Subhas Chandra Bose

1. Subhas Chandra Bose was an Indian nationalist whose attempt during World War II to rid India of British rule with the help of Nazi Germany and Japan left a troubled legacy.Wikipedia2. 3. Born:January 23, 1897,Cuttack4. Died:August 18, 1945,Taihoku Prefecture5. Spouse:Emilie Schenkl(m. 19371945)6. Children:Anita Bose Pfaff7. Parents:Prabhavati Devi,Janakinath Bose8. Education:Scottish Church College(1918),more

Life History of Subhash Chandra Bose : Father of the Indian FreedomNet

Index Preface Life History of Subhash Chandra Bose Start of the opposition to British by Subhash Chandra Bose Subhash Chandra Bose in Britain for ICS and return to India Subhash Chandra Bose with Congress Subhash Chandra Bose Vs. Congress Formation of Azad Hind Fauj by Subhash Chandra Bose Effect of Netaji Subhash Chandra Boses earlier visits to England DisappearancePreface Subhash Chandra Bose was one of Indias greatest freedom fighter. He revived the Indian National Army,popularly known as Azad Hind Fauj in 1943 which wasinitially formed in 1942 by Rash Behari Bose. Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose had visited London during pre-independence period to discuss the future of India, with the members of the Labor party. His sudden disappearance from Taiwan, led to surfacing of various theories, concerning the possibilities of his survival.Life history of Subhash Chandra Bose Subhash Chandra Bose was born on 23 January, 1897 in Cuttack (Orissa) to Janakinath Bose and Prabhavati Devi. Janakinath Bose was one of the successful lawyer in Cuttack and received the title of Rai Bahadur. He, later became a member of the Bengal Legislative Council. Subhash Chandra Bose was a very intelligent and sincere student but never had much interest in sports. He passed his B.A. in Philosophy from the Presidency College in Calcutta. He was strongly influenced by Swami Vivekanandas teachings and was known for his patriotic zeal as a student. He also adored Vivekananda as his spiritualGuru.Start of the opposition to British by Subhash Chandra Bose Subhash Chandra Bose decided to take revenge, after reading so many incidents about the exploitation of the fellow Indians by the British. In 1916, Subhash reportedly beat and thrashed one of his British teachers E F Otten. The professor made a racist remark against the Indian students. As a result, Subhash Chandra Bose was expelled from the Presidency College and banished from Calcutta University. The incident brought Subhash in the list of rebel-Indians. In December 1921, Bose was arrested and imprisoned for organizing a boycott of the celebrations to mark the Prince of Waless visit to India.Subhash Chandra Bose in Britain for ICS and return to IndiaSubhash Chandra Bose at young age

Subhash Chandra Boses father wanted him to become a civil servant and therefore, sent him to England to appear for the Indian Civil Service Examination. Bose was placed fourth with highest marks in English. But his urge for participating in the freedom movement was intense that in April 1921, Bose resigned from the coveted Indian Civil Service and came back to India. Soon, he left home to become an active member of Indias independence movement. He, later joined the Indian National Congress, and also elected as the president of the party.Subhash Chaandra Bose with Congress Subhash Chandra Bose worked under the leadership of Chittaranjan Das, an active member of Congress in Calcutta. It was Chittaranjan Das, who along with Motilal Nehru, left Congress and founded the Swaraj Party in 1922. Subhash would regard Chittaranjan Das as his politicalguru. While Chittaranjan Das was busy in developing the national strategy, Subhash Chandra Bose played a major role in enlightening the students, youths and labors of Calcutta. He was eagerly waiting to see India, as an independent, federal and republic nation.Subhash Chandra Bose Vs. Congress In freedom struggle congress was large organisation. Subhash Chandra Bose became a strong leader in Congress and he made brave attempt to mould the entire party differently. Congress party was always lenient and never in a position to oppose. Saubhashbabu outrightedly opposed this behaviour. This opposition was against Gandhis philosophy. Therefore Mahatma Gandhi and other leaders were hurt and since then they opposed him. Congress party had undertaken a deed of opposing his every thoughts, insulting him and cut down his wings of high flyer. In this manoeuvre of congress many of times he felt suffocated. Once there was a picture of Subhash Chandra Bose against entire congress party. It was first election of congress that time. Usually closer aide of Mahatma Gandhi used to get elected; but this time Subhash Chandra Bose got elected with higher votes. This insulted Gandhi group, which lead to their less interest of thinking towards parties campaign for independence. In order to acknowledge outside support and get freedom he went till Germany, Japan when it was period of 2nd world war! He decided to induce soldiers from outside to get freedom. Nehru at that time said If Subhash would bring soldiers from outside and enter India, then I would be the first person to take sword in hand and oppose him. so much he disgust Subhash.Formation of Azad Hind Fauj by Subhash Chandra BoseNetaji with Azad Hind Fauj

Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose was against rendering any kind of help to the British during the World War II. He warned them so. The second World War broke out in September of 1939, and just as predicted by Bose, India was declared as a warring state (on behalf of the British) by the Governor General, without consulting Indian leaders. The Congress party was in power in seven major states and all state governments resigned in protest. Subhash Chandra Bose now started a mass movement against utilizing Indian resources and men for the great war. To him, it made no sense to further bleed poor Indians for the sake of colonial and imperial nations. There was a tremendous response to his call and the British promptly imprisoned him . He took to a hunger-strike, and after his health deteriorated on the 11th day of fasting, he was freed and was placed under house arrest. The British could do nothing except locking him in the prison. It was in 1941, that Subhash Chandra Bose suddenly disappeared. The authorities did not come to know for many days that he was not in his Barrack (the house in which he was being guarded). He traveled by foot, car and train and resurfaced in Kabul (now in Afghanistan), only to disappear once again. In November 1941, his broadcast from German radio sent shock waves amongst the British and electrified the Indian masses who realized that their leader was working on a master plan to free their motherland. It also gave fresh confidence to the revolutionaries in India who were challenging the British in many ways. The Axis powers (mainly Germany) assured Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose military and other help to fight the British. Japan by this time had grown into another strong world power, occupying key colonies of Dutch, French, and British colonies in Asia. Netaji Bose had struck alliance with Germany and Japan. He rightly felt that his presence in the East would help his countrymen in freedom struggle and second phase of his saga began. It is told that he was last seen on land near Kiel canal in Germany, in the beginning of 1943. A most hazardous journey was undertaken by him under water, covering thousands of miles, crossing enemy territories. He was in the Atlantic, the Middle East, Madagascar and the Indian ocean. Battles were being fought over land, in the air and there were mines in the sea. At one stage he traveled 400 miles in a rubber dingy to reach a Japanese submarine, which took him to Tokyo. He was warmly received in Japan and was declared the head of the Indian army, which consisted of about 40,000 soldiers from Singapore and other eastern regions. These soldiers were united by another great revolutionary Rash Behari Bose. Rash Behari handed over them to Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose. Netaji Bose called it the Indian National Army (INA) and a government by the name Azad Hind Government was declared on the 21st of October 1943. INA freed the Andaman and Nicobar islands from the British and were renamed as Swaraj and Shaheed islands. The Government started functioning. Subhash Chandra Bose wanted to free India from the Eastern front. He had taken care that Japanese interference was not present from any angle. Army leadership, administration and communications were managed by Indians only. Subhash Brigade, Azad Brigade and Gandhi Brigade were formed. INA marched through Burma and occupied Coxtown on the Indian Border. A touching scene ensued when the solders entered their free motherland. Some lay down and kissed, some placed pieces of mother earth on their heads, others wept. They were now inside India and were determined to drive out the British! Delhi Chalo (Lets march to Delhi) was the war cry. The bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki changed the history of mankind. Japan had to surrender.Effect of Netaji Subhash Chandra Boses earlier visits to England During his sojourn to England, he met with the leaders of British Labor Party and political thinkers including Clement Attlee, Arthur Greenwood, Harold Laski, G.D.H. Cole, and Sir Stafford Cripps. Bose also discuss with them about the future of India. It must also be noted that it was during the regime of the Labor Party (1945-1951), with Attlee as the Prime Minister, that India gained independence.Disappearance of Subhash Chandra Bose Although it was believed that Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose died in a plane crash, his body was never recovered. There have so many theories been put forward regarding his abrupt desertion. The government of India set up a number of committees to investigate the case and come out with truth. In May 1956, the Shah Nawaz Committee visited Japan to look into the situation of Boses assumed death. Citing their lack of political relations with Taiwan, the Centre, did not seek for the assistance from their government. The reports of Justice Mukherjee Commission, tabled in Parliament on 17 May, 2006 said, Bose did not die in the plane crash and the ashes at Renkoji temple are not his. However, the findings were rejected by the government of India.Netaji Subhash Chandra BoseBorn:January 23, 1897Death:Not known

ContributionsNetaji Subhash Chandra Bose was a freedom fighter of India. He was the founder of the Indian National Army. During pre-independence period Netaji had visited London to discuss the future of India, with the members of the Labor party. His sudden disappearance from Taiwan, led to surfacing of various theories, concerning the possibilities of his survival.

LifeNetaji Subhash Chandra Bose was born on 23 January, 1897 in Cuttack (Orissa) to Janakinath Bose and Prabhavati Devi. Subhash was the ninth child among eight brothers and six sisters. His father, Janakinath Bose, was an affluent and successful lawyer in Cuttack and received the title of "Rai Bahadur". He, later became a member of the Bengal Legislative Council.

Subhash Chandra Bose was a very intelligent and sincere student but never had much interest in sports. He passed his B.A. in Philosophy from the Presidency College in Calcutta. He was strongly influenced by Swami Vivekananda's teachings and was known for his patriotic zeal as a student. He also adored Vivekananda as his spiritual Guru.

BritishProfessorThrashedAfter reading so many incidents about the exploitation of the fellow Indians by the British, Subhash decided to take revenge. In 1916, Subhash reportedly beat and thrashed one of his British teachers E F Otten. The professor made a racist remark against the Indian students. As a result, Bose was expelled from the Presidency College and banished from Calcutta University. The incident brought Subhash in the list of rebel-Indians. In December 1921, Bose was arrested and imprisoned for organizing a boycott of the celebrations to mark the Prince of Wales's visit to India.

IndianCivilServiceHis father wanted Netaji to become a civil servant and therefore, sent him to England to appear for the Indian Civil Service Examination. Bose was placed fourth with highest marks in English. But his urge for participating in the freedom movement was intense that in April 1921, Bose resigned from the coveted Indian Civil Service and came back to India. Soon, he left home to become an active member of India's independence movement. He, later joined the Indian National Congress, and also elected as the president of the party.

SubhashwithCongressInitially, Subhash Chandra Bose worked under the leadership of Chittaranjan Das, an active member of Congress in Calcutta. It was Chittaranjan Das, who along with Motilal Nehru, left Congress and founded the Swaraj Party in 1922. Subhash would regard Chittaranjan Das as his political guru.

While Chittaranjan Das was busy in developing the national strategy, Subhash Chandra Bose played a major role in enlightening the students, youths and labors of Calcutta. He was eagerly waiting to see India, as an independent, federal and republic nation.

DisputeintheCongressPeople began to recognize Bose by his name and associated him with the freedom movement. Bose had emerged as a popular youth leader. He was admired for his great skills in organization development.

In 1928, during the Guwahati Session of the Congress, a difference in the opinion between the old and new members surfaced. The young leaders, as against the traditional leadership, wanted a "complete self-rule and without any compromise". The senior leaders were in favor of the "dominion status for India within the British rule".

The differences were between moderate Gandhi and aggressive Subhash Chandra Bose was swelling. The state was so intense that Subhash Chandra Bose had to defeat Pattabhi Sitaramayya, a presidential candidate, nominated by Gandhiji himself. Bose had won the election but without any second thought he resigned from the party. He, then formed the Forward Bloc in 1939.

FormationofINADuring the Second World War in September, 1939, Subhash Chandra Bose decided to initiate a mass movement. He started uniting people from all over the country. There was a tremendous response to his call and the British promptly imprisoned him. In jail, he refused to accept food for around two weeks. When his health condition deteriorated, fearing violent reactions across the country, the authority put him under house-arrest.

