DECOLONIZATION

Non-violence is the

greatest force at the

disposal of mankind.

It is mightier than the

mightiest weapon of

destruction devised

by the ingenuity of

man.

- Mahatma Gandhi

Common Themes Leading to African Decolonization

Theme Historical Example & Date

Self-Determination

Revolution (peaceful or violent) Since World War 2

Cultural Pride

Resentment of Imperial Rule

Influence of US or USSR

Arab-Israeli Conflict Cause and Effect

Use the information found on pp. 440-445 to complete a cause and effect chart of the Arab-Israeli conflict.

UN Declaration of Human Rights

Look through the UN Declaration of Human Rights and find 3 sections you could use to gain your independence. Why were these selections must important to you?

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ACROSS 

5 One of the "M&Ms" of Imperialism

6 1783‐84, occurred southern India, famine caused

by drought, popula on impacted (11 M)

8 Former child tex le worker in 1830s, born in

Scotland, turned doctor and missionary, was

posted at the edge of the Kalahari Desert in

southern Africa. Hoped to spread Chris anity &

end slavery, filled in gaps of western knowledge of

Africa, sought the source of the Nile, died in 1873

without finding it.

11 1919, Indian na onalists protest Bri sh gvt

conscrip on of Indian soldiers & heavy war tax,

troops fire on unarmed demonstrators (1K)

13 Britain wanted their land for labor in diamond

fields, destroy autonomous African states, and to

occupy Boer land claims on land held by their

kingdom. They were ul mately defeated by Brits in

1879

15 What all colonies wanted

16 1857, social, poli cal, & technological reforms by

Britain set stage for rebellion in India (Hint: guns)

DOWN 

1 Joint‐stock company that conquered India in 1757

2 Leopold II of __was keen on establishing his country as an

imperial power, formed Congo Free State in 1885, was respon‐

sible for widespread atroci es commi ed under his rule

against his colonial subjects.

(20 M dead, thousands maimed)

3 Former O oman states were examples of these

4 1896, shortest war in history, las ng for a grand total of 38

minutes, treaty b/w Britain and Germany in 1890, treaty drew

up spheres of influence b/w imperial powers in East Africa

7 Berlin ___ 1884–85, regulated European coloniza on and

trade in Africa during the New Imperialism period, coincided

with Germany's sudden emergence as an imperial power.

Independence in Africa

Read the information about independence movements in Africa in the packet. Write a comparison para-graph that compares the similarities and differences between the independence movements in two of the African states. (Note: “Both states have different leaders” will not suffice as a difference. Think in terms of “GPIRATES”. You may look up information if you need it to write an acceptable paragraph.

Steps of Indian Independence

Step 1: Independence

Step 2: Partition of India

Step 3: India Today

What were the main aspects of the movement?

BRIC‐the countries of Brazil, Russia, India and China, which are all deemed to be at a similar stage of newly ad‐vanced economic development. A related acronym, BRICS, includes South Africa. The acronym has come into wide‐spread use as a symbol of the apparent shi in global economic power away from the developed G7 economies towards the developing world. Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States make up the G7 countries. The European Union is also represented within the G7.

Thesis that summarizes a similarity

and a difference

One piece of evidence of a similarity

One piece of evidence of a difference

Paragraph MUST have:

Egypt, the Aswan Dam, and the Suez Canal 1. How did Nasser anger the US?

2. What event in 1956 started the Suez Crisis?

What did Israel do after Egypt placed a blockade on Israeli shipping?

Why did the US get involved?

How was Nasser seen at the end of the conflict? Why?

3. What was the goal of pan-Arabism?

4. What was the Arab League?

5. What was an example of how pan-Arabism unified states in the Middle East? (Hint: You should have just read about it.)

6. Why was the union of these two states unstable?

7. What damaged Nasser’s positive image in the Arab world?

8. Who took over after Nasser died in 1970? How were his policies different from those of Nasser?

9. What and when ended his power in Egypt?

INDEPENDENCE

INDIA

AFRICA

MIDDLE EAST SETTING Know these places that were formerly part of British India.

EVOLUTION of the INDIAN

INDEPENDENCE

MOVEMENTBRITISH RULE

I.N.CONGRESS

GANDHI

CIVIL RESISTANCE

PARTITION

REPUBLIC OF INDIA WORLD’s LARGEST DEMOCRACY!

