DOE Project DE-FC26-04NT42270: Systematic Engine Uprate ...“The overall objective of this project is to develop new engine up- rate technologies that will be applicable to a large

Engines and Energy Conversion Laboratory

DOE Project DE-FC26-04NT42270:Systematic Engine Uprate Technology Development and Deployment through

Increased Torque

“Engine Uprates”

DOE/ NETL Project KickoffApril 21, 2005


Outline

• Executive Summary (Ted)• Previous Work done with GTI Funds (Dan)• DOE Year 1 Results To-Date (Dan)• Planned Research Activities (Dan)


“The overall objective of this project is to develop new engine up-rate technologies that will be applicable to a large inventory of existing pipeline compressor units for the purpose of increasing pipeline

throughput with the same footprint of existing facilities”

•Increase Output by 10% •Target Cost ~ $500/HP

Engine Uprates: Motivation


Objectives by Year

• Year 1: Laboratory Demonstration of Candidate Technologies– Demonstrate that the technologies developed during the

background research phase to achieve the performance targets under controlled, laboratory conditions and using the Engines and Energy Conversion Laboratory's (EECL's) Clark TLA research engine.

• Year 2 (Phase 2): Demonstration of Optimal Technologies– Demonstrate that the technologies tested under phase 1 can

migrate to an operating engine in pipeline service with similar, or better, performance and that the durability of the retrofit equipment will be acceptable.


Issues to Keep in Balance

• OEM Business Strategy– Dresser-Rand– Cooper Compression

• Enabling Technologies• Air Emissions Permits• FERC Capacity Certification


Guidance from manufacturer

perspective

Guidance from user perspective

Engine Manufacturer, Dresser-Rand

(Doug Bird)

PRCI CAPSTC

Project Lead: Ken Gilbert, Dominion Pipeline

Department of Energy

Colorado State University

PI: Dan Olsen

Reporting

Project Team


Year 1 Project Schedule

Task O04

N04

D04

JO5

FO5

M05

A05

M05

J05

J05

A05

S05

O05

1.1 Research Management Plan complete

1.2 Technology Assessment complete

1.3 Optical Engine Evaluations

1.4 Component Procure & Fab

1.5 System Test Plan M1

1.6 Uprate Systems Installation

1.7 Testing of Uprate Systems M2

1.8 Annual Contractor Review

Semi-Annual Progress Report



Task O05

N05

D05

JO6

FO6

M06

A06

M06

J06

J06

A06

S06

O06

2.1 Selection of Field Test Unit

2.2 Component Procure/ Fab

2.3 Field Test Plan


2.5 Uprate System Field Install

2.6 Uprate System Field Test

2.7 Technology Transfer Plan




Funding Sources

2003 2004 2005 2006GTI Only $240,000(FERC funds)GTI Cost-Share$100,000(FERC funds)

1 1

PRCI$160,000(Industry funds)

2 2 2 2

DOE$150,000 (Yr 1)$250,000 (Yr 2)

1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2


Expenditures

DOE Project DE-FC26-04NT42270CSU Expenditures of DOE Funds

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

140000

160000

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Months

Cum

mul

ativ

e Fu

nds,

$

BudgetedActual

Chart1

1250012500

2500025000

3750037500

5000050000

6250074858

7500099720

87500124575

100000

112500

125000

137500

150000

Budgeted

Actual

Months

Cummulative Funds, $

DOE Project DE-FC26-04NT42270CSU Expenditures of DOE Funds

Sheet1

MonthsBudgetedActual

11250012500

22500025000

33750037500

45000050000

56250074,858

67500099,720

787500124,575

8100000

9112500

10125000

11137500

12150000

Sheet2

Sheet3


Outline

• Executive Summary• Previous Work done with GTI Funds• DOE Year 1 Results To-Date• Planned Research Activities


Identify Potential Engines: Engine Candidates

Desired Engine Candidate Requirements• BMEP vs. Quantity

Want to find engines with:• Low BMEP• Significant Installed Base• 2-Stroke


Identify Potential Engines: Engine Uprates Survey Table

Manufacturer Family #Units Total HP Type (2/4 stroke) Cyl. Dims.Cylinder

Configurations Air Delivery BMEP

BA 145 203507 2 17x17 5,6,8,10 Piston Scavenged 68.3HBA 245 410644 2 17x17 5,6,8,10 Piston Scavenged 75.3HLA 44 91950 2 17x19 5,6,8,10 Nat. Asp. 76.5TLA 284 665074 2 17x19 5,6,8,10 Turbocharged 103.3KVG 286 310588 4 15.25x18 6,8,10,12 Nat. Asp. 80.34KVS 225 411235 4 15.25x18 6,8,10,12 Elliott Turbo. 121.7GMV 305 305219 2 14x14 4,6,8,10 Piston Scavenged 61.3

GMVA 136 170539 2 14x14 4,6,8,10,12 Blower 79.2-84.3GMW 189 422080 2 18x20 6,8,10 Blower 74.5

GMWA 216 453100 2 18x20 6,8,10,12 Blower 77.5

Clark

Ingersoll-Rand

Cooper-Bessemer

Sheet1

Engine Uprates Survey Table

ManufacturerFamily#UnitsTotal HPType (2/4 stroke)Cyl. Dims.Cylinder ConfigurationsAir DeliveryBMEP

ClarkBA145203507217x175,6,8,10Piston Scavenged68.3

HBA245410644217x175,6,8,10Piston Scavenged75.3

HLA4491950217x195,6,8,10Nat. Asp.76.5

TLA284665074217x195,6,8,10Turbocharged103.3

Ingersoll-RandKVG286310588415.25x186,8,10,12Nat. Asp.80.34

KVS225411235415.25x186,8,10,12Elliott Turbo.121.7

Cooper-BessemerGMV305305219214x144,6,8,10Piston Scavenged61.3

GMVA136170539214x144,6,8,10,12Blower79.2-84.3

GMW189422080218x206,8,10Blower74.5

GMWA216453100218x206,8,10,12Blower77.5

Sheet2

ManufacturerFamily#UnitsTotal HPType (2/4 stroke)Cyl. Dims.Cylinder ConfigurationsAir DeliveryBMEPCost



HLA4491950217x195,6,8,10Nat. Asp.76.5


K5X11652218.5x196 (3 disabled)Turbocharged129.2




GMVA136170539214x144,6,8,10,12Blower79.2-84.3

GMW189422080218x206,8,10Blower74.5

GMWA216453100218x206,8,10,12Blower77.5

Sheet3


Identify Potential Engines: Target Engines

Based upon the engine survey table, the following engines meet the requirements:•Clark HBA•Clark TLA•Cooper-Bessemer GMV series


• Turbocharger Upgrade or Installation• High Pressure Fuel Injection• Micro Pilot Injection• Pre-Combustion Chambers• Intercooling• Piston Crown Re-design• Exhaust Tuning

Technical Considerations: Potential Technologies


Block Diagram


B.S. NOx vs Load

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

240 290 340 390 440 490

Load (BHP)

B.S

. NO

x (g

/bhp

-hr)

MGAV @ 7.5"HPFI @ 7.5"HPFI @ 12"Adv. Ign. Sys. @ 16"

MGAV -> HPFI

Turbo Upgrade

Adv. Ign. Sys.& More Boost

IncreasedLoad

Overall Reduction in NOx

Final OperatingPoint

Projected Reduction In NOx After Uprating Methods

Data

BS NOx @ 7.5" BoostBSFC @ 7.5" Boost

LoadHPFI @ 7.5"MGAV @ 7.5"HPFI @ 7.5"MGAV @ 7.5"

2650.41.91085011800

3100.72.2955010300

35512.586009300

3802.13.184008800

4003.24.582508600

4409.711.881008400

BS NOx @ 12" BoostBSFC @ 12" Boost

LoadHPFI @ 12"MGAV @ 12"LoadHPFI @ 12"

3150.25330012000

3600.52.33309500

4151.22.73609000

4302.13.13908300

4402.43.54208100

4503.24.54408030

4909.711.8

Adv. Ign. Sys. @ 16"

3150.05

3600.15

4150.25

4300.45

4400.75

4702.2

4904

BHPBFSC

4408100HPFI @ 7.5"

8400MGAV @ 7.5"

8050Adv. Ign. Sys. @ 12"

8010Adv. Ign. Sys. @ 16"

8200Adv. Ign. Sys. @ 20"

8400MGAV @ 16"

4847850Adv. Ign. Sys. @ 16" & 484 bhp

Data

HPFI @ 7.5"

MGAV @ 7.5"

HPFI @ 12"

HPFI @ 7.5"

MGAV @ 7.5"

HPFI @ 12"

Load (BHP)

BSFC (btu/bhp-hr)

BSFC vs Load

BS NOx vs Load Graph

265265315315

310310360360

355355415415

380380430430

400400440440

440440450470

490490

MGAV -> HPFI

Turbo Upgrade


IncreasedLoad



HPFI @ 7.5"

MGAV @ 7.5"

HPFI @ 12"


HPFI @ 7.5"

MGAV @ 7.5"

HPFI @ 12"


Load (BHP)

B.S. NOx (g/bhp-hr)

B.S. NOx vs Load

0.4

1.9

0.25

0.05

0.7

2.2

0.5

0.15

1

2.5

1.2

0.25

2.1

3.1

2.1

0.45

3.2

4.5

2.4

0.75

9.7

11.8

3.2

2.2

9.7

4

BSFC Bar Chart

840081008050801082007850

Potential Fuel SavingsAfter IncreasedBoost & Load

MGAV @ 7.5"440 bhp

HPFI @ 7.5"440 bhp

Adv. Ign.Sys. @ 12"440 bhp




MGAV @ 7.5"

