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TRNG I HC KINH T TPHCMKHOA K TAN KIM TON TIPHN TCH L LUN BN TAY V HNH TRONG HC THUYT KINH T CA ADAM SMITH. NHN XT V NGHA. GVHD:TS.NGUYN MINH TUN NHM THC HIN: 1.TRN QUC PHC 2.L MINH AN 3.NGUYN QUC CNG

4.L THANH BNH

5.CHU MINH TR

6.LNG V HITHNH PH H CH MINH, NM 2008 TI: PHN TCH L LUN BN TAY V HNH TRONG HC THUYT KINH T CA ADAM SMITH. NHN XT V NGHACHNG IS lc v tiu s ca Adam SmithAdam Smith (1723 - 1790) l ngi Scotland. ng tt nghip H Glasgow (ng kinh ngc tui 17!) ng sang nghin cu Oxford ri quay v Scotland dy ti H Edinburgh v H Glassgrow. ng dy Trit hc o c. Phi 10 nm sau khi ri gh ch nhim b mn, ng mi vit sch khin tn tui tr nn li lc. Khi thi dy Glassgrow, ng i du ngon gp g cc nh t tng ln thi . Thi k ny gip ng nh hnh cc t tng v khi v Scotland ng bt u vit sch. Tc phm ln nht ca ng l 'The Wealth of Nations', xut bn 1776. Trong tc phm, ng nhn mnh li ch ca chuyn mn ho v nhu cu sinh ra h thng c ch th trng, phn hi qua h thng gi. Chi tit:Adam Smith l mt nhn vt trm lng, sng mt cuc i n dt, mt con ngi t vit th t v ra lnh t b mt s bn tho khi gn qua i v vy ngi i sau hiu r cc t tng ca Adam Smith hn l cuc i ca nh Kinh T Hc ny.Khng c ti liu no ghi r ngy sinh ca Adam Smith, ch bit rng ng c ra ti vo ngy 5 thng 6 nm 1723 ti Kirkcaldy, mt ngi lng nh c nh nhng thnh vng vi dn s gn 1,500 ngi v ni ny gn thnh ph Edinbug, x T Cch Lan. Adam Smith l con trai ca ng Adam Smith trong ln lp gia nh th hai vi b Magaret Douglas, con gi ca mt ch t giu c. ng Adam Smith cha ch l mt ngi kim sot thu v, qua i trc khi Adam sinh ra. Ngi ta khng bit g v tui tr ca Adam ngoi cu chuyn k li rng nm ln 4 tui, Adam b bt cc do mt nhm ngi Gypsies sng lang thang v sau cuc bo ng tm kim, cu b Adam c nhm ngi kia b li.Nm 1737 v vo tui 14, Adam Smith theo hc i Hc Glasgow vo thi gian ny l mt trung tm danh ting ca thi k Khai Sng (Enlightenment). Ging dy ti i hc ny c Gio S Francis Hutcheson ni danh v ngnh trit hc lun l (moral philosophy), l ngi u tin dy sinh vin bng ting Anh, khng dng ting La Tinh, v cc quan im v Kinh T v Trit Hc ca ng Hutcheson nh hng rt mnh ti Adam Smith sau ny. Trong mt bc th vit 15 nm sau, Adam Smith ni ti "Tin S Hutcheson khng bao gi c th qun c". Tt nghip nm 1740, Adam Smith nhn c mt hc bng, theo hc trng Balliol thuc i Hc Oxford. Trong thi gian su nm ti trng i hc ny, cc sinh vin hc tp cch t hc (self-education) qun trit cc nn trit hc c in v ng thi, h phi c cc tc phm ca cc tc gi Hy Lp v La M, cng vi cc cng trnh ca cc gio s i hc thi .Khi tr li Glasgow, Adam Smith i tm vic lm. Nh cc lin h ca gia nh bn m, nh s tr gip ca nh lut hc v trit hc Lord Henry Kames, Adam Smith c nhn lm Ging S ti i Hc Edinburg vi nhim v ph trch cc bui thuyt trnh cng (public lectures), y l mt hnh thc gio dc vi tinh thn "ci tin" (improvement) c cc nh tr thc thi a chung. Cc bi thuyt trnh cng ny gm nhiu ti t mn tu t hc (rhetoric) ti ngnh chnh tr kinh t hc (political economy). Trong bi iu vn vit v Adam Smith nhiu nm v sau, Tp Ch "Qu ng" (Gentleman 's Magazine) bnh lun rng "cch pht m v th vn ca ng Adam Smith hn hn nhng th ang dng ti x T Cch Lan".

