Disaster and Mitigation in Jakarta

Pilot Study for Project FormationPilot Study for Project Formation

For Official Use Only

Pilot Study for Project FormationPilot Study for Project FormationForFor

Integrated Urban Disaster Management ProjectIntegrated Urban Disaster Management ProjectIntegrated Urban Disaster Management ProjectIntegrated Urban Disaster Management ProjectIn Jakarta Metropolitan AreaIn Jakarta Metropolitan Area

INDONESIAINDONESIA

SEMINARSEMINAR

20th March, 200720th March, 2007

Pilot Study Team for Japan Bank for International Cooperation (JBIC)Pilot Study Team for Japan Bank for International Cooperation (JBIC)ALMEC CorporationALMEC Corporationpp

Earth System Science Co., LTDEarth System Science Co., LTDPACET CorporationPACET Corporation

1 Appreciation of the Study

Contents:Contents:1. Appreciation of the Study

1.1 Background of the Study1.2 Objective of the Studyj y1.3 Study Area1.4 Study Work Flow1.5 GIS Database Development1.6 Applicability and Expandability to Other Cities1 7 Target Natural Disasters1.7 Target Natural Disasters

2. Hazard Assessment3. Urban Vulnerability4. Coping Capacity5. Disaster Risk Assessment

C f6. Conceptual Plan for Integrated Disaster Management and Necessary Projects

7. Selection of Priority Project for JBIC Loan

Integrated Urban Disaster Management Project in Jakarta Metropolitan Area – Seminar2

y j

1 1 Background of the Study

1. Appreciation of the Study

1.1 Background of the Study – Government of Indonesia has emphasized the importance of

disaster reduction because of recent frequent natural disasters.– Jakarta Metropolitan Area requires effective disaster mitigation

program because of the importance of the area as the center of national politics, economy and high population density.

– It is desirable to develop a model program for urban disaster mitigation which can be applicable for other cities in Indonesia.

1.2 Objective of the Study– To establish a disaster mitigation program to prevent and

mitigate the damages of the natural disasters through investigation of the urban disaster scenarios in Jakarta Metropolitan Area.

– To identify projects which could possibly be financed by JBIC in the future.


1.31.3 Study AreaStudy Area1) Jakarta Metropolitan Area:1) Jakarta Metropolitan Area:

National center of political,social and economic activities,

2) Having over four (4) centuries2) Having over four (4) centurieshistory,

3) Experiencing expansion ofsubstandard and uncontrolledsubstandard and uncontrolledurbanization,

4) Located on low-lying alluvialf d t t lfan areas and prone to naturaldisasters, and

5) Existing volume of publici hservices are not enough to

cope with natural disasters.


(1) E l ti f th P t Di t (2) Ri k A l i N t l Di t i

1.41.4 Study Work FlowStudy Work Flow(1) Evaluation of the Present Disaster

Management System in DKI Jakarta

1.1 Review of existing disaster management programs

(2) Risk Analysis on Natural Disaster in Jakarta Metropolitan Area

2.1 Examination of the natural disaster hazards

2.2 Examination of the and related projects

1.2 Review of existing organizations and systems relating to disaster management and its

natural disaster hazards (mainly focuses on earthquake, tsunami and flood)

vulnerability of urban area to natural disaster

1.3 Analysis of problems of the present system

relating to disaster management and its implementation schemes

2.3 Examination of each natural disaster risk and create a multi hazard map

(3) Formulation of the Necessary Disaster Mitigation Measures

3.1 Formulation of disaster mitigation measures in Jakarta metropolitan area

3.2 Taking into consideration how the above-mentioned mitigation measures may be applied to other cities in Indonesia

(4) Selection of Recommended Yen-loan Projects

4.1 Development of a 4.2 Selection of priority 4.3 Evaluation of the selected projects by taking into id i h i i i l


list of possible projects for Yen-loan

projects based on the urgency of each project

consideration the economic impact, environmental impact and implementation scheme, and preparation

1.5 GIS Database DevelopmentGIS database was established utilizing various existing data andGIS database was established utilizing various existing data and information:

a) Natural Conditiona) Natural Condition1) Topographical maps scale at 1:2,5002) Geology3) Geomorphology) p gy4) Soil type5) River system and watershed6) Historical disaster record including earthquake, flood and tsunami7) Flood prone area8) Land subsidence area

b) Social Condition1) Existing land use2) Population3) Road network4) Lif li d t i l di t i li l t i it4) Lifeline data including water pipeline, electricity5) Distribution of public facilities6) Building statistics


Note: Data is mostly limited in DKI Jakarta area.