HPFI @ 7.5"




Adv. Ign. Sys. @ 16" & 484 bhp

BSFC (btu/bhp-hr)

Brake Specific Fuel Consumption



7700

7800

7900

8000

8100

8200

8300

8400

8500

BSF

C (b

tu/b

hp-h

r) Potential Fuel Savings

After IncreasedBoost & Load

MGAV @ 7.5"440 bhp

HPFI @ 7.5"440 bhp

Adv. Ign.Sys. @ 12"

440 bhp Adv. Ign.Sys. @ 16"

440 bhp

Adv. Ign.Sys. @ 20"

440 bhp

Adv. Ign.Sys. @ 16"

484 bhp

Projected Fuel Savings withUprating Methods

Data

BS NOx @ 7.5" BoostBSFC @ 7.5" Boost

LoadHPFI @ 7.5"MGAV @ 7.5"HPFI @ 7.5"MGAV @ 7.5"

2650.41.91085011800

3100.72.2955010300

35512.586009300

3802.13.184008800

4003.24.582508600

4409.711.881008400

BS NOx @ 12" BoostBSFC @ 12" Boost

LoadHPFI @ 12"MGAV @ 12"LoadHPFI @ 12"

3150.25330012000

3600.52.33309500

4151.22.73609000

4302.13.13908300

4402.43.54208100

4503.24.54408030

4909.711.8


3150.05

3600.15

4150.25

4300.45

4400.75

4702.2

4904

BHPBFSC

4408100HPFI @ 7.5"

8400MGAV @ 7.5"

8050Adv. Ign. Sys. @ 12"

8010Adv. Ign. Sys. @ 16"

8200Adv. Ign. Sys. @ 20"

8400MGAV @ 16"

4847850Adv. Ign. Sys. @ 16" & 484 bhp

Data

HPFI @ 7.5"

MGAV @ 7.5"

HPFI @ 12"

HPFI @ 7.5"

MGAV @ 7.5"

HPFI @ 12"

Load (BHP)

BSFC (btu/bhp-hr)

BSFC vs Load

BS NOx vs Load Graph

265265315315

310310360360

355355415415

380380430430

400400440440

440440450470

490490

MGAV -> HPFI

Turbo Upgrade


IncreasedLoad



HPFI @ 7.5"

MGAV @ 7.5"

HPFI @ 12"


HPFI @ 7.5"

MGAV @ 7.5"

HPFI @ 12"


Load (BHP)

B.S. NOx (g/bhp-hr)

B.S. NOx vs Load

0.4

1.9

0.25

0.05

0.7

2.2

0.5

0.15

1

2.5

1.2

0.25

2.1

3.1

2.1

0.45

3.2

4.5

2.4

0.75

9.7

11.8

3.2

2.2

9.7

4

BSFC Bar Chart

840081008050801082007850

Potential Fuel SavingsAfter IncreasedBoost & Load

MGAV @ 7.5"440 bhp

HPFI @ 7.5"440 bhp





MGAV @ 7.5"

HPFI @ 7.5"




Adv. Ign. Sys. @ 16" & 484 bhp

BSFC (btu/bhp-hr)



The Effect of Combustion Stabilization

Combustion stabilization through enhanced ignition

ReducedVariability

Variability

Potential increase in average peak pressure without increasing

maximum peak pressure


Micro Pilot Ignition System

Using a micro-liter quantity of a compression ignitable pilot fuelas the ignitionsource



• No Misfires• Lower THC• Lower BSFC• Achieved


Misfire Elimination

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

100 90 80 70Load (%)

Misfi

res (

%)

φ=

0.85

φ=

0.85

Pilot IgnitionSpark Ignition

φ=

0.78

φ=

0.78

φ=

0.73

φ=

0.73

φ=

0.71

φ=

0.67



THC Reduction

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

100 90 80 70Load (%)

THC

(g/h

p-hr

)

φ=

0.85

φ=

0.85

Pilot Ignition

Spark Ignition

φ=

0.78

φ=

0.78

φ=

0.73

φ=

0.73

φ=

0.71

φ=

0.67



7000

7500

8000

8500

9000

9500

100 90 80 70Load (%)

BSFC

(BTU

/hp-h

r)

BSFC Reductionφ

= 0.

85

φ=

0.85

Pilot IgnitionSpark Ignition

φ=

0.78

φ=

0.78

φ=

0.73

φ=

0.73

φ=

0.71

φ=

0.67

0.8% Pilot




Currently, key components are provided by Woodward and Delphi


The current injectors used will work better for the Clark engine than for the GMV


Impinging Sprays

No Impingement

This was shown to reduce pilot fuel quantity with custom fuel injector testing


Clark TLA Piston Crown Re-Design Example


• Developed using Ricardo WAVE– Engine simulation software– Models compressible flow effects (1-D)– Computes emissions – 2-zone combustion model

• Engine is first modeled under nominal operating conditions, matching efficiency, cylinder pressure profile, NOx emissions, and other parameters

• Manifold is optimized using 7 variable Design of Experiments technique, adapted for this application

Clark TLA Exhaust Tuning Example


Tuned Exhaust Manifoldfor Clark TLA Engine

Original Exhaust Manifold New Exhaust Manifold Design


Tuned Exhaust Manifoldfor Clark TLA Engine


Parameters Nominal Optimized ModifiedDelivery Ratio 1.771 1.777 1.77

Scavenging Efficiency 0.87 0.871 0.869Trapping Efficiency 0.491 0.49 0.491

IMEP (psi) 120.3 120.3 121.4Peak Pressure (psi) 752.7 765.8 758.6Location of PP (CA) 18.01 18.02 17.97

Brake Power (hp) 2000 2000 2020BMEP (psi) 102 102 103.1

Mass Flow of Fresh Air (lb/hr) 34580 35640 35090Trapped Equivalence Ratio 0.7259 0.7016 0.7212

Fuel (g) 3.275 3.23 3.275NOx (g/bkW-hr) 12.81 8.45 10.59

• The first optimized case produced NOx reduction of 34%• The modified optimized case produced NOx reduction of 17.3%

Tuned Exhaust Results

Sheet1

ParametersNominalOptimizedModified

Delivery Ratio1.7711.7771.77

Scavenging Efficiency0.870.8710.869

Trapping Efficiency0.4910.490.491

IMEP (psi)120.3120.3121.4

Peak Pressure (psi)752.7765.8758.6

Location of PP (CA)18.0118.0217.97

Brake Power (hp)200020002020

BMEP (psi)102102103.1

Mass Flow of Fresh Air (lb/hr)345803564035090

Trapped Equivalence Ratio0.72590.70160.7212

Fuel (g)3.2753.233.275

NOx (g/bkW-hr)12.818.4510.59

Sheet2

Sheet3


CFD Modeling of D-R Research Engine, K5X


Cost Analysis

• Project target cost was to achieve


EECL’s Clark TLA Engine –Donated by Dresser-Rand

• Currently being modified from 3-cylinder to 6-cylinder configuration


Engine Specific Uprate Strategy

Family Type (2/4 stroke) Original Air Delivery Method

BMEP Enhanced Mixing

Improved Air

Delivery

Improved Ignition

Exhaust Tuning

BA 2 Piston Scavenged 68.3 HPFI TC X1 TBDHBA 2 Piston Scavenged 75.3 HPFI TC X1 TBDHLA 2 Piston Scavenged 76.5 HPFI TC X1 TBDTLA 2 Turbocharged 103.3 HPFI TU X1 XK5X 2 Turbocharged 129.2KVG 4 Nat. Asp. 80.34 HPFI TC X1 TBDGMV 2 Piston Scavenged 61.3 HPFI TC X1 TBD

GMVA 2 Blower 79.2-84.3 HPFI TC X1 TBDGMW 2 Blower 74.5 HPFI TC X1 TBD

GMWA 2 Blower 77.5 HPFI TC X1 TBDNote:1 If CR > 8.5:1 Then pilot injection

TC = Turbocharger

If CR < 8.5:1 Then PCC's

Ingersoll-Rand

Cooper-Bessemer

N/A

Engine Uprates Technique Table

Manufacturer

Clark

Sheet1

Engine Uprates Survey TableEngine Uprates Technique Table

ManufacturerFamily#UnitsTotal HPType (2/4 stroke)Cyl. Dims.Cylinder ConfigurationsAir DeliveryBMEPManufacturerFamilyType (2/4 stroke)Original Air Delivery MethodBMEPEnhanced MixingImproved Air DeliveryImproved IgnitionExhaust Tuning

ClarkBA145203507217x175,6,8,10Piston Scavenged68.3ClarkBA2Piston Scavenged68.3HPFITCX1TBD

HBA245410644217x175,6,8,10Piston Scavenged75.3HBA2Piston Scavenged75.3HPFITCX1TBD

HLA4491950217x195,6,8,10Nat. Asp.76.5HLA2Piston Scavenged76.5HPFITCX1TBD

TLA284665074217x195,6,8,10Turbocharged103.3TLA2Turbocharged103.3HPFITUX1X

K5X11652218.5x196 (3 disabled)Turbocharged129.2K5X2Turbocharged129.2N/A

Ingersoll-RandKVG286310588415.25x186,8,10,12Nat. Asp.80.34Ingersoll-RandKVG4Nat. Asp.80.34HPFITCX1TBD

Cooper-BessemerGMV305305219214x144,6,8,10Piston Scavenged61.3Cooper-BessemerGMV2Piston Scavenged61.3HPFITCX1TBD

GMVA136170539214x144,6,8,10,12Blower79.2-84.3GMVA2Blower79.2-84.3HPFITCX1TBD

GMW189422080218x206,8,10Blower74.5GMW2Blower74.5HPFITCX1TBD

GMWA216453100218x206,8,10,12Blower77.5GMWA2Blower77.5HPFITCX1TBD

Note:TC = Turbocharger

1If CR > 8.5:1 Then pilot injection

If CR < 8.5:1 Then PCC's

Sheet2

ManufacturerFamily#UnitsTotal HPType (2/4 stroke)Cyl. Dims.Cylinder ConfigurationsAir DeliveryBMEPCost



HLA4491950217x195,6,8,10Nat. Asp.76.5


K5X11652218.5x196 (3 disabled)Turbocharged129.2




GMVA136170539214x144,6,8,10,12Blower79.2-84.3

GMW189422080218x206,8,10Blower74.5

GMWA216453100218x206,8,10,12Blower77.5

Sheet3


Industry Involvement

• Dresser-Rand support – TLA engine donation, engineering drawings, and commitment for some conversion parts

• Altronic, Enginuity, and Hoerbiger commitment for hardware support/donations

• Industry personnel assistance –interviews, documentation, etc.