Trnh hiu bit ca Adam Smith khin cho ng c mi lm Gio S L Lun (professor of logic) ti i Hc Glasgow vo nm 1751 tui 27, ri nm sau, tr thnh Gio S mn Trit Hc Lun L (moral philosophy), mt mn hc bao gm cc ngnh thn hc t nhin (natural theology), o c hc (ethics), lut hc (jurisprudence) v chnh tr kinh t hc.

Thi gian m nhn chc v Gio S ti i Hc Glasgow l "thi k sung sng nht v danh d nht ca i ti", theo nh li Adam Smith m t v sau. Mi ngy trong tun l, ng Adam thuyt ging t 7:30 ti 8:30 sng trc lp hc ti a 90 sinh vin tui t 14 ti 16, cn t ging bi t 11 gi ti 12 gi tra c thc hin 3 ln mt tun l. Vo bui chiu, ng lo cng vic ca trng i hc khin cho vo nm 1758, Adam Smith c bu lm khoa trng. Cc bn v ngi quen ca Adam Smith trong thi gian ny gm mt s nh qu tc, nhiu ngi nm gi cc chc v cao cp ca chnh quyn. Cc nh tr thc v khoa hc gm c Joseph Black, mt ngi tin phong v ngnh Ha Hc, James Watt l nh pht minh ra my hi nc, Robert Foulis l nh sng lp ra Vin Hn Lm Kiu Mu ca nc Anh (The British Academy of Design), David Hume l nh trit hc danh ting. Adam Smith cn quen thn vi Andrew Cochran, mt nh bun, nguyn vin ph ca i Hc Glasgow, ngi sng lp ra Cu Lc B Chnh Tr Kinh T Hc (the Political Economy Club), nh Adam Smith thu thp c nhiu hiu bit ca th gii thng mi ri v sau vit ra tc phm "Ti Sn ca cc Quc Gia".Tc phm u tin ca Adam Smith l cun "L thuyt v cc Tnh Cm Lun L" (The Theory of Moral Sentiments) xut bn vo nm 1759, c vit ra vi th vn ho nhong, chi chut, cha ng nhiu giai thoi, mang tnh cht phn tch v tc phm ny to nn th n tng su xa. Adam Smith m t qua tc phm cc nguyn tc v "bn cht con ngi" (human nature) v t vn v ngun gc ca kh nng to ra cc phn xt lun l, k c cch phn xt cc hnh vi ca chnh mnh trong vic t li (self-interest) v t bo tn (self-preservation). Adam Smith cho rng trong mi ngi chng ta c mt "con ngi bn trong" (an inner man) ng vai tr mt ngi khch quan khng thin v, thng chp nhn hay ln n cc hnh ng ca chnh ta v ca cc ngi khc. Qua tc phm "Cc Tnh Cm Lun L", Adam Smith c nhn xt quan trng nh sau m sau ny ng lp li trong tc phm "Ti Sn ca cc Quc Gia": con ngi t tm kim mnh (self-seeking men) thng b dn dt bi "mt bn tay v hnh" (an invisible hand) m khng ai bit, khng do ch ch, lm thng tin cc li ch (interest) ca x hi. Cc c nhn c x hi ha tr nn cc thnh vin ging buc bi giai cp v theo khuynh hng th trng (market-oriented) nh h thng kinh t vn chuyn.Tc phm "L thuyt v cc tnh cm lun l" sm mang li danh ting cho Adam Smith. Nhiu ngi t xa ti nghe ng din thuyt k c hai sinh vin t Moscow. James Boswell cng xc nhn l thuyt ca Adam Smith l quan trng v Charles Townshend phi ch n l thuyt ny. ng Townshend l mt nh tr thc kim kinh t hc ti t, mt chnh khch nhiu nh hng v v sau l B Trng Thng Mi (Chancellor of the Exchequer) tc l nhn vt chu trch nhim v cc chnh sch thu v ca nc Anh m hu qu l Cuc Cch Mng Hoa K. ng Townshend mi lp gia nh v ang tm kim mt gia s cho a con ring ca b v, tc l Hu Tc Buccleuch tr. Do s thn phc tc phm k trn v cng do li khuyn ca David Hume, Charles Townshend ngh vi Adam Smith mt s th lao kh t chi: lng 500 bng Anh mt nm cng vi ph tn du lch v mt s tin hu tng ng, tt c ln gp hai li tc ca chc v gio s trong khi th li tc ny ty thuc vo hc ph thu c ca sinh vin.