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU 1st PRESIDENT OF INDIA GANDHI’s FRIEND SUPPORTED WESTERN

STYLE INDUSTRIALIZATION

ETHNIC/RELIGIOUSCONFLICT CONTINUES

COMMON THEMES SELF-DETERMINATION

o (UN CHARTER) PEACEFUL/VIOLENT

REVOLUTIONS SINCE WWII PRIDE IN AFRICAN

CULTURE RESENTMENT OFIMPERIAL (EUROPEAN)RULE EUROPE LOSES COLONIES

INFLUENCE OFSUPERPOWERS (US/USSR)

EXAMPLES ALGERIA

GHANA

KENYA

SOUTH AFRICA

WAR WITH

FRANCE

VIOLENT STRUGGLE

APARTHEID MANDELA

FALL OF THE MANDATES ESTABLISHED BY THE

LEAGUE OF NATIONS GRANTED INDEP.

AFTER WWII LED TO RELIGIOUS

CONFLICTS

ISRAEL (PALESTINE) EGYPT Prime Minister Golda Meir

Victory in Yom Kippur War

Key AMERICAN ALLY

President Gamel Nasser Won Suez Canal from GB Friends with the USSR Aswan High Dam

Fight for your Rights!

UNITED NATIONS PRESENTS

What you learned from the Boxers, Opium War, and the Sepoy Rebellion

is that fighting does not work. So, you need to fight back with your

strongest weapon: YOUR BRAIN! Look through the UN Declaration of

Human Rights and UNDERLINE/HIGHLIGHT 3 sections you could use to

gain your independence. Let the NON-violence begin!!!!! (Don’t) FIGHT!!!!!!

UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS Whereas recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and

inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the

foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world,

Whereas disregard and contempt for human rights have resulted

in barbarous acts which have outraged the conscience of

mankind, and the advent of a world in which human beings shall

enjoy freedom of speech and belief and freedom from fear and

want has been proclaimed as the highest aspiration of the

common people,

Whereas it is essential, if man is not to be compelled to have

recourse, as a last resort, to rebellion against tyranny and

oppression, that human rights should be protected by the rule of

law,

Whereas it is essential to promote the development of friendly

relations between nations,

Whereas the peoples of the United Nations have in the Charter

reaffirmed their faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity

and worth of the human person and in the equal rights of men

and women and have determined to promote social progress and

better standards of life in larger freedom,

Whereas Member States have pledged themselves to achieve, in

co-operation with the United Nations, the promotion of universal

respect for and observance of human rights and fundamental

freedoms,

Whereas a common understanding of these rights and freedoms

is of the greatest importance for the full realization of this pledge,

PREAMBLE ARTICLE I All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed

with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of

brotherhood. ARTICLE II Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration,

without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion,

political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status.

Furthermore, no distinction shall be made on the basis of the political,

jurisdictional or international status of the country or territory to which a person

belongs.

ARTICLE III Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person.

ARTICLE IV

No one shall be held in slavery or servitude; slavery and the slave trade shall be

prohibited in all their forms

ARTICLE V No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment

or punishment.

ARTICLE XII No one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy, family, home

or correspondence, nor to attacks upon his honour and reputation. Everyone has

the right to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks.

ARTICLE XV

Everyone has the right to a nationality. No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his

nationality nor denied the right to change his nationality.

ARTICLE XX Everyone has the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and association

ARTICLE XXIV Everyone has the right to rest and leisure

BEFORE WE CAN LOOK AT THE

INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENTS OF

THE 20th

CENTURY, WE HAVE TO

ANSWER THE QUESTION:

INDEPENDENCE FROM WHAT?

INDIA

A

FRIC

A

MID

DLE

EA

ST

CON

QU

EROR

CON

QU

EROR

CON

QU

EROR

YEA

R: 1757

YEA

R: 1870

YEA

R: 1919

WH

Y?

W

HY

?

WH

Y?

JOINT-STOCK COMPANY=

PROFIT$ The BEITCo.’s goal was to make

a profit for its wealthy investors.

NOTABLE EVENTS:

NOTABLE EVENTS:

NOTABLE EVENTS:

IMPERIALISM Post-Industrial search for Raw Materials

and Markets to sell their finished products.

Post-Industrial search for Raw Materials

and Markets to sell their finished products.

MARKETS & MATERIALS

MANDATES Former Ottoman states were to

be administered by different

states on behalf of the League

of Nations.

