Divisions of Literature (3)

7/31/2019 Divisions of Literature (3)

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Divisions

of

Literature


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Poetry Prose

Poetry may or may notuse rhyme, as ordinarily

it does not in blank andfree verse.

Prose does not makeuse of rhyme at all.

Both prose and poetry can stir the

emotion as well as the intellect.

Both can convey information as well aspleasure.


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Poetry Prose

It expresses a strongemotion or a lofty

thought compressedand intense utterance.

The main purpose ofpoetry is to providepleasure and delight.

It appeals to theemotion and

imagination.

It is generallyconcerned with the

presentation of an idea,concept or point of viewin a more ordinary andleisurely manner.

The purpose of prose isto furnish information,instruction, or

enlightenment.

It appeals to theintellect.


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I. POETRY

Poetry may be described as rhythmicimaginative language expressinginvention, thought, imagination,

taste, passion, and insight of thehuman soul.

Its purpose is enthrallment.


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William Wordsworth describes it asthe spontaneous overflow ofpowerful feelings.


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Characteristics of Poetry

A. Rhythm

1. Meter ( Organized Rhythm )

2. Rhyme and other Sound DevicesB. Imagery

1. Figures of Speech

2. SymbolsC. Sense or Meaning


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A.RHYTHM

Rhythm is the regular recurrence ofstressed and unstressed, long andshort, or high-pitched and low-

pitched syllables creating a pattern inthe lines of a poem.

This gives the poem its melodious

quality and makes it grand, solemnand majestic; sonorous and full; slowand mournful; rapid and light, etc.


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1. Meter ( Organized Rhythm )

Meter is the measured pattern orgrouping of syllables, called metricfoot, according to accent and length.

A group of metric feet forms a poeticline or verse.

A group of poetic lines or verses iscalled stanza.


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According to the placement of

accent, there is a variety ofpatterns or feet of which the four

basics are.

The Iamb ( Iambic foot )

The Anapest ( Anapestic foot )

The Trochus ( Trochaic foot )

The Dactyl ( Dactylic foot )


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a. IAMB

The Iambic foot consists of anunaccented syllable followed by anaccented syllable ( X / )

Ex.

x / x / x / x / x /

The curfew tolls the knell of parting day.-Gray,

Elegy in a Country Churchyard


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b. Anapest

The Anapestic foot consists of twounaccented syllables followed by anaccented syllable. ( X X / )

Ex.

x x / x x /

Did you fall in the race?x x / x x /

Did you faint in the spurt

-Robins, The Best


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c. Trochus

The Trochaic foot consists of an accentedsyllable followed by an unaccented syllable.( / x )

Ex.

/ x / x / x

Up the airy mountain/ x / x /

Down the rushy glen

-Allingham, The Fairies


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d. Dactyl

The Dactylic foot consists of anaccented syllable followed by twounaccented syllables. ( / x x )

Ex.

/ x x / x x / x x / x x / x x / x

This is the forest primeval, the murmuring pines and the hemlocks.

-Longfellow, Evangeline


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According to the number of feet in apoetic line, the principal verse

lengths are: monometer, dimeter,trimeter, tetrameter, pentameter,hexameter, heptameter, octameter,and nonameter.

Scansion is the system by which apoem is described according to its

metrical structure by identifying itsaccents and verse lengths.


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Free verse is the natural flow ofcadenced rhythms as created by thepoet

Blank verse is unrhymed verse


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2. Rhyme and other sound

devices

Rhyme is the regular recurrence ofsimilar sounds usually at the end oflines or also within one line.

The pattern or sequence in which therhyme words occur in a stanza orpoem is called the rhyme scheme.

To find the rhyme scheme, the sameletter of the alphabet is usuallyassigned to each similar sound in astanza.


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B. Imagery

Imagery refers to expressionsevocative of objects of sensuousappeal. It may be in the form of

direct description or may befigurative, which latter involves theuse of figures of speech and

symbols.


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C. Sense or Meaning

A poem must say something.

It must enlighten, reveal a truth,open new vistas, give newperceptions, enable to understandthe world around us more deeply,and see things beyond the physical

senses.


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How do we try to understand apoem?

When reading a poem, it would helpmuch to look up the meaning ofunfamiliar words; to keep in mind

that a poem is never purely literal;and to remember that the poetmeans and feels more than what he

actually says.


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Imagine yourself in the situation ofthe poet and try to see and feel ashe does, give free rein to your

imagination and feelings, and use allof your life experience to enlightenyou so that the poem can acquire

meaning for you.


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Kinds of Poetry

1. Lyric

2. Narrative

3. Dramatic


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Lyric Poetry

It is the utterance of the humanheart in poetic form. It is describedas brief and subjective, marked by

imagination, melody and emotion,and creating a single unifiedexpression


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Popular types of lyric poetry:

1. Simple lyric

2. Song

3. Sonnet 4. Elegy

5. Ode


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Simple lyric includes those lyricalpoems that do not properly belongunder any of the other types of

lyrics.