Vo nm 1763 Adam Smith t chc khi i Hc Glasgow ri cng v Hu Tc Buccleuch tr sang Php. H c ng phn ln thi gian ti Toulouse v trong hon cnh bun t ny, Adam Smith bt u vit tc phm "Ti Sn ca cc Quc Gia". Sau 18 thng rnh ri l hai thng sng ti Geneva v Adam Smith c gp Voltaire l nhn vt m ng knh trng. Sau Adam Smith i ti thnh ph Paris. Vo thi gian ny, David Hume l i S Anh ti nc Php. Adam Smith c gii thiu vi cc cu lc b vn hc danh ting ca phong tro Khai Sng (the French Enlightenment) v nh vy ng lm quen vi nhm cc nh l thuyt v ci cch x hi, c gi l cc nh kinh t (les conomistes), ng u nhm l Francois Quesnay. y l phong tro tm kim phng php canh tn nn nng nghip ca nc Php bng ng li ci cch h thng thu v v ng Quesnay phn tch l thuyt v cng vic tiu dng c vn chuyn ra sao trong chu k kinh t sinh ra ti sn v s tng trng kinh t. Adam Smith khng ng vi ng Quesnay v nim tin rng ch c cc nng dn lao ng trc tip vi thin nhin hay t ai mi thc s lm ra ti sn, th nhng nh hng ca ng Quesnay i vi Adam Smith rt ln lao khin cho nh Kinh T Hc ngi Anh ny c nh tng tc phm "Ti Sn ca cc Quc Gia" cho ng Quesnay nu nh ng ny khng qua i trc khi cun sch c xut bn.Cuc hnh trnh ca Adam Smith ti thnh ph Paris b ct ngang v cu em trai ca Hu Tc Buccleuch tr qua Php ri c hai u b bnh nng, cu em trai qua i mc d ng v v cn thn chm sc tn tm. Adam Smith phi tr v London v lm vic vi Lord Townshend vo ma xun nm 1767. Vo nm ny, ng c bu vo Hn Lm Vin Hong Gia (The Royal Society) v nh vy, lm quen vi cc nhn ti nh Edmund Burke, Samuel Johnson, Edward Gibbson v c l c vi Benjamin Franklin. Ti cui nm 1767, Adam Smith tr li Kirkcaldy v trong vng 6 nm ti y, ng sa cha tc phm "Ti Sn" ri sau ba nm sng ni thnh ph London, tc phm k trn mi c hon thnh v xut bn vo nm 1776.

Ngay sau khi c xut bn, cun "Ti Sn ca cc Quc Gia" c mi ngi khen ngi, k c David Hume. Sau Adam Smith c b nhim lm Tng Gim c Thu V min T Cch Lan, mt chc v rt nhn, lng nm l 600 bng Anh, v th vo lc tui gi, ng rt giu c. Adam Smith sng c thn, trm lng ti Edinburg, i khi i du lch ti thnh ph London hay ti Glasgow, ni ng c mi gi chc v Vin Trng i Hc. Adam Smith vit thm mt s tc phm nhng cc bn tho b ng ra lnh t b. ng qua i vo nm 1790 tui 67 khi vn cn danh ting, c chn ct trong sn nh th ti Canongate v trn m ch ca ng ch ghi vn tt rng y l ni an ngh ca tc gi cun sch "Ti Sn ca cc Quc Gia".Mc d trc Adam Smith c nhiu ngi vit v cc vn v nguyn l kinh t , nhng hu ht mi ngi u coi ng l cha ca kinh t hc. ng l ngi u tin nhn thy li ch t vic cnh trnh v lp lun ng h cc chnh sch thc y cnh tranh bng cch gim s can thip ca nh nc vo nn kinh t v trnh c quyn. Nhng tc phm chnh ca Adam Smith

"Lectures on Rhetoric and Belles Lettres," 1748.