Industry Experience (Summary)

• Large bore NG 2-stroke engines are believed to have large safety factors

• Field data demonstrates safe operation at greater than 100% load

• Many of the large bore NG 2-stroke engines capable of increased speeds and loads without structural modifications

• No increase in failures noted for these engines


Industry Experience (Interviews)

• Power Cylinder Porting Change• New Heads & Pistons• Scavenging Air Elbow• No Turbo Upgrade• 110% of Rated Load• Ran Better, No Increased Failure Rates

Chevron-Texaco - Clark RA Series



• Installed ABB Marine Turbocharger (19” Hg Boost)

• Intercooler w/ Wet Cooling Tower – Intake Air Temp. of 97°F

• Peak Pressure Balance w/ Std. Dev. < 30 psi.• 115% of Rated Load Since 1958 w/ No

Increase in Failure Rates or Maintenance

SoCal Gas – Clark TLA-6 (7)



• Std. Turbocharger• Intercooler Upgrade w/ Cooling Towers• 105% of Rated Load for 20 yrs w/ No

Increase in Failure Rates

Williams Pipeline – Clark TLA-6 (12)


Industry Experience

• Reviewed TLA-6 crankcase and upper block solid models

• Provided feedback on common TLA-6 failure modes and locations

• Will provide similar input for GMV and HBA engines

Terry Smith – Industry Field Repair Expert


OEM Communications

• Memo from Clark to Texaco (1959) communicated results from a vibration analysis for an RA-6.

• Results indicated a resonant frequency exists at 340-350 RPM with a 7°amplitude.

• Clark recommended a max. speed of 320 RPM or flywheel modifications.


OEM Communications

• Report from Cooper-Bessemer to Texaco(1989) regarding increasing speeds of GMV-6 (3) and GMVL-6 (1).

• Increased speed from 300 – 330 RPM.• Balance study indicated that one of the

GMV-6 engines needed to have additional reciprocating weight added.


• Increasing torque, not speed, can avoid approaching critical speeds.

• Industry data supports the conclusion that the engines have a large factor of safety, which will allow for the safe operation at the increased loads.

• Improved air delivery has long been demonstrated to reduce fuel consumption and emissions through leaner operation.

GTI Project Conclusions (1/2)


• Enhanced mixing can help reduce emissions, increase combustion stability, extend the lean limit, and decrease fuel consumption.

• Improved ignition techniques can reduce emissions, improve combustion stability, extend the lean limit, and decrease fuel consumption.

• HPFI, micro pilot ignition, and increased boost are proven technologies and are planned for implementation in Year 1 of the DOE program.

• Exhaust tuning benefits are engine specific and would have to be analyzed for each case.

GTI Project Conclusions (2/2)



Task O04

N04

D04

JO5

FO5

M05

A05

M05

J05

J05

A05

S05

O05

1.1 Research Management Plan complete

1.2 Technology Assessment complete

1.3 Optical Engine Evaluations


1.5 System Test Plan M1

1.6 Uprate Systems Installation

1.7 Testing of Uprate Systems M2




Outline

• Executive Summary • Previous Work done with GTI Funds• DOE Year 1 Results To-Date• Planned Research Activities


Task 1.2: Technology Assessment Summary Table

ENGINE MODEL

(Percent of Overall Fleet)BA, HBAHLA

TLA KVG KVS GMV, GMVA

GMW, GMWA

(7.5) (7.1) (3.1) (4.4) (5.1) (9.3)

UPRATE TECHNOLOGY Indicates Uprate Technology is applicable to engine model (subject to change per study)Turbo Installation/ Upgrade•Pro: can help reduce emissions, increase engine output and extend the lean limit.•Con: may not be economical for units


Task 1.3: Optical Engine (1/15): Description


Laser Sheet

Acetone SeedingSystem

Laser

ICCD Camera

OpticalEngine

Fuel Valve

Task 1.3: Optical Engine (2/15): PLIF Imaging Setup


Task 1.3: Optical Engine (3/15): CFD Validation


Task 1.3: Optical Engine (4/15): Clark TLA CFD Analysis

• Optical engine has 14” bore; TLA has 17” bore• Not practical to modify for larger bore• Performed mixing studies using CFD, previously

validated with optical engine results– Case #1 - OEM TLA with standard mixing model– Case #2 - TLA with enhanced mixing model and OEM

piston– Case #3 - TLA with enhanced mixing model with

modified crown piston


Task 1.3: Optical Engine (5/15): CFD Flow Field @ IGNITION


Task 1.3: Optical Engine (6/15): CFD Fuel Distribution @ IGNITION


Task 1.3: Optical Engine (7/15): CFD Flame Propagation & Fuel Consumption

-6 -2 2 6


Task 1.3: Optical Engine (8/15): CFD Flame Propagation & Fuel Consumption

10 14 18 22


0 10 20 30

Task 1.3: Optical Engine (9/15): CFD Temperature & NO


40 50 60 70

Task 1.3: Optical Engine (10/15): CFD Temperature & NO


90° BTDC100° BTDC110° BTDC120° BTDC

HPFI

HPFI w/ modified piston

Nominal TLA

Task 1.3: Optical Engine (11/15): Mixing Comparison



Nominal TLA

HPFI




• CFD work provides required information on mixing

• To examine micropilot ignition, utilize combustion test chamber (CTC)

• CTC will allow imaging of pilot injection with new injectors prior to engine testing

Task 1.3: Optical Engine (14/15)


Task 1.3: Optical Engine (15/15): Combustion Test Chamber


Task 1.4: Component Procurement & Fabrication (1/15)

• Request for OEM components has been submitted to Dresser-Rand

• Hoerbiger and Enginuity have offered to provide high pressure fuel injection systems

• Enginuity is donating an Impact cylinder pressure monitoring system

• Altronic is donating CPU 2000 spark ignition system with add-on module for micropilot injection control


Task 1.4: Component Procurement & Fabrication (2/15): Modal and Dynamic Stress Analysis

• Modal analysis (Pro Mechanica) performed to assess possibility of utilizing speed increases

• Stress analysis performed to examine effects of increasing torque

• Dynamic forces accounted for by utilizing Working Model and simulation feature in Pro Mechanica

• High stress locations identified using Finite Element Analysis


Task 1.4: Component Procurement & Fabrication (3/15): TLA Crankshaft Modal Analysis• Added ‘mass’ (lobes) to

crankshaft to simulate piston/connecting rod weight.

• Constrained bearing at non-flywheel end to 1 rotational DOF, all other bearing supports to 1 rotational and 1 translational DOF.

• Modal Analysis results indicate the first resonant frequency occurs at 34Hz (2040RPM).– The 5th, 6th, and 7th order critical speeds are 408, 340,

and 291 RPM, respectively.


Task 1.4: Component Procurement & Fabrication (4/15): TLA-6 Stress Analysis

• Given the forces of the power and compressor pistons, the frame stresses are examined.

• The frame stresses of standard TLA configuration are compared to the frame stresses of the uprated TLA configuration.

GMV crankcaseSuperior crankcase(Reynolds-French)


Task 1.4: Component Procurement & Fabrication (5/15): TLA-6 Dynamic Analysis

• Developed dynamic model using Working Model 2D software

• Determined dynamic forces on crankshaft bearings

• These forces used as the loading forces for the crankcase FEA modeling


Task 1.4: Component Procurement & Fabrication (6/15): TLA-6 Dynamic Analysis

Working Model Simulation of TLA Power Piston and Compressor Piston Forces on Crankshaft Bearings

-80000

-60000

-40000

-20000

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

140000

160000

0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360

Crank Angle (deg)

Forc

e (lb

)

