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7/28/2019 Disaster Mitigation and Management Reserch
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DISASTER CONCEPT,
DISASTER PREVENTION, MITIGATION AND
PREPAREDNESS
Maann Sharla M. Bautista
Dolores District
Abstract:
Philippines is one of the most disaster prone countries of the world. It has had some of the
worlds most severe droughts, landslides, typhoons, floods, earthquakes, rail accidents, sea
accidents and road accidents. Disaster is a sudden, calamitous event bringing great damage, loss,and destruction and devastation to life and property. In simple terms we can define disaster as a
hazard causing heavy loss to life, property and livelihood. This paper deals with types ofdisasters and mitigation and management methods at and after the time of disasters.Vulnerability, Hazards and Risk reduction are the main key points involved in Disasters. This
paper deals with main aspects involved in each and every type of disaster for managing and
mitigating their effects.
Research Background:
The earth has been an unstable proposition throughout its existence. Man who entered the scene
has been exploring during his short existence to unravel the various mysteries which are
mysteries till date. These mysteries have been understood by and confined to the intellectual
community.
But, when the victims of the mysteries are the people then they need to know what the mysteriesare and the impact the mysteries can have on them.This paper discusses how disaster can be managed through awareness and suggests a
methodology to mitigate disaster. But before discussing this let us discuss what a disaster is?
What disaster management is? How disasters can be managed by spreading awareness aboutdisasters?
What is a Disaster?According to each, disaster is defined as many ways, so, there is no particular definition for a
Disaster.Overall, disaster is defined as:
Disaster is a sudden, calamitous event bringing great damage, loss, and destruction anddevastation to life and property.
WHO defines Disaster as "any occurrence that causes damage, ecological disruption, lossof human life, deterioration of health and health services, on a scale sufficient to warrant
an extraordinary response from outside the affected community or area.
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It is a natural accident, which causes great damage to life, property and Structures which cannot
be reused.
It may also be termed as a serious disruption of the functioning of society, causing widespread
human, material or environmental losses which exceed the ability of the affected society to cope
using its own resources.
Damages by Disasters:
Damages done by disasters are inevitable and they cannot be reduced and predicted and only
method is to manage them and mitigate them. The damage caused by disasters is immeasurable.
The damage caused by disasters depends on:
Geographical location of place, Climate of the place, Type of Surface of Earth and Degree of Vulnerability.
This influences the mental, socio-economic, political and cultural state of the affected area.
A disaster may have the following main features:-
Unpredictability, Unfamiliarity, Speed, Urgency, Uncertainty and Threat
Vulnerability, Hazards and Risk are the main key points when ever disaster mitigation and
management is considered.
Types of Disasters:
Disasters are simply defined as any over helming ecological disruption which disturbs
environmental and economical positions.
Disasters are mainly divided as two types:
Natural Disasters and Artificial Disasters.
Artificial Disasters are also called as Man Made Disasters.
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Natural Disasters:
Disasters that are caused by Natural causes are called as Natural Disasters.
Earthquakes, Landslides, Floods, River erosion, Cyclones, Tsunami, Forest Fires etc
Artificial Disasters:
These are the disasters that are occurred due to man made changes over the surface of the Earth.
Nuclear Disasters, Chemical Disasters, Mine Disasters, Biological Disasters.
These are an example of manmade disasters.
Natural Disasters:
Earthquakes:
Earthquakes are nothing but any sudden movement over the surface of the Earth which shakes
Earth vigorously that destroys the structures resting on the Earth.
We are not about to predict earthquakes. As one door closes, another opens. If we cant
predict earthquakes, then lets learn to live safely with them.
The main safeties behind Earthquakes are:
We should know safe spot in each and every room of our house, Decide where your family will reunite if separated, Maintain emergency food, water, medicine, first aid kit, tools, and clothing.
During an Earthquake:
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Take cover. Go under a table or other sturdy furniture; kneel, sit, or stay close to thefloor. Hold on to furniture legs for balance. Be prepared to move if your cover moves.
If no sturdy cover is nearby, kneel or sit close to the floor next to a structurally soundinterior wall. Place your hands on the floor for balance.
Typhoons:
Typhoon is defined as:
Rapid inward circulation of air masses about a low pressure centre; circling
counter clockwise in the northern hemisphere and clockwise in the southern.
Keep watch on weather and listen to radio or TV. Keep alert about the communitywarning systemsloudspeakers, bells, conches, drums or any traditional warning system.
