ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo

universiteti

istoria (kulturis mecnierebebi)

malxaz Toria

drois aRqma da istoriis koncefcia Sua saukuneebis

qarTul kulturaSi ("qarTlis cxovrebis"

istoriografiuli tradiciis mixedviT)

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis

filosofiis doqtoris (PhD) akademiuri xarisxis (istoriis mimarTulebiT) mosapoveblad warmodgenili

d i s e r t a c i a

mecnier-xelmZRvaneli: nino Ciqovani

istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori

2008

avtoris stili daculia

  2

Sinaarsi

Sesavali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Tavi I

Sua saukuneebis qarTuli kultura: drois aRqmisa da istoriis

gaazrebis anTropologiuri kvlevis perspeqtivebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

§ 1. ZiriTadi cnebebi da terminebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..30

Tavi II

droisadmi damokidebuleba da istoriis gaazreba antikur epoqaSi . . . .35

Tavi III

droisa da istoriis gageba Sua saukuneebSi: qarTuli kultura

qristianuli samyaros konteqstSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

I. drois da istoriis gageba da Sua saukuneebis saistorio mwerlobis

Janrobrivi Taviseburebebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..50

§ 1. Sua saukuneebis evropa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

§ 2. bizantia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

§ 3. Sua saukuneebis saqarTvelo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

II. warsulis aRqmis, mowesrigebis da reprezentaciis formebi

istoriul teqstebSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 71

§ 1. qronologia da periodizacia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

§ 2. Sua saukuneebis qristianuli samyaros mnemoteqnika da

istorikosis roli sazogadoebis koleqtiuri mexsierebis

CamoyalibebaSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94

III. momavlis aRqma da esqatologiuri gancda Sua saukuneebis

qristianul samyaroSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122

Tavi IV

droTa mravalgvaroba Sua saukuneebSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .129

daskvna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143

damowmebebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152

  3

 

Sesavali  

sakiTxis dasma, sakvlevi problemis aqtualoba. drois aRqma da,

masTan erTad, istoriis gageba kulturis fundamenturi maxasiaTebelia.

a. gureviCis (А. Гуревич) TqmiT, “naklebad moiZebneba kulturis iseTi

maxasiaTebeli, romelic mis arss ise gamoxatavdes, rogorc es drois

gagebaSi vlindeba (gureviCi 1972b: 19). o. Spengleri (O. Spengler) wignSi

“evropis daisi” (1918 w.) xazgsmiT aRniSnavda, rom TiToeuli kultura,

rogorc unikaluri da TviTkmari erToba, specifikurad aRiqvams drois

mdinarebas da Taviseburad gaizrebs istoriul process. ufro metic, XX

saukuneSi anTropologiuri kvlevebis farglebSi Camoyalibebuli

diqotomiis “dasavleTi da aradasavleTi” erT-erT safuZvlad swored

droisa aRqmisa da istoriis gaazrebis Tavisebureba igulisxmeba.

am diqotomiis mixedviT, dasavleTi “drois kulturaa”. misi mTavari

maxasiaTebelia sworxazovani dro da istorizmi, romelic gulisxmobs

dinamikurobas, mudmiv cvalebadobas da winsvlas. aradasavleTi,

umTavresad aRmosavleTi, “sivrcis kulturaa”. drois kategoria misTvis

ucxo ar aris, magram igi pricipulad gansxvavebulad aRiqmeba. es aris

cikluri, aistoriuli, dinamikurobisagan, cvlilebebsagan daclili,

maradiulad ganmeorebadi dro.

cikluri drois gagebas konkretuli epoqis msoflaRqmas

ukavSireben, kerZod, im etaps, rodesac gabatonebuli iyo miTosuri

cnobiereba. magaliTad, igive dasavleTisTvis, konkretul periodSi,

kerZod, antikurobaSi da, zogadad, winaqristianul xanaSi

damaxasiaTebeli iyo cikluri drois gageba da istoriuli procesic

Sesabamisad gaizreboda. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom miRebuli, lamis

stereotipuli SexedulebiT, dasavluri civilizaciis tipologiuri

msazRvreli qristianobaa (da ara antikuri memkvidreoba). Sua

saukuneebSi, rodesac qristianuli religia gansazRvravda maSindeli

evropis msoflmxedvelobas da socialuri realobis yvela mxares,

Seiqmna is ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi, romlebmac ganapirobes Tanamedrove

dasavluri civilizaciis saxis Camoyalibeba.