"The Theory of Moral Sentiments," 1759.

"Lectures on Rhetoric and Belles Lettres" (1762-1763; in 1958)

"Lectures on Jurisprudence," 1766.

"An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations," 1776. "Account of the Life and Writings of David Hume", 1777.

"Thoughts on the State of the Contest with America", 1778.

"Essays on Philosophical Subjects", 1795 - gm :

"The Principles which Lead and Direct Philosophical Enquiries illustrated by the History of Astronomy"

The Principles which Lead and Direct Philosophical Enquiries illustrated by the History of the Ancient Physics"The Principles which Lead and Direct Philosophical Enquiries illustrated by the History of the Ancient Logic and Metaphysics""Of the External Senses"

"Of the Nature of that Imitation which takes place in what are called the Imitative Arts"

"Of the Affinity between certain English and Italian Verses"

"Review of Johnson's Dictionary", 1755, Edinburgh Review

"Letter to the Authors", 1756, Edinburgh Review

"Preface and Dedication to William Hamilton's Poems on Several Occasions", 1748, 1758

"Account of the Life and Writings of Adam Smith LL.D." by Dugald Stewart, 1793, Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh.CHNG IINi dung v phn tch hc thuyt Bn tay v hnh1/. Ni dung:Bn tay v hnh l mt php n d, mt t tng kinh t do nh kinh t hc Adam Smith a ra vo nm 1776. Trong tc phm Ti sn ca cc quc gia v nhng bi vit khc, Smith tuyn b rng, trong nn kinh t th trng t do, mi c nhn theo ui mt mi quan tm v xu hng li ch ring cho c nhn mnh, v chnh cc hnh ng ca nhng c nhn ny li c xu hng thc y nhiu hn v cng c li ch cho ton cng ng thng qua mt "bn tay v hnh". ng bin lun rng, mi mt c nhn u mun thu li ln nht cho mnh s lm ti a li ch ca c cng ng, iu ny ging nh vic cng ton b tt c cc li ch ca tng c nhn li.Smith ch s dng thut ng "bn tay v hnh" ba ln trong ba tc phm ca ng. Nhng sau ny, thut ng ny c s dng rng ri tr thnh mt l lun kinh t hc.Theo l lun ny, th hot ng ca mi thnh vin trong x hi ch mang mc ch bo v li ch ca ring mnh; thng thng, khng c ch nh cng c li ch cng cng v cng khng bit mnh ang cng c li ch ny mc no. Tuy nhin khi , h thng th trng v c ch gi c s hot ng mt cch t pht v li ch ca tt c mi ngi nh th c mt bn tay v hnh y thin iu khin ton b qu trnh x hi v s iu khin t pht ny cn c hiu qu hn c khi c nh lm vic ny.Thuyt ca Smith chng li t tng ca ch ngha trng thng (yu cu c s can thip ca nh nc vo kinh t), l mm mng cho i hi c t do kinh doanh, c s thch hp vi ch ngha t bn trong mt thi k di. Tuy nhin sau ny, thc t cho thy nhng im cha hon ton hp l ca thuyt ny, v ngi ta vn phi dng n nh nc l "bn tay hu hnh" thng qua lut php, thu v cc chnh sch kinh t iu chnh nn kinh t x hi kt hp vi c ch t iu chnh theo thuyt bn tay v hnh thc y s pht trin v kinh t x hi ca t nc.Cng ging nh cc nh l lun c in khc, A. Smith ng h mnh m t tng t do kinh t, cao t do cnh tranh . iu l hon ton ph hp vi hon cnh kinh t x hi ca thi k u ca ch ngha t bn t do cnh tranh.Trong tc phm Ngun gc s giu c ca cc quc gia , ng khng nh rng ch x hi bnh thng hp