Bengali Famine (10 Million Dead)

Chalisa Famine (11 Million Dead)

Amritsar Massacre

(1,000 Dead) Sepoy Rebellion

Berlin Conference

(I presume)

Dr. Livingstone Zanzibar War

(15 Minutes Long)

Belgian Congo (20 Million Dead)

Boer War (Br. vs. Dutch)

Zulu Wars (Br. vs. Zulu)

Britain and France came to the

Paris Peace Conference and

“arranged the world to suit

themselves.”

British Raj Republic of India

1947

British Raj

Indian National Congress (INC)

Mohandas Gandhi

Non-Violent Resistance & Civil Disobedience

Partition of India

1947

1848-1947

1885- PRESENT

1869-1948

STEP ONE: INDEPENDENCE

STEP TWO: PARTITION OF INDIA

STEP THREE: INDIA TODAY

Promised Self-Rule for fighting with

the British in WWI

Never happened

INC formed to push for Independ.

Gandhi leads NONVIOLENT push for

Independence

o Salt March, Boycott, Cloth

Independence granted post-WWII (’47)

Religious conflict led to a Partition (Split)

o Muslims vs. Hindus

o Pakistan vs. India

President Nehru= 1st President

o Built Western-Style Federal Democracy

o Rapid Industrialization/Modernization

One million died in the conflict (including Gandhi)

Ethnic conflicts continue…

India= World’s Largest Democracy (1.2 B-2011)

One of the world’s fastest growing economies

BRIC-Brazil, Russia, India, China

AFRICA With basically all of Africa getting conquered in the late 19th century/early 20th century, and Africa being totally independent today; below is the story of how that happened.

UNITED NATIONS

ARTICLE 73

Members of the United Nations which have…responsibilities for the administration of territories whose peoples have not yet attained a

full measure of self-government recognize the principle that the interests of the inhabitants of these territories are paramount:

to ensure, with due respect for the culture of the peoples concerned, their political, economic, social, and

educational advancement, their just treatment, and their protection against abuses;

to develop self-government, to take due account of the political aspirations of the peoples, and to assist

them in the progressive development of their free political institutions

GHANA “SELF GOVERNMENT NOW!”

Led by Kwame Nkrumah

Fought for Independence

o NONVIOLENTLY

“Positive Action”

o Strikes, Protest, etc.

1957: 1st Sub Saharan

African Nation to gain

INDEPENDENCE! MVP: KWAME NKRUMAH

“Peace does not include a vendetta; there will be

neither winners nor losers”.

ALGERIA Largest Country in Africa

France’s Primary Colony

9M Muslim Arabs/1 M French

1954: FLN (Algerian National

Liberation Front) announced

that they would fight forfreedom

Bloody War followed

France realized that

it could not be held

by force

July 1962=

INDEPENDENCE

KENYA “Where there has been racial hatred, it must be ended. Where there

has been tribal animosity, it will be finished. Let us not dwell upon the bitterness of the past.”

British settlers took the best

farmland

Jomo Kenyatta worked non-

violently for Indep.

Mau Mau- Fought the British

settlers violently

1963= INDEPENDENCE JK= 1st President MVP: JOMO KENYATTA

SOUTH AFRICA “FREE MANDELA! END APARTHEID!”

MVP: NELSON MANDELA

APARTHEID: Legal separation of the races in South

Africa

Nelson Mandela protested Apart.

o Spent 27 Years in Prison

Released; Negotiated for end of Apartheid

Elected President in first full election

MIDDLEE

The MANDATE SYSTEM

established after WWI, was

phased out after WWII. With the

end of the British/French

controlled MANDATES, new

states were created in the Middle

East. Below are the stories of two of these nations.

EAST

EGYPT

ASWAN HIGH DAM

ISRAEL

NASSER

Led Revolution in 1952

o Against the Egyptian King

o Against the Imperial British

Been there since 1882

Took control of the SUEZ CANAL

o European control since 1875

Modernized/Industrialized Egypt

Established ties with USSR

Built ASWAN DAMo Control the “Miracle of the Nile”

BACKGROUND

GOLDA MEIR

ZIONISM (n)- Jewish Nationalism that supports a Jewish nation in the Land of Israel

UN voted for creation of Israel in Palestine

o (Former League of Nations Mandate)

May 1948: Palestine becomes Israel Led to regional conflicts that continue today

GOLDA MEIR “Iron Lady” of Israel

“strong-willed, straight-

talking, grey-bunned

grandmother of the

Jewish people”

Won Yom Kippur War

o Holiest Day in Judaism

o 4th Arab-Israeli War!

o Could no longer

depend on Europe for

supporto Turned to the USA!!!!!!