  4

amgvarad, erTi midgomis mixedviT, cikluri dro damaxasiaTebelia

aradasavluri kulturebisaTvis, meoris Tanaxmad, is miTosur

cnobierebas ukavSirdeba da, SesaZloa, es etapi yvela kulturam gaiara.

magram, aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom, orive SemTxvevaSi, cikluri drois

Secvla, umTavresad, qristianobis gavrcelebasTan aris dakavSirebuli,

romelmac sworxazovani droisa da istoriis koncefcia daakanona.

qarTuli kultura yalibdeboda iseT arealSi, sadac tradiciulad

gadioda (da axlac gadis) sazRvari qristianul da aRmosavlur

muslimur samyaroebs Soris. es garemoeba misi tipologiuri raobis da

civilizaciuri kuTvnilebis, dasavleTTan da aRmosavleTTan mimarTebis

problemas aqtualurs xdis. erTi SexedviT, TiTqos, naTelia, rom

saqarTvelo, rogorc mkafiod gamokveTili qristianuli qveyana, axlos

unda iyos dasavleTTan – aseve qristianul samyarosTan. magram problema

ase martivi ar aris. magaliTad, mxolod qristianobas ar hqonda

ganmsazRvreli mniSvneloba dasavluri civilizaciis CamoyalibebaSi.

amis dasturia is, rom qristianuli samyaros erT-erT mZlavr centrs,

bizantiis imperias, xSir SemTxvevaSi, tipurad aradasavlur erTobad

gaiazreben. irkveva, rom Sua saukuneebis evropas da bizantias Soris

gansxvaveba iyo droisa da istoriis gaazrebaSic.

warmodgenili naSromi Sua saukuneebis qarTul kulturaSi drois

aRqmisa da istoriis koncefciis sakiTxs eZRvneba. vfiqrobT, rom

qarTuli kulturis maxasiaTeblebis kvlevisaTvis Sua saukuneebi erT-

erT yvelaze saintereso periodia. saqarTveloSic, dasavleTis msgavsad,

am epoqaSi eyreba safuZveli im realobas, romelic didi xnis

ganmavlobaSi gansazRvravda, da axlac ganxazRvravs, qarTuli kulturis

Taviseburebebs.

xazi unda gaesvas im garemoebas, rom naSromSi drois aRqmis

problema istoriis gaazrebasTan kavSirSia ganxiluli. dro

mravalaspeqtiania da, SesaZloa, misi aRqmis sakiTxi mravali

TvalsazrisiT iyos dasmuli. magaliTad, drois gageba sabunebismetyvelo

mecnierebebSi, filosofiaSi, mxatvrul literaturaSi, kinoSi da a.S. es

sia SeiZleba kidev ufro gagrZeldes. Cvens mier drois aRqmisa da

istoriis gagebis erTad moazreba, garkveulwilad, Semofarglavs

kvlevis areals da Tavidan agvacilebs SesaZlo aRrevebs, romelic

  5

ukavSirdeba iseTi rTuli da fundamenturi problemis kvlevas,

rogoricaa drois aRqma. aqedan gamomdinare, kvlevis obieqtad aRebulia

Sua saukuneebis qarTuli saistorio tradicia _ “qarTlis cxovreba”.

saistorio tipis teqstebSi ki, rogorc cnobilia, movlenebis warmoCena

swored warsulis perspeqtivaSi xdeba. garda amisa, da rac mTavaria,

warsulis/istoriis gagebam SeiZleba ufro mkafiod gamoavlinos,

zogadad, sazogadebaSi drois aRqmis specifika. iaponeli istorikosi

masaiuki sato aRniSnavs, rom warsulze warmodgenis mixedviT

SesaZlebelia vimsjeloT drois aRqmis Taviseburebazec. homo sapiens-i

erTadeTi saxeobaa, romelsac warsulisaken gaxedvis unari aqvs. warsuli

qaoturia, magram adamianis, rogorc homo historicus-is Taviseburi unaria,

garkveulwilad moawesrigos es qaosi, gaxados is ufro gasagebi (sato

2000: 1).

