DERMAPTERA (earwigs)

GRYLLOBLATTODEA (iceworms, rock crawlers)

MANTOPHASMATODEA (African rock crawlers)

Embiodea(=Embioptera)

Zoraptera

Dermaptera

Grylloblattodea

Mantophasmatodea?

Orthoptera

Plecoptera

Phasmatodea

prognathous head

Aquatic nymphs

Ovipositor lost

Terrestrial nymphs

Silk glands

No silk glands

Cerci modified to forceps

Cerci not modified

Saltatorial hind legs

Hind legs not saltatorial

Dermaptera

Number of Species

Common names

Distinguishing characteristics

Other features

Typical habitats

Hexapod Orders

>1900

earwigs

Derma - skin, ptera - wing

- cerci - large forceps

- fossorial - damp, dark

- females show parental care

Myths about earwigs

Earwig Food

Dermaptera - Cerci

Dermaptera – Life cycle

Female lays eggs in top few cm of soil

Hatch in 1 week

Female tends eggs & nymphs for 2 weeksOverwinter in soil

Mate and complete 1 more cycle

Mate

Suzuki, J.Ins.Sci. 10:2-8

Effect of maternal care

Suzuki, J.Ins.Sci. 10:2-8

Female preference in offspring feeding

- high quality food - dyed green

- Low quality food - no dye

Mas et al, Proc. R. Soc. B 276 2847-2853

Kohno, Res. Pop. Ecol. 39:11-16

Matricide

86.7%

Giant earwig – St. Helena

Grylloblattodea

Number of Species

Common names

Distinguishing characteristics

Other features

Typical habitats

Hexapod Orders

25

Iceworms, rock crawlers

Gryllo - cricket, blatto - roach

- near melting snow, litter in alpine forests

-multi-segmented cerci-wingless

-live in cold habitats-restricted to Northern Hemisphere-omnivorous

Grylloblattid - Habitat

Grylloblattid – Life cycle

Female lays eggs in soil or moss

Hatch in 1 month to 3 years

Nymphs – 8 instars(about 7 years)

Females sexually mature after 1 year

Mate

Grylloblattid Distribution

Mantophasmatodea

Number of Species

Common names

Distinguishing characteristics

Other features

Typical habitats

Hexapod Orders

8

African rock crawlers, gladiators, heelwalkers

Manto - mantid, phasmato - stick insect

-xeric, rocky habitat

-wingless-enlarged arolium

-closest relative - Grylloblattodea-carnivores

Discovered in amber

Mantophasmatodea - Predatory adaptations

Large eyes

Spines on forelegs

Mantophasmatodea - Life cycle

Eggs hatch - juveniles develop in winter (wet)

months

Autumn rains(May)

Mating

Eggs laid in egg pod-resists desiccation

Mantophasmatodea - Relationship to other orthopteroid orders

Egg cases(roaches, mantids)

Predatory adaptations(mantids)

Wingless(grylloblattids)

Prolonged mating(phasmids)

Substrate communication(stoneflies)

Male eaten after mating(mantids)

Male much smaller than female(mantids)

Mantophasmatodea - Distribution

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Mantophasmatodea - Distribution

Grylloblattids

Mantophasmatodea

Embiodea(=Embioptera)

Zoraptera

Dermaptera

Grylloblattodea

Mantophasmatodea?

Orthoptera

Plecoptera

Phasmatodea

prognathous head

Aquatic nymphs

Ovipositor lost

Terrestrial nymphs

Silk glands

No silk glands

Cerci modified to forceps

Cerci not modified

Saltatorial hind legs

Hind legs not saltatorial

Notoptera = Grylloblattodea + Mantophasmatodea