Danish River System)

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L-6

Major River Systems of India

Topographical features,

Fish Faunastic Diversity

&

Fisheries

Himalayan RS: Ganga, Brahmaputra & Indus

&

Southern RS: PECRS & PWCRS


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Indian River Systems

{At a Glance}

River system of countrys comprises of-14 major rivers (catchments>20,000km2)

44 medium rivers (catchments 2,000 to 20,000km2)

Combined linear length of all rivers= 29,000km

Total surface water runoff= 167.23 mhm

Fish-faunastic diversity comprises of 930species belonging to 326 generaaccordingly India stands 9th in world forreference freshwater mega-fish- diversity

The Ganga and the Brahmaputra river systems-

5Combined linear length= 16,523km (36.72% of total)

5Drainage basin area 1.0million km2 & 0.9million km2 respectively

5Total water discharge= 19,000m3/ second


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Number of Riversystems-

The Northern /

Himalayan river

systems (Ganga,

Brahmaputra &Indus)

The Southern /

Peninsular river

systems (PECRS &

PWCRS)


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Topographical features of drainage & basin


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The profile of various river system of India


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Potential yield of Indian rivers based on

their length & basin area


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Ganga

River

System


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Ganges (Ganga)- The Ganges at Haridwar Countries- India, Bangladesh Major cities- Haridwar, Moradabad, Rampur, Kanpur,Allahabad,

Varanasi, Patna Length- 2,510 km (1,560 mi) Watershed- 907,000 km (350,195 mi) Discharge at mouth - average14,270 m/s (503,940 ft/s) Source- Gangotri Glacier Location- Uttarakhand, India Coordinates- 3059N 7855E

Elevation- 7,756 m (25,446 ft) Mouth- Ganges Delta Location- Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh Coordinates-2205N 9050E Elevation- 0 m (0 ft) Major tributaries- (Left): Brahmaputra, Gomti, Kosi, Gandak,

Ghaghra (Riight): Yamuna, Son

At Haridwar


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The Ganga River System

{Topography, Fish Fauna & Fisheries}

Topographical Features-

i. One of the largest RS of the world having combined linear length=

12,500km

ii. Catchment area= 9.71 lakh km2

iii. It drains Southern slope of central Himalayas covering states of UP,

Bihar, MP, Rajasthan & W. Bengal

iv. Originates at MSL 3129m (Bhagirathi) from Gangotri and joins

Alakhnanda at Deoprayag

v. After covering 220km in mountains, enters n plain at Haridwar

vi. Its tidal confluence/ deltic region is about 320kmvii. Its tributaries are-5At left flank: Koshi, Gandak, Ramganga & Gomati

5At right flank: Yamuna with its tributaries (Chambal, Betwa & Ken), Tons

and Sone


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Pattern of Primary Producers & Consumers

Production and Productivity-

5Plankton production in general shows Bimodal patternof production.

1st peak falls in June

2nd peak falls during December to March

Minimum production during July to October5Dominant group of Phytoplankton: Belonging to families-

Bacillariophyceae, Chlorophyceae, & Myxophyceae.

5Dominant group of Zooplankton: Belonging category of

Rotifers- Brachionus, Conochilus, Trochosphaera etc.5In general, the Ganga is more productive above rather than

the zone below its confluence with the Yamuna.

5Peak of benthic fauna production happens in June and

minimum during August to September / January to February.


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Ecological Zonation of the Ganga-

3-Zones: Sluggish, Aggressive & Recovery

i. Sluggish Zone (Kanpur-Allahabad-Varanasi):

Slow current, bottom with muddy-mixed fine sand

& conducive for insect production.

ii. Aggressive Zone (Balia-Patna): Water current

very fast & unproductive for insect production.

iii. Recovery Zone (Bhagalpur-Rajmahal): Slow

current, bottom with fine sand & black muddypatches, good for production of insects,

gastropods, annelids


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Fish-faunastic Diversity & Fisheries-

The Ganaga RS harbors 265 fish species belonging to 36families, out of which 34 species are of commercialimportance including prized Gangetic carps, largecatfishes, featherbacks and murrels.

The mainstay of fisheries are the species belonging tocyprinids (carps-176 species) & silurids (catfishes).