FxFyCombustion ForceCompression ForceSuction Force

Chart3

00000

0.250.250.250.250.25

0.50.50.50.50.5

0.750.750.750.750.75

11111

1.251.251.251.251.25

1.51.51.51.51.5

1.751.751.751.751.75

22222

2.252.252.252.252.25

2.52.52.52.52.5

2.752.752.752.752.75

33333

3.253.253.253.253.25

3.53.53.53.53.5

3.753.753.753.753.75

44444

4.254.254.254.254.25

4.54.54.54.54.5

4.754.754.754.754.75

55555

5.255.255.255.255.25

5.55.55.55.55.5

5.755.755.755.755.75

66666

6.256.256.256.256.25

6.56.56.56.56.5

6.756.756.756.756.75

77777

7.257.257.257.257.25

7.57.57.57.57.5

7.757.757.757.757.75

88888

8.258.258.258.258.25

8.58.58.58.58.5

8.758.758.758.758.75

99999

9.259.259.259.259.25

9.59.59.59.59.5

9.759.759.759.759.75

1010101010

10.2510.2510.2510.2510.25

10.510.510.510.510.5

10.7510.7510.7510.7510.75

1111111111

11.2511.2511.2511.2511.25

11.511.511.511.511.5

11.7511.7511.7511.7511.75

1212121212

12.2512.2512.2512.2512.25

12.512.512.512.512.5

12.7512.7512.7512.7512.75

1313131313

13.2513.2513.2513.2513.25

13.513.513.513.513.5

13.7513.7513.7513.7513.75

1414141414

14.2514.2514.2514.2514.25

14.514.514.514.514.5

14.7514.7514.7514.7514.75

1515151515

15.2515.2515.2515.2515.25

15.515.515.515.515.5

15.7515.7515.7515.7515.75

1616161616

16.2516.2516.2516.2516.25

16.516.516.516.516.5

16.7516.7516.7516.7516.75

1717171717

17.2517.2517.2517.2517.25

17.517.517.517.517.5

17.7517.7517.7517.7517.75

1818181818

18.2518.2518.2518.2518.25

18.518.518.518.518.5

18.7518.7518.7518.7518.75

1919191919

19.2519.2519.2519.2519.25

19.519.519.519.519.5

19.7519.7519.7519.7519.75

2020202020

20.2520.2520.2520.2520.25

20.520.520.520.520.5

20.7520.7520.7520.7520.75

2121212121

21.2521.2521.2521.2521.25

21.521.521.521.521.5

21.7521.7521.7521.7521.75

2222222222

22.2522.2522.2522.2522.25

22.522.522.522.522.5

22.7522.7522.7522.7522.75

2323232323

23.2523.2523.2523.2523.25

23.523.523.523.523.5

23.7523.7523.7523.7523.75

2424242424

24.2524.2524.2524.2524.25

24.524.524.524.524.5

24.7524.7524.7524.7524.75

2525252525

25.2525.2525.2525.2525.25

25.525.525.525.525.5

25.7525.7525.7525.7525.75

2626262626

26.2526.2526.2526.2526.25

26.526.526.526.526.5

26.7526.7526.7526.7526.75

2727272727

27.2527.2527.2527.2527.25

27.527.527.527.527.5

27.7527.7527.7527.7527.75

2828282828

28.2528.2528.2528.2528.25

28.528.528.528.528.5

28.7528.7528.7528.7528.75

2929292929

29.2529.2529.2529.2529.25

29.529.529.529.529.5

29.7529.7529.7529.7529.75

3030303030

30.2530.2530.2530.2530.25

30.530.530.530.530.5

30.7530.7530.7530.7530.75

3131313131

31.2531.2531.2531.2531.25

31.531.531.531.531.5

31.7531.7531.7531.7531.75

3232323232

32.2532.2532.2532.2532.25

32.532.532.532.532.5

32.7532.7532.7532.7532.75

3333333333

33.2533.2533.2533.2533.25

33.533.533.533.533.5

33.7533.7533.7533.7533.75

3434343434

34.2534.2534.2534.2534.25

34.534.534.534.534.5

34.7534.7534.7534.7534.75

3535353535

35.2535.2535.2535.2535.25

35.535.535.535.535.5

35.7535.7535.7535.7535.75

3636363636

36.2536.2536.2536.2536.25

36.536.536.536.536.5

36.7536.7536.7536.7536.75

3737373737

37.2537.2537.2537.2537.25

37.537.537.537.537.5

37.7537.7537.7537.7537.75

3838383838

38.2538.2538.2538.2538.25

38.538.538.538.538.5

38.7538.7538.7538.7538.75

3939393939

39.2539.2539.2539.2539.25

39.539.539.539.539.5

39.7539.7539.7539.7539.75

4040404040

40.2540.2540.2540.2540.25

40.540.540.540.540.5

40.7540.7540.7540.7540.75

4141414141

41.2541.2541.2541.2541.25

41.541.541.541.541.5

41.7541.7541.7541.7541.75

4242424242

42.2542.2542.2542.2542.25

42.542.542.542.542.5

42.7542.7542.7542.7542.75

4343434343

43.2543.2543.2543.2543.25

43.543.543.543.543.5

43.7543.7543.7543.7543.75

4444444444

44.2544.2544.2544.2544.25

44.544.544.544.544.5

44.7544.7544.7544.7544.75

4545454545

45.2545.2545.2545.2545.25

45.545.545.545.545.5

45.7545.7545.7545.7545.75

4646464646

46.2546.2546.2546.2546.25

46.546.546.546.546.5

46.7546.7546.7546.7546.75

4747474747

47.2547.2547.2547.2547.25

47.547.547.547.547.5

47.7547.7547.7547.7547.75

4848484848

48.2548.2548.2548.2548.25

48.548.548.548.548.5

48.7548.7548.7548.7548.75

4949494949

49.2549.2549.2549.2549.25

49.549.549.549.549.5

49.7549.7549.7549.7549.75

5050505050

50.2550.2550.2550.2550.25

50.550.550.550.550.5

50.7550.7550.7550.7550.75

5151515151

51.2551.2551.2551.2551.25

51.551.551.551.551.5

51.7551.7551.7551.7551.75

5252525252

52.2552.2552.2552.2552.25

52.552.552.552.552.5

52.7552.7552.7552.7552.75

5353535353

53.2553.2553.2553.2553.25

53.553.553.553.553.5

53.7553.7553.7553.7553.75

5454545454

54.2554.2554.2554.2554.25

54.554.554.554.554.5

54.7554.7554.7554.7554.75

5555555555

55.2555.2555.2555.2555.25

55.555.555.555.555.5

55.7555.7555.7555.7555.75

5656565656

56.2556.2556.2556.2556.25

56.556.556.556.556.5

56.7556.7556.7556.7556.75

5757575757

57.2557.2557.2557.2557.25

57.557.557.557.557.5

57.7557.7557.7557.7557.75

5858585858

58.2558.2558.2558.2558.25

58.558.558.558.558.5

58.7558.7558.7558.7558.75

5959595959

59.2559.2559.2559.2559.25

59.559.559.559.559.5

59.7559.7559.7559.7559.75

6060606060

60.2560.2560.2560.2560.25

60.560.560.560.560.5

60.7560.7560.7560.7560.75

6161616161

61.2561.2561.2561.2561.25

61.561.561.561.561.5

61.7561.7561.7561.7561.75

6262626262

62.2562.2562.2562.2562.25

62.562.562.562.562.5

62.7562.7562.7562.7562.75

6363636363

63.2563.2563.2563.2563.25

63.563.563.563.563.5

63.7563.7563.7563.7563.75

6464646464

64.2564.2564.2564.2564.25

64.564.564.564.564.5

64.7564.7564.7564.7564.75

6565656565

65.2565.2565.2565.2565.25

65.565.565.565.565.5

65.7565.7565.7565.7565.75

6666666666

66.2566.2566.2566.2566.25

66.566.566.566.566.5

66.7566.7566.7566.7566.75

6767676767

67.2567.2567.2567.2567.25

67.567.567.567.567.5

67.7567.7567.7567.7567.75

6868686868

68.2568.2568.2568.2568.25

68.568.568.568.568.5

68.7568.7568.7568.7568.75

6969696969

69.2569.2569.2569.2569.25

69.569.569.569.569.5

69.7569.7569.7569.7569.75

7070707070

70.2570.2570.2570.2570.25

70.570.570.570.570.5

70.7570.7570.7570.7570.75

7171717171

71.2571.2571.2571.2571.25

71.571.571.571.571.5

71.7571.7571.7571.7571.75

7272727272

72.2572.2572.2572.2572.25

72.572.572.572.572.5

72.7572.7572.7572.7572.75

7373737373

73.2573.2573.2573.2573.25

73.573.573.573.573.5

73.7573.7573.7573.7573.75

7474747474

74.2574.2574.2574.2574.25

74.574.574.574.574.5

74.7574.7574.7574.7574.75

7575757575

75.2575.2575.2575.2575.25

75.575.575.575.575.5

75.7575.7575.7575.7575.75

7676767676

76.2576.2576.2576.2576.25

76.576.576.576.576.5

76.7576.7576.7576.7576.75

7777777777

77.2577.2577.2577.2577.25

77.577.577.577.577.5

77.7577.7577.7577.7577.75

7878787878

78.2578.2578.2578.2578.25

78.578.578.578.578.5

78.7578.7578.7578.7578.75

7979797979

79.2579.2579.2579.2579.25

79.579.579.579.579.5

79.7579.7579.7579.7579.75

8080808080

80.2580.2580.2580.2580.25

80.580.580.580.580.5

80.7580.7580.7580.7580.75

8181818181

81.2581.2581.2581.2581.25

81.581.581.581.581.5

81.7581.7581.7581.7581.75

8282828282

82.2582.2582.2582.2582.25

82.582.582.582.582.5

82.7582.7582.7582.7582.75

8383838383

83.2583.2583.2583.2583.25

83.583.583.583.583.5

83.7583.7583.7583.7583.75

8484848484

84.2584.2584.2584.2584.25

84.584.584.584.584.5

84.7584.7584.7584.7584.75

8585858585

85.2585.2585.2585.2585.25

85.585.585.585.585.5

85.7585.7585.7585.7585.75

8686868686

86.2586.2586.2586.2586.25

86.586.586.586.586.5

86.7586.7586.7586.7586.75

8787878787

87.2587.2587.2587.2587.25

87.587.587.587.587.5

87.7587.7587.7587.7587.75

8888888888

88.2588.2588.2588.2588.25

88.588.588.588.588.5

88.7588.7588.7588.7588.75

8989898989

89.2589.2589.2589.2589.25

89.589.589.589.589.5

89.7589.7589.7589.7589.75

9090909090

90.2590.2590.2590.2590.25

90.590.590.590.590.5

90.7590.7590.7590.7590.75

9191919191

91.2591.2591.2591.2591.25

91.591.591.591.591.5

91.7591.7591.7591.7591.75

9292929292

92.2592.2592.2592.2592.25

92.592.592.592.592.5

92.7592.7592.7592.7592.75

9393939393

93.2593.2593.2593.2593.25

93.593.593.593.593.5

93.7593.7593.7593.7593.75

9494949494

94.2594.2594.2594.2594.25