During his house-arrest, in January, 1941, Subhash made a planned escape. He first went to Gomoh in Bihar and from there he went on to Peshawar (now, Pakistan). He finally reached Germany and met Hitler. Bose had been living together with his wife Emilie Schenkl in Berlin. In 1943, Bose left for south-east Asia and raised the army. The group was later named by Bose, as the Indian National Army (INA).

VisittoEnglandDuring his sojourn to England, he met with the leaders of British Labor Party and political thinkers including Clement Attlee, Arthur Greenwood, Harold Laski, G.D.H. Cole, and Sir Stafford Cripps. Bose also discuss with them about the future of India. It must also be noted that it was during the regime of the Labor Party (1945-1951), with Attlee as the Prime Minister, that India gained independence.

DisappearanceAlthough it was believed that Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose died in a plane crash, his body was never recovered. There have so many theories been put forward regarding his abrupt desertion. The government of India set up a number of committees to investigate the case and come out with truth.

In May 1956, the Shah Nawaz Committee visited Japan to look into the situation of Bose's assumed death. Citing their lack of political relations with Taiwan, the Centre, did not seek for the assistance from their government. The reports of Justice Mukherjee Commission, tabled in Parliament on 17 May, 2006 said, "Bose did not die in the plane crash and the ashes at Renkoji temple are not his". However, the findings were rejected by the government of India.

Subhas Chandra Bose Biography

Born:January 23, 1897Died:August 18, 1945Achievements:Passed Indian Civil Services Exam; elected Congress President in 1938 and 1939; formed a new party All India Forward block; organized Azad Hind Fauj to overthrow British Empire from India.

Subhas Chandra Bose, affectionately called as Netaji, was one of the most prominent leaders of Indian freedom struggle. Though Mahatma Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru have garnered much of the credit for successful culmination of Indian freedom struggle, the contribution of Subash Chandra Bose is no less. He has been denied his rightful place in the annals of Indian history. He founded Indian National Army (Azad Hind Fauj) to overthrow British Empire from India and came to acquire legendary status among Indian masses.

Subhas Chandra Bose was born on January 23, 1897 in Cuttack, Orissa. His father Janaki Nath Bose was a famous lawyer and his mother Prabhavati Devi was a pious and religious lady. Subhas Chandra Bose was the ninth child among fourteen siblings. Subhas Chandra Bose was a brilliant student right from the childhood. He topped the matriculation examination of Calcutta province and graduated with a First class in Philosophy from the Scottish Churches College in Calcutta. He was strongly influenced by Swami Vivekananda's teachings and was known for his patriotic zeal as a student. To fulfill his parents wishes he went to England in 1919 to compete for Indian Civil Services. In England he appeared for the Indian Civil Service competitive examination in 1920, and came out fourth in order of merit. However, Subhas Chandra Bose was deeply disturbed by the Jallianwalla Bagh massacre, and left his Civil Services apprenticeship midway to return to India in 1921

After returning to India Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose came under the influence of Mahatma Gandhi and joined the Indian National Congress. On Gandhiji's instructions, he started working under Deshbandhu Chittaranjan Das, whom he later acknowledged his political guru. Soon he showed his leadership mettle and gained his way up in the Congress' hierarchy. In 1928 the Motilal Nehru Committee appointed by the Congress declared in favour of Domination Status, but Subhas Chandra Bose along with Jawaharlal Nehru opposed it, and both asserted that they would be satisfied with nothing short of complete independence for India. Subhas also announced the formation of the Independence League. Subhas Chandra Bose was jailed during Civil Disobedience movement in 1930. He was released in 1931 after Gandhi-Irwin pact was signed. He protested against the Gandhi-Irwin pact and opposed the suspension of Civil Disobedience movement specially when Bhagat Singh and his associates were hanged.

Subash Chandra Bose was soon arrested again under the infamous Bengal Regulation. After a year he was released on medical grounds and was banished from India to Europe. He took steps to establish centres in different European capitals with a view to promoting politico-cultural contacts between India and Europe. Defying the ban on his entry to India, Subash Chandra Bose returned to India and was again arrested and jailed for a year. After the General Elections of 1937, Congress came to power in seven states and Subash Chandra Bose was released. Shortly afterwards he was elected President of the Haripura Congress Session in 1938. During his term as Congress President, he talked of planning in concrete terms, and set up a National planning Committee in October that year. At the end of his first term, the presidential election to the Tripuri Congress session took place early 1939. Subhas Chandra Bose was re-elected, defeating Dr. Pattabhi Sitaramayya who had been backed by Mahatma Gandhi and the Congress Working Committee. Clouds of World War II were on the horizon and he brought a resolution to give the British six months to hand India over to the Indians, failing which there would be a revolt. There was much opposition to his rigid stand, and he resigned from the post of president and formed a progressive group known as theForwardBlock.

Subhas Chandra Bose now started a mass movement against utilizing Indian resources and men for the great war. There was a tremendous response to his call and he was put under house arrest in Calcutta. In January 1941, Subhas Chandra Bose disappeared from his home in Calcutta and reached Germany via Afghanistan. Working on the maxim that "an enemy's enemy is a friend", he sought cooperation of Germany and Japan against British Empire. In January 1942, he began his regular broadcasts from Radio Berlin, which aroused tremendous enthusiasm in India. In July 1943, he arrived in Singapore from Germany. In Singapore he took over the reins of the Indian Independence Movement in East Asia from Rash Behari Bose and organised the Azad Hind Fauj (Indian National Army) comprising mainly of Indian prisoners of war. He was hailed as Netaji by the Army as well as by the Indian civilian population in East Asia. Azad Hind Fauj proceeded towards India to liberate it from British rule. Enroute it lliberated Andeman and Nicobar Islands. The I.N.A. Head quarters was shifted to Rangoon in January 1944. Azad Hind Fauj crossed the Burma Border, and stood on Indian soil on March 18 ,1944.However, defeat of Japan and Germany in the Second World War forced INA to retreat and it could not achieve its objective. Subhas Chandra Bose was reportedly killed in an air crash over Taipeh, Taiwan (Formosa) on August 18, 1945. Though it is widely believed that he was still alive after the air crash not much information could be found about him.