1.6 Applicability and Expandability to Other Cities

Methodology to identify the vulnerable and risk area is not complicated (using existingrisk area is not complicated (using existing data for natural condition, social indicators etc.) Conceptual plan shows the idea and project list for proactive disaster management approach (combination of prevention andapproach (combination of prevention and preparedness)

The methodology and conceptual plan can be applicable and expandable to other cities pp pby following this study procedure.


1.71.7 Target Natural DisastersTarget Natural Disasters1) E th k1) Earthquake

Generalized Tectonic Overview of Indonesia

Destructive Earthquake in Recent Years in Indonesia


Source : above; Seismic Hazard Model for Indonesia, Haresh C. Shah, Teddy Boen, April, 1996 below; Edited by Study Team by using Several Sources

2) Flood1) Inundated Area: 36,858 ha1) Inundated Area: 36,858 ha2) No. of Evacuated Family:

107,140 families (384,294persons)p )

3) No. of Evacuation Shelter:301 shelters

4) No. of People whoReceived MedicalTreatment: 609,007 persons

5) No. of Victim: 34 persons6) Total Economic Loss:

around 5 to 7 trillions inRupiah

Inundated Areas of 2002 Flood

Integrated Urban Disaster Management Project in Jakarta Metropolitan Area – Seminar9Source : Jakarta Metropolitan Area Flood Management Capacity Development Basic Study, Jan. 2006, JICA

which Affected Jakarta the Most

[New Channel and River Improvement Recommended by Master Plan 1997 ]

Integrated Urban Disaster Management Project in Jakarta Metropolitan Area – Seminar10Source : Jakarta Metropolitan Area Flood Management Capacity Development Basic Study, Jan. 2006, JICA

3) Tsunamis

Indonesia has experienced several large tsunamis even in recent years.Tsunamis that affected Indonesia mainly occurred at the coast of Indian Ocean and eastern Indonesia islands such as Molucca, Flores and Biak.


Epicenters of Recent Earthquakes which Caused Tsunami that Affected Indonesia Source : Edited by Study Team

2 Hazard Assessment2 1 Earthquake Hazard2.1 Earthquake Hazard

Distance to

“Jakarta will experience any earthquakes sooner or later.”Type of Earthquake Longitude

Latitude

Distance to Jakarta

(km)

Magni-tude

Depth(km)

No.1 (Type 1)Plate Boundary Earthquake at 8 0Plate Boundary Earthquake atSubduction Zone: Same place,Same magnitude with 1903earthquake.

-8.0106.0 258 8.1 30

No. 2 (Type 2)In-land Earthquake Related toKnown Active Fault: Same Placewith 1900 Sekobemi earthquake,Magnitude supposed from thedamage at the earthquake

-6.9-106.8 77 6.3 40

damage at the earthquake.

No.3 (Type 3)In-land Earthquake Related to Un-known Active Fault passingthrough Directly beneath Jakarta

-6.2106.80 4

6.3~

6 5

10~40

Example of the Possible Earthquake

g yMetropolitan Area 6.5 40


p qAffecting Jakarta

Source : Edited by the Study Team

Earthquake Hazard MapEarthquake hazard maps are compiled

Geological Name Seismic Intensity Increments

Qa1 Alluvial Flood Plain Sediments Very High

using geological data which are interpreted from seismic intensity increment and liquefaction potential of the study area.

Qa2 Alluvial Valley Sediments High

Qbr Alluvial Sand Dune Very High

Qav Quaternary Fan Deposit Moderate

Seismic Intensity IncrementsQvas Quaternary Intrusive Rock Very Low

Qv Quaternary Volcanic Rock Very Low

Qtvb Quaternary Tuff Deposit Moderate

T T ti S di t (S F ti ) LTpss Tertiary Sediments (Serpong Formation) Low

Tpg Tertiary Sediments (Genteng Formation) Low

Tmb Tertiary Sediments (Bojonmanik Formation) Low

Tmk Tertiary Sediments (Klapanunggal Formation) LowTmk Tertiary Sediments (Klapanunggal Formation) Low

Tmj Tertiary Sediments (Jatilouhur Formation) Low

Tmrs Tertiary Sediments (Rengganis Formation) Low

Tmpb Tertiary Volcanic (Basalt Dago Volcano) Very LowTmpb Tertiary Volcanic (Basalt, Dago Volcano) Very Low

Integrated Urban Disaster Management Project in Jakarta Metropolitan Area – Seminar13Source : Classified by the Study Team based on Geological Research and Development Center, 1960