Get to know the nearest typhoon shelter / safe houses and the safest route to reach theseshelters,
Prepare a first aid kit, emergency tools for saving ourselves, dry food.During a Typhoon:
Disconnect all electrical appliances and turn off gas. If the building starts crumbling, protect yourself with mattresses, rugs or blankets under a
strong table or bench or hold on to a solid fixture (e.g. a water pipe)
Listen to your transistor radio for updates and advice.Floods:
All your family members should know the safe route to nearest shelter/ raised puccahouse.
If your area is flood-prone, consider alternative building materials. Mud walls are morelikely to be damaged during floods. You may consider making houses where the walls
are made of local bricks up to the highest known flood level with cement pointing.
During Floods:
Drink boiled water.
Keep your food covered, dont take heavy meals. Use raw tea, rice-water, tender coconut-water, etc
During a Landslide:
Stay alert and awake. Many debris-flow fatalities occur when people are sleeping. Listento a Weather Radio or portable, battery-powered radio or television for warnings of
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intense rainfall. Be aware that intense, short bursts of rain may be particularly dangerous,
especially after longer periods of heavy rainfall and damp weather.
If you are in areas susceptible to landslides and debris flows, consider leaving if it is safeto do so. Remember that driving during an intense storm can be hazardous. If you remain
at home, move to a second story if possible. Staying out of the path of a landslide or
debris flow saves lives.
After the Landslide:
Stay away from the slide area. There may be danger of additional slides. Check for injured and trapped persons near the slide, without entering the direct slide
area. Direct rescuers to their locations.
Help a neighbor who may require special assistance - infants, elderly people, and peoplewith disabilities. Elderly people and people with disabilities may require additional
assistance. People who care for them or who have large families may need additional
assistance in emergency situations.
Disaster management means:
Emergency management is the discipline of dealing with and avoiding risks. It is a discipline
that involves preparing for disaster before it occurs, disaster response (e.g., emergency
evacuation,quarantine,mass decontamination, etc.), and supporting, and rebuilding society afternaturalorhuman-madedisasters have occurred. In general, any Emergency Management is the
continuous process by which all individuals, groups, and communities manage hazards in an
effort to avoid or ameliorate the impact of disasters resulting from the hazards. Effective
Emergency Management relies on thorough integration of emergency plans at all levels ofgovernment and non-government involvement.
Disaster management involves a cycle namely Emergency Cycle.
Experts, such as Red-Cross, have long noted that the cycle of Emergency Management must include long-
term work on infrastructure, public awareness, and even human justice issues.
The process of Emergency Management involves four phases:
1. Mitigation2. Preparedness3. Response4. Recovery.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_evacuationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_evacuationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarantinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarantinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarantinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_decontaminationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_decontaminationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_decontaminationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_hazardshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_hazardshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man-made_hazardshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man-made_hazardshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man-made_hazardshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Hazardshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Hazardshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Hazardshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man-made_hazardshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_hazardshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_decontaminationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarantinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_evacuation7/28/2019 Disaster Mitigation and Management Reserch
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This is named as Emergency Management Cycle since it works in a cyclic process.
Mitigation:
Mitigation efforts attempt to prevent hazards from developing into disasters altogether, or
to reduce the effects of disasters when they occur. The mitigation phase differs from the otherphases because it focuses on long-term measures for reducing or eliminating risk.
Mitigative measures can be structural or non-structural. Structural measures use technological
solutions, like flood levees. Non-structural measures include legislation, land-use planning and
insurance. Mitigation is the most cost-efficient method for reducing the impact of hazards;
however it is not always suitable. Mitigation does include providing regulations regardingevacuation, sanctions against those who refuse to obey the regulations (such as mandatory
evacuations), and communication of potential risks to the public. Some structural mitigation
measures may have adverse effects on theecosystem.
A precursor activity to the mitigation is the identification of risks. Physicalrisk assessmentrefers
to the process of identifying and evaluating hazards. The hazard-specific risk (Rh) combines boththe probability and the level of impact of a specific hazard. The equation below states that the
hazard multiplied by the populations vulnerability to that hazard produces a risk Catastrophe
modeling. The higher the risk, the more urgent that the hazard specific vulnerabilities are
targeted by mitigation and preparedness efforts. However, if there is no vulnerability there willbe no risk, e.g. an earthquake occurring in a desert where nobody lives.
Preparedness:
Preparedness is a continuous cycle of planning, organizing, training, equipping,exercising, evaluation and improvement activities to ensure effective coordination and the
enhancement of capabilities to prevent, protect against, respond to, recover from, and mitigate
the effects of natural disasters, acts of terrorism, and other man-made disasters.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk_assessmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk_assessmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk_assessmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catastrophe_modelinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catastrophe_modelinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catastrophe_modelinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Em_cycle.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catastrophe_modelinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catastrophe_modelinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk_assessmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystem7/28/2019 Disaster Mitigation and Management Reserch
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In the preparedness phase, emergency managers develop plans of action to manage and counter
their risks and take action to build the necessary capabilities needed to implement such plans.
