tree of lifechapter 28-29, other groups of organisms

Archaea

Bacteriaphylogeny• key lineages of prokaryotes

• Domain Archaea (sister to eukarya)• 3 clades defined by

genetic characters• Domain Bacteria

• Firmicutes • Spirochaetes• Actinobacteria• Chlamydiae• Cyanobacteria• Proteobacteria

morphology• morphological diversity?

• highly conserved• size

• most are quite small, the range is large• shape

• filaments, cocci, bacilli, spirilla• motility

• can swim with flagella, gliding movement

gram stain• cell wall composition

• gram staining• not reliable for phylogeny• represent differences in cell wall composition• gram positive - high peptidoglycan composition in cell wall, usually

lacking outer membrane• gram negative - thinner peptidoglycan layer, usually with outer and

inner membrane• highly variable among clades

cell wall

plasma membrane

inner membrane

cell wall

outer membrane

gram positive

gram negative

peptidoglycan

peptidoglycan

EUKARYA

ARCHAEA

BACTERIA

BACTERIA

ARCHAEA

EUKARYA

FUNGI

ANIMALIA

PLANTS

branches• major branches in TOL

• Protista?• paraphyletic / polyphyletic

• depends on perspective

branches• major branches in TOL

• Rhizaria• Alveolata• Stramenopila • Amoebozoa• Opisthokonta• Excavata• Plantae

branches• major branches in TOL

• Rhizaria• Alveolata• Stramenopila • Amoebozoa• Opisthokonta• Excavata• Plantae

BIK

ON

TA

UN

IKO

NT

A

BACTERIAARCHAEA

AMOEBOZOA

OPISTHOKONTA

EXCAVATA

PLANTAE

RHIZARIA

ALVEOLATA

STAMENOPILA

plant formchapter 36

plantae• classification (extant groups)

• “Bryophytes” • Hepaticophyta (Hepatophyta)

(liverworts) - Marchantia• Anthocerophyta (hornworts)• Bryophyta

• Vascular plants• Pteridophytes

• Lycophyta• Pterophyta

• Gymnosperms • Ginkgophyta

• Gymnosperms -- cont.• Cycadophyta (cycads) --

• Gnetophyta (gnetae) -- • Coniferophyta (conifers) --

• Angiosperms • Anthophyta -- monocots and eudicots

• Structure and growth of Angiosperms• organs • systems

• root system• shoot system

shoot

root

• Plant tissues• dermal tissue

• cuticle • vascular tissue

• xylem • tracheids

• lignin• vessel elements (tubes)

dermal

ground

vascular

epidermisvascular bundle

sclerenchyma

phloem xylem

cortex

pith

• phloem• seive tube members• companion cells

• ground tissue• pith • cortex (outside vascular tissue)

Dicot Monocot

dermal

ground

vascular

ground tissue

epidermis

vascular bundles

• cell types in tissues• parenchyma• collenchyma • sclerenchyma

• lignin• fibers or sclereids (stone cells)

• root types• monocots -- fibrous root system... • dicots -- taproot

roots • function• anchor the plant into the

ground• uptake of water from soil.• storage of food molecules• exchange of some nutrients

• structure -- • variation

• prop roots• buttress roots• pneumatophores• aerial roots• storage roots

• root hairs

• root cap --• suberin (lipid)

• meristem (zone of division) -- • quiescent center -- • primary meristems:

• protoderm • ground meristem• procambium

• zone of elongation

Ground

Dermal

Keyto labels

Vascular

Root hair

Epidermis

Cortex Vascular cylinder

Zone ofdifferentiation

Zone ofelongation

Zone of celldivision

Apicalmeristem

Root cap

100 µm

root tips • zone of differentiation• epidermis• cortex• stele (vascular)

• endodermis • pericycle

• monocots -- • tissue types in concentric rings

epidermis

cortex

endodermis

stele

pericycle

pith

dermal

ground

ground

vascular

vascular

vascular

vascular

vascularxylem

phloem

• dicots• a bit more organized, or at least

centralized...• starch storage• same basic tissue types

• no pith• xylem in center

• surrounded by phloem bundles• pericycle surrounds phloem

• Shoot system• stems

• nodes• internodes • apical meristem

• axillary bud• terminal bud

• modifications• stolon (runner)• rhizome• bulb• tubers

• leaves • blade, stalk, petiole• venation

• parallel -- monocots • reticulate -- dicots

• simple leaves vs. compound leaf• some leaves serve other functions:

simple compound double compound

• anatomy• dicots - two layers of mesophyll

• spongy mesophyll • palisade mesophyll

• stomata• water loss • gas exchange

• life history of plants -- • indeterminate growth• annuals -- life cycle completed in a year• biennials -- life cycle spans two years -- overwinter• perennials -- live for many years

growth

• types of Growth -- • primary growth• secondary growth

• Secondary Growth• lateral growth• vascular cambium • secondary xylem

• tree rings • secondary phloem

pith

primary xylemprimary phloem

growth

corksecondary xylem

secondary phloem

cork cambium

bark

• Bark = periderm and phloem• periderm

• cork cambium • rings in trees

Growthring

Vascularray

Secondaryxylem

Heartwood

Sapwood

Bark

Vascular cambium

Secondary phloem

Layers of periderm