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DIMACS/CCICADA Interdisciplinary Seminar Series, Spring 2012. Enhancing correctional efficiencies, effectiveness and outcomes. James P. Wojtowicz, CCICADA/Rutgers University March 26, 2012. Enhancing correctional efficiencies, effectiveness and outcomes. welcome & acknowledgements. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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DIMACS/CCICADA Interdisciplinary Seminar Series, Spring 2012Enhancing correctional efficiencies, effectiveness and outcomes
James P. Wojtowicz, CCICADA/Rutgers University March 26, 2012
Enhancing correctional efficiencies, effectiveness and outcomeswelcome & acknowledgements
Enhancing correctional efficiencies, effectiveness and outcomes
Big Data Analytics: Theoretical Knowledge,Research & MethodologiesPractice:Complex OperationalResponsibilities/Issues/Problemsmotivation
Enhancing correctional efficiencies, effectiveness and outcomes
Big Data Analytics: Theoretical Knowledge,Research & Methodologiesmotivationsophisticated approaches and techniqueschallenge of meeting mission responsibilitiesPractice:Complex OperationalResponsibilities/Issues/Problems
Enhancing correctional efficiencies, effectiveness and outcomes
Big Data Analytics: Theoretical Knowledge,Research & Methodologiesmotivation advance science address of real-world problemspotential mutual benefitPractice:Complex OperationalResponsibilities/Issues/Problems
Enhancing correctional efficiencies, effectiveness and outcomes
attempt to formulate a real-world question in the context of . . .goal
Enhancing correctional efficiencies, effectiveness and outcomesobjectives
provide a foundation of the mission (and other) components of practicedescribe an issue in terms of practice and scienceuse correctional system as exampleengage discussion and feedback from . . .
Enhancing correctional efficiencies, effectiveness and outcomesexample taken from:
Preliminary Flow Analysis of the New Jersey State Correctional System(Partners: Fretz, Boros, Altiok & Wojtowicz)
analysis of offender flow (intake to discharge)process simulation - - resource (and mission) optimization
Enhancing correctional efficiencies, effectiveness and outcomesunderstanding the operational entity
Enhancing correctional efficiencies, effectiveness and outcomesgeneral components
constituentsrules, regulationsmissionphilosophiesdefinition
Enhancing correctional efficiencies, effectiveness and outcomescomponents of corrections
definition: loss of libertydefines primary function
Enhancing correctional efficiencies, effectiveness and outcomescomponents of corrections
constituentsrules, regulations (documentation)philosophiesincapacitationpunishmentrestorationrehabilitationpublicoffendersvictimstaxpayersfamiliesregulationslawspoliciesguidelines
NJAC 10A:NJSA Title 2CP & PBrimage plea agree.provide definitions, logic, constraintsstakeholdersinsight: internal & external influences
Enhancing correctional efficiencies, effectiveness and outcomescomponents of corrections
defines entity prioritiesmissiondefines the outcomes, measures and objectives
Enhancing correctional efficiencies, effectiveness and outcomescomponents of corrections
correctional mission (dual)Safety & Securityof custody, staff public and offender
Offender care & Rehabilitation
Enhancing correctional efficiencies, effectiveness and outcomescomponents of corrections
correctional mission (dual+)safety & securityof custody, staff public and offender
offender care & rehabilitation
financial management(responsibility)
security vs. economics
Enhancing correctional efficiencies, effectiveness and outcomescomponents of corrections
correctional mission (dual+)safety & securityof custody, staff public and offender
offender care & rehabilitation
financial management(responsibility)
criminal justice system mission
public safetyadministration of justiceenforcement of lawsreduction of crimemaintain basic rules of civil societysafeguard Constitutional rights
all these have to be considered
Enhancing correctional efficiencies, effectiveness and outcomescomponents of corrections
constituentsrules, regulationsmissionphilosophiessystemdefinition
Enhancing correctional efficiencies, effectiveness and outcomesviewing corrections as a system
Enhancing correctional efficiencies, effectiveness and outcomesThe Challenge of Crime in a Free Society: A report by the Presidents Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice, US Government Printing Office, February 1967
Enhancing correctional efficiencies, effectiveness and outcomescorrections is a system
EXIT- volume rates feedback
ENTRY- volume- ratesFLOW-PROCESS resources capacities utilization bottlenecks costsENTITIES participants attributestime driven - - movement driven
Enhancing correctional efficiencies, effectiveness and outcomessystem definitions & components
Enhancing correctional efficiencies, effectiveness and outcomescorrections system
intake - entryidentifiable rate - volumeCJ systemlaw enforcement laws priorities prosecutiondiversion programs- drug courtpreventionsentencing
Enhancing correctional efficiencies, effectiveness and outcomescorrections system
entities offenders - characteristicsintake - entryidentifiable rate - volumeCJ systemlaw enforcement laws priorities prosecutiondiversion programs- drug court substance involvementrisk factors (static and dynamic)educationcriminal historydemographicpreventionsentencingskills (employment)behavior (inst. adjustment, program participation, etc.healthmotivationfaithNote: flow analysis proposal planned for ~51,000 entities for the period 1/1/07 to 12/31/10
Enhancing correctional efficiencies, effectiveness and outcomescorrections system
entities offenders - characteristicsintake - entryidentifiable rate - volumeCJ systemlaw enforcement laws priorities prosecutiondiversion programs- drug courtsubstance involvementrisk factors (static and dynamic)educationcriminal historydemographicpreventionsentencingskills (employment)behavior (inst. adjustment, program participation, etc.healthmotivationfaithrelease - exitidentifiable rate - volumetypes
