Diagnostic Lab SubmissionsHeather Walz DVM, PhD, Dipl. ACVP

Thompson Bishop Sparks State Diagnostic Lab

Department of Agriculture and Industries

Overview

AVDL Organization and MissionSample Packaging and SubmissionTBSSDL Laboratories, Staff, TestsCommon Diseases

Auburn Elba

Hanceville BoazAlabama Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory System

Department of Agriculture and IndustriesJohn McMillan, Commissioner

Agricultural IndustriesDr. Tony Frazier, State Veterinarian

Auburn

Boaz

Elba

Hanceville

Pathologists-DiagnosticiansDrs. Kelly, Slaten, McCall, Nuehring, Walz, Pope, Steury, Rowe, Li, Perry, Pugh, and Chowdhury (MAP student)

13 Microbiologists, 15 Techs, 3 Chemists

Cattle Necropsies>400Small Ruminant Necropsies>700Poultry Necropsies>20,000

Boaz

Hanceville

Auburn

Elba

AVDL LAB SYSTEMACCESSIONS 2017

TBSSDL: 2017: 21,1852016: 21,3312015: 20,7042014: 19,3322013: 21,672

Elba: 4,477Boaz: 2,255Hanceville:1,414

TOTAL AVDL ACCESSIONS 2017: 29, 3312016: 25,4942015: 24,5882014: 22, 5832013: 25, 953

AVDL System

Full service pathology laboratories Pathology Microbiology Serology Toxicology

Purpose Determine the cause of animal sickness or

death Disease surveillance and regulatory testing

Serving Veterinarians, livestock and poultry producers,

wildlife authorities, apiary, individual animal owners, other local, state and federal agencies

www.labs.alabama.gov

Serology

Serology

Anaplasma-c-ELISA Bluetongue: AGID Bovine leukemia virus (BLV): AGID Caprine Arthritis & Encephalitis virus (CAE): AGID Brucellosis Epizootic hemorrhagic disease (EHD): AGID IgG (bovine only): immunodiffusion assay Johne’s ELISA (IDEXX): cattle only

Testing sheep and goat ELISA Neospora: ELISA Pseudorabies ELISA ABORTION PROFILE: Lepto, Brucella, Neospora,

BVDV, IBR, Anaplasma, Bluetongue

Bacteriology

Bacteriology

Routine aerobic and anaerobic culturesMilk samples, including mycoplasmasCryptosporidium-Acid fast stain on feces Leptospira titersBrucella abortus and Brucella spp.Campylobacter fetusDermatophilus sp.Mycoplasma spp.Salmonella: definitive serotyping sent to NVSLClostridium chauvoei FA Johne’s disease (CATTLE ONLY): feces, positive results confirmed by PCRClostridium perfringens, toxin typing can be performed by request

Molecular Detection

PCR

BVDV: spleen +/- lung, ileum, lymph node, thymus IBR: lung BRSV: lung Mycoplasma: lung, swab, respiratory mucus Bluetongue/Epizootic hemorrhagic disease

(EHD): Spleen Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PED): intestine

or feces Swine influenza virus (SIV): nasal swab in BHI

broth, lung Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD): vesicular fluid,

oral lesion Trichomonas: TF Transit Tube-do not refrigerate

Virology

Virology

Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD)

Spring-2018: CWD ELISA testing will be performed at TBSSDL-We will no longer accept formalin-fixed tissue, fresh tissue will be required

Obex and lymph nodes required in captive deer

CWD reported in West-central Mississippi on February 9th 2018

4-year-old white-tailed deer in Issaquena County

Alabama has been testing for CWD since 2002

Virology

Rotavirus-antigen capture ELISA-intestine, feces

Bovine coronavirus FA-lung, intestine

Contagious Ecthyma-skin lesion

Parainfluenza-3 FA-lung

Virology:

BVDV ear notch-test of choice to detect PI cattle

TBSSDL: Antigen capture ELISA (ACE)$5.00 sample plus $10.00 accession fee*Positive results confirmed with PCR at no additional charge