vi trt t t nhin l x hi t bn, nn kinh t bnh thng l nn kinh t pht trin trn c s t do cnh tranh, x hi bnh thng l x hi xy dng trn c s quy lut t nhin, cn x hi khng bnh thng l sn phm ca c on, ngu nhin v dt nt ca con ngi.Nhiu nh kinh t hc cho rng tnh ch k c nhn khng ch l c s l thuyt ca ng, m A.Smith cn cao tnh cm o c ca con ngi trong tc phn l lun o c.V nguyn l bn tay v hnh ng vit: Mi c nhn u c gng s dng vn cu mnh sao cho c c sn phm c gi tr cao nht. Thng thng, c nhn ny khng c ch nh cng c li ch cng cng, m cng chng bit mnh ang cng c li ch ny mc no.C nhn ny ch c mc ch bo v s an ton v thnh qu ring ca mnh.Trong qu trnh ny,mt bn tay v hnh ny buc anh ta phi theo ui mt mc ch khng nm trong d nh.Trong khi theo ui li ch ca mnh,anh ta bo v lun li ch ca x hi mt cch c hu hiu hn c khi anh ta c nh lm vic ny.Bn tay v hnh,trc ht th hin li ch ca cc c nhn,n tc ng nh l mt lc y,hng con ngi ti cng vic no m x hi sn sng tr tin.A.smith vit: chng ta khng mong c ba tra nh lng ho phng ca ngi m tht,ngi nu bia,hoc ngi lm bnh,m cch nhn ca h i vi li ch ca bn thn h.Chng ta trng ch khng phi lng nhn o ca h,m tnh t tng thn ca h,v khng bao gi ni vi h v nhng nhu cu ca chng ta,m v nhng li ch ca h.ng nu ra nhng lun im quan trng v c ch vn ng ca nn kinh t th trng,m khng cn c s can thip ca con ngi,ng vit bn ngh rng bn ang gip cho h thng kinh t bng nhng quy nh, nh tt p v bng nhng quy nh, nh tt p v nhng hnh ng can thip ca mnh.Khng phi vy u hy cho mi vic xy ra ng nhng tay vo.Du nhn ca li c nhn s lm cho cc bnh xe kinh t hot ng gn nh k diu,khng cn k hoch,khng cn quy ch,th trng gii quyt tt c.A.smith cao hiu qu ca li ch c nhn: nhng con ngi bao gi cng cn n nhng ng loi ca mnh v tht v ch khi ch i s t t duy nht ca h.S thnh cng chc chn hn,nu n hng ti li ch c nhn ca h Anh hy a ti ci ti cn,v anh s c c ti ci m chnh anh cn.Th trng s ti ra ci hi ha gia cc li ch bng phng cch ca n: c cho mt c nhn no chy theo lng ham li ca mnh,anh ta s thy mc ln nhng k cnh tranh lm anh ta mt ngh.C mt ngi no bn hng ca mnh qa t,hoc khng mun tr cng cho cng nhn ca mnh nh nhng k khc,anh ta s mt khch trong trng hp th nht v khng c ngi lam trong trng hp th hai.Nh vy,nhng ng c v k ca con ngi iu khin tr chi,v s tc ng qua li gia h s to ra nhng kt qu bt ng nht-s hi ha ca x hi.ng nhn thc r vai tr iu tit ca th trng qua s tc ng ca cung -cu v gi c,ng kt lun: li ch c nhn s khi phc s cn bng.L thuyt Bn tay v hnh,vi s thc y ca li ch c nhn v s iu tit ca th trng cnh tranh.ng gii thch vic gi c th trng c cn bng,khng phi xa ri chi ph sn xut thc t hng ha.ng gii thch vic x hi lm nh th no hng nhng ngi sn xut hng ha phi cung cp nhng hng ha m x hi cn,s tng ng c bn trong thu nhp ca dn chng mi trnh sn xut ca mt quc gia.Ngha l ng tm ra trong c ch th trng mt h thng t iu tit vic cung ng cho x hi mt cch c trt t.Theo ng ,nh nc l cng c cn thit chng th trong gic ngoi,chng ti phm v bo v t nc .Tuy nhin ,i khi nh nc cng c chc nng kinh t ,khi n vt ra ngoi kh nng ca cc doanh nghipnh o sng,p ng,nhng nh noc khng nn can thip su vo cc hot ng kinh t ,th trng t n s gii quyt tt c.2/. Phn tch:

Adam Smith s dng hnh tng bn tay m ch quyn lc chi phi th trng. ng cng phn quyn lc ny thnh 2 loi:1/.Bn tay hu hnh: Quyn lc chi phi th trng ca Nh nc. c thc hin thng qua cc ch trng, chnh sch ch quan ca gii cm quyn.2/.Bn tay v hnh: Quyn lc chi phi th trng ca t nhin. c thc hin thng qua cc quy lut t nhin khch quan, nm ngoi s chi phi ca con ngi.R rng, quy lut t nhin mnh hn suy ngh ch quan ca Nh nc. T y ta c th thy xu hng ca ngi bn tay v hnh ca Adam Smith. ng lun ku gi chnh ph khng can thip qu su vo th trng.Theo Adam Smith th c mt "bn tay v hnh" thc y s vn hnh ca nn kinh t th trng theo quy lut cung cu v quy lut gi tr, chi phi ti sn v cch tiu th hng ha, dch v. C th l nhng c nhn tm kim ca ci theo cc mc tiu ring l li v tnh thc y nn kinh t v h trpht trinnhng li ch chung ca c x hi.Nh l thuyt v kinh t hc ca Adam Smith, Charles Dickens c c cch nhn su sc v nhng iu phc tp vbt cng ca x hi t bn. V Charles Dickens m li cho cc nh vn danh ting sau ny l Henry James v Henry Adams. Sau khi Adam Smith bn lun v th trng, Karl Marx phn tch bn cht ca ch ngha t bnthi k cui th k 19. L thuyt Mc Xt (Marxism) a ti cuc Cch mng v sn Ngavo nm 1917 v s pht trin ca Lin bang X Vit sau Chin tranh Th gii II.R rng l c mt "bn tay v hnh" lm nhim v iu phi, cung ng mt ngun thu nhp khc ngoi lng ca cng chc nn h mi th sng c, sng khe, sng khng phi lo chn cm manh o nh i b phn ngi dn ang phi i mt...Theo Adam Smith th c mt "bn tay v hnh" thc y s vn hnh ca nn kinh t th trng theo quy lut cung cu v quy lut gi tr, bin nhng tnh ton ring v li ch ca tng ngi thnh nhng li ch chung cho x hi.Cuc sng con ngi ty mc sng vn minh s c nhng nhu cu vt cht khc nhau. Mc sng cng cao, yu cu vt cht t n no mc m nng ln n ngon mc p. Nhu cu v cuc sng tinh thn, tm l, c tn trng, c phc v cng i hi nhng sn phm tinh thn mi, do m sn phm hng ha v dch v pht trin khng ngng. Khi s lng yu cu ca mt loi sn phm (vt cht hay tinh thn) ln n mt mc no th s to ra th trng ca sn phm y, ngha l c ngi mua, ngi bn, v bn tay v hnh ca nn kinh t th trng s lm nhim v iu ha. S lng, cht lng, gi c sn phm s c a t ch tha n ch thiu, thc y mt sn phm mi c u th, c ch li hn ra i v loi b sn phm lc hu, km gi tr ra khi thng trng. Hot ng ca bn tay v hnh tht l v t. Tuy nhin, v v t nn bn tay v hnh cng d b li dng. Ngi ta to ra nhng trng thi gi to, bng nhng hin tng thiu ht hng ha ti mt thi im, mt a phng no , lm cho gi c gia tng trc li hoc dng nhng bin php hnh chnh ngn cn nhng dng hng ha vn hnh theo quy lut cung cu, lm cho gi c bin ng, th trng b mo dng, hay t ra chnh sch i x bt bnh ng i vi mt hng, ngun gc xut x, i tng tham gia Nh vy bn tay v hnh s b la, s vn hnh mt cch khp khnh, t mt yu cu v cng chnh ng t ra l Nh nc phi tham gia vo th trng vi mc tiu l: g b ro cn, loi b nhng yu t lm bin dng th trng, hng dn sn xut.3/ L lun v th trng t do da trn hc thuyt Bn tay v hnh:Th trng m nh nc khng can thip vo gi l :th trng t do Cc c nhn trn th trng t do theo ui quyn li ca mnh bng cch c gng lm cng nhiu cho mnh cng tt ty