Sua saukuneebis qristianul samyaroSi miRebuli droisa da

istoriis iudeur-qristianuli koncefciis konteqstSi aseve Zalian

mniSvnelovania momavlis gageba. momavlis aRqma dakavSirebuli iyo

meored mosvlis, samyaros aRsasrulis esqatologiur molodinTan. Sua

saukuneebis teqstebSi, apokalipsze saubari saerTod rom ar iyos, isini

mainc gamsWvalulia im providencialuri rwmeniT, rom istoria RvTiuri

Canafiqris droSi gaxnorcielebis procesia, romelic samyaros Seqmnidan

daiwyo da gankiTxvis dRes dasruldeba.

iudeur-qristianuli dro, misTvis damaxasiaTebeli gansakuTrebuli

aqcentiT dasawyissa da dasasrulze, ra Tqma unda, gamjdari iyo Sua

saukuneebis sazogadoebaSi. es vlindeboda, zogadad, warsulsa da

momavalze arsebul koleqtiur SexdeulebebSi. Sua saukuneebSi

specifikurad xdeboda warsulis aRqma da reprezentacia, Taviseburi iyo

mnemoteqnika. garda amisa, Sua saukuneeebSi arsebobda drois mravali,

“lokalur konteqstze” damokidebuli gageba, romlebic, aseve,

qristianuli religiis konteqstSi Tavsdeboda. magram, xandaxan, drois

es lokaluri gagebebi bolomde ar Seesabameboda “oficialuri” drois

gagebas da ar akmayofilebda socialuri drois “meufis”, anu eklesiis

interesebs.

kvlevis mizani da mosalodneli Sedegebi. naSromis mizania drois

aRqmisa da istoriis gaazrebis, rogorc kulturis tipologizaciis erT-

  6

erTi mniSvnelovani kriteriumis safuZvlianobis dasabuTeba Sua

saukuneeebis qarTuli kulturis magaliTze. ZiriTad amocanas

warmoadgens Sua saukuneebis qarTul kulturaSi drois aRqmis da masze

dafuZnebuli istoriis gagebis Taviseburebebis Cveneba qarTuli

istoriografiuli tradiciis _ “qarTlis cxovrebis” teqstebis _

analizis safuZvelze. am umniSvnelovanesi maxasiaTeblis kvlevam,

SesaZloa, xeli Seuwyos zogadad qarTul kulturaSi drois gancdis

Taviseburebebis gamovlenas. es ki wingadadgmuli nabiji iqneba qarTuli

kulturis raobis, misi civilizaciuri mikuTvnebulobis dadgenis gzaze.