94.594.594.594.594.5

94.7594.7594.7594.7594.75

9595959595

95.2595.2595.2595.2595.25

95.595.595.595.595.5

95.7595.7595.7595.7595.75

9696969696

96.2596.2596.2596.2596.25

96.596.596.596.596.5

96.7596.7596.7596.7596.75

9797979797

97.2597.2597.2597.2597.25

97.597.597.597.597.5

97.7597.7597.7597.7597.75

9898989898

98.2598.2598.2598.2598.25

98.598.598.598.598.5

98.7598.7598.7598.7598.75

9999999999

99.2599.2599.2599.2599.25

99.599.599.599.599.5

99.7599.7599.7599.7599.75

100100100100100

100.25100.25100.25100.25100.25

100.5100.5100.5100.5100.5

100.75100.75100.75100.75100.75

101101101101101

101.25101.25101.25101.25101.25

101.5101.5101.5101.5101.5

101.75101.75101.75101.75101.75

102102102102102

102.25102.25102.25102.25102.25

102.5102.5102.5102.5102.5

102.75102.75102.75102.75102.75

103103103103103

103.25103.25103.25103.25103.25

103.5103.5103.5103.5103.5

103.75103.75103.75103.75103.75

104104104104104

104.25104.25104.25104.25104.25

104.5104.5104.5104.5104.5

104.75104.75104.75104.75104.75

105105105105105

105.25105.25105.25105.25105.25

105.5105.5105.5105.5105.5

105.75105.75105.75105.75105.75

106106106106106

106.25106.25106.25106.25106.25

106.5106.5106.5106.5106.5

106.75106.75106.75106.75106.75

107107107107107

107.25107.25107.25107.25107.25

107.5107.5107.5107.5107.5

107.75107.75107.75107.75107.75

108108108108108

108.25108.25108.25108.25108.25

108.5108.5108.5108.5108.5

108.75108.75108.75108.75108.75

109109109109109

109.25109.25109.25109.25109.25

109.5109.5109.5109.5109.5

109.75109.75109.75109.75109.75

110110110110110

110.25110.25110.25110.25110.25

110.5110.5110.5110.5110.5

110.75110.75110.75110.75110.75

111111111111111

111.25111.25111.25111.25111.25

111.5111.5111.5111.5111.5

111.75111.75111.75111.75111.75

112112112112112

112.25112.25112.25112.25112.25

112.5112.5112.5112.5112.5

112.75112.75112.75112.75112.75

113113113113113

113.25113.25113.25113.25113.25

113.5113.5113.5113.5113.5

113.75113.75113.75113.75113.75

114114114114114

114.25114.25114.25114.25114.25

114.5114.5114.5114.5114.5

114.75114.75114.75114.75114.75

115115115115115

115.25115.25115.25115.25115.25

115.5115.5115.5115.5115.5

115.75115.75115.75115.75115.75

116116116116116

116.25116.25116.25116.25116.25

116.5116.5116.5116.5116.5

116.75116.75116.75116.75116.75

117117117117117

117.25117.25117.25117.25117.25

117.5117.5117.5117.5117.5

117.75117.75117.75117.75117.75

118118118118118

118.25118.25118.25118.25118.25

118.5118.5118.5118.5118.5

118.75118.75118.75118.75118.75

119119119119119

119.25119.25119.25119.25119.25

119.5119.5119.5119.5119.5

119.75119.75119.75119.75119.75

120120120120120

120.25120.25120.25120.25120.25

120.5120.5120.5120.5120.5

120.75120.75120.75120.75120.75

121121121121121

121.25121.25121.25121.25121.25

121.5121.5121.5121.5121.5

121.75121.75121.75121.75121.75

122122122122122

122.25122.25122.25122.25122.25

122.5122.5122.5122.5122.5

122.75122.75122.75122.75122.75

123123123123123

123.25123.25123.25123.25123.25

123.5123.5123.5123.5123.5

123.75123.75123.75123.75123.75

124124124124124

124.25124.25124.25124.25124.25

124.5124.5124.5124.5124.5

124.75124.75124.75124.75124.75

125125125125125

125.25125.25125.25125.25125.25

125.5125.5125.5125.5125.5

125.75125.75125.75125.75125.75

126126126126126

126.25126.25126.25126.25126.25

126.5126.5126.5126.5126.5

126.75126.75126.75126.75126.75

127127127127127

127.25127.25127.25127.25127.25

127.5127.5127.5127.5127.5

127.75127.75127.75127.75127.75

128128128128128

128.25128.25128.25128.25128.25

128.5128.5128.5128.5128.5

128.75128.75128.75128.75128.75

129129129129129

129.25129.25129.25129.25129.25

129.5129.5129.5129.5129.5

129.75129.75129.75129.75129.75

130130130130130

130.25130.25130.25130.25130.25

130.5130.5130.5130.5130.5

130.75130.75130.75130.75130.75

131131131131131

131.25131.25131.25131.25131.25

131.5131.5131.5131.5131.5

131.75131.75131.75131.75131.75

132132132132132

132.25132.25132.25132.25132.25

132.5132.5132.5132.5132.5

132.75132.75132.75132.75132.75

133133133133133

133.25133.25133.25133.25133.25

133.5133.5133.5133.5133.5

133.75133.75133.75133.75133.75

134134134134134

134.25134.25134.25134.25134.25

134.5134.5134.5134.5134.5

134.75134.75134.75134.75134.75

135135135135135

135.25135.25135.25135.25135.25

135.5135.5135.5135.5135.5

135.75135.75135.75135.75135.75

136136136136136

136.25136.25136.25136.25136.25

136.5136.5136.5136.5136.5

136.75136.75136.75136.75136.75

137137137137137

137.25137.25137.25137.25137.25

137.5137.5137.5137.5137.5

137.75137.75137.75137.75137.75

138138138138138

138.25138.25138.25138.25138.25

138.5138.5138.5138.5138.5

138.75138.75138.75138.75138.75

139139139139139

139.25139.25139.25139.25139.25

139.5139.5139.5139.5139.5

139.75139.75139.75139.75139.75

140140140140140

140.25140.25140.25140.25140.25

140.5140.5140.5140.5140.5

140.75140.75140.75140.75140.75

141141141141141

141.25141.25141.25141.25141.25

141.5141.5141.5141.5141.5

141.75141.75141.75141.75141.75

142142142142142

142.25142.25142.25142.25142.25

142.5142.5142.5142.5142.5

142.75142.75142.75142.75142.75

143143143143143

143.25143.25143.25143.25143.25

143.5143.5143.5143.5143.5

143.75143.75143.75143.75143.75

144144144144144

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144.5144.5144.5144.5144.5

144.75144.75144.75144.75144.75

145145145145145

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145.5145.5145.5145.5145.5

145.75145.75145.75145.75145.75

146146146146146

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146.5146.5146.5146.5146.5

146.75146.75146.75146.75146.75

147147147147147

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147.5147.5147.5147.5147.5

147.75147.75147.75147.75147.75

148148148148148

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148.5148.5148.5148.5148.5

148.75148.75148.75148.75148.75

149149149149149

149.25149.25149.25149.25149.25

149.5149.5149.5149.5149.5

149.75149.75149.75149.75149.75

150150150150150

150.25150.25150.25150.25150.25

150.5150.5150.5150.5150.5

150.75150.75150.75150.75150.75

151151151151151

151.25151.25151.25151.25151.25

151.5151.5151.5151.5151.5

151.75151.75151.75151.75151.75

152152152152152

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152.5152.5152.5152.5152.5

152.75152.75152.75152.75152.75

153153153153153

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153.5153.5153.5153.5153.5

153.75153.75153.75153.75153.75

154154154154154

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154.5154.5154.5154.5154.5

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156156156156156

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156.75156.75156.75156.75156.75

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158158158158158

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158.5158.5158.5158.5158.5

158.75158.75158.75158.75158.75

159159159159159

159.25159.25159.25159.25159.25

159.5159.5159.5159.5159.5

159.75159.75159.75159.75159.75

160160160160160

160.25160.25160.25160.25160.25

160.5160.5160.5160.5160.5

160.75160.75160.75160.75160.75

161161161161161

161.25161.25161.25161.25161.25

161.5161.5161.5161.5161.5

161.75161.75161.75161.75161.75

162162162162162

162.25162.25162.25162.25162.25

162.5162.5162.5162.5162.5

162.75162.75162.75162.75162.75

163163163163163

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163.5163.5163.5163.5163.5

163.75163.75163.75163.75163.75

164164164164164

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169.5169.5169.5169.5169.5

169.75169.75169.75169.75169.75

170170170170170

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170.5170.5170.5170.5170.5

170.75170.75170.75170.75170.75

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171.25171.25171.25171.25171.25

171.5171.5171.5171.5171.5

171.75171.75171.75171.75171.75

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172.25172.25172.25172.25172.25

172.5172.5172.5172.5172.5

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173.5173.5173.5173.5173.5

173.75173.75173.75173.75173.75

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174.75174.75174.75174.75174.75