theo kh nng ca mnh,khng c s gip can thip no ca chnh ph. tng v mt h thng nh vy c th gii quyt cc vn sn xut ci g ,sn xut nh th no v sn xut cho ai l mt trong nhng ch lu i nht ca kinh t hc,bt u t thi Adam Smith.ng lp lun rng mt c nhn theo ui quyn li ca mnh c mtbn tay v hnh dn dt ti ch lm nhng vic c li cho x hi ni chung. Gi s bn mun tr thnh mt nh triu ph.Bn ngy m suy ngh v nhng ci mi v pht minh ra mt mt hng mi,c th l v tuyn,t hoc my tnh cm tay.Tuy l ng c c nhn nhng bn lm cho x hi kh gi ln bng cch to ra nhng vic lm v nhng c hi mi.Bn dch chuyn ng gii hn sn xut ra xa hn-bng ngun lc nh c by gi sn xut ra c nhiu hng hn hay hng cht lng cao hn-v trong qu trnh bn tr thnh triu ph.Smith lp lun rng s theo ui quyn lc c nhn khng c iu hnh t trung ng c th to ra c mt x hi lin kt cht ch co kh nng a ra cc quyt nh phn b hp l.CHNG IIINhn xt v ngha1./ Nhn xt:Trong 20 nm thc hin ng li i mi, chng ta tng bc phc hi nn kinh t th trng. Nh nc t i mi v mc ch c cu v phng php vn hnh d ph hp vi nn kinh t th trng y. Do m i sng x hi c mt bc tin kh di, i b phn nhn dn t ch thiu n, thiu mc ang bc vo ngng ca n ngon mck p. Tuy nhin, nu so snh vi cc nc chung quanh, th khong cch tt hu cha th rt ngn, iu ny khin chng ta phi c nhng bc ci cch mi to ng lc mi, gia tng tc tng trng cho nn kinh t ca chng ta.Theo kin mt s nh u t c mt ti Vit Nam nhiu nm nay, th tin lng lao ng thp khng hn l mt u th ca nn kinh t Vit Nam bi lng thp i i vi nng sut lao ng thp, iu y khng cn ngha g na v mt kinh t, trong khi c th cn lm hi v mt x hi. Ngi lao ng thu nhp thp th s khng sng, nh vy h s kh hon thnh nhim v c giao theo php lut hay hp ng tng ng vi chc nng, nhim v ca h.iu ny xa nay cc nh u t khng dm c kin vi Nh nc chng ta nhng r rng ch tin lng cn b nh nc qu thp nh hng n nhim v, chc nng, thi lm vic ca h, nht l trong x l cc hot ng kinh doanh ca doanh nghip trong cng nh ngoi nc. Biu hin c th ca tnh hnh ny l th tc nhiu kh, rm r, mt s vn bn php l khng r rng, cch p dng v gii thch lut l mi ni mi khc, lm cho doanh nghip phi ng u vi cc yu t:- Ri ro cao trong mi tnh hung- Thi gian quay vng vn chm- Chi ph v hnh tng- Gi thnh trn mt n v sn phm nm sau cao hn nm trc, a n tnh trng khng th cnh tranh c vi hng ho nc ngoi.Ch tin lng ca cn b Nh nc thp tng chng nh khng lin can g vi gi thnh sn phm hng ho, nhng suy cho cng th s thy khi sn phm cng m Nh nc cung ng cho doanh nghip c cht lng km th s to ra bit bao gnh nng nh nu trn.Liu c ai tin rng cn b chng ta tht sng vi ng lng hnh thc" khng? R rng l khng, v ngi ta tha bit cuc sng ca cn b Nh nc lun lun trn mc trung bnh ca ngi dn trong tt c m vng ca t nc. Nh vy tt nhin h phi nh vo ngun thu nhp khc ngoi lng gi c mc sng ang c. Th th ngun thu nhp t u n, trong khi v hnh thc h khng tham gia hot ng dch v SXKD. R rng l c mt "bn tay v hnh" lm nhim v iu phi, cung ng mt ngun thu nhp khc ngoi lng ca cng chc nn h mi c th sng c, sng khe, sng khng phi lo chn cm manh o nh i b phn ngi dn ang phi i mt. Kh ni "bn tay v hnh" ny li bin ci li ch