Species Distribution Pattern:

i. In Head Water Stretch: Schizothorax, Acrossocheilus, Tor (putitora / tor),Labeo (dyocheilus / dero / gonius), Pangasius pangasius species etc.

ii. In Plain Stretch:5Major Carps- Catla catla, Labeo rohita Cirrhinus mrigala5Minor Carps- Labeo (calbasu / bata), Cirrhinus (reba / bacaila)5Catfish: Wallogo attu, Mystus aor, Mystus seenghala, Mystus vittatus

Pangasius pangasius, Bagarius bagarius, Clarias batrachus, Heteropneustesfossilis, Ompak(pabda / bimaculatus)5Clupeids: Hilsa ilisha & Hilsa filigera5Miscellaneous: Notopterus species, Gudasia chapra, Setipinna phasa,Mastecembelus species and freshwater prawn (Macrobrachiummalcomsonii)


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Relative distribution of Gangetic carps indifferent stretches of the Ganga-

i. Cirrhinus mrigala: It is the most dominant

species of the Ganga in its upper stretch fromKanpur down to Allahabad and also in theYamuna.

ii. Catla catla: It is moderately distributed in

complete plain stretch of the Ganga having itsmoderate catch at all landing centres.

iii. Labeo rohita: More like mrigal, abundant inupper and lower stretc and less impotant inmiddle stretch.

Hilsa ilisha: Being true anadromous migratoryfish, before development of Farakka in 1975,476km away from the estuarine mouth of Ganga,its significant catch was on record upto Kanpurwhich is now Nil-.


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Estimated mean annual landings (metric tons)

at different centers of the Ganga: Commercialfisheries exists in the middle stretch ranging from Kanpur to

Farakka: 1,005km.


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Group-wise fish yield at Allahabad

landing centre of Ganga

S.

No.

Fish Group Catch (kg / ha)

1961-70 1981-90

i. Major carps 21.25 9.95

ii. Catfish 10.11 5.07iii. Hilsa ilisha 4.86 -Nil-

iv. Miscl. fishes 10.59 13.58


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Brahmaputra

River

System


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The Brahmaputra River System

{Topography, Fish Fauna & Fisheries}

Topographical Features-i. Originates from a great glacier mass near Mansarower lake in Tibet

at MSL 3600m, flowing eastward and thereafter westward passing

through Arunachal Pradesh for 160km enters the valley of Assam

above Sadiya.

ii. Last flowing for 480km in Bangladesh it joins Ganga at Goalandoforming a common river Padma (Width= 9.6km) meets in Bay of

Bengal through a Great Meghana estuary.

iii. Thus it drains the northern slope of central and eastern Himalayas.

iv. Combined linear length of RS= 4023km, Brahmaputra alone=

2900km.

v. Catchment area= 51 million ha and water runoff= 38 mhm.Note: Topographically Brahmaputra valley is interspersed with abandoned

beds of river which are subjected to annual inundation resulting

development of wetlands considerably in the districts of Lakhimpur,

Nowgong, North Kamrup and Goalpara.


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Pattern of Primary Producers &Consumers Production and

Productivity-5Through out its stretch rich in inorganic

contents (Phosphates, Nitrates, Silicates &Iron).

5 Zooplanktons dominate in upper reach(Brachionus, Cyclops, Daphinia & copepodsnauplii).

5Phytoplanktons dominate in lower reach(Spirogyra, Ulothrix & Oscillataria)

5In general, phytoplanktons dominate overzooplanktons


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Fish-faunastic Diversity & FisheriesThe Brahmaputra RS harbors 126 fish species belonging to 26

families, out of which 41 species are of commercial

importance.Over all fish faunastic diversity similar to Ganga RS.Upper sector of the river is not having commercial fishery of any

significance. This segment harbours coldwater fishes (T.mosal, T. tor, T. putitora, T. progenius, Neolissochelushexagonolepis and catfish B. bagarius).

The commercial fishery is dominated by catfishes.

Miscellaneous group of fishes also contribute significantly to totalcatch.

S.

No.Stretch Fish Catch Trends (%)

Major

carps

Minor

carps

Catfish Miscl. Hilsa Prawns

i. Upper 17.46 - 28.40 54.14 - -

ii. Middle 16.00 - 28.00 - 18. 00 4-7

iii. Lower 11.00 20.00 24.00 34.00 7.00 -


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Common estuarine reaches of Ganga& Brahmaputra-

i. Deltic region confluence is 320km being common andconstitutes a zone dynamic interaction betweenfreshwater and tidal (marine) water thus maintaininghigh level of productivity.

ii. The lateral expansion of the alluvial soil deposits and

the break-up of the main channel into number ofdistributaries, and tidal creeks impart the terminal partof rivers having deltas with its sea-ward face fringedwith coastal mangroves.

