/29

Design and application of a large-scale experimental pipeline for studying the release and dispersion characteristics of CO2 in different phase states

J. Yu, L. Guo, S. Chen, X. Yan1*, Y. Zhang (Dut, China)

H. Mahgerefteh (UCL, United Kingdom)

C. Proust, (INERIS, France)

1

X. Yan: yanxingqing@dlut.edu.cn

INTERNATIONAL FORUM ON RECENT DEVELOPMENTS OF CCS IMPLEMENTATION 2ND

/29

Questions:

• What was the problem?

• What have we done?

• How it works out?

2

/29

What was the problem?

• Transportation of CO2 from capture source to storage locations is very important in the CCS industrial chain.

3

Capture source Storage locations Pressurized pipeline

• Among several types of CO2 transportation, pressurized

pipelines are regarded as the most efficient and economic

means.

/29

• However, pipelines always suffer from the risk of failure. Once failed, CO2 is released and dispersed, causing casualties and property losses.

• In this situation, the safety issues due to CO2 sudden release from pipelines need to be focused.

4

Flowing fluid

Pipe wall

Pipe wall Pipe wall

Dispersion

Release

What was the problem?

/29

• In particular, the safety issues mainly include two aspects:

⁻ Release characteristics of fluid in the pipeline, including pressure, temperature, phase state, decompression wave etc.

⁻ May cause long-distance brittle rupture of pipeline!

⁻ Dispersion behavior of CO2 released into atmosphere, including concentration and temperature distributions.

5

What was the problem?

/29

• Although researchers and several international projects studied these problems, there were no large-scale experimental pipelines for studying the release characteristics and dispersion behavior of CO2, and for providing the validation data for the theoretical and numerical models.

6

What was the problem?

/29

What have we done?

• In the support of the European Union 7th Framework Program (CO2QUEST), we built a large-scale experimental pipeline to perform CO2 release experiments.

• The pipeline was located along a river in a wide field in Anbo town, Dalian city, China.

7

/29 8

Where is Anbo town?

What have we done?

• In the support of the European Union 7th Framework Program (CO2QUEST), we built a large-scale experimental pipeline to perform CO2 release experiments.

• The pipeline was located along a river in a wide field in Anbo town, Dalian city, China.

/29

• Where is Anbo town? ⁻ About 120 km from downtown of Dalian city.

⁻ Dalian is about 500 km from Beijing.

⁻ Beijing is about 7600 km from Athens.

9

Europe

Beijing

Beijing

Dalian

Dalian

Anbo

It’s a little far from here!

150 km

500 km

What have we done?

/29 10

Liquid phase import

Solenoid valve Release

orifice

257m main pipe

1m Dual-disc blasting pipe

Data acquisition system

Emptying valve

N2

Gas phase import

Level gauge

Buffer tank

Temperature

controller

Dispersion

region

Testing

sensors Testing sensors

Schematic diagram of the apparatus:

Design tips:

(1) Need a long pipeline to work in high pressure, low temperature;

(2) Need a Cyclic injection system to fill CO2 from tank car into the pipeline;

(3) Need a heating system to increase the initial pressure and temperature;

(4) Need a control system to control CO2 sudden release safely;

(5) Need foundations and reinforcing devices, measurement system, data

acquisition system, and so on.

(1)

(2)

(3) (4)

What have we done?

/29 11

CO2 injection end (East) (West)CO2 release end

Orientation: nearly East and West direction Total length: 258 m External diameter: 273 mm Thickness: 20 mm Material: 16Mn Design pressure: 16 MPa

Design parameters: Process parameters that could be varied:

Initial pressure: 0~14MPa; Initial temperature: 0~40 °C Discharge diameter: 0~Full Bore Rupture (243mm) CO2 purity is changed by adding Inert gas, such as N2 etc.

Photo of the pipeline:

What have we done?

/29 12

Frictional force

Reacting force

Concrete foundation

Acting force

CO2 CO2

Pipeline Flange

Anchor bolts

Steel frame

Foundations and reinforcing device: ⁻ More than 20 concrete foundations were built to support the pipeline; ⁻ Two reinforcing devices were designed to prevent the horizontal and

vertical movements respectively during CO2 sudden release.

Vertical movement reinforcing

device Vertical

movement reinforcing

device

horizontal movement reinforcing

device

What have we done?

/29 13

Heating tape

Temperature controllerInsulation

Heating system: ⁻ In order to increase the initial temperature and pressure,

a heating system was designed, including heating tape, temperature controller, and the insulation layer .

What have we done?

/29

• Control of CO2 sudden release

14

- Safe and precise control of CO2 sudden release was the basic function of this apparatus. In order to accomplish this function, a dual-disk control pipe was designed at the end of the pipeline.

What have we done?

/29

• Control of CO2 sudden release

15

Disc holder and rupture disc A Solenoid valve

Release orifice

Disc holder and rupture disc B

Schematic diagram and the photo:

• It consists of two pipe sections (section I and section II), and two bursting discs.

• During the filling process to the pipe, N2 was filled into Section I. By adjusting the pressure of N2, two rupture discs do not rupture(Pc>Pw-PA; Pc < PB).

• When doing experiments, extra N2 was filled into Section I to make rupture disc B rupture. Shortly, rupture disc A ruptured. CO2 is released through orifice.

Rupture disc A (bursting pressure PA)

Rupture disc B (bursting pressure PB)

Blank flangeN2

CO2(Pw)

Solenoid valve

N2(PC) Release orifice

Section I

Section II

Main pipe

What have we done?