Song is a short lyric poem which hasa particularly melodious quality andis intended primarily to be sung, orcan easily be set to music.


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Sonnet is a lyric of fourteen lines with aformal rhyme scheme or pattern.

Types:

Italian or Petrarchan, named afterItalian poet Francesco Petrarch, consistsof an octave which develops the theme,followed by a sextet which recapitulatesthe idea. The octave has a rhyme schemeof abba abba and the sextet, cde cde orcdcdcd, or some other combination.


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Sonnet 5(Francesco Petrarch)

I find no peace, and all my war is done;I fear and hope, I burn and freeze likewise;

I fly above the wind, yet cannot rise;And nought I have, yet all the world I seize on;That looseth, nor locketh, holdeth me in prison,

And holds me not, yet can Iscape no wise;Nor lets me live, nor die, at my devise.

And yet of death it giveth none occasion.Without eyes I see, and without tongue I plain:

I wish to perish, yet I ask for health;

I love another, and yet I hate myself;I feed in sorrow, and laugh in all my pain;

Lo, thus displeaseth me both death and life,And my delight is causer of my grief.


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English, Elizabethan orShakespearean Sonnet, named afterWilliam Shakespeare and Queen

Elizabeth I, is divided into threequatrains plus a couplet with arhyme scheme of abab cdcd efef gg.

The idea is developed in the threequatrains, and is summarized andreinforced in the closing couplet.


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Sonnet XXIX(William Shakespeare)

When in disgrace with fortune and mens eyes,I all alone beweep my outcast state.

And trouble deaf Heaven with my bootless criesAnd look upon myself, and curse my fate.Wishing me like to one more rich in hope,

Featurd like him, like him with friends possest,Desiring this mans art and that mans scope

With what I most enjoy contented least;Yet in these thoughts myself almost despising

Haply I think on thee, and then my state

(Like to the lark at break of day arisingFrom sullen earth) sings hymns at heavens gate;

For thy sweet love remembered such wealth bringsThat then I scorn to change my state with kings.


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Spenserian Sonnet, named afterthe English poet Edmund Spenser, isdivided into three quatrains and a

closing couplet with a rhyme schemeof abab bcbc cdcd ee.


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Elegy is a lamentation or anexpression of mourning for the dead.

By its very nature, the poems moodis solemn and sorrowful, yet itusually contains suggestions of hope

and faith to allay the sorrow. Ode is the most majestic type of

lyric poetry. It is exalted in tone andexpresses lofty praise for someperson, event, object or idea. It iselaborately designed and is formal instructure and content.


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Narrative Poetry

It tells a story following a chronologyof events.

Types:

1. Ballad is a short simple narrativepoem composed to be sung, andaltered as it was orally transmitted

from generation to generation until itwas written down much later.


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2. Metrical Tale relates real orimaginary events in simple straightforward language. It can choose

from a wide range of subjects,characters, life experiences,emotional situations, and may

project a mood that is serious orlight. It is usually concerned withordinary events.


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3. Metrical Romance is a long ramblinglove story in verse revolving around theadventures of knights and lords and theirhighborn ladies during the age of chivalry.Heavily flavored with romance, fantasticevents, supernatural occurrences, magic

and the ideals of the medieval period suchas honor, truth, courage, justice, andreverence for woman, the story is oftenrich in allegory and permits a great play of

fancy and the conflict between the forcesof good and of evil.


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4. Epic is a long majesticnarrative poem which tells of theexploits of a traditional hero and the

development of a nation.

Characteristics of an epic:

-the story is broad in scope and

theme; its subject matter is often amixture of legend, history, myth,religion, and tradition


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-the action is grand and on a hugescale, the supernatural element is

highly pronounced and thecharacters are larger-than-life (gods,demi-gods and highborn mortals)

-the source of conflict involveselemental passions; the eventscenter on a prodigious struggle oreffort to achieve a great purpose orcarry out a great task againstpowerful forces


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-the plot consists of numerousepisodes and sub-plots peopled bynumerous characters

-the plot often begins in media resand the story is completed by aseries of flashbacks

-the style is solemn and majestic inkeeping with the grandeur of thesubject matter


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Dramatic Poetry

It has elements that closely relate itto drama, either because it is writtenin some kind of dramatic form, or

uses a dramatic technique. It mayalso suggest a story, but there ismore emphasis on character rather

than on the narrative.


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Forms of dramatic poetry:

-Dramatic Monologue presents the

speech of a single character whoaddresses one or more persons whoare present and who are listening to

the speaker, but remain silent.

-Soliloquy is a passage spoken by a

speaker in a poem or by a characterin a play, except that there is no onepresent to hear him.


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-Character Sketch is a poem inwhich the writer is concerned lesswith matters of story, complete or

implied, than he is with arousingsympathy, antagonism, or merelyinterest for an individual.


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Divisions of Literature (3)