Potamic Reaches of both rivers-i. Present streams of high ecological order and are

subjected to force of erosion (in upper reaches) anddeposition in the lower reaches.

ii. The channels in potamic zone of Ganga RS ismeandering type whereas in Brahmaputra it is of

braided type.


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Indus

River

System


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The Indus River SystemTopographical Features-

The major portion of Indus river system lies within Pakistan but its 5tributaries, viz. Jhelum, Chinab, Ravi, Beas and Sutlej originatefrom the Western Himalayas.

Fish Fauna & Fisheries-

i. In headwaters of these rivers, commercial fisheries are absent.

ii. The common fish species inhabiting are Salmo trutta faria, Oncorhynchusmykiss, Tor tor; T. putitora, Schizothorax spp., Labeo dero, Gara gotyla,

Botia spp. and Nemacheilus spp.iii. The Beas and Sutlej contain indigenous carps and catfishes akin to theGanga River.

iv. The Jhelum in Jammu and Kashmir is reported to support commercialfisheries. The species caught are Schizothorax spp., Labeo dero, L.dyocheilus, Crossocheilus latius, Puntius conchonius, Cyprinus carpio (C.carpio communis and C. carpio speclllaris), loaches and Glyptothoraxspp.

Note-5Beas and Satluj soecially harbor rainbow & brown trouts in upper reaches.

5The trout streams of Kashmir constitute one of the worlds richest sport fishing waters

attracting anglers and tourists from all over the world.

5Exotic C. carpio (communis & specularis) contribute significantly to comercial catch.

5Landing of snow trouts and Schizothoraxsps ranges from 70-80%.


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Peninsular East Coast River SystemMahanadi

GodavariKrishna

Cauvery


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PECRS at a Glance Combined linear length= 6,437km with a total

catchment area of 121 million ha

It drains the entire peninsular India including-

East of Western Ghats in the West & Southern

parts of central India Mahanadi has its own major carp species

common with Gangetic carps

Other rivers have carp species but not the

Gangetic carps which have been transplnted

Tributaries of Cauvery originating from Niligiri

hillsharbour coldwater fish like trout & tench


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Mahanadi River System The upper reaches harbor game fishes but

commercial fishery is non-existent due toinaccessible terrain.

The ichthyofauna is similar to that of the Gangariver with addition of peninsular species.

Hilsa is confined to lower reaches and togetherwith major carps and catfishes forms lucrativefishery.

Data on fish production and catch per uniteffort (CPUE) is not available.

Serves as important source of natural spawncollection of hill-stream fish who harbor in itfrom its source of origin up to Hirakud reservoirin Sambhalpur district of Orissa.


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Godavari River SystemTopographical Features-

Godavari originates in Deolali hills near Nasik in theNorthern Western Ghats having tidal limits belowRajahmundry in A.P. meeting in Bay Bengal.

Linear length= 1440km and catchment area= 315980Km2.

Having 2-large Weirs: 1st at Dowlaiswaram for irrigation &

navigation and 2nd at Dummagudem for navigation only. In general wetlands (Jheels / Bheels/ Ox-bow lakes) do not

exist in rivers of Deccan plateau and under this RS also.

Stretch of 189km between Dowlaiswaram to Dummagudemfetches commercial fishery being only of its plain zone.

This plain stretch has been divided into 3-zones for fisheriespoint of view

I- Dowlaiswaram to Pattiseema (33.6km)II- Polavaram to Jidiguppa (59.2km)III- Kunavaram to Dummagudem (96.2km)


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Relative Trend of Gears to be used in 3-Zones:

Basically of 2-types-

I. Gill-Nets {Set, drift, drag (Bendu vala) & barrier(Katu vala)}: Catch by these gears contributes to

33.9& of fishing efforts in all3-zones and

accordingly constitutes 12.7% of total fish

yield.Use of drag gill-nets are confined to zone-III.

II. Seine-Nets {Shore (Jarugu vala), large (Alivi vala)

& drag (Konte vala):

5In zone I & II large sheine-nets are used for the catch of

carps and catfishes.

5 In zone II & III shore sheine-nets are used for the catch

of miscellaneous group of fishes and also prawns.


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Relative catch by using different gearsL. fimbriatus: Most abundant in all 3-zones.

C. mrigala: It is a transplanted species and more

abundant in zone I & II than III.

C. catla: Ctach is of low magnitute in all 3-zones.

M. seenghala: Most abundant among all catfish andequal catch from all 3-zones.

Hilsa ilisha: Has moderate catch from all 3-zones.

