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Does Practice Make Perfect?(Chapter 12)
Ken Koedinger
1
Psychology MOOC Analysis
• Hot off the press!• Kind of example you can only get from CMU! • See OLI Psychology Practice Activities• What’s best for learning?
– Doing activities– Watching video– Doing readings– Some combination
2
Results
3
Agenda:
Distribute Practice Effectively
What is Practice?
Practice Versus Deliberate Practice
Add Sufficient Practice
Mirror the Job
Provide Effective Feedback
Chapter 12 Objectives
Distinguish between practice and deliberate practice
Apply evidence on the following: How much practice to include What kind of practice is best What kind of feedback is best How to distribute practice exercises How to layout practice exercises Transitioning from examples to practice
5
What is practice?
• Interactions that promote psychological engagement with the content in ways that help learners build knowledge and skills related to the learning goals.
6
Behavioral Activity
Low High
Psy
chol
ogic
al A
ctiv
ity
Low
Hig
h
Adapted from Stull and Mayer, 2007
Interaction Formats
Common formats for e-learning practice:• Multiple choice• Simulation• Multiple select• Drag and drop
Which formula ismost efficient to calculate all commissions:
= B4*B9= B4/B9=B4*$B9$=B4*$B$9
Incorrect. To apply the same formula to all sales staff, you need to use absolute cell references in which the column and row values are preceded by a $. Try Again.
X
Lesson 2: Working with FormulasUsing Spreadsheets in your Small Business
Multiple choice
Lesson 2: Working with FormulasUsing Spreadsheets in your Small Business
Type into Cell C4the correct formula to calculate Jake’scommission.
Simulation
Simulation
Multiple select
Drag and Drop
Virtual classrooms
Practice Vs Deliberate practice
1. Effortful exertion to improve performance2. Intrinsic motivation to engage in task3. Carefully tailored practice tasks that focus on areas of weakness4. Feedback5. Continued repetition over a number of years
Practice guidelines
Slide 16
• How Much?• What kind?• Feedback?• Where?• Multimedia • Worked Examples
Behavioral ActivityLow High
Psy
chol
ogic
al A
ctiv
ity
Slide 17
Lesson A Lesson B
Example 1Practice 1Practice 2Practice 3
Example 1Practice 1Practice 2Practice 3
Example 1Practice 1Practice 2Practice 3Practice 4Practice 5Practice 6
Example 1Practice 1Practice 2Practice 3Practice 4Practice 5Practice 6
Is more practice better?
Slide 18
The power law of practiceT
ime
to C
ompl
ete
Lapa
rosc
ope
Task
Session
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
0
10
20
30
4
0 5
0
60
70
80
9
0
Slide 19
The costs of practice
66 Practices
22 Practices
Test Scores
32.25 28.26
Time 146 83
- Schnackenberg et al, 1998
How Critical is the Skill?
Practice guidelines
Slide 21
• How Much?• What kind?• Feedback?• Where?• Multimedia • Worked Examples
Behavioral ActivityLow High
Psy
chol
ogic
al A
ctiv
ity
Which statement is correct about Lestratin?A. Should not be used for patients with diabetesB. A good option for prenatal weight managementC. A long-term solution for childhood obesity
Which is better?
Which is better?
Mirror the job
JobTasks
Objectives
Test Practice
Goal
Practice guidelines
Slide 25
• How Much?• What kind?• Feedback?• Where?• Multimedia • Worked Examples
Behavioral ActivityLow High
Psy
chol
ogic
al A
ctiv
ity
Which formula ismost efficient to calculate all commissions:
= B4*B9= B4/B9=B4*$B9$=B4*$B$9
Incorrect. Click Next to continue.
X
Lesson 2: Working with FormulasUsing Spreadsheets in your Small Business
Which is better?
Which formula ismost efficient to calculate all commissions:
= B4*B9= B4/B9=B4*$B9$=B4*$B$9
Incorrect. To apply the same formula to all sales staff, you need to use absolute cell references in which the column and row values are preceded by a $. Try Again.
X
Lesson 2: Working with FormulasUsing Spreadsheets in your Small Business
Which is better?
Feedback
- Hattie (2009); Kluger & DeNisi, 1996
• Among the top 10 influences on achievement
• 1/3 of FB InterventionsDECREASED performance
Slide 29
Your answer is correct
Feedback study in Design-A-Plant
AYes, in a low sunlight environment, a large leafhas more room to makefood by photosynthesis.
B
. Based on Data from Experiment 1 Moreno, 2004.
10
30
20
50
40
Sco
res
on T
ransf
er
Test
SD
SD = Significant Difference
ExplanatoryFeedback
CorrectiveFeedback
Slide 31
Good Job – you earned B+
Which feedback is better?
A80% correct– Let’s reviewabsolute versus relativecell references.
B
Focus on task – not ego
Slide 33
Good Job – you earned B+
Which feedback is better?
A80% correct– Let’s reviewabsolute versus relativecell references.
B
p. 13
Practice guidelines
Slide 34
• How Much?• What kind?• Feedback?• Where?• Multimedia • Worked Examples
Behavioral ActivityLow High
Psy
chol
ogic
al A
ctiv
ity
Slide 35
5 minute lesson with six practices• 2 in the first section
• 2 in the middle• 2 at the end
How should practice be spaced?
A 5 minute lesson withsix practices • 3 in the middle• 3 at the end
B
0%
100%
40%
20%
60%
80%
Test
Sco
res
1 week 4 weeksTest time after Learning
Spaced
Massed
. Based on data from Rohrer& Taylor, 2006 Experiment 1
Interpret the data
Slide 37
5 minute lesson with six practices• 2 in the first section
• 2 in the middle• 2 at the end
Which lesson is better?
A5 minute lesson withsix practices • 3 in the middle• 3 at the end
B
Lesson A = 5 practicesLesson B = 3 Lesson A, 5 from Lesson BLesson C = 2 Lesson A, 3 from B, and 5 from C
Ways to spread practiceAmong Lessons
Extended learningevents over time andmedia
Among Learning Events
Which is better?
www.Clarktraining.com
3 practices on area of a circle 3 practices on area of a rectangle 3 practices on area of a triangle
3 area practices: circle, rectangle, triangle3 area practices: circle,rectangle, triangle 3 area practices: circlerectangle, triangle
PLAN A PLAN B
0%
100%
40%
20%
60%
80%
Test
Sco
res
Practice Test
Mixed Practice
Blocked Practice
Based on data from Rohrer& Taylor, 2009
Interpret the data
Practice guidelines
Slide 41
• How Much?• What kind?• Feedback?• Where?• Multimedia • Worked Examples
Behavioral ActivityLow High
Psy
chol
ogic
al A
ctiv
ity
Which formula ismost efficient to calculate all commissions:
= B4*B9= B4/B9=B4*$B9$=B4*$B$9
Incorrect. To apply the same formula to all sales staff, you need to use absolute cell references in which the column and row values are preceded by a $. Try Again.
X
Lesson 2: Working with FormulasUsing Spreadsheets in your Small Business
Multimedia principles
Practice guidelines
Slide 43
• How Much?• What kind?• Feedback?• Where?• Multimedia • Worked
Examples Behavioral ActivityLow High
Psy
chol
ogic
al A
ctiv
ity
WorkedExample
CompletionExample 1
CompletionExample 2
Assigned Problem
Step 1Step 2Step 3
Step 1Step 2Step 3
= Worked in Lesson
= Worked by the Learner
Step 1Step 2Step 3
Step 1Step 2Step 3
Fading of worked examples