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175.5175.5175.5175.5175.5

175.75175.75175.75175.75175.75

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176.5176.5176.5176.5176.5

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177.5177.5177.5177.5177.5

177.75177.75177.75177.75177.75

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178.25178.25178.25178.25178.25

178.5178.5178.5178.5178.5

178.75178.75178.75178.75178.75

179179179179179

179.25179.25179.25179.25179.25

179.5179.5179.5179.5179.5

179.75179.75179.75179.75179.75

180180180180180

180.25180.25180.25180.25180.25

180.5180.5180.5180.5180.5

180.75180.75180.75180.75180.75

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181.25181.25181.25181.25181.25

181.5181.5181.5181.5181.5

181.75181.75181.75181.75181.75

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182.5182.5182.5182.5182.5

182.75182.75182.75182.75182.75

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183.5183.5183.5183.5183.5

183.75183.75183.75183.75183.75

184184184184184

184.25184.25184.25184.25184.25

184.5184.5184.5184.5184.5

184.75184.75184.75184.75184.75

185185185185185

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185.5185.5185.5185.5185.5

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188.75188.75188.75188.75188.75

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189.25189.25189.25189.25189.25

189.5189.5189.5189.5189.5

189.75189.75189.75189.75189.75

190190190190190

190.25190.25190.25190.25190.25

190.5190.5190.5190.5190.5

190.75190.75190.75190.75190.75

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191.25191.25191.25191.25191.25

191.5191.5191.5191.5191.5

191.75191.75191.75191.75191.75

192192192192192

192.25192.25192.25192.25192.25

192.5192.5192.5192.5192.5

192.75192.75192.75192.75192.75

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193.25193.25193.25193.25193.25

193.5193.5193.5193.5193.5

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197.5197.5197.5197.5197.5

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198.75198.75198.75198.75198.75

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199.5199.5199.5199.5199.5

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200200200200200

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200.5200.5200.5200.5200.5

200.75200.75200.75200.75200.75

201201201201201

201.25201.25201.25201.25201.25

201.5201.5201.5201.5201.5

201.75201.75201.75201.75201.75

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202.25202.25202.25202.25202.25

202.5202.5202.5202.5202.5

202.75202.75202.75202.75202.75

203203203203203

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203.5203.5203.5203.5203.5

203.75203.75203.75203.75203.75

204204204204204

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204.5204.5204.5204.5204.5

204.75204.75204.75204.75204.75

205205205205205

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205.5205.5205.5205.5205.5

205.75205.75205.75205.75205.75

206206206206206

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206.5206.5206.5206.5206.5

206.75206.75206.75206.75206.75

207207207207207

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207.5207.5207.5207.5207.5

207.75207.75207.75207.75207.75

208208208208208

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208.5208.5208.5208.5208.5

208.75208.75208.75208.75208.75

209209209209209

209.25209.25209.25209.25209.25

209.5209.5209.5209.5209.5

209.75209.75209.75209.75209.75

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210.25210.25210.25210.25210.25

210.5210.5210.5210.5210.5

210.75210.75210.75210.75210.75

211211211211211

211.25211.25211.25211.25211.25

211.5211.5211.5211.5211.5

211.75211.75211.75211.75211.75

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212.25212.25212.25212.25212.25

212.5212.5212.5212.5212.5

212.75212.75212.75212.75212.75

213213213213213

213.25213.25213.25213.25213.25

213.5213.5213.5213.5213.5

213.75213.75213.75213.75213.75

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214.25214.25214.25214.25214.25

214.5214.5214.5214.5214.5

214.75214.75214.75214.75214.75

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215.5215.5215.5215.5215.5

215.75215.75215.75215.75215.75

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216.5216.5216.5216.5216.5

216.75216.75216.75216.75216.75

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217.5217.5217.5217.5217.5

217.75217.75217.75217.75217.75

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218.25218.25218.25218.25218.25

218.5218.5218.5218.5218.5

218.75218.75218.75218.75218.75

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219.25219.25219.25219.25219.25

219.5219.5219.5219.5219.5

219.75219.75219.75219.75219.75

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220.5220.5220.5220.5220.5

220.75220.75220.75220.75220.75

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221.25221.25221.25221.25221.25

221.5221.5221.5221.5221.5

221.75221.75221.75221.75221.75

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222.25222.25222.25222.25222.25

222.5222.5222.5222.5222.5

222.75222.75222.75222.75222.75

223223223223223

223.25223.25223.25223.25223.25

223.5223.5223.5223.5223.5

223.75223.75223.75223.75223.75

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224.25224.25224.25224.25224.25

224.5224.5224.5224.5224.5

224.75224.75224.75224.75224.75

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225.5225.5225.5225.5225.5

225.75225.75225.75225.75225.75

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226.5226.5226.5226.5226.5

226.75226.75226.75226.75226.75

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227.5227.5227.5227.5227.5

227.75227.75227.75227.75227.75

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228.5228.5228.5228.5228.5

228.75228.75228.75228.75228.75

229229229229229

229.25229.25229.25229.25229.25

229.5229.5229.5229.5229.5

229.75229.75229.75229.75229.75

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230.25230.25230.25230.25230.25