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April 2015 Nepal earthquakeThis article is about the Nepalese earthquake that happened on 25 April 2015. For the major aftershock on 12 May 2015, seeMay 2015 Nepal earthquake.2015 Nepal earthquake

Kathmandu

Date25April2015

Origin time11:56:26NST[1]

Magnitude7.8Mw[1]or 8.1Ms[2]

Depth15.0 km (9.3 mi)[1]

Epicenter28.147N 84.708ECoordinates:28.147N 84.708E[1]

TypeThrust[1]

Areas affected Nepal India China Bangladesh

Max. intensityVIII (Severe)[1]

Aftershocks7.3Mwon 12 May at 12:51[3]6.7Mwon 26 April at 12:54[4]No. of aftershocks = 265 (as of 25 May 2015)[5]

Casualties8,635 dead (officially)[6][7]19,009 injured (officially)

TheApril 2015 Nepal earthquake(also known as theGorkha earthquake)[8][9]killed more than 8,000 people and injured more than 19,000. It occurred at11:56 NSTon 25 April, with a magnitude of 7.8Mw[1]or 8.1Ms[2]and a maximumMercalli Intensityof VIII (Severe). Itsepicenterwas the village ofBarpak,Gorkha district, and itshypocenterwas at a depth of approximately 15km (9.3mi).[1]It was the worst natural disaster to strikeNepalsince the1934 NepalBihar earthquake.[10][11][12]The earthquake triggeredan avalanche on Mount Everest, killing at least 19,[13]making it the deadliest day on the mountain in history.[14]It triggered another huge avalanche in theLangtangvalley, where 250 people were reported missing.[15][16]Hundreds of thousands of people were made homeless with entire villages flattened,[15][17][18]across many districts of the country. Centuries-old buildings were destroyed at UNESCOWorld Heritage sitesin theKathmandu Valley, including some at theKathmandu Durbar Square, thePatanDurbar Squar, theBhaktapur Durbar Square, theChangu NarayanTemple and theSwayambhunathStupa. Geophysicists and other experts had warned for decades that Nepal was vulnerable to a deadly earthquake, particularly because of its geology, urbanization, and architecture.[19][20]Continuedaftershocksoccurred throughout Nepal within 1520 minute intervals, with one shock reaching a magnitude of 6.7 on 26 April at12:54:08NST.[4]The country also had a continued risk of landslides.[21]A major aftershockoccurred on 12 May 2015 at12:51 NSTwith amoment magnitude(Mw) of 7.3.[22]The epicenter was near the Chinese border between the capital of Kathmandu and Mt. Everest.[23]More than 200 people were killed and more than 2,500 were injured by this aftershock.[24]ContentsEarthquake[edit]

Map of the earthquake and aftershocks at 12 May, showing location of major historical earthquakesThe earthquake occurred on 25 April 2015 at11:56a.m.NST(06:11:26 UTC) at a depth of approximately 15km (9.3mi) (which is considered shallow and therefore more damaging than quakes that originate deeper in the ground),[25]with itsepicentreapproximately 34km (21mi) east-southeast ofLamjung,Nepal, lasting approximately twenty seconds.[26]The earthquake was initially reported as 7.5 Mwby theUnited States Geological Survey(USGS) before it was quickly upgraded to 7.8 Mw. TheChina Earthquake Networks Center(CENC) reported the earthquake's magnitude to be 8.1 Ms. TheIndia Meteorological Department(IMD) said two powerful quakes were registered in Nepal at 06:11 UTC and 06:45 UTC. The first quake measured 7.8 Mwand its epicenter was identified at a distance of 80km to the northwest ofKathmandu, the capital of Nepal.Bharatpurwas the nearest major city to the main earthquake, 53km (33mi) from the epicenter. The second earthquake was somewhat less powerful at 6.6 Mw. It occurred 65km (40mi) east of Kathmandu and its seismic focus lay at a depth of 10km (6.2mi) below the earth's surface. Over thirty-five aftershocks of magnitude 4.5 Mwor greater occurred in the day following the initial earthquake, including the one of magnitude 6.6 Mw.[27]According to the USGS, the temblor was caused by a sudden thrust, or release of built-up stress, along the major fault line where theIndian Plate, carrying India, is slowly diving underneath theEurasian Plate, carrying much of Europe and Asia.[25]Kathmandu, situated on a block of crust approximately 120km (74 miles) wide and 60km (37 miles) long, reportedly shifted 3m (10ft) to the south in just 30 seconds.[28]The risk of a large earthquake was well known beforehand. In 2013, in an interview with seismologist Vinod Kumar Gaur,The Hinduquoted him as saying, "Calculations show that there is sufficient accumulated energy [in theMain Frontal Thrust], now to produce an 8 magnitude earthquake. I cannot say when. It may not happen tomorrow, but it could possibly happen sometime this century, or wait longer to produce a much larger one."[29]According to Brian Tucker, founder of a nonprofit organisation devoted to reducing casualties from natural disasters, some government officials had expressed confidence that such an earthquake would not occur again. Tucker recounted a conversation he had had with a government official in the 1990s who said, "We don't have to worry about earthquakes anymore, because we already had an earthquake"; the previous earthquake to which he referred occurred in 1934.[30]Geology[edit]

