Popular Zarzuelas among masses: Pagibig sa Lupang Tinubuan ( Love for

Native Land) by Pascual Poblete Tanikalang Ginto (Gold Chain) by Juan

Abad Malaya (Free) by Tomas Remigio Kahapon, Ngayon at at Bukas (Yesterday,

Today and Tomorrow) by Aurelio Tolentino Walang Sugat (Not wounded) by Severino

Reyes Poblete and Tolentino: two of the most

nationalistic zarzuela writers were put in jail.

1905-1930: The Golden Age of the Zarzuela in the Philippines. ( Fernandez, D. 1978)

Organization of the Zarzuela Foundation of the Philippines – by Ms. Imelda R. Marcos and Mr. Teodoro F. Valencia. The Rationale of this “foundation” is “hopefully to create a mass base of support for the zarzuelas all over the country.”

> The foundation successfully revived one of the pre-war zarzuela favorites, Walang Sugat 1902 by Severino Reyes in 1977.

Pugutan ceremony – is the climax of the Morion festival held at noon of Easter Sunday. It is held on the dried river bed outside Boac.

Longinus – who at the time of Pilate drove his spear into the side of Jesus Christ as he hung from the cross.

-When Christ resurrected, He was the first one to proclaim his Divinity.

>>Men participate in this ritual and go about the streets of Marinduque as Morions.

>> They perform this as an act of Penance of thanksgiving for some favor granted in the past.

“Hala Bira! Hala Bira!” This resonant cry fills the air as the people of Kalibo gyrate through the streets in a hypnotized mass of dancing and shaking. Feet stomping, hands clapping, bongos beating and ears ringing all sound out the rhythmic beat of the Ati-atihan. The festival was later dedicated to the Santo Niño because of the victories won by the Spaniards in Kalibo against the Muslim attacks when they were forced to abandon Mindanao.