diversion programs ISP alternativesearly release paroleParole Max Death EscapeWalkaway ISPPardon CourtMedical Interstate
process
Enhancing correctional efficiencies, effectiveness and outcomescorrections system
flow-processresourcesapproximately 150 bed locations/typeshousinglocations- county jails reception prison complex community correctionstypes male vs. female youth vs. adult specific purpose community corrections: assessment centers, work release, substance abuse, treatment, special needssecurity levels- close max medgang min full min community corrections
Source: NJAC 10A:9
Enhancing correctional efficiencies, effectiveness and outcomescorrections system
flow-processresourceshousing capacity - utilizationunknown
Enhancing correctional efficiencies, effectiveness and outcomeshousing capacities & utilization (?) reported populationLimited information on varying bed typesTOTAL INMATES IN NEW JERSEY STATE CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTIONS AND SATELITE UNITSSource: OFFENDER CHARACTERISTICS REPORT ON JANUARY 3, 2012 (www.state.nj.us/corrections/pages/offender_stats.html)
TOTAL INMATES23,810
PRISON COMPLEX16,867YOUTH COMPLEX3,893ADTC713GARDEN STATE TOTAL1,801Bayside 1,177MOUNTAINVIEW TOTAL1,054Bayside Farm693Wagner 609Bayside Ancora317Wagner Ad Seg290BAYSIDE TOTAL2,187Wagner Minimum Units139CRAF Jones Farm278WAGNER TOTAL1,038CRAF Reception639OTHER FACILITIES3,050CRAF TOTAL917Central Medical Unit8East Jersey 1,364178 Camp113Halfway Houses2,864TOTAL 1,477EDNA MAHAN TOTAL747MIDSTATE TOTAL690NJ State Prison Ad Seg Female27NJ State Prison 1,922NJ STATE PRISON TOTAL1,949Northern State 1,918Northern State Ad Seg Male556NORTHERN STATE TOTAL2,474SOUTHERN STATE TOTAL2,337SOUTH WOODS TOTAL 3,376
Enhancing correctional efficiencies, effectiveness and outcomescorrections system
flow-processresourcesprogramminglocations reception prison complex community correctionstypes educational vocational drug treatment drug education job readiness reentry parenting demonstrations victim based community corrections: assessment centers, work release, substance abuse, treatment, special needssecurity levels- close max medgang min full min community corrections
settings institutional residential classroom integrationcapacities and utilization: some known - - some unknown Source(s): www.state.nj.us/corrections & www.nj.gov/transparency/performance/corrections/
Enhancing correctional efficiencies, effectiveness and outcomes
challenges of a correctional programming
fidelitysettingmotivationphilosophiesPriorities (time vs. movement)
Enhancing correctional efficiencies, effectiveness and outcomescorrections system
flow-processprocessassessmentstypes- med./psych.- addiction- education- risk- others . . .locations reception prison complex community correctionsfrequency not at all multiple times voluntary
Enhancing correctional efficiencies, effectiveness and outcomescorrections system
flow-processprocessclassification- objective classification system: OCS (risk of inst. infraction research based)- scoring system (neg. 0 positive) static and dynamic factors set cut points security levelsa OCS = maxb OCS < a = medOCS < b = minb < a- initial, periodic and cause (offenders will have many score values over time)- dynamic: score can lower, score can raise - score overrides: no security level progression despite appropriate score or security level progression without appropriate score
Enhancing correctional efficiencies, effectiveness and outcomescorrections system
flow-processprocesstime
with certain exceptions (mandatory minimums), an offenders time in the system is dynamic distribution of time in the system over all participants time credits to reduce the maximum sentence term (behavior, job, custody status) parole eligibility formula parole decision infractions and penalties programs have set durations or ranges assessment completion time time criteria for program participation time restrictions on custody status movements time restrictions on community corrections participation
Enhancing correctional efficiencies, effectiveness and outcomescorrections system
flow-processprocessmotionoffenders travel from intake to release
Enhancing correctional efficiencies, effectiveness and outcomescorrections system
flow-process - measuresprocess-measurescostsCOST POPULATIONrecent cost figure: $49,000/year/offender (Gov. Christie: AP 2/27/12)Source: state.nj.us/governor
Enhancing correctional efficiencies, effectiveness and outcomescorrections system
flow-process - measuresprocess-measurescostshousingrelated to the level of security - supervision (see NJAC 10A:9): assume - - close max med gang min full min ( community*)programmingmedicaloperationaltransportationadministrativeotherassessmentshousing state offenders in county jails is expensive (bottleneck)
Enhancing correctional efficiencies, effectiveness and outcomescorrections system
flow-process - measuresprocess-measurescostsCOST POPULATIONPOPULATION MANAGEMENT
Enhancing correctional efficiencies, effectiveness and outcomescorrections system
flow-process - measuresprocess-measurescostsPOPULATION MANAGEMENTCORRECTIONSPre-incarcerationPost-confinement
Enhancing correctional efficiencies, effectiveness and outcomescorrections system
flow-process - measuresprocess-measurescostsPOPULATION MANAGEMENTCORRECTIONSPre-incarcerationPost-confinementDiversionary programsSentencing reformDrug CourtPrevention strategiesLaw Enforcement PrioritiesDiversionary programsIntensive Supervision Program(ISP)Early ReleaseAlternatives to IncarcerationParole release
Enhancing correctional efficiencies, effectiveness and outcomescorrections system
flow-process - measuresprocess-measurescostsCOST TRAJECTORYoffenderhigher costlower costCORRECTIONS..