Common preparedness measures include:
Communication plans with easily understandable terminology and methods.
Proper maintenance and training of emergency services, including mass human resourcessuch ascommunity emergency response teams.
Development and exercise of emergency population warning methods combined withemergency sheltersandevacuation plans.
stockpiling, inventory, and maintain disaster supplies and equipment Develop organizations of trained volunteers among civilian populations. Professional
emergency workers are rapidly overwhelmed in mass emergencies so trained; organized,
responsible volunteers are extremely valuable.
Eg: National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council, Red Cross,
Another aspect of preparedness iscasualty prediction, the study of how many deaths or injuriesto expect for a given kind of event. This gives planners an idea of what resources need to be in
place to respond to a particular kind of event.
Response:
The response phase includes the mobilization of the necessary emergency services and first
responders in thedisaster area.
This is likely to introduce:
1. firefighters2. police3. ambulance4. disaster relief operation(military)5. Non combatant evacuation operation6. Special rescue teams
at the site of the disaster prone areas.
A well rehearsed emergency plan developed as part of the preparedness phase enables
efficient coordination of rescue. There is a need for both discipline (structure, doctrine,
process) and agility (creativity, improvisation, adaptability) in responding to a disaster.
Recovery:
The aim of the recovery phase is to restore the affected area to its previous state. It differs
from the response phase in its focus; recovery efforts are concerned with issues and decisions
that must be made after immediate needs are addressed.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_emergency_response_teamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_emergency_response_teamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_emergency_response_teamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_population_warninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_population_warninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_shelterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_shelterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_evacuationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_evacuationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_evacuationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockpilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockpilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casualty_predictionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casualty_predictionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casualty_predictionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disaster_areahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disaster_areahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disaster_areahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disaster_areahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casualty_predictionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockpilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_evacuationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_shelterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_population_warninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_emergency_response_team7/28/2019 Disaster Mitigation and Management Reserch
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Recovery efforts are primarily concerned with actions that involve rebuilding destroyed property,
re-employment, and the repair of other essential infrastructure.
Efforts should be made to "build back better", aiming to reduce the pre-disaster risks inherent in
the community and infrastructure.
An important aspect of effective recovery efforts is taking advantage of a window of
opportunityfor the implementation of mitigative measures that might otherwise be unpopular.
Recently the Government has formed the NDRRMC . This group represents a public/privatepartnership, and aimed at improving the general response of communities to emergencies, in
addition to those incidents which might be described as disasters.
4Rs is a term used to describe the emergency management cycle locally. In Philippines thefour phases are known as:
Reduction = Mitigation Readiness = Preparedness Response Recovery
Risk Assessment
The evaluation of risk for a tropical cyclone is a relatively straightforward process. A hazard mapshould be prepared for any given year. The following information could be used to estimate theprobability of storms of cyclones of various intersections that may strike different parts of the
county.
Analyses of climatologically records to determine how often tropical cyclones have struck-their intensities and locations.
History of wind strengths, frequencies, height and location of storm surges frequencies offlooding.
Information about tropical cyclone occurrences in the past 50-100 years over the oceanadjoining the part of the country in question.
a) An Integrated Warning/Response System
Specific preparedness measures to counter the impact of tropicaltyphoons may be classified into
two categories:
Those of long term or seasonal nature, which need to be planned, implemented andoperationally tested and co-coordinated by means of simulation exercise well before a
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seasonal threat commences. Among these are pre-season co-ordination meetings at
headquarters, district and local levels, at which operational contingency plans are reviewedand amended, training and community preparedness programs conducted and communitylifelines.
Those of a short-term nature, which relate to a state of readiness to cut in once acontemporary cyclone threat is announced. Among these are domestic, vocational and
animal husbandry arrangements to safeguard the survival, property assets and livelihoods ofindividual families and communities.
b) Public Warning System
The three main objectives in a tropical typhoon warning are:
To alert the people to the danger by announcing the existence of a threat due to a typhoon To identify the areas where people will be actively threatened by typhoon and where
communities should monitor further warning announcements, and To call the people to action by recommending specific preparedness activities, which may
be part of, and integrated warning/response plan to protect vulnerable resources.
Disaster management Team Cycle:
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Research Methodology:
Dolores is very blessed for its geographical location and position. It is one of those towns inQuezon that is least affected by some disasters. But this does give Dolores any chance of not to
be prepared should any disaster strikes in this town.