Geological Name Liquefaction Potential

Qa1 Alluvial Flood Plain Sediments High

Earthquake Hazard Map

Qa2 Alluvial Valley Sediments Moderate

Qbr Alluvial Sand Dune Very High

Qav Quaternary Fan Deposit Low

Q Q

Liquefaction Potential DistributionQvas Quaternary Intrusive Rock No

Qv Quaternary Volcanic Rock No

Qtvb Quaternary Tuff Deposit Very Low

Tpss Tertiary Sediments (Serpong Formation) NoTpss Tertiary Sediments (Serpong Formation) No

Tpg Tertiary Sediments (Genteng Formation) No

Tmb Tertiary Sediments (Bojonmanik Formation) No

Tmk Tertiary Sediments (Klapanunggal Formation) NoTmk Tertiary Sediments (Klapanunggal Formation) No

Tmj Tertiary Sediments (Jatilouhur Formation) No

Tmrs Tertiary Sediments (Rengganis Formation) No

Tmpb Tertiary Volcanic (Basalt, Dago Volcano) NoTmpb Tertiary Volcanic (Basalt, Dago Volcano) No

Integrated Urban Disaster Management Project in Jakarta Metropolitan Area – Seminar14Source : Classified by the Study Team based on Geological Research and Development Center, 1960

2.2 Flood Hazard“Jakarta is affected by flood disaster periodically.”

Jakarta is affected by flood disaster periodically.

Designated Flood Prone Area

Integrated Urban Disaster Management Project in Jakarta Metropolitan Area – Seminar15Source : Jakarta Poverty Area Drainage Improvement Basic Study, March 2004, JICA

Prepared based on Flood record

Flood Hazard Map

Prepared based on Flood record map (depth and duration identified by Kelurahan base) of 2002 and flood prone area pidentified by DKI Jakarta.

Depth of Flood in 2002


Duration of Flood in 2002 Source : Edited by the Study Team based on the designated 78 flood prone areas and condition of flood in 2002

2.3 Tsunami HazardTsunami Hazard MapTsunami Hazard Map

Elevation below 2m

The largest Tsunami event is the one triggered by the Krakatau eruption in 19th


The largest Tsunami event is the one triggered by the Krakatau eruption in 19th century with the maximum wave of 2.3 m that reached Jakarta Metropolitan Area.

Source : Edited by the Study Team based on the topographic map scale in 1:2,500,

2.4 Other Factor related to Flood and Tsunami

Land Subsidence Land Subsidence from 1974 to 1993

There can be supposed another phenomenon that affect to the damages of flood and tsunami, that is, land subsidence to worsen the situation. It is a factor that shows natural disaster hazard.


Source : Edited by the Study Team based on the map shown in the study on urban drainage integrated management in lowland area of DKI, Jakarta, March 2006, IEE

3. Urban Vulnerability Assessment

[Urban Vulnerability Indicators]- Physical vulnerability:

- Buildings,Buildings, - Transport infrastructure, - Urban utilities,

Hazardous facilities etc- Hazardous facilities, etc.- Social vulnerability:

- Population density, Income le el- Income level,

- Existing land use, - Urban kampong area, - Building coverage ratio, etc.

*Supplemental Data Survey for:- Infrastructure Survey (Bridges and Flyovers) : 20 sites- Building Survey (Schools, Hospitals and Cityhalls : 35 sites- Community Survey : 15 sites


Community Survey : 15 sites

Examples of Urban Vulnerability Map

Income Level: Social Vulnerability

Population Density:


Social Vulnerability

Water Supply Network

Liquefaction PotentialLiquefaction Potential


4. Coping CapacityFire Posts & Location of Fire Risk Fire Posts & Location of Fire Risk Area identifies by Fire Fighting Departmentp


Hospital Access Area

5. Disaster Risk Assessment5 1 G ti f G id M f H d V l bilit d Ri kHazard maps and vulnerability maps assessed in previous chapters (2 ~ 4) are converted to 500m x 500m grid cell map to analyze urban vulnerability

5.1 Generation of Grid Map of Hazard, Vulnerability and Risk

are converted to 500m x 500m grid cell map to analyze urban vulnerability. Data analysis by grid system was applied only for DKI Jakarta area due to availability of detail data.