Enhancing correctional efficiencies, effectiveness and outcomes
trajectories impact costs
Enhancing correctional efficiencies, effectiveness and outcomescorrections system
flow-process - measuresprocess-measuresoutcomesrecidivismre-arrest, reconviction, re-incarcerationemploymenthealthstabilityhousingbehavior institutional adjustmentrecoverycommunity, familyinternal and/or external
Enhancing correctional efficiencies, effectiveness and outcomescorrections system
flow-process - measuresprocess-measuresoutcomesPROGRAMMING OUTCOME
Enhancing correctional efficiencies, effectiveness and outcomes PROGRAMMING OUTCOME
James A. Inciardi, Steven S. MartIn and Clifford A. Butzin, Five-Year Outcomes of Therapeutic Community Treatment of Drug-Involved Offenders after Release from Prison, Crime & Delinquency 2004 50: 88
Enhancing correctional efficiencies, effectiveness and outcomes PROGRAMMING OUTCOME
James A. Inciardi, Steven S. MartIn and Clifford A. Butzin, Five-Year Outcomes of Therapeutic Community Treatment of Drug-Involved Offenders after Release from Prison, Crime & Delinquency 2004 50: 88addiction is complex
Enhancing correctional efficiencies, effectiveness and outcomes
The five year re-arrest alternative presentation
James A. Inciardi, Steven S. MartIn and Clifford A. Butzin, Five-Year Outcomes of Therapeutic Community Treatment of Drug-Involved Offenders after Release from Prison, Crime & Delinquency 2004 50: 88Offender Drug AssessmentTreatment Need (57%)No Treatment Need (43%)Treatment Placed (x%)No Treatment (x%)Complete + A-care (x%)Complete(x%)Dropout (x%)Success: 48%Success: 42%Success: 28%Success: 23%Success: (?)%Fail: 52%Fail: 58%Fail: 72%Fail: 77%Fail: (?)%
Enhancing correctional efficiencies, effectiveness and outcomes
The five year re-arrest alternative presentation
James A. Inciardi, Steven S. MartIn and Clifford A. Butzin, Five-Year Outcomes of Therapeutic Community Treatment of Drug-Involved Offenders after Release from Prison, Crime & Delinquency 2004 50: 88Offender Drug AssessmentTreatment Need (57%)No Treatment Need (43%)Treatment Placed (x%)No Treatment (x%)Complete + A-care (x%)Complete(x%)Dropout (x%)Success: 48%Success: 42%Success: 28%Success: 23%Success: (?)%Fail: 52%Fail: 58%Fail: 72%Fail: 77%Fail: (?)%QUESTION: false positives false negativesQUESTION: voluntary vs. coercedQUESTION: fidelity in treatmentQUESTION: completion rate 100%
Enhancing correctional efficiencies, effectiveness and outcomes
trajectories impact outcomes
Enhancing correctional efficiencies, effectiveness and outcomes
challenges of a correctional flow analysis
datahuman subjects researchhuman behaviordynamicfunding
Enhancing correctional efficiencies, effectiveness and outcomesformulate the question
Enhancing correctional efficiencies, effectiveness and outcomes
QUESTION: how do we MINIMIZE COSTSIDENTIFY & MAXIMIZE TRAJECTORIES W/COST BENEFITS (financial)ENSURE SAFETY & SECURITY (internal)IDENTIFY & MAXIMIZE TRAJECTORIES W/SUCCESS INDICATORS (rehabilitation)ENSURE PUBLIC SAFETY (CJ mission)within the correctional system as defined (resources, processes, flow, costs, time, motion, attributes)?
. . . and satisfyconstituents and internal/external influences
Enhancing correctional efficiencies, effectiveness and outcomes
discussion Q & A
Enhancing correctional efficiencies, effectiveness and outcomes
thank you
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