M6+ Himalayan region earthquakes, 19002014Nepal lies towards the southern limit of the diffusecollisionalboundary where theIndian PlateunderthruststheEurasian Plate,[31][32]occupying the central sector of the Himalayan arc, nearly one-third of the 2,400km (1,500mi) long Himalayas. Geologically, the Nepal Himalayas are sub-divided into five tectonic zones from north to south, east to west and almost parallel to sub-parallel.[33]These five distinct morpho-geotectonic zones are: (1)TeraiPlain, (2) Sub Himalaya (SivalikRange), (3)Lesser Himalaya(Mahabharat Range and mid valleys), (4) Higher Himalaya, and (5) Inner Himalaya (Tibetan Tethys).[34]Each of these zones is clearly identified by their morphological, geological, and tectonic features.[34]The convergence rate between the plates in central Nepal is about 45mm (1.8in) per year. The location, magnitude, andfocal mechanismof the earthquake suggest that it was caused by a slip along theMain Frontal Thrust.[1][35]The earthquake's effects were amplified in Kathmandu as it sits on the Kathmandu Basin, which contains up to 600m (2,000ft) ofsedimentary rocks, representing the infilling of a lake.[36]Based on a study published in 2014, of the Main Frontal Thrust, on average a great earthquake occurs every 750140 and 870350years in the east Nepal region.[37]A study from 2015 found a 700-year delay between earthquakes in the region. The study also suggests that because of tectonic stress buildup, the earthquake from 1934 in Nepal and the 2015 quake are connected, following a historic earthquake pattern.[38]Intensity[edit]

Isoseismal mapfor the Gorkha earthquake annotated with values on theMercalli scaleAccording to "Did You Feel It?" (DYFI?) responses on theUSGSwebsite, the intensity in Kathmandu was VIII (Severe).[1]Tremors were felt in the neighboring Indian states ofBihar,Uttar Pradesh,Assam,West Bengal,Sikkim,Jharkhand,Uttarakhand[39][bettersourceneeded]in the Indian capital region aroundNew Delhi[40]and as far south asKarnataka.[41]Many buildings were brought down in Bihar. Minor cracks in the walls of houses were reported in Odisha. Minor quakes were registered as far asKochiin the southern state ofKerala. The intensity inPatnawas V (Moderate).[42]The intensity was IV (Light) inDhaka, Bangladesh.[1]The earthquake was also experienced across southwesternChina, ranging from theTibet Autonomous RegiontoChengdu, which is 1,900km (1,200mi) away from the epicenter.[43]Tremors were felt inPakistan[44]andBhutan.[1]Aftershocks[edit]Main article:List of aftershocks after the 2015 Nepal earthquakeA major aftershock of magnitude 6.7 Mwoccurred on 26 April 2015 in the same region at 12:55 NST (07:09 UTC), with an epicenter located about 17km (11mi) south ofKodari, Nepal.[44][45]The aftershock caused fresh avalanches on Mount Everest and was felt in many places in northern India includingKolkata,Siliguri,JalpaiguriandAssam.[46]The aftershock caused a landslide on theKoshi Highwaywhich blocked the section of the road betweenBhedetarandMulghat.[47]A model of GeoGateway, based on aUnited States Geological Surveymechanism of a near-horizontal fault as well as location of aftershocks showed that the fault was an 11 dip striking at 295, 50km (31mi) wide, 150km (93mi) long, and had a dip slip of 3m (9.8ft).[48]The USGS says the aftershock registered at a shallow depth of 10km (6.2mi).[46]Assuming that 25 April earthquake was the largest event in this seismic episode, Nepal could expect more than 30 aftershocks greater than magnitude 5 over the following month.[49]As of 25 May 2015, 265 aftershocks had occurred with different epicenters and magnitudes equal to or above 4 Mw.[50]12 May 2015 earthquake[edit]Main article:May 2015 Nepal earthquakeA second major earthquake occurred on 12 May 2015 at 12:51 NST with amoment magnitude(Mw) of 7.3Mw18km (11mi) southeast ofKodari. The epicenter was near theChineseborder between the capital ofKathmanduandMt. Everest. It struck at the depth of 18.5km (11.5 miles). This earthquake occurred along the same fault as the original magnitude 7.8 earthquake of 25 April but further to the east.[51]As such, it is considered to be anaftershockof the 25 April quake.[51]Tremors were also felt in northern parts of India includingBihar,Uttar Pradesh,West Bengaland other North-Indian States.[52][53][54]At least 117 died in Nepal as a result of the aftershock and about 2,500 were injured. Seventeen others died in India and one in China.[24][55]AftermathCasualties by country

CountryDeathsInjuriesRef.

Nepal> 8,471> 17,866[56][57]

India130560[58]

China27383[59]

Bangladesh4200[60]

Total> 8,632> 19,009

CasualtiesNepalThe earthquake killed more than 8600 in Nepal[82]and injured more than twice as many. The rural death toll may have been lower than it would have been as the villagers were outdoors, working when the quake hit.[83]As of 15 May, 6,271 people, including 1,700 from the 12 May aftershock, were still receiving treatment for their injuries.[55]More than 450,000 people were displaced.[57]The Himalayan Timesreported that as many as 20,000 foreign nationals may have been visiting Nepal at the time of the earthquake, although reports of foreign deaths were relatively low.[84]IndiaA total of 78 deaths were reported in India - 58 in Bihar, 16 in Uttar Pradesh, 3 in West Bengal and 1 in Rajasthan.[58]China25 dead and 4 missing, all from theTibet Autonomous Region.[59]Bangladesh4 dead.[60]Avalanches on Mount Everest[edit]Main article:2015 Mount Everest avalanchesThis earthquake caused manyavalanchesonMount Everest. At least 19[85]died, including Google executiveDan Fredinburg,[86]with at least 120[85]others injured or missing.Landslides in the Langtang Valley[edit]In theLangtang valleylocated inLangtang National Park329 people were reported missing after an avalanche hit the village of Ghodatabela[87][88]and thevillage of Langtang. The avalanche was estimated to have been two to three kilometres wide. Ghodatabela was an area popular on the Langtang trekking route.[89]The village of Langtang has been destroyed by the avalanche. Smaller settlements on the outskirts of Langtang were buried during the earthquake, such as Chyamki, Thangsyap, and Mundu. Twelve locals and two foreigners were believed to have survived. Smallerlandslidesoccurred in theTrishuli RiverValley with reports of significant damage at Mailung, Simle, andArchale.[16][90][91][92]On 4 May it was announced that 52 bodies had been found in the Langtang area, of which seven were of foreigners.[93]Damage[edit]TheDharaharatower

