and then new record. Fill outthe Location Name and Project Number if applicable, the Location ID will beautomatically generated.

6)

To return to theforms switchboard, click the close window button.

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7)

To return to the main switchboard, click return to main switchboard from the formsmenu.

B.7 Viewing and Entering Other Information

Other information can be entered and viewed in the same way as locations. Click therelevant category from the forms menu.

To view and add information follow the procedure outlined for adding and viewinglocations.

The following information can be entered

Employees Employees or clients who are responsible for equipment

Locations - Physical locations of equipment.

Asset Categories - Categories diving equipment by the function it is used for.

Status Categories for the current status of equipment such as storage, faulty or inuse.

B.8 Producing Reports

Reports can be automatically generated from the database. To produce a report

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1)

ClickPreview Reportsfrom the main switchboard

2)

Click the various reports available to find the one that is most suitable for yourrequirements, once a report is open use the close window button to close it.

3)

When you have found the most suitable report it can be printed by clicking the printbutton on the toolbar.

4)

It can also be exported to Microsoft Word or Excel.

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Appendix C Supplier Contact Details

Name:ASPEN Electronics

Details: UK Representative of BIRD. Can repair, calibrate and supply parts for BIRD wattmeter

Address: 1-3 Kildare Close, Eastcote,

Address1:RUISLIP, Middlesex, HA4 9UR

Contact Name:x

Phone: 0208868 1311 Fax: 020 8866 6596

Web: http://www.aspen-electronics.com/home.htm

Name: CHASE Communications

Details:Main supplier of dedicatedCW test equipment

Address:Roebuck Place, Roebuck Road,

Address1:CHESSINGTON, Surrey, KT9 1EU

Contact Name: Steve

Phone: 020 8408 5720 Fax: 020 8397 6286

Web: http://www.chase-comms.co.uk

Name:Microlease

Details:Rental agent for wide variety of test and measurement equipment

Address:Forbes House, Whitfriars Estate, Tudor Road

Address1: HARROW, Middlesex, HA3 5SS

Contact Name: Colin Goodchild

Phone: 020 84 200 200 Fax: 020 84 200 299

Web:http://www.microlease.com

Name: Quadrant Meter Company Ltd

Details: U.K supplier for Kathrein Antennas

Address:Quadrant House, Watling Street,

Address1:RADLETT, Herts, WD7 7HZ

Contact Name:

Phone: 01923 853622 Fax: 01923 857567

Web: http://www.quadrant-ltd.co.uk/

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Name:RS Components

Details: Supply cables, connectors and other small components

Address:Birchington Road

Address1:CORBY, Northants, NN17 9RS

Contact Name:x

Phone:x Fax:

Web: http://rswww.com/