230.5230.5230.5230.5230.5

230.75230.75230.75230.75230.75

231231231231231

231.25231.25231.25231.25231.25

231.5231.5231.5231.5231.5

231.75231.75231.75231.75231.75

232232232232232

232.25232.25232.25232.25232.25

232.5232.5232.5232.5232.5

232.75232.75232.75232.75232.75

233233233233233

233.25233.25233.25233.25233.25

233.5233.5233.5233.5233.5

233.75233.75233.75233.75233.75

234234234234234

234.25234.25234.25234.25234.25

234.5234.5234.5234.5234.5

234.75234.75234.75234.75234.75

235235235235235

235.25235.25235.25235.25235.25

235.5235.5235.5235.5235.5

235.75235.75235.75235.75235.75

236236236236236

236.25236.25236.25236.25236.25

236.5236.5236.5236.5236.5

236.75236.75236.75236.75236.75

237237237237237

237.25237.25237.25237.25237.25

237.5237.5237.5237.5237.5

237.75237.75237.75237.75237.75

238238238238238

238.25238.25238.25238.25238.25

238.5238.5238.5238.5238.5

238.75238.75238.75238.75238.75

239239239239239

239.25239.25239.25239.25239.25

239.5239.5239.5239.5239.5

239.75239.75239.75239.75239.75

240240240240240

240.25240.25240.25240.25240.25

240.5240.5240.5240.5240.5

240.75240.75240.75240.75240.75

241241241241241

241.25241.25241.25241.25241.25

241.5241.5241.5241.5241.5

241.75241.75241.75241.75241.75

242242242242242

242.25242.25242.25242.25242.25

242.5242.5242.5242.5242.5

242.75242.75242.75242.75242.75

243243243243243

243.25243.25243.25243.25243.25

243.5243.5243.5243.5243.5

243.75243.75243.75243.75243.75

244244244244244

244.25244.25244.25244.25244.25

244.5244.5244.5244.5244.5

244.75244.75244.75244.75244.75

245245245245245

245.25245.25245.25245.25245.25

245.5245.5245.5245.5245.5

245.75245.75245.75245.75245.75

246246246246246

246.25246.25246.25246.25246.25

246.5246.5246.5246.5246.5

246.75246.75246.75246.75246.75

247247247247247

247.25247.25247.25247.25247.25

247.5247.5247.5247.5247.5

247.75247.75247.75247.75247.75

248248248248248

248.25248.25248.25248.25248.25

248.5248.5248.5248.5248.5

248.75248.75248.75248.75248.75

249249249249249

249.25249.25249.25249.25249.25

249.5249.5249.5249.5249.5

249.75249.75249.75249.75249.75

250250250250250

250.25250.25250.25250.25250.25

250.5250.5250.5250.5250.5

250.75250.75250.75250.75250.75

251251251251251

251.25251.25251.25251.25251.25

251.5251.5251.5251.5251.5

251.75251.75251.75251.75251.75

252252252252252

252.25252.25252.25252.25252.25

252.5252.5252.5252.5252.5

252.75252.75252.75252.75252.75

253253253253253

253.25253.25253.25253.25253.25

253.5253.5253.5253.5253.5

253.75253.75253.75253.75253.75

254254254254254

254.25254.25254.25254.25254.25

254.5254.5254.5254.5254.5

254.75254.75254.75254.75254.75

255255255255255

255.25255.25255.25255.25255.25

255.5255.5255.5255.5255.5

255.75255.75255.75255.75255.75

256256256256256

256.25256.25256.25256.25256.25

256.5256.5256.5256.5256.5

256.75256.75256.75256.75256.75

257257257257257

257.25257.25257.25257.25257.25

257.5257.5257.5257.5257.5

257.75257.75257.75257.75257.75

258258258258258

258.25258.25258.25258.25258.25

258.5258.5258.5258.5258.5

258.75258.75258.75258.75258.75

259259259259259

259.25259.25259.25259.25259.25

259.5259.5259.5259.5259.5

259.75259.75259.75259.75259.75

260260260260260

260.25260.25260.25260.25260.25

260.5260.5260.5260.5260.5

260.75260.75260.75260.75260.75

261261261261261

261.25261.25261.25261.25261.25

261.5261.5261.5261.5261.5

261.75261.75261.75261.75261.75

262262262262262

262.25262.25262.25262.25262.25

262.5262.5262.5262.5262.5

262.75262.75262.75262.75262.75

263263263263263

263.25263.25263.25263.25263.25

263.5263.5263.5263.5263.5

263.75263.75263.75263.75263.75

264264264264264

264.25264.25264.25264.25264.25

264.5264.5264.5264.5264.5

264.75264.75264.75264.75264.75

265265265265265

265.25265.25265.25265.25265.25

265.5265.5265.5265.5265.5

265.75265.75265.75265.75265.75

266266266266266

266.25266.25266.25266.25266.25

266.5266.5266.5266.5266.5

266.75266.75266.75266.75266.75

267267267267267

267.25267.25267.25267.25267.25

267.5267.5267.5267.5267.5

267.75267.75267.75267.75267.75

268268268268268

268.25268.25268.25268.25268.25

268.5268.5268.5268.5268.5

268.75268.75268.75268.75268.75

269269269269269

269.25269.25269.25269.25269.25

269.5269.5269.5269.5269.5

269.75269.75269.75269.75269.75

270270270270270

270.25270.25270.25270.25270.25

270.5270.5270.5270.5270.5

270.75270.75270.75270.75270.75

271271271271271

271.25271.25271.25271.25271.25

271.5271.5271.5271.5271.5

271.75271.75271.75271.75271.75

272272272272272

272.25272.25272.25272.25272.25

272.5272.5272.5272.5272.5

272.75272.75272.75272.75272.75

273273273273273

273.25273.25273.25273.25273.25

273.5273.5273.5273.5273.5

273.75273.75273.75273.75273.75

274274274274274

274.25274.25274.25274.25274.25

274.5274.5274.5274.5274.5

274.75274.75274.75274.75274.75

275275275275275

275.25275.25275.25275.25275.25

275.5275.5275.5275.5275.5

275.75275.75275.75275.75275.75

276276276276276

276.25276.25276.25276.25276.25

276.5276.5276.5276.5276.5

276.75276.75276.75276.75276.75

277277277277277

277.25277.25277.25277.25277.25

277.5277.5277.5277.5277.5

277.75277.75277.75277.75277.75

278278278278278

278.25278.25278.25278.25278.25

278.5278.5278.5278.5278.5

278.75278.75278.75278.75278.75

279279279279279

279.25279.25279.25279.25279.25

279.5279.5279.5279.5279.5

279.75279.75279.75279.75279.75

280280280280280

280.25280.25280.25280.25280.25

280.5280.5280.5280.5280.5

280.75280.75280.75280.75280.75

281281281281281

281.25281.25281.25281.25281.25

281.5281.5281.5281.5281.5

281.75281.75281.75281.75281.75

282282282282282

282.25282.25282.25282.25282.25

282.5282.5282.5282.5282.5

282.75282.75282.75282.75282.75

283283283283283

283.25283.25283.25283.25283.25

283.5283.5283.5283.5283.5

283.75283.75283.75283.75283.75

284284284284284

284.25284.25284.25284.25284.25

284.5284.5284.5284.5284.5

284.75284.75284.75284.75284.75

285285285285285

285.25285.25285.25285.25285.25

285.5285.5285.5285.5285.5

285.75285.75285.75285.75285.75

286286286286286

286.25286.25286.25286.25286.25

286.5286.5286.5286.5286.5

286.75286.75286.75286.75286.75

287287287287287

287.25287.25287.25287.25287.25

287.5287.5287.5287.5287.5

287.75287.75287.75287.75287.75

288288288288288

288.25288.25288.25288.25288.25

288.5288.5288.5288.5288.5

288.75288.75288.75288.75288.75

289289289289289

289.25289.25289.25289.25289.25

289.5289.5289.5289.5289.5

289.75289.75289.75289.75289.75

290290290290290

290.25290.25290.25290.25290.25

290.5290.5290.5290.5290.5

290.75290.75290.75290.75290.75

291291291291291

291.25291.25291.25291.25291.25

291.5291.5291.5291.5291.5

291.75291.75291.75291.75291.75

292292292292292

292.25292.25292.25292.25292.25

292.5292.5292.5292.5292.5

292.75292.75292.75292.75292.75

293293293293293

293.25293.25293.25293.25293.25

293.5293.5293.5293.5293.5

293.75293.75293.75293.75293.75

294294294294294

294.25294.25294.25294.25294.25

294.5294.5294.5294.5294.5

294.75294.75294.75294.75294.75

295295295295295

295.25295.25295.25295.25295.25

295.5295.5295.5295.5295.5

295.75295.75295.75295.75295.75

296296296296296

296.25296.25296.25296.25296.25

296.5296.5296.5296.5296.5

296.75296.75296.75296.75296.75

297297297297297

297.25297.25297.25297.25297.25

297.5297.5297.5297.5297.5

297.75297.75297.75297.75297.75

298298298298298

298.25298.25298.25298.25298.25

298.5298.5298.5298.5298.5

298.75298.75298.75298.75298.75

299299299299299

299.25299.25299.25299.25299.25

299.5299.5299.5299.5299.5

299.75299.75299.75299.75299.75

300300300300300

300.25300.25300.25300.25300.25

300.5300.5300.5300.5300.5

300.75300.75300.75300.75300.75

301301301301301

301.25301.25301.25301.25301.25

301.5301.5301.5301.5301.5

301.75301.75301.75301.75301.75

302302302302302

302.25302.25302.25302.25302.25

302.5302.5302.5302.5302.5

302.75302.75302.75302.75302.75

303303303303303

303.25303.25303.25303.25303.25

303.5303.5303.5303.5303.5

303.75303.75303.75303.75303.75

304304304304304

304.25304.25304.25304.25304.25

304.5304.5304.5304.5304.5

304.75304.75304.75304.75304.75

305305305305305

305.25305.25305.25305.25305.25

305.5305.5305.5305.5305.5

305.75305.75305.75305.75305.75

306306306306306

306.25306.25306.25306.25306.25

306.5306.5306.5306.5306.5

306.75306.75306.75306.75306.75

307307307307307

307.25307.25307.25307.25307.25

307.5307.5307.5307.5307.5

307.75307.75307.75307.75307.75

308308308308308

308.25308.25308.25308.25308.25

308.5308.5308.5308.5308.5

308.75308.75308.75308.75308.75

309309309309309

309.25309.25309.25309.25309.25

309.5309.5309.5309.5309.5

309.75309.75309.75309.75309.75

310310310310310

310.25310.25310.25310.25310.25

310.5310.5310.5310.5310.5

310.75310.75310.75310.75310.75

311311311311311

311.25311.25311.25311.25311.25

311.5311.5311.5311.5311.5

311.75311.75311.75311.75311.75

312312312312312

312.25312.25312.25312.25312.25

312.5312.5312.5312.5312.5

312.75312.75312.75312.75312.75

313313313313313

313.25313.25313.25313.25313.25

313.5313.5313.5313.5313.5

313.75313.75313.75313.75313.75

314314314314314

314.25314.25314.25314.25314.25

314.5314.5314.5314.5314.5

314.75314.75314.75314.75314.75

315315315315315

315.25315.25315.25315.25315.25

315.5315.5315.5315.5315.5

315.75315.75315.75315.75315.75

316316316316316

316.25316.25316.25316.25316.25

316.5316.5316.5316.5316.5

316.75316.75316.75316.75316.75

317317317317317

317.25317.25317.25317.25317.25

317.5317.5317.5317.5317.5

317.75317.75317.75317.75317.75

318318318318318

318.25318.25318.25318.25318.25

318.5318.5318.5318.5318.5

318.75318.75318.75318.75318.75

319319319319319

319.25319.25319.25319.25319.25

319.5319.5319.5319.5319.5

319.75319.75319.75319.75319.75

320320320320320