Before the earthquake

After the earthquakeThousands of houses were destroyed across many districts of the country, with entire villages flattened, especially those near the epicenter.[15][17][18]TheTribhuvan International Airportserving Kathmandu was closed immediately after the quake, but was re-opened later in the day for relief operations and, later, for some commercial flights.[94]It subsequently shut down operations sporadically due to aftershocks,[95]and on 3 May was closed temporarily to the largest planes for fear of runway damage.[96]Many workers were not at their posts, either from becoming earthquake casualties or because they were dealing with its after effects.[97]Flights resumed from Pokhara, to the west of the epicentre, on 27 April.[98]

Kathmandu Durbar Squarebefore the earthquake

Building damage as a result of the earthquakeSeveral of the churches in the Kathmandu valley were destroyed. As Saturday is the principal day of Christian worship in Nepal, 500 people are reported to have died in the collapses.[99][100]SeveralpagodasonKathmandu Durbar Square, a UNESCOWorld Heritage Site, collapsed,[26]as did theDharaharatower, built in 1832; the collapse of the latter structure killed at least 180 people,[101][102][103][104]ManakamanaTemple in Gorkha was also destroyed. The northern side ofJanaki MandirinJanakpurwas reported to have been damaged.[105]Several temples, includingKasthamandap, Panchtale temple, the top levels of the nine-story Basantapur Durbar, the Dasa Avtar temple and two dewals located behind the Shiva Parvati temple were demolished by the quake. Some other monuments, including the Kumari Temple and the Taleju Bhawani Temple partially collapsed.[106][107]The top of the Jaya Bageshwari Temple in Gaushala and some parts of thePashupatinath Temple,Swyambhunath,BoudhanathStupa, Ratna Mandir, inside Rani Pokhari, andDurbar High Schoolhave been destroyed.[108]In Patan, the Char Narayan Mandir, the statue of Yog Narendra Malla, a pati inside Patan Durbar Square, the Taleju Temple, the Hari Shankar, Uma Maheshwar Temple and the Machhindranath Temple in Bungamati were destroyed. In Tripureshwar, the Kal Mochan Ghat, a temple inspired by Mughal architecture, was completely destroyed and the nearby Tripura Sundari also suffered significant damage. In Bhaktapur, several monuments, including the Fasi Deva temple, the Chardham temple and the 17th century Vatsala Durga Temple, were fully or partially destroyed.[108]Outside the Valley, theManakamanaTemple in Gorkha, the Gorkha Durbar, the Palanchok Bhagwati, inKabhrepalanchok District, the Rani Mahal inPalpa District, theChuriyamaiinMakwanpur District, the Dolakha Bhimsensthan inDolakha District, and the Nuwakot Durbar were partially destroyed. Historian Prushottam Lochan Shrestha stated, "We have lost most of the monuments that had been designated as World Heritage Sites inKathmandu,BhaktapurandLalitpur District, Nepal. They cannot be restored to their original states."[108]the north eastern parts of India also received major damage . Heavy shocks were felt including the states Uttrakhand, Uttar pradesh, West Bengal and many other states . A huge damage was caused to the property and the lives of the people.Economic effects[edit]

Road damage in NepalConcern was expressed that harvests could be reduced or lost this season as people affected by the earthquake would have only a short time to plant crops before the onset of theMonsoonrains.[109]Nepal, with a total Gross Domestic Product of USD$19.921 billion (according to a 2012 estimate),[110]is one of Asia's poorest countries, and has little ability to fund a major reconstruction effort on its own.[111]Even before the quake, theAsian Development Bankestimated that it would need to spend about four times more than it currently does annually on infrastructure through to 2020 to attract investment.[111]The U.S. Geological Survey initially estimated economic losses from the temblor at 9 percent to 50 percent of gross domestic product, with a best guess of 35 percent. "Its too hard for now to tell the extent of the damage and the effect on Nepals GDP", according to Hun Kim, an Asian Development Bank (ADB) official. The ADB said on the 28th that it would provide a USD$3 million grant to Nepal for immediate relief efforts, and up to USD$200 million for the first phase of rehabilitation.[111]Rajiv Biswas, an economist at aColorado-based consultancy, said that rebuilding the economy will need international effort over the next few years as it could "easily exceed" USD$5 billion, or about 20 percent of Nepal'sgross domestic product.[111][112][not in citation given]Social effects[edit]It was reported that the survivors were preyed upon by human traffickers involved in supply of girls and women to the brothels of South Asia.[113]The most affected were the poor communities who lost their homes.[114]Media coverage[edit]On 3 May, the hashtag #GoHomeIndianMedia was trending worldwide on Twitter condemning news covered by the Indian media as insensitive and inhumane to victims of the tragedy. People of Nepal acknowledged the aid and effort put by the Indian armed forces, yet, at the same time, accused Indian news networks of carrying out "a public relations exercise" on behalf of the Indian government, for patronising aid given as exclusive, and for hogging space on relief planes where aid material or rescue or medical personnel could have been sent instead.[115]Indian users responded with the hashtags#SorryNepaland#DontComeBackIndianMedia.[116]Rescue and relief[edit]

Nepal Army and Turkish disaster relief aid workers working togetherAbout 90 percent of soldiers from theNepalese Armywere sent to the stricken areas in the aftermath of the earthquake underOperation Sankat Mochan, with volunteers mobilized from other parts of the country.[117]Rainfall and aftershocks were factors complicating the rescue efforts, with potential secondary effects like additional landslides and further building collapses being concerns. Impassable roads and damaged communications infrastructure posed substantial challenges to rescue efforts.[118]Survivors were found up to a week after the earthquake.[119][120][121]As of 1 May 2015, international aid agencies likeMdecins Sans Frontires (Doctors Without Borders)and theRed Crosswere able to start medically evacuating the critically wounded by helicopter from outlying areas, initially cut-off from the capital city, Kathmandu,[17]and treating others in mobile and makeshift facilities.[122][123]There was concern about epidemics due to the shortage of clean water, the makeshift nature of living conditions and the lack of toilets.[124]Emergency workers were able to identify four men who had been trapped in rubble, and rescue them, using advanced heartbeat detection. The four men were trapped in up to ten feet of rubble in the village of Chautara, north of Kathmandu. An international team of rescuers from several countries using FINDER devices found two sets of men under two different collapsed buildings.[125]Volunteers usedcrisis mappingto help plan emergency aid work.[126]Public volunteers from around the world added details into online maps.[127][128][129]Information was mapped from data input from social media, satellite pictures anddrones[126]of passable roads, collapsed houses, stranded, shelterless and starving people, who needed help, and from messages and contact details of people willing to help.[130]On-site volunteers verified these mapping details wherever they could to reduce errors. First responders, from Nepali citizens to the Red Cross, the Nepal army and the United Nations used this data. The Nepal earthquake crisis mapping utilized experience gained and lessons learned about planning emergency aid work from earthquakes in Haiti and Indonesia.[131]A United States Marine helicopter crashed on 12 May while involved in delivering relief supplies. The crash occurred at Charikot, roughly 45 miles (72 kilometers) east of Kathmandu. Two Nepali soldiers and 6 American soldiers died in the crash.[132]International aid[edit]UNICEFappealed for donations, as close to 1.7 million children had been driven out into the open, and were in desperate need of drinking water, psychological counsel, temporary shelters, sanitation and protection from disease outbreak. It distributed water, tents, hygiene kits, water purification tablets and buckets.[133]Numerous other organizations provided similar support.[134]India was the first to respond within hours, being Nepal's immediate neighbour,[135]withOperation Maitriwhich provided rescue and relief by its armed forces. It also evacuated its own and other countries' stranded nationals. TheUnited Kingdomhas been the largest bilateral aid donor to Nepal following the earthquake.[136][137]The United States, China and other nations have provided helicopters as requested by the Nepali government.[138][139]On 26 April 2015, international aid agencies and governments mobilized rescue workers and aid for the earthquake. They faced challenges in both getting assistance to Nepal and ferrying people to remote areas as the country had few helicopters.[140][141]Relief efforts were also hampered by Nepalese government insistence on routing aid through the Prime Minister's Disaster Relief Fund and its National Emergency Operation Center. After concerns were raised, it was clarified that "Non-profits" or NGOs already in the country could continue receiving aid directly and bypass the official fund.[140][142]Aid mismatch and supply of "leftovers" by donors,[143]aid diversion in Nepal,[144]mistrust over control of the distribution of funds and supplies,[145][146][147]congestion and customs delays at Kathmandu's airport and border check posts were also reported.[148][149]On 3 May 2015, restrictions were placed on heavy aircraft flying in aid supplies after new cracks were noticed on the runway at theTribhuvan airport (TIA), Nepal's only wide-body jet airport.[150][151][152]The list below gives a break-up of pledged donations, by each nation, along with aid in kind, delivered immediately.[153]

1080350 - timesofap.com

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Soils of India: Six Different Types of Soils Found in IndiaAdvertisements:

Soils of India: Six Different Types of Soils Found in India are as follows:Soil is our prime natural and economic resource. Soils in India differ in composition and structure.

Image Courtesy : images.wisegeek.com/rocky-soil.jpg1. Alluvial Soils:These are formed by the deposition of sediments by rivers. They are rich in humus and very fertile. They are found in Great Northern plain, lower valleys of Narmada and Tapti and Northern Gujarat. These soils are renewed every year.

Image Courtesy : 2.bp.blogspot.com/-EtrWieBlyUk/UImPMn_ckpI/AAAAAAAABP4/qXOvvch0cjs/s1600/DSC06569.JPG2. Black Soils:These soils are made up of volcanic rocks and lava-flow. It is concentrated over Deccan Lava Tract which includes parts of Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. It consists of Lime, Iron, Magnesium and also Potash but lacks in Phosphorus, Nitrogen and Organic matter.

Image Courtesy : zonters.com/image/2013/08/desktopwallpapers.org.ua-3133.jpg3. Red Soils:These are derived from weathering of ancient metamorphic rocks of Deccan Plateau. Its redness is due to iron composition. When iron content is lower it is yellow or brown. They cover almost the whole of Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Karnataka, Maharashtra and parts of Orissa.

Image Courtesy : api.ning.com/files/-*oDCGhMoY*SxGS7GZFBZpNVUAlrlDqWu1AVn/redsandplay.JPG4. Laterite Soils:These soils are formed due to intense leaching and are well developed on the summits of hills and uplands. They are commonly found in Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh and hilly areas of Orissa and Assam.

Image Courtesy : i162.photobucket.com/albums/t260/tirtha1979/Trip/Laterite1.jpg5. Mountain Soils:These soils are formed as a result of the accumulation of organic matter derived from forest growth. They are found in Himalayan region and vary in different regions according to altitude. Tea is grown in those areas which receive sufficient rainfall.

Image Courtesy : static.panoramio.com/photos/large/25131714.jpg6. Desert Soils:In the desert regions of Rajasthan, soils are not well developed. As evaporation is in excess of rainfall, the soil has a high salt content and saline layer forms a hard crust. These soils are generally sandy and deficient in organic matter.

INDIAN SOILSINDIAN SOILSIndian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) has divided Indian soils into eight major groups:They are by far the largest and the most important soil group of India. They are composed of sediments deposited by rivers and the waves. Their chemical composition makes them one of the most fertile in the world. Usually deficient in nitrogen and humus (thus fertilizers are needed).Occupy the plains (from Punjab to Assam) and also occur in the valleys of Narmada and Tapti in M.P. & Gujarat, Mahanadi in the MP and Orissa, Godavari in A.R and Cauvery in T.N.Can be divided into Khadar (new) and Bhangar (older, more clayey and kankary) alluvium.