IHC: BVDV antigen in hair follicular epithelium

Virology

BVDV Serum Neutralization (SN)IBR SNPI3: SNBRSV: SN

Serologic tests

-

Field option:

Cattle ear notch testing:BVDV SNAP(IDEXX®)-caution in nursing calves

Optimal time period for persistent fetal infection gestational days 45-125

Toxicology

295 µg/dl495 µg/dl524 µg/dl

295295295 µg/dl495 µg/dl524 µg/dl

Common tests for ruminants

Lead: kidneyArsenic: kidneySelenium: liverCopper: liverZinc: liverMagnesium: vitreousCalcium (total): vitreousInsecticides: rumen contentRuminal pH: content

Toxicology Tests

Mycotoxin testing:OchratoxinAflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2Fumonisin B1Deoxynivalenol (DON)

Ionophores:-Dry feed onlyMonensinSalinomycinNarasinLasalocid by request

Ammonia testing on aqueous

-AU-CVM ClinicalPathology$6.38/sample (red top tube)

Cows not suspected of ammonia toxicity 295 ug/dl 495 ug/dl 524 ug/dl

Cows suspected of ammonia toxicity3,736 ug/dl6,101 ug/dl4,118 ug/dl4,671 ug/dl2,631 ug/dl1,479 ug/dl

-Reading for nitrate is multiplied by 4.43 (if 5)=22.15 (Detection limit)-Any pink reading should be sent in to be confirmed.

Nitrate nitrogen

~fast ~slow

Nitrate Nitrite Ammonia\/

hemoglobin methemoglobin

Nitrate (N) safety Concentrations in Hay1,000 ppm or less – Nitrate level is safe under all conditions

1,000-1,500 ppm – Nitrate level is safe for non-pregnant cows (Pregnant cows - feed should be limited to 50% of total ration)

1,500-2,000 ppm –Limit to < 50% of the total dry matter intake

2,000-3,500 ppm – Limit to < 40% of total dry matter intake

3,500-4,000 ppm – Limit to < 25% of dry matter intake(Do not feed to pregnant animals)

>4,000 ppm – Do not feed

Nitrate testing on feed: Soil, Forage, & Water Testing Laboratory (Soil test lab) Alabama Cooperative Extension System, ALFA Building, Auburn

Pathology

Dr. ChowdhuryDr. NuehringDr. PerryDr. PopeDr. SteuryWalz

Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease (EHD)

Images from Dr. Kelley Steury

EHD: Orbivirus closely related to bluetongue

EHD

Deer: GI hemorrhage-EHD or Clostridium perfringens

Cattle-Gross necropsyand histology are diagnostic

Fungal pneumonia

Photo from Dr. Kelley Steury

Wild deer with brain abscesses

BRD

Consolidated lung sections

PI calves

Pulmonary abscess

Pulmonary abscess -aerobic and-anaerobic

Anaplasmosis

Serologyc-ELISA

NecropsyImpression smears

CytologyAU-CVM

Trends: Increased abortions reported in KS and these dams were seropositive for Anaplasma

Photo Courtesy of Dr. Kelley Steury

Visceral Blackleg

-Gross-Histo-FA

Differential: Hardware

Photo Courtesy of Dr. Kelley Steury

Blackleg myonecrosis

Photo Courtesy of Dr. Kelley Steury

Cattle, sheep, goats, alpacas, deer

Serous atrophy of fat: epicardial fat, perirenal fat, bone marrow

Pale musculature, fascia, and organs

Photo Courtesy of Dr. Kelley Steury

Endoparasitism

Photo Courtesy of Dr. Kelley Steury

Cow: Abomasalulcer

Summary

Acknowledgements

AAVLD Accredited labs in Auburn and Boaz-moving towards the accreditation process in other labs

We are working to develop new tests and expand our capabilities to meet our client needs.

We want to work with veterinarians and owners to help with sample submissions to increase the frequency a diagnosis can be made.

We value your feedback and hope to continue an open line of communication.

We are thankful for the support we receive from our clients, Drs. Pugh and Frazier, and Commissioner McMillan.