The methodology used in this research is Qualitative Methods in data gathering through surveys
and interviews as well as team planning.
The following tables represent the data gathered and specific actions for the identified hazards
and problems.
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Counter Disaster Plan of Dolores District
SY 2012-2013; 2013-2014
Disaster-Related
Problems &
Issues in the
Community/School
Area
Household/School
Affected
Objectives Strategies Resources
Needed
And Sources
SCHEDULE
Vehicular accidents Dolores Central School
Don Eulogio Capino
Elementary School
Don Severo Felismino
Elementary School
Bulakin Elementary
School
Dolores Central School
Annex
Boundary between
Brgy. Silanganan and
Pinagdanglanyan
To train the students of
these said schools
regarding traffic rules
To prevent vehicular
accidents
Orientation on road
safety
Repainting / Creation of
pedestrian lanes in all
roads
Creation of road safetypatrol
Creation of Road Signs
and Installation of light
posts
SPG Officers
Key Teachers
Head Teachers
Principal
Police Officers
*Pamphlets regarding
road safety
*School Fund
Barangay Officers
Municipal Engineering
Office
*Barangay Fund
Barangay Police Officers
Barangay Officers
Municipal Engineering
Office
*Barangay Fund
January 2013
June 2013
April 2013
January 2013
December 2012
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Floods Households in the
boundary of San Mateo
and Antonino
Entire Dolores drainage
and canals
To improve the flood
gates
To prevent accidental
drowning in the Dolores
Canal System
Elevation of the roads
between San Mateo
and Antonino
Installation of metal
barriers in the open
canal
Barangay Officers
Municipal Engineering
Office
*Barangay Fund
Municipal Engineering
Office
*Municipal Road
Improvement fund
April 2013
April 2013
Landslide Kinabuhayan
Elementary School
Don Eulogio Capino
Elementary School
To strengthen some
portions the hills
surrounding
Kinabuhayan
To evaluate the
situation of some
portion of DECES which
situated just above
Creation of a barrier to
prevent stones from
falling to the school and
other house
surrounding the school
Soil Testing and Ground
Evaluation on some
classroom of DECES
located near the lake
Barangay Officers
PTA Officers
*Barangay Fund
Principal
Teachers
PTA Officers
*School Fund
March 2013
March 2013
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RE-ENTRY PLANNING OF DOLORES DISTRICT
SY 2012-2013; 2013-2014
ACTIVITY OBJECTIVES TARGET
BENIFICIARIES
TIME
FRAME
PERSON/S
RESPONSIBLE
RESOURCES
NEEDED
REMARKS
Disaster Concept
,Mitigation, Prevention
and PreparednessOrientation Seminar
To educate the
school community
regarding thedifferent disaster
To help the school
in identifying and
preparing in the
different hazards
that may be
present in their
school
Dolores District
Educative
Community
May 2013 Red Cross Volunteers
Key Teachers
Head Teachers
Projector
Laptop
PPT regardingDisaster
Re- Echo on Disaster
Concept ,Mitigation,
Prevention and
Preparedness
Orientation Seminar
To educate the
community
regarding the
different disaster
To help the
community in
identifying the
different hazards
that may be
present in their
barangay
To prepare the
barangay in the
different disaster
Different sectors in
the barangay
June 2013 Key Teachers
PTA officers
SGC Members
Projector
Laptop
PPT regarding
Disaster
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First Aid Seminar To equip key
teachers and SPG
officers regarding
some basic first
aid.
Dolores District
Educative
Community
July 2013 Key Teachers
Selected SPG Officers
Red Cross First Aid
Volunteers
First Aid
Paraphernalia
Laptop
Projector
PPT regarding First
Aid
Earthquake and Fire
Drills
To educate the
students regarding
what to do should
the said disaster
strikes
Dolores District
Educative
Community
July 2013
December 2013
Key Teachers
Selected SPG Officers
Preparation of Hazard
Map
To identify the
different hazards
that may be
present in the
community
Entire Barangay August 2013 Barangay Officials
Key Teachers
Red Cross Volunteers
Map of the
barangay
Creation of Counter
Disaster Plan
To mitigate or
prevent disaster
from striking in the
community
Entire Barangay September 2013 Barangay Officials
Key Teachers
Counter Disaster
Plan
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Conclusion:
We cannot predict any of the disasters, but we can prevent them by mitigation and
management techniques.
So, to keep DOLORES safe from all the disasters, we should have minimum knowledge about
disasters and their mitigation and management techniques.
Save greenery and DOLORES from all the disasters.