320.25320.25320.25320.25320.25

320.5320.5320.5320.5320.5

320.75320.75320.75320.75320.75

321321321321321

321.25321.25321.25321.25321.25

321.5321.5321.5321.5321.5

321.75321.75321.75321.75321.75

322322322322322

322.25322.25322.25322.25322.25

322.5322.5322.5322.5322.5

322.75322.75322.75322.75322.75

323323323323323

323.25323.25323.25323.25323.25

323.5323.5323.5323.5323.5

323.75323.75323.75323.75323.75

324324324324324

324.25324.25324.25324.25324.25

324.5324.5324.5324.5324.5

324.75324.75324.75324.75324.75

325325325325325

325.25325.25325.25325.25325.25

325.5325.5325.5325.5325.5

325.75325.75325.75325.75325.75

326326326326326

326.25326.25326.25326.25326.25

326.5326.5326.5326.5326.5

326.75326.75326.75326.75326.75

327327327327327

327.25327.25327.25327.25327.25

327.5327.5327.5327.5327.5

327.75327.75327.75327.75327.75

328328328328328

328.25328.25328.25328.25328.25

328.5328.5328.5328.5328.5

328.75328.75328.75328.75328.75

329329329329329

329.25329.25329.25329.25329.25

329.5329.5329.5329.5329.5

329.75329.75329.75329.75329.75

330330330330330

330.25330.25330.25330.25330.25

330.5330.5330.5330.5330.5

330.75330.75330.75330.75330.75

331331331331331

331.25331.25331.25331.25331.25

331.5331.5331.5331.5331.5

331.75331.75331.75331.75331.75

332332332332332

332.25332.25332.25332.25332.25

332.5332.5332.5332.5332.5

332.75332.75332.75332.75332.75

333333333333333

333.25333.25333.25333.25333.25

333.5333.5333.5333.5333.5

333.75333.75333.75333.75333.75

334334334334334

334.25334.25334.25334.25334.25

334.5334.5334.5334.5334.5

334.75334.75334.75334.75334.75

335335335335335

335.25335.25335.25335.25335.25

335.5335.5335.5335.5335.5

335.75335.75335.75335.75335.75

336336336336336

336.25336.25336.25336.25336.25

336.5336.5336.5336.5336.5

336.75336.75336.75336.75336.75

337337337337337

337.25337.25337.25337.25337.25

337.5337.5337.5337.5337.5

337.75337.75337.75337.75337.75

338338338338338

338.25338.25338.25338.25338.25

338.5338.5338.5338.5338.5

338.75338.75338.75338.75338.75

339339339339339

339.25339.25339.25339.25339.25

339.5339.5339.5339.5339.5

339.75339.75339.75339.75339.75

340340340340340

340.25340.25340.25340.25340.25

340.5340.5340.5340.5340.5

340.75340.75340.75340.75340.75

341341341341341

341.25341.25341.25341.25341.25

341.5341.5341.5341.5341.5

341.75341.75341.75341.75341.75

342342342342342

342.25342.25342.25342.25342.25

342.5342.5342.5342.5342.5

342.75342.75342.75342.75342.75

343343343343343

343.25343.25343.25343.25343.25

343.5343.5343.5343.5343.5

343.75343.75343.75343.75343.75

344344344344344

344.25344.25344.25344.25344.25

344.5344.5344.5344.5344.5

344.75344.75344.75344.75344.75

345345345345345

345.25345.25345.25345.25345.25

345.5345.5345.5345.5345.5

345.75345.75345.75345.75345.75

346346346346346

346.25346.25346.25346.25346.25

346.5346.5346.5346.5346.5

346.75346.75346.75346.75346.75

347347347347347

347.25347.25347.25347.25347.25

347.5347.5347.5347.5347.5

347.75347.75347.75347.75347.75

348348348348348

348.25348.25348.25348.25348.25

348.5348.5348.5348.5348.5

348.75348.75348.75348.75348.75

349349349349349

349.25349.25349.25349.25349.25

349.5349.5349.5349.5349.5

349.75349.75349.75349.75349.75

350350350350350

350.25350.25350.25350.25350.25

350.5350.5350.5350.5350.5

350.75350.75350.75350.75350.75

351351351351351

351.25351.25351.25351.25351.25

351.5351.5351.5351.5351.5

351.75351.75351.75351.75351.75

352352352352352

352.25352.25352.25352.25352.25

352.5352.5352.5352.5352.5

352.75352.75352.75352.75352.75

353353353353353

353.25353.25353.25353.25353.25

353.5353.5353.5353.5353.5

353.75353.75353.75353.75353.75

354354354354354

354.25354.25354.25354.25354.25

354.5354.5354.5354.5354.5

354.75354.75354.75354.75354.75

355355355355355

355.25355.25355.25355.25355.25

355.5355.5355.5355.5355.5

355.75355.75355.75355.75355.75

356356356356356

356.25356.25356.25356.25356.25

356.5356.5356.5356.5356.5

356.75356.75356.75356.75356.75

357357357357357

357.25357.25357.25357.25357.25

357.5357.5357.5357.5357.5

357.75357.75357.75357.75357.75

358358358358358

358.25358.25358.25358.25358.25

358.5358.5358.5358.5358.5

358.75358.75358.75358.75358.75

359359359359359

359.25359.25359.25359.25359.25

359.5359.5359.5359.5359.5

359.75359.75359.75359.75359.75

360360360360360

Fx

Fy

Combustion Force

Compression Force

Suction Force

Crank Angle (deg)

Force (lb)

Working Model Simulation of TLA Power Piston and Compressor Piston Forces on Crankshaft Bearings

90200

0

0

-12.743

90200

0

0

322.235

90930

0

0

658.011

91700

0

0

994.748

92490

0

0

1332.472

93270

0

0

1671.167

94040

0

0

2011.076

94900

0

0

2351.948

95720

0

0

2694.065

96580

0

0

3037.423

97470

0

0

98330

0

0

3727.603

20500

99240

0

0

21460

100200

0

0

22390

101100

0

0

23370

102000

0

0

24340

103000

0

0

5475.951

25320

103900

0

0

26360

104900

0

0

27370

105900

0

0

106900

0

0

29520

108000

0

0

7260.842

30580

109000

0

0

31650

110000

0

0

32720

111000

0

0

33830

112100

0

0

8715.235

34950

113100

0

0

9083.19

36090

114200

0

0

37240

115300

0

0

9822.449

38340

116400

0

0

10200

39510

117500

0

0

40660

118600

0

0

41790

119600

0

0

11320

42950

120700

0

0

121800

0

0

45310

123000

0

0

46450

124000

0

0

12840

47610

125100

0

0

13220

48770

126200

0

0

49940

127300

0

0

51060

128300

0

0

52230

129400

0

0

53360

130500

0

0

54420

131400

0

0

55580

132500

0

0

56710

133600

0

0

57780

134500

0

0

58870

135500

0

0

59940

136500

0

0

60970

137400

0

0

61980

138300

0

0

62990

139300

0

0

18690

140100

0

0

141000

0

0

141900

0

0

142700

0

0

143500

0

0

144200

0

0

144900

0

0

21430

145700

0

0

21830

146300

0

0

147000

0

0

147600

0

0

148100

0

0

148700

0

0

149200

0

0

149700

0

0

150100

0

0

24900

150500

0

0

150900

0

0

25650

151200

0

0

151500

0

0

151800

0

0

152000

0

0

152200

0

0

152300

0

0

152400

0

0

152400

0

0

152400

0

0

152400

0

0

152400

0

0

152300

0

0

152100

0

0

152000

0

0

30630

151800

0

0

151500

0

0

151200

0

0

150900

0

0

150600

0

0

150200

0

0

149800

0

0

149400

0

0

148900

0

0

148400

0

0

77770

147800

0

0

147300

0

0

146700

0

0

146100

0

0

145400

0

0

144800

0

0

144100

0

0

143400

0

0

142700

0

0

141900

0

0

141100

0

0

36830

140300

0

0

139500

0

0

138700

0

0

137900

0

0

137000

0

0

38080

136100

0

0

135300

0

0

38560

134400

0

0

133500

0

0

132600

0

0

131700

0

0

130800

0

0

129800

0

0

128900

0

0

63020

127900

0

0

126900

0

0

126000

0

0

125100

0

0

40990

124100

0

0

123100

0

0

122200

0

0

121200

0

0

120200

0

0

119300

0

0

55790

118300

0

0

117400

0

0

116400

0

0

115500

0

0

42950

114500

0

0

113600

0

0

112600

0

0

111700

0

0

43680

110700

0

0

49600

109800

0

0

108900

0

0

108000

0

0

44400

107100

0

0

106200

0

0

105300

0

0

104400

0

0

103500

0

0

102600

0

0

101800

0

0

43270

100800

0

0

45750

100000

0

0

99140

0

0

46080

41560

98310

0

0

46250

97490

0

0

96670

0

0

39950

95850

0

0

46730

95010

0

0

94220

0

0

93450

0

0

47210

92650

0

0

91840

0

0

91060

0

0

90290

0

0

89520

0

0

47990

88770

0

0

88020

0

0

87270

0

0

86550

0

0

48590

85820

0

0

85120

0

0

84410

0

0

83710

0

0

83010

0

0

82300

0

0

49490

81640

0

0

49640

80960

0

0

80280

0

0

30230

79600

0

0

78970

0

0

29580

78330

0

0

77700

0

0

50510

77060

0

0

28600

76400

0

0

75790

0

0

27990

75150

0

0

74560

0

0

73970

0

0

73380

0

0

26910

72790

0

0

72200

0

0

71630

0

0

71090

0

0

52050

70520

0

0

52180

69930

0

0

69390

0

0

52450

68840

0

0

68280

0

0

67750

0

0

24630

67230

0

0

66710

0

0

66160

0

0

24050

65640

0

0

65140

0

0

64640

0

0

64140

0

0

63670

0

0

63170

0

0

54040

23110

62670

0

0

22980

62190

0

0

61720

0

0

61240

0

0

54560

60790

0

0

60310

0

0

59880

0

0

59420

0

0

59010

0

0

22140

58580

0

0

58110

0

0

21930

57680

0

0

57240

0

0

56840

0

0

21740

56430

0

0

21660

56000

0

0

21600

55590

0

0

21550

55180

0

0

21520

54790

0

0

21490

54410

0

0

21440

54000

0

0

21390

53590

0

0

53200

0

0

56900

21360

52840

0

0

21350

52480

0

0

21330

52090

0

0

21330

51730

0

0

21320

51370

0

0

57500

51030

0

0

50640

0

0

21340

50300

0

0

21370

49960

0

0

21390

49620

0

0

21390

49250

0

0

21400

48890

0

0

21420

48550

0

0

58410

21470

48230

0

0

21500

47890

0

0

21550

47580

0

0

58750

21600

47260

0

0

46940

0

0

46620

0

0

46300

0

0

46010

0

0

45710

0

0

45400

0

0

22000

45080

0

0

22100

44810

0

0

22160

44490

0

0

22230

44190

0

0

43920

0

0

22410

43630

0

0

22490

43330

0

0

43060

0

0

42810

0

0

22790

42510

0

0

22920

42260

0

0

23000

41970

0

0

41700

0

0

41450

0

0

23330

41170

0

0

23430

40900

0

0

23580

40670

0

0

23700

40430

0

0

40130

0

0

39880

0

0

24040

39630

0

0

24190

39400

0

0

39180

0

0

38950

0

0

24590

38680

0

0

24720

38430

0

0

24890

38220

0

0

25040

38000

0

0

25190

37770

0

0

25350

37540

0

0

25500

37320

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Documents

DOE Project DE-FC26-04NT42270: Systematic Engine Uprate ...“The overall objective of this project is to develop new engine up- rate technologies that will be applicable to a large