chung thnh ci ring. ng nhin, ngun thu nhp do "bn tay v hnh" ny a n v cng phc tp, a dng, c cht lng, s lng v o l khc nhau. Ch ring xt gc o l thi th chng ta cng c thy nhng mc nhn thc khc nhau: - B xc phm, nhng bt kh khng. - Quyn bin nht thi sng v lm vic. - Xem nh mt s cn i b tr vi nhng iu m ng l ra mt ch tin lng phi thc hin y , nhng Nh nc cha lm c. - Cng l mt s tr cng ca x hi cho cng sc ca mnh b ra. - Cng l mt thu nhp do cng sc ca mnh to ra. - L mt c hi lm n m nu mnh khng lm th ngi khc cng lm. - Xem y l con ng ngn nht u t cho cuc i nn phi nm thi c khai thc trit . - Phi nhanh tay l chn, nh nhanh nh bo ko tr. S xut hin ca "bn tay v hnh" th hai bn cnh bn tay v hnh ca nn kinh t th trng d lm cho s vn hnh ca nn kinh t, cng nh vic iu hnh b my Nh nc ca chng ta khng cn khch quan, thm ch trong nhiu trng hp thiu trong sng. Khi y bn tay v hnh tr thnh bn tay "ma qui" gy tai ha cho t nc qua cc hnh vi tham , lng ph. Tuy nhin, cng c ngi cho rng, nn kinh t chng ta khng c kh nng cung cp mt mc lng sng cho cng chc Nh nc. iu ny khng ng, v ngun tin m bn tay "ma qui" s dng tht s l nm trong nn kinh t ca chng ta thi. Ch c iu l ta cha tht s quyt tm thc hin ci cch th ch qun l Nh nc, tinh gin b my hnh chnh v loi bt nhng ngi n lng v cng ri ngh, va nhiu nhng cho dn, ng thi tit kim c ngun ti chnh Nh nc. C nh vy s tha kh nng tng lng cho nhng cn b c nng lc, cn mn, lm nh vy s v hiu ha bn tay v hnh th hai. Cn nu ta vn tip tc duy tr tnh trng dng dng vi lng "hnh thc" nh lu nay th l c hi cho bn tay ma qui vng vy v t gia bao nhiu ci kh khn ca i sng kinh t x hi t nc.II/ ngha:L tin cho s pht trin nn kinh t th trng v t do thng mi quc t ngy nay. Hc thuyt cng l c s cc nh kinh t hc sau pht trin. y cng l hc thuyt cho thy tm quan trng ca quy lut khch quan, c bit l quy lut cn bng v cung-cu gi c.Theo hc thuyt th hot ng ca mi thnh vin trong x hi ch c mc ch bo v s an ton v thnh qu ca ring mnh; thng thng, khng c ch nh cng c li ch cng cng v cng khng bit mnh ang cng c li ch ny mc no. Trong khi , h thng th trng v c ch gi c vn hot ng mt cch t pht v li ch ca tt c mi ngi nh th c mt "Bn tay v hnh" y thin iu khin ton b qu trnh x hi, buc c nhn phi theo ui mt mc ch khng nm trong d nh. Trong khi theo ui li ch c nhn, con ngi thng bo v lun li ch ca x hi mt cch hu hiu hn c khi c nh lm vic ny. Thuyt ca Adam Smith chng li t tng ca ch ngha trng thng (yu cu c s can thip ca nh nc vo kinh t), l ting ni ca ch ngha t bn trng thnh i hi c t do kinh doanh. T tng ca Adam Simth thch hp vi ch ngha t bn trong mt thi k di, thi k t do cnh tranh. Sau ny, khi vp phi nhng cuc khng hong kinh t su sc th nhng nh kinh t hc khc li ku gi n bn tay hu hnh ca nh nc iu chnh kinh t. khc phc nhng khuyt tt ca c ch "Bn tay v hnh", nn kinh t hin i cn c iu hnh bi s kt hp gia "Bn tay v hnh" ca th trng vi bn tay hu hnh ca nh nc thng qua lut php, thu v nhiu bin php kinh t, ti chnh khc; vai tr v m cng nh vi m ca nh nc ngy cng t ra quan trng trong nn kinh t th trng.NHN XT CA GING VIN