/29

T0Dual-disc controlpipe (1 m)

7.4m

Tf-2Tw-2Tfd-2

0.74mP-1Tf-1Tw-1

10.4mP-3Tf-3Tw-3

18.3m

Tf-5

13.5mP-4Tf-4Tw-4Tfd-4

22.3mP-6Tf-6

58.1m

Tf-8

108.8mP-10Tf-10Tw-10

112.8m

Tf-11Tw-11

62.1mP-9Tf-9

Tfd-9

54.1mP-7Tf-7Tw-7Tfd-7

116.8mP-12Tf-12Tw-12

162.0mP-13Tf-13Tw-13

166.6m

Tf-14Tw-10

170.0mP-15Tf-15Tw-15

237.4mP-16Tf-16Tw-16Tfd-16

248.6mP-18Tf-18

Tfd-18

240.4m

Tf-17

18 17 16 15 14 13 12 1011 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

• Measurement scheme of the pipeline

16

18 locations were selected to install sensors: • 12 pressure transducers test fluid pressures in the pipelines (P-i). • 18 thermocouples test upper fluid temperatures (Tf-i). • 6 thermocouples test the bottom fluid temperatures (Tfd-i). • 12 thermocouples test the pipe wall temperatures (Tw-i). • An extra thermocouple test the centre temperature of the release orifice (T0).

What have we done?

/29

• Measurement scheme in dispersion area

17

Thermocouples and CO2 concentration sensors were both arranged on vertical masts at different distances. All sensors were located at the same horizontal plane with release orifice.

A coordinated system was defined to describe the testing points, taking the release orifice as the origin. The distances for each row and column were labelled on the x-axis and y-axis. Row number i and column number j were used to represent the testing points.

testing location

Release orifice

3 4 5 7 9 11 14 17 20Column distace x (m)

Ro

w d

ista

nce

y(m

)

Column number j

Ro

w n

um

be

r i

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

1

3

4

2

1

0.5

2

3

2.5

1.5

What have we done?

/29

• Other measurement

18

A small weather station was built to measure the ambient temperature, pressure, humidity, and wind speed and direction.

Several video cameras were placed to record the release appearance from upper, lower and side directions. A drone was used to record the appearance from the air.

What have we done?

/29

(EtherCA

T )

9219

4通道通用模块

9213

16通道热电偶输入模块

9 2 1 9

9 0 2 5

×2

9 2 1 9

9 1 4 4

×5

9 2 1 3

9 1 4 4

×3

9 2 1 9

9 1 4 4

×2

9 2 1 9

9 1 4 4

×2

9 2 1 9

9 1 4 4

×2

W i n d o w s X P

LabVIEW 2010

R I O 4 . 1

E t h e r C A T 2 . 1

NI cRIO-9025

NI 9144

Slave 4 Slave 3 Slave 2

Slave 1 Slave d

Main 5

Collector Measurement

point

• Data acquisition system

19

A data acquisition system was built. The acquisition code was programmed by LabView software from the NI company.

What have we done?

/29

• Vertical release experiments

20

We also designed the vertical release experimental system, which consists of electrically operated valve, flowmeter and the steel frame.

What have we done?

/29

How it works out?

• Besides CO2QUEST, the pipeline has been used in the research project of Sinopec Petroleum Engineering Corporation.

• Till now, more than 30 times release experiments were performed.

• The experimental medium covered the gas phase CO2, dense phase CO2, supercritical phase CO2, and CO2 with impurities.

21

Supercritical, 17

Dense, 6

Gas and liquid, 2 Gas, 8

/29

• What did we get?

22

-1

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

-60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40

Temperature (°C)

Pre

ssu

re (

MP

a)

Tf-2: 7.4m

Tfd-2: 7.4m

Tf-7: 54.2m

Tfd-7: 54.2m

Tf-9:62.1m

Tfd-9:62.1m

Tf-18:248.6m

Tfd-18:248.6m

Gas

Liquid

Saturation line

Critical point

(31°C, 7.4MPa)

-100 -90 -80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 400.01

0.1

1

10

Release process

Pre

ssu

re (

MP

a)

Temperature (°C)

Solid

Vapor

Liquid

Subl

imat

ion

Line

Saturation Line

Melting Line

Triple point

Critical point

By analyzing the pressure and temperature data, phase state changes of CO2 in pipeline and through release orifice were obtained.

How it works out?

/29 23

By analyzing the pressure change with time at different locations, the decompression wave behavior was obtained.

By analyzing the concentration data with time at different locations, the concentration distributions at dispersion region were obtained.

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

release orifice

3 4 5 7 9 11 14 17 20

Ro

w n

um

be

r i

1

3

4

CO2

2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Column number j

37.94%

35.32% 17.00% 11.87% 10.09%25.60%

4.76%

How it works out?

• What did we get?

/29 24

Release CO2 plumes were recorded by video camera.

How it works out?

• What did we get?

/29 25

• Release appearance recorded by the drone in a full bore rupture test.

How it works out?

• What did we get?

/29

Conclusions:

• An industrial pipeline has been built for studying CO2 release and dispersion behavior, and for providing information for the design and application of CO2 transportation pipeline.

• This pipeline has bee used in several projects. Practical results are being analysed and produced.

26

/29

Prospects:

• Everybody is welcomed to visit our university and this apparatus.

• Looking for more cooperation on safety issues of CO2 transportation.

27

/29

Acknowledgement:

• The research leading to the results described in the presentation has received funding from the European Union 7th Framework Programme FP7-ENERGY-2012-1-2STAGE under grant agreement number 309102. The paper reflects only the authors’ views and the European Union is not liable for any use that may be made of the information contained herein.

28

/29 29

Thanks for your attention!