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REQUIREMENTS ENGINEERINGLECTURE 2017/2018

Dr. Joerg Doerr

Requirements Elicitationcontinued

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Creativity in Requirements Engineering

Idea / requirements generation is at least as important as requirements elicitation!

Types of ideas needed for successful system development

Technical (e.g., new features)

Quality-related (e.g., make system more efficient)

Organizational (how to improve business processes)

Creativity techniques can be used during requirements elicitation to create these ideas

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The 5 Components of Creativity Workshops

Skilled Moderator

Idea Generator: Customer

Idea Evaluator (Benefit): Customer

Idea Generator:

Tech. Competence

Idea Evaluator

(Feasibility / Scope): Tech. Competence

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Principles of Creativity

PreexistingAssociations

NewAssociations

AlienationAnalogyInductionTransferAdaptionAnalysisAbstractionReduction

Free AssociationStructured AssociationIntuition-Triggered

InferenceReformulationForgetting

Concept FormationAbstractionReductionAnalysisArgumentationConfrontationEmpirical Evaluation

Transformation

Evaluation

Combination

Exploration

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Exemplary Techniques in the Phases

IESE’s Creativity Process (1/3)

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1. Generate initial ideas• Brainstorming• Provocation• Brainwriting• Pin Cards• Bug Listing

Initial ideas, suggestions or starting points

2. Structure the problem• Mind Mapping• Comparison Tables• Kepner and Tregoe• Strategic Options

Development and Analysis (SODA)

• Goal Orientation

Specified problem

3. Incubation phase

4. Desired degree of innovation

IESE’s Creativity Process (2/3)

5a. Generate unusual / crazy ideas

• Provocation• Morphological Forced

Connections• Problem Reversal• Relational Words• Super Heroes• SCAMMPERR

5b. Generate usual / unusual ideas

• Six Thinking Hats• Synectics• Attribute Listing• Concepts Fan• KJ-Method• Cherry Split• SCAMPER• Circle of Opportunity

Innovative ideas

4. Desired degree of innovation

6. Illumination phase

Usual ideasUnusual ideas

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IESE’s Creativity Process (3/3)

7. Shape and evaluate the solution

• SWOT Analysis• Listing Pros and Cons• Progressive Hurdles• Dimensional Analysis• Implementation

Checklists• Panel Consensus

8. Fulfilled requirements

6. Illumination phase

Concept / Possible solution

Final product

4. Desired degree of innovation

Yes

No (improve implementation)

No (generate more ideas)

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List of Creativity TechniquesAnonymous Voting

Assumption Surfacing

Attribute Listing

Backward Forward Planning

Boundary Examination

Boundary Relaxation

Brain Sketching

Brainstorming

Brainwriting

Brainwriting 6-3-5

Brainwriting Game

Brainwriting Pool

Browsing

Brutethink

Bug Listing

Bullet Proofing

Bunches of Bananas

Card Story Boards

Cartoon Story Board

CATWOE

Causal Mapping

Charrette

Cherry Split

Chunking

Circle of Opportunity

Clarification

Classic Brainstorming

Collective Notebook (CNB)

Comparison Tables

Component Detailing

Concepts Fan

Consensus Mapping

Constrained Brainwriting

Contradiction Analysis

Controlling Imagery

Crawford Slip Writing

Creative Problem Solving (CPS)

Criteria for Idea-finding Potential

Critical Path Diagrams (CPD)

Decision Seminar

Delphi

Dialectical approaches

Dimensional Analysis

Disney Creativity Strategy

DO IT

Drawing

Estimate-Discuss-Estimate

Exaggeration

Excursions

Factors in Selling Ideas

False Faces

Fishbone Diagram

Five W's and H

Flow Charts

Focus Groups

Focusing

Force-Field Analysis

Force-Fit Game

Free Association

Fresh Eye

Gallery Method

Gap Analysis

Goal Orientation

Greetings Cards

Help-Hinder

Heuristic Ideation Technique (HIT)

Highlighting

Idea Advocate

Idea Card Method - Brainwriting

Ideal Final Result

Imagery for Answering Questions

Imagery Manipulation

Imaginary Brainstorming

Implementation Checklists

Improved Nominal Group Technique

Interpretive Structural Modeling

Keeping a Dream Diary

Kepner and Tregoe Method

KJ-Method

Laddering

Lateral Thinking

Listing 204

Listing Pros and Cons

Metaplan Information Market

Mind Mapping

Morphological Analysis

Morphological Forced Connections

Multiple Redefinition

Negative Brainstorming

NLP

Nominal Group Technique (NGT)

Nominal-Interacting Technique

Notebook

Observer and Merged Viewpoints

Osborn's Checklist

Other Peoples Definitions

Other Peoples Viewpoints

Paired Comparison

Panel Consensus

Paraphrasing Key Words

Personal Balance-Sheet

Phases of Integrated Problem Solving (PIPS)

Pictures as Idea Triggers

Pin Cards

PMI (Plus, Minus, Interaction)

Plan Do Check Act (PDCA)

Plusses, Potentials and Concerns

Potential-Problem Analysis (PPA)

Preliminary Questions

Problem-Centered Leadership (PCL)

Problem Inventory Analysis (PIA)

Problem Reversal

Progressive Hurdles

Progressive Revelation

Provocation

Q-sort

Quality Circles

Random Stimuli

Rawlinson Brainstorming

Receptivity to Ideas

Reframing Values

Relational Words

Relaxation

Reversals 268

Rolestorming

SCAMMPERR

SCAMPER

Sculptures

Search Conference

Sequential-Attributes Matrix

Seven-Step Model

Similarities and Differences

Simple Rating Methods

Simplex

Six Thinking Hats

Slice and Dice

Snowball Technique

Stakeholder Analysis

Sticking Dots

Stimulus Analysis

Story Writing

Strategic Assumption Testing

Strategic Choice Approach

Strategic Management Process

Strategic Options Development and Analysis (SODA)

Successive Element Integration

Super Group

Super Heroes

SWOT Analysis

Synectics 306

Systematized Direct Induction (SDI)

Technology Monitoring

Think Tank

Thril

TILMAG

Transactional Planning

Trigger Method

Trigger Sessions

TRIZ

Using Crazy ideas

Using Experts

Value Brainstorming

Value Engineering

Visualizing a Goal

Who are you?

Why Why Why (repeatable questions)

Wishing

Working with Dreams and Images

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Creativity Technique: 6-3-5 Brainwriting

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Creativity Technique: Lotus Blossom

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Creativity Technique: Storyboarding

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Creativity Technique: Remember the Future

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Creativity Technique: Morphological Box

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Creativity Technique: Clustering

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Creativity Technique: Product Box

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Elicitation Summary

Interviews

Time-consuming

Require explicit integration of standpoints

Allow for adaptation to interviewee’s background

Workshops / Focus groups

Frequently used and take relatively little time

Fundament for team creation

Allows for discussing the rationale behind requirements / conflicts

Problems with social structures, focus on hot spots

Observations / Site visits

Good for capturing the as-is situation

Least impact of presumptions

Creativity techniques

Help to “generate” ideas & requirements

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Basis Enhancement Optimization Context

Recommended Elicitation Practices (Summary)

Elicitnon-functional requirements

Elicit functional requirements

Elicit goals

Identify stakeholders &

sources

Define context & scope

Elicit tasks & processes

Elicit technical environment

Consider implementation

constraints

Elicitation

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Questions