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DERMAPTERA (earwigs)
GRYLLOBLATTODEA (iceworms, rock crawlers)
MANTOPHASMATODEA (African rock crawlers)
Embiodea(=Embioptera)
Zoraptera
Dermaptera
Grylloblattodea
Mantophasmatodea?
Orthoptera
Plecoptera
Phasmatodea
prognathous head
Aquatic nymphs
Ovipositor lost
Terrestrial nymphs
Silk glands
No silk glands
Cerci modified to forceps
Cerci not modified
Saltatorial hind legs
Hind legs not saltatorial
Dermaptera
Number of Species
Common names
Distinguishing characteristics
Other features
Typical habitats
Hexapod Orders
>1900
earwigs
Derma - skin, ptera - wing
- cerci - large forceps
- fossorial - damp, dark
- females show parental care
Dermaptera – Life cycle
Female lays eggs in top few cm of soil
Hatch in 1 week
Female tends eggs & nymphs for 2 weeksOverwinter in soil
Mate and complete 1 more cycle
Mate
Female preference in offspring feeding
- high quality food - dyed green
- Low quality food - no dye
Mas et al, Proc. R. Soc. B 276 2847-2853
Grylloblattodea
Number of Species
Common names
Distinguishing characteristics
Other features
Typical habitats
Hexapod Orders
25
Iceworms, rock crawlers
Gryllo - cricket, blatto - roach
- near melting snow, litter in alpine forests
-multi-segmented cerci-wingless
-live in cold habitats-restricted to Northern Hemisphere-omnivorous
Grylloblattid – Life cycle
Female lays eggs in soil or moss
Hatch in 1 month to 3 years
Nymphs – 8 instars(about 7 years)
Females sexually mature after 1 year
Mate
Mantophasmatodea
Number of Species
Common names
Distinguishing characteristics
Other features
Typical habitats
Hexapod Orders
8
African rock crawlers, gladiators, heelwalkers
Manto - mantid, phasmato - stick insect
-xeric, rocky habitat
-wingless-enlarged arolium
-closest relative - Grylloblattodea-carnivores
Mantophasmatodea - Life cycle
Eggs hatch - juveniles develop in winter (wet)
months
Autumn rains(May)
Mating
Eggs laid in egg pod-resists desiccation
Mantophasmatodea - Relationship to other orthopteroid orders
Egg cases(roaches, mantids)
Predatory adaptations(mantids)
Wingless(grylloblattids)
Prolonged mating(phasmids)
Substrate communication(stoneflies)
Male eaten after mating(mantids)
Male much smaller than female(mantids)
Embiodea(=Embioptera)
Zoraptera
Dermaptera
Grylloblattodea
Mantophasmatodea?
Orthoptera
Plecoptera
Phasmatodea
prognathous head
Aquatic nymphs
Ovipositor lost
Terrestrial nymphs
Silk glands
No silk glands
Cerci modified to forceps
Cerci not modified
Saltatorial hind legs
Hind legs not saltatorial
Notoptera = Grylloblattodea + Mantophasmatodea