dasaxuli miznis miRweva, winaswari varaudebis Sesabamisad,

konkretuli mimarTulebiT muSaobas iTvaliswinebda. pirvel rigSi,

aucilebili iyo qristianul samyaros _ rogorc bizantiis, aseve

medievaluri evropis _ realobis gaTvaliswineba qarTuli kulturis

kvlevis dros. Sua saukuneebis qarTuli kultura, tradiciulad,

bizantiuri sivrcis Semadgenel nawilad moiazreba. aqedan gamomdinare,

qarTuli saistorio mwerlobis bizantiur istoriografiul

tradiciasTan SedarebiTi analizi Tavidanve garkveuli daskvnis

gakeTebis perspeqtivas qmnida. Sua saukuneebis evropasTan qarTul

kulturas uSualo Sexeba ar hqonda, Tumca masTan, rogorc qristianul

sivrcesTan, SeiZleboda, bevri saerTo niSani hqonoda, maT Soris, drois

aRqmisa da istoriis gaazrebis TvalsazrisiTac. Cvens mier arCeuli

periodi (Sua saukuneebi XIV saukunemde) is epoqaa, roca dasavlur da

aRmosavlur qristianul samyaros Soris gansxvavebebi, muxedavad XI

saukuneSi momxdari sqizmisa, jer kidev Camoyalibebis stadiaSia. am dros

jer kidev ar arsebobs dasavleTis is gageba, romelic reformaciis

Semdgom Camoyalibda. aqamde qristianul samyaros kidev ramdenime

saukune unda gaevlo. amitom Cvens mier sakvlev periodSi Sua saukuneebis

evropa da bizantia, mTeli rig sferoebSi maT Soris arsebuli

gansxvavebebis miuxedavad, jer kidev SeiZleba erT qristianul sivrced

gaviazroT.

rogorc aRvniSneT, Sua saukuneebis qarTul kulturaSi drois da

istoriis aRqmis Taviseburebis kvlevisaTvis saWiroa am problemis

ganxilva anTopologiur WrilSi, misi kulturuli/socialuri aspeqtis

  7

warmoCena, kerZod, drosa da istoriul procesze koleqtiuri

Sexedulebebis gamovlena saistorio mwerlobaze dayrdnobiT.

gaweulma muSaobam aCvena, rom Cveni winaswari varaudebi, garkveuli

TvalsazrisiT, dadasturda, zogierT konkretul SemTxvevaSi ki

gansxavebuli suraTi miviReT. magaliTad, rogorc mosalodneli iyo,

erTi mxriv, qarTuli teqstebi avlenen zogad qristianul maxasiaTeblebs

droisa da istoriis gagebasTan mimarTebaSi. es Cans drois qrisitinuli

koncefciis primatSi, istoriul narativTa tipebSi da sxv. magram, meore

mxriv, kvlevis procesSi gamovlinda mTeli rigi gansxvavebebi qarTul

saistorioo mwerlobasa da qristianuli samyaros sxva istoriografiul

tradiciebs Soris. magaliTad, es exeba saistorio mwerlobis Janrobriv

Taviseburebebs. am sakiTxebs warmodgenil naSromSi dawvrilebiT

ganvixilavT da ZiriTad debulebebs mis dakvnaSi avsaxavT.

mecnieruli siaxle. kulturaTa tipologiuri kvleva kulturis

mecnierebebis, rogorc holisturi, integraluri da komparativistuli

disciplinis, erT-erTi ZiriTadi da yvelaze aqtualuri problemaa.

qarTul samecniero realobaSi msgavsi tipis kvlevebi didi xani ar aris,

rac daiwyo da, amdenad, CvenTvis saintereso sakiTxisadmi sagangebod

miZRvnili naSromi TiTo-orola Tu moiZebneba. es garemoeba arTulebs

qarTuli kulturis raobis mkafiod gamovlenas. wamodgenili naSromi

qarTuli kulturis tipologiuri raobis kvlevis axlad damkvidrebuli

tradiciis gagrZelebaa. amasTan erTad, naSromi Sua saukuneebis qarTul

kulturaSi drois aRqmisa da istoriis gaazrebis, rogorc tipologiuri

maxasiaTeblis kvlevis pirveli cdaa. es ki saSualebas gvaZlevs, Sua

saukuneebis qarTul kulturas gansxvavebuli rakursiT SevxedoT.

kvlevis meTodologiuri da Teoriuli safuZvlebi. kulturis

mecnierebebSi SemuSavebulia mravali Teoriuli modeli, romlebic

kulturis rTuli da mravalmxrivi fenomenis asaxsnelad gamoiyeneba.

naSromSi formulirebuli problemis kvleva adekvatur meTodologiur

da Teoriul safuZvels unda emyarebodes. erT-erT aseT Teoriul

modelad gvesaxeba lokalur-civilizaciuri koncefcia, ramdenadac misi

mTavari Tavisebureba, swored, garkveuli maxasiaTeblebis safuZvelze

kulturaTa tipologizaciaa. droisa da istoriis gaazrebis specifika

mxolod erT-erTia im mraval maxasiaTebels Soris, romlebic avlenen

  8

kulturis xasiaTs da misi tipologiuri raobis gansazRvris

SesaZleblobas iZlevian.

lokalur-civilizaciuri Teoriis Tanaxmad, kacobrioba mravali,

erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebuli, kulturis erTobliobas warmoadgens.