[Indicator of hazard and vulnerability]1. Seismic Intensity Increment -> Seismic Hazard2 Li f ti P t ti l > S i i H d2. Liquefaction Potential -> Seismic Hazard3. Flood Depth (2002 Flood) -> Flood Hazard4. Flood Duration (2002 Flood) -> Flood Hazard5. Land Subsidence -> Flood and Tsunami Hazard6. Elevation -> Tsunami Hazard 7. Distance to Shore Line -> Tsunami Hazard8. Population Density -> Social Vulnerability9. Income Level -> Social Vulnerability10. Building Coverage Ratio -> Physical Vulnerability


10. Building Coverage Ratio Physical Vulnerability

Index for Risk Assessment

Disaster Formula


Earthquake (1+2)x(8+9+10)Flood (3+4+5)x(8+9)Tsunami (6+7)x(8+9)

Formulas for Risk Analysis: R = H x V

Seismic Hazard: Seismic Intensity Increment


Seismic Hazard: Liquefaction Potential


Flood Hazard: Flood Depth (2002 Flood)


Flood Hazard: Flood Duration (2002 Flood)


Flood and Tsunami Hazard: Land Subsidence


Tsunami Hazard: Elevation


Social Vulnerability: Population Density


Social Vulnerability: Income Level


Physical Vulnerability: Building Coverage Ratio


Earthquake Risk


Flood Risk


Tsunami Risk


[Identified Problems]

1. The risk area of natural hazards (earthquake, flood and tsunami) spreads northern part of DKI Jakarta (approximately 20% of whole DKI Jakarta)(approximately 20% of whole DKI Jakarta).

2. This area has been developed since early times and urban activities are highly concentratedactivities are highly concentrated .

3. Many important facilities such as port, airport and power plants are located in this area and arterial roads which isplants are located in this area and arterial roads which is connecting these facilities have been developed.

4. Important facilities, infrastructures and hazardous p ,materials are facing at risk and series of mitigation measures should be implemented to mitigate damages

d b t l di tcaused by natural disasters.5. This area can be regarded as the priority area for

implementation of the disaster management measures


implementation of the disaster management measures.

6. Conceptual Plan for Integrated Disaster Management and Necessary Projects6.0 Conceptual Plan

Addresses earthquake flood and tsunami

Necessary Projects

– Addresses earthquake, flood and tsunami– Basis for disaster management activities

6 1 Planning Concept6.1 Planning Concept– Protect residents and communities, capital functions

and economic activitiesand economic activities– Taking proactive approach

Implementing mitigation and prevention measures such asImplementing mitigation and prevention measures such as strengthening of building, construction of flood control facilities, establishment of early warning system, etc.Mi i i i d b i f di t t hMinimizing damage by preparing for disaster event such as designation of evacuation place and route, emergency action plan, development of early warning system, etc.


6.2 Framework of Necessary Disaster Management Projects

Proactive measures and actions are classified into following three categories.I. Policy Setting, Planning and Research :y g g

Formulating comprehensive disaster management structure of national/provincial level and accumulating knowledge on disaster itself and effective reinforcement measures.itself and effective reinforcement measures.

II. Damage Mitigation / Prevention Measures :Minimizing damage and loss of disasters by implementing

iti ti / ti h t th i d t fittimitigation/prevention measures such as strengthening and retrofitting of existing building and infrastructures which were constructed based on old structure code, construction of flood control facilities, installation of early warning system, etc.

III. Measures to Prepare the Disaster Event :Minimizing damage expansion by preparing for the disaster eventMinimizing damage expansion by preparing for the disaster event appropriately, such as designation of evacuation place and emergency road network, formulation of emergency action plan, development of information system etc


development of information system, etc.

6.2 Framework of Necessary Disaster Management Projects

The Conceptual Plan has three interactive categories, namely “policy”, “damageThe Conceptual Plan has three interactive categories, namely policy , damage mitigation” and “preparedness to disaster event” and program components to comply with the target disasters.


6.3 Evaluation Indicators

The projects which was listed in necessary disaster management measures was evaluated using the following evaluation criteria. Also, the study team selected the recommended projects based on the evaluation y p jand indicated as JIDM (Jakarta Integrated Disaster Management) project in the following tables.

Urgency: Urgent action is needed and long-term undertaking does not meet this criterion.

Benefit: Wide and stiff benefit is appreciated in terms of beneficiary population and economic benefit (or economic damage without it). Only planning works without implementation or enforcement is consideredplanning works without implementation or enforcement is considered volatile in benefit estimation.

Ad bili Th f h S d i l d id i d bili fAdaptability: The scope of the Study includes considering adaptability of the identified projects to other metropolitan areas in Indonesia. If project implementation experience is useful to other areas, such a project is


judged to contain high adaptability.

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Disaster and Mitigation in Jakarta