M. malcolmsonii: It is only prawn species presentand has moderate catch from all 3-zones.


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Krishna River SystemTopographical Features, Fish-Fisheries- It originates from Western Ghats range in south of Poona

and meeting in Bay of Bengal. Linear length= 1120km and catchment area= 233229Km2.

Having 2-tributaries-

1. Bhima: Meeting on northern flank in Karnataka, being a seasonalriver

2. Tungbhadra: Meeting on southern flank, being a perennial riverhaving more water volume and flow than Krishna

Note:

1. Physico-chemical characteristics of Godavari &

Krishna are similar as both have common origin frommajor terrain of Deccan Plateau and accordingly theyhave common fish faunastic diversity.

2. Several dams have been constructed on this river,which have altered the ecology of this river.


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Cauvery River SystemTopographical Features-

It is largest perennial river in south of the Krishnaand originates from Brahmagiri hills on WesternGhats at MSL 1340m.

Meeting in Bay of Bengal flowing south-

easternally in Thanjavur district of Tamil Nadu. Largest masonry dam is Mettur (T. Nadu).

In Thanjavur delta it has been divided into two

distributaries-1. Northern branch (Coleroon): Having lower Anicut

2. Southern branch (Cauvery proper): Having upper &Grand Anicuts


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Fish Fauna-

Carps: Acrossocheilus hexagonolepis, T. putitora,T.

khudree & T. mussullh, Barbus carnaticus, Barbusdubius, L. kontius & L. ariza, Ci. Cirrhosa,

Osteochilus brevedorsalis & O. nashi

Catfish: M. seenghal, M. aor, S. silonia & S.

childrenii, W. attu, P. pangasius & Glyptothorax

madraspatanum

Murrel: Channa marulius

Featherback: Notopterus notopterus

Transplanted Species: Gangetic carps and exotics:

C. carpio species & Osphronemus goramy


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Fisheries Trend- The water resource of the river is extensively

exploited as numerous reservoirs, anicuts andbarrages have been built on the river.

The game fishes like Tor khudree and T.mussullah are found all along length of the river

except the deltaic stretch.

The commercial fisheries comprise carps (Torspp., Barbus carnaticus, B. dubius,Neolissocheilus hexagonolepis, Puntiuspulchellus, Labeo kontius) and catfishesGlyptothorax madraspatanum, Mystus spp., P.pangasius, W. attu, S. childreni and Siluruswynaadensis).


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Peninsular WestCoast River System

{Narmada & Tapti}


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Narmada River SystemTopographical Features-5 It originates from Amarkantak hills in Bilaspur district of M.P. at

MSL 1,057m from a pond and last flowing through Gujarat falls inArabian Sea through Gulf of Cambay / Khambhat.

5 Total linear length of 1312km covering 3-states: 1o77km (M.P.), 75(Maharasthra) & 160km (Gujarat)

5 Maximum of total catchment (94,235km2) area lying in jurisdictionof M.P & Gujarat.

5 As the river having massive drop during its long course of flowing,

it has provided better opportunity for dam and barrageconstructions.

5 Narmada has 41 principal tributaries of which longest one is TAWA.

5 Besides 50 rivulets also join it.

PWCRS at a GlanceCombined linear length= 3,380km

It drains the Narrow belt of Peninsular India (West of Western Ghats)


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Fish-Fauna: Narmada river harbours 84 fish speciesbelopging to 23 genera of 23 species are of commercial

importance.

S.

No.

Category No. of Species(commercial

importance)

Catch Trend

1 Carps 10 (57-64%) Mahseer 23-27%, Labeo fimbriatus 18-

19%,L.

calbasu 5-6%...

2 Catfishes 08 (24-38%) Rita pavimentata 12-14%,M. seenghala,

8-10%,M. aor4-5%, Wallago attu 7-

8%,M. cavasius 1%...

3 Murrels 02 (3-4%) C. marulius (2%) & C. stiatus (1%)

4 Featherbac

k

01 (1-2%) N. notopterus

5 Spiny Eels 02 (2-3%) M. armatus & M. pancalus


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Tapti River System

Topographical Features-

5 It originates from Mount Vindhya of

Satpura range at MSL 670-1000m.

5Last flowing west ward through M.P.,

Maharasthra & Gujarat falls in Arabian

Sea through Gulf of Cambay / Khambhat.

5Catchment 48,000km2


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Documents

Danish River System)