Black Soil in India Also called Regur and is ideal for cotton crop. These soils have been formed due to the solidification of lava spread over large areas during volcanic activity in the Deccan Plateau, thousands of years ago. They are black due to compounds of iron and aluminium (also because of titaniferous magnetite).Mainly found in Deccan Plateau Maharashtra, Gujarat, M.P, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh,and Tamil Nadu. Apart from cotton cultivation, these fertile soils are suitable for growing cereals, oilseeds, citrus fruits and vegetables, tobacco and sugarcane. They have high moisture retention level. Lack in phosphorus, nitrogen and organic matter.Red Soil in India They are mainly formed due to the decomposition of ancient crystalline rocks like granites and gneisses and from rock types rich in minerals such as iron and magnesium. The term red soil is due to the wide diffusion of iron oxides through the materials of the soil. Covers almost the whole of Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, S.E. Maharashtra, and Chhattisgarh, parts of Orissa, Jharkhand and Bundelkhand. Generally deficient in nitrogen, humus and phosphorus, but rich in potash. Suitable for rice, millets, tobacco and vegetables (also groundnuts and potatoes at higher elevations).Laterite Soil in India Found in typical monsoon conditions under conditions of high temperature and heavy rainfall with alternate wet and dry periods. The alterations of wet and dry season leads to the leaching away of siliceous matter and lime of the rocks and a soil rich in oxides of iron and aluminium compounds is left behind. Found in parts of Western Ghats, Eastern Ghats, Rajmahal hills, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, Orissa, West Bengal, Assam, Tamil Nadu, etc. Poor in nitrogen and minerals. Best for tea, coffee, rubber, cinchona, coconut and suitable for rice and millet cultivation if manured.Forest and Mountain Soils Such soils are mainly found on the hill slopes covered by forests. The formation of these soils is mainly governed by the characteristic deposition of organic matter derived from forest growth. In the Himalayan region, such soils are mainly found in valley basins, depressions and less steeply inclined slopes. Apart from the Himalayan region, the forest soils occur in higher hills in south and the peninsular region. Very rich in humus but are deficient in Potash, phosphorous and lime and needs fertilizers. Plantation of tea, coffee, spices and tropical fruits.Arid and Desert Soils A large part of the arid and semi-arid region in Rajasthan and adjoining areas of Punjab and Haryana lying between the Indus and the Aravallis receiving less than 50 cm of annual rainfall is affected by desert conditions. This area is covered by a mantle of sand which inhibits soil growth. The phosphate content of these soils is as high as in normal alluvial soils. Nitrogen is originally low but its deficiency is made up to some extent by the availability of nitrogen in the form of nitrates. Thus the presence of phosphates and nitrates make them fertile soils wherever moisture is available. The changes in the cropping pattern in the Indira Gandhi Canal Command Area are a living example of the utility of the desert soils.Saline and Alkaline Soils In the drier parts of Bihar, Up Haryana, Punjab, Rajasthan and Maharashtra, are the salt-impregnated or alkaline soils. Known by different names: Reh, kallar, USAR, etc. Some of the salts are transported in solution by the rivers and canals, which percolates in the sub-soils of the plains. The accumulation of salts makes the soil infertile and renders it unfit foragriculture.Peaty and Marshy Soils Originate in the humid regions as a result of accumulation of large amounts of organic matter in the soil. They contain considerable amounts of soluble salts and 10 40% of organic matter. Peaty soils are found in Kottayam and Alappuzha districts of Kerala, where it is called Kari. Marshy soils, high in vegetable matter, are found in northern Bihar, coastal parts of Orissa, Tamil Nadu and West Bengal and parts of UPSoil Erosion in India Acute in hilly and dry regions Causes depletion of forests, wrong use of lands such as cultivation on very steep slopes, cattle rearing. It ultimately leads to Badland Topography. Remedy Afforestation, contour cultivation etc.Soil of India: Types, ph Range and Regional DistributionTypeFeatures (formation, composition)DistributionPredominant Crops

Alluvial SoilpH range: 6.5-8.4Two types:Khaddar- light in color, more siliceous in composition and composed of newer depositBhaggar- the older alluvium is composed of lime nodules and has clayey composition. It is dark in color.Ganga and Brahmaputra river valleys ; deltas of Godavari and Krishna ; plainsof Uttar Pradesh, Uttaranchal, Punjab, Haryana , West Bengal and Bihar ; Coastal strip of peninsular IndiaRice , Wheat, Sugarcane, oilseeds

Desert SoilpH range:7.6-8.4Contain a high percentage of soluble salts but are poor in organic matter; rich enough in phosphate though poor in nitrogenRajasthan, Northern Gujarat and southern PunjabWheat, grams, melon, bajra (with irrigation)

Black SoilpH range: 6.5-8.4The soils are derived from basalts of Deccan trap. They derive their name from their black color which may be owing to presence of titanium, iron.Consist of calcium and magnesium carbonates; high quantities of iron, aluminum, lime and magnesia and poor percentage of phosphate, nitrogen and organic matterMaharashtra and Malwa plateaus , Kathiawar peninsula, Telengana and Rayalasema region of Andhra and northern part of KarnatakaCotton , millets(include Jowar ,Bajra and ragi ), tobacco, sugarcane

Mixed Red and Black SoilpH range: 6.5-7.5Scattered in Peninsular IndiaMillets, wheat

Red SoilpH range: below 5.5-7.5Mainly formed due to decomposition of ancient crystalline rocks like granites and gneisses and from rock type rich in minerals such as iron and magnesium. Generally poor in nitrogen, phosphorus, humus but rich in potash. Siliceous and aluminous in nature. Clay fraction of the red soils generally consists of Kaolinitic minerals.Eastern parts Deccan plateau, southern states of Kerala , Tamil Nadu and Karnataka and Chota Nagpur plateau(Jharkhand)Wheat, Rice , Cotton , Sugarcane, pulses

Grey and BrownpH range: 7.6-above 8.5Semi- arid tract of Rajasthan and GujaratCotton, oilseeds

Laterite SoilpH range:below 5.5Composed mainly of hydrated oxides of iron and aluminum; loss of silica from the soil profileAssam hills, hill of summits of Kerala and Karnataka and eastern Ghats region of OrissaCoffee, rubber, cashew nut, tapioca

Mountain soilpH range: 5.0-6.5Coniferous forest belt of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttaranchal and SikkimFruit, tea

Indian Soils with Percentage of CoverageSoil TypesPercentage of Total Area

Alluvial soils22.16

Black Soils29.69

Red and yellow Soils28.00

Laterite Soils2.62

Arid Soils6.13

Saline soils1.29

Peaty and Organic Soils2.17

Forest7.94