TiToeuli kultura unikaluri da TviTkmari (Tumca ara Caketili)

erTobaa, romelic ganviTarebis sakuTar gzas gadis. es midgoma XIX

saukuneSi Camoyalibebuli da dasavleTis samecniero wreebSi

gabatonebuli evolucionisturi Teoriis alternatiul xedvad

gvevlineba, romlis mixedviT, arsebobs erTiani kacobrioba, saerTo

istoriiT da ganviTarebis erTgvarovani gziT. evolucionistebis azriT,

msoflioSi arsebuli kulturuli mrvalferovneba im garemoebiT

aixsneba, rom e.w. “civilizebuli” da “CamorCenili” xalxebi saerTo

sakacobrio istoriis sxvadasxva safexurze dganan. magaliTad, isini

miiCnevdnen, rom dasavleTma ukve miaRwia civilizaciis dones, sxva

xalxebi ki am gzas mogvinebiT gaivlidnen. e.b. tailoris, (E.B. Tylor), j.

frezeris (J. Frazer), l. h. morganis (L. H. Morgan) da sxva adreuli periodis

anTropologebis mier Seqmnili es Teoriuli modeli Semdgomi periodis

koncefciebzec axdenda gavlenas. magaliTad, es gavlena Cans XX saukunis

ganmavlobaSi aradasavluri kulturebis mimarT arsebul SefasebiT

damokidebulebaSi. msoflio istoriis evropocentristuli xedva arc

TanamedroveobisTvis aris ucxo. dRes dasavleTs kvlav Riad

adanaSauleben imaSi, rom is Zveleburad Tavisi Rirebulebebis

ZaldatanebiT Tavsmoxvevas cdilobs aRmosavleTisa da, saerTod,

aradasavleTisaTvis.

kulturaTa tiplogizaciam konkretuli maxasiaTeblebis

safuZvelze, xeli Seuwyo am maxasiaTebelTa diqotomiuri xedvis

Camoyalibebas. xangrZlivi tradiciis mqone “dasavleT-aRmosavleTis”

diqotomia kulturaTa da civilizciaTa tipologiuri maxasiaTeblebis

safuZvelzea agebuli. dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis maxasiTeblebad

miCneuli niSan-Tvisebebis CamonaTvali jgufdeba socialur-ekonomikuri,

politikuri, istoriuli, kulturul-istoriuli niSniT. “dasavleTi da

aRmosavleTi erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeba samyaros xedviTa da masSi

adamianis adgilis gansazRvriT; bunebis aRqmiTa da masze zemoqmedebis

(misi Semecnebis) xerxebiT _ magiuri, racionaluri, teqnikuri Tu sxv;

  9

individisa da koleqtivis urTierTmimarTebiT; damokidebulebiT

Sromisadmi; damokidebulebiT samarTlis, rogorc socialur

urTierTobaTa regulatorisadmi; amqveyniuris da imqveyniuris

urTierTmimarTebiT... (Ciqovani 2005: 84); dasavleTi ganixileba

urbanistul, industriul, demokratiul, sekularul, pluralur,

racionalur, dinamiur civilizaciad. aRmosavleTi ki, amis sapirispirod,

miCneulia sasoflo, agrarul, avtoritarul, religiur, monistur,

intuiciur, statikur erTobad.

amgvari diqotomiebis arsebobas bevri mowinaaRmdege yavs. marTlac,

tradiciuli gagebiT, dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis diqotomias

yovelTvis iyenebdnen xarisxobrivi da SefasebiTi mniSvnelobiT. xSirad,

es modeli xels uSlis rigi msgavsi, saerTo Tu universaluri

maxasiaTeblebis gamovlenas, TiTqos, radikalurad dapirispirebul

dasavleTsa da aRmosavleTs Soris. Sesabamisad, bevrs miaCnia, rom es

Zalian mkacri modelia dasavleTsa da aRmosavleTs Soris sxvaobis

aRsaniSnavad. magram, amasTan erTad, Cven ver ugulebelvyofT realur,

fundamentur da tipur gansxvavebebs maT Soris. es srulebiTac ar

niSnavs, rom romelime sazogadoebis maxasiaTeblebi SevafasoT da maT

“ganviTarebuli” an “primitiuli” kulturebi vuwodoT.

zemoTac aRiniSna, rom qarTuli kulturis tipologiuri raobis

problema gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria civlizaciaTa gzajvaredinze

saqarTvelos arsebobis gamo. amitomac dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis

urTierTmimarTebis konteqstSi qarTuli kulturis ganxilva

gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens da, SeiZleba, saintereso dakvnebamde

migviyvanos. Tumca gasaTvaliswibebelia is garemoebac, rom garkveuli

maxasiaTebeli, SeiZleba, erT civilizaciasTan _ magaliTad,

dasavleTTan _ gvakavSirebdes,. sxva niSniT ki aRmosavlur sivrcesTan

viyoT ufro axlos. amitom, romelime erTi maxasiaTeblis safuZvelze

kulturuli da civilizaciuri raobis Sesaxeb daskvnis gakeTeba

marTebuli ar iqneboda.

Sua saukunebis qarTul kulturaSi drois aRqmisa da istoriis

koncefciis kvleva, Cveni azriT, kulturuli anTropologiis

perpeqtivaSi unda moxdes, radgan naSromSi sakvlevi problema dasmulia

koleqtiur, sazogadoebriv aspeqtSi. aq yuradReba unda mieqces im

  10

garemoebasac, rom kulturuli anTropologiis kvlevis arealSi,

ZiriTadad, “cocxali sazogadoebebi” (living societies) Sedis. sakvlevi

sakiTxi ki Sua saukuneebis qarTul sazogadoebas ukavSirdeba. am

istoriuli perspeqtivis gaTvaliswinebiT, msgavsi tipis kvleva,

garkveuli Tvalsazrisis Tanaxmad, SeiZleba istoriul anTropologiis

sferosac mivakuTvnoT. Tumca, vfiqrobT, rom kulturul-

anTropologiuri da istoriul-anTropologiuri midgomebi pricipulad

ar gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan, radgan, orive SemTxvevaSi, kvlevis

mTavari obieqti sazogadoebaa. Tumca, Tanamedrove anTropologebisagan

gansxvavebiT, Cven ver SevZlebT sakvlev sazogadoebaSi cxovrebas da

“CarTuli dakvirvebis” meTodiT mis “Signidan” Seswavlas. naSromSi

“informantebis” rols asruleben Sua saukuneebis istoriuli teqstebi

da ara cocxali adamianebi. es wyaroebi pirdapir ar gagvcemen pasuxs

CvenTvis saintereso kiTxvebze, Tumca, rogorc “analebis” saistorio

skolis warmomadgenlebi miiCnevdnen, mTavaria sworad davusvaT kiTxvebi

wyaroebs da isini aucileblad gvipasuxeben.

am Tvalsazrisidan gamomdinare, naSromSi qarTuli saistorio

teqstebi danaxulia specifikuri rakursiT, romelic mimarTulia Sua

saukuneebis qarTul sazogadoebaSi drois aRqmisa da istoriis gaazrebis

Taviseburebebis gamovlenisaken. sakvlevi sakiTxebic am rakursis

Sesabamisad aris formurilebuli. magaliTad, vlindeba Tu ara “qarTlis

cxovrebis” teqstebSi Sua saukuneebis qarTul sazogadoebaSi arsebuli

koleqtiuri warmodgenebi drosa da istoriaze? Tu vlindeba _ ra

formiT? da a.S. msgavsi tipis kiTxvebze uSualo pasuxi, rogorc wesi, ar

arsebobs, radgan avtori am sakiTxebze sagangebod ar msjelobs. Tumca

misi teqsti SeiZleba Seicavdes cnobebs im “temporalur ritmebze”,

romliTac cxovrobda es avtori da misi Tanamedrove sazogadoeba.

kvlevis meTodebi. naSromSi dasaxuli miznis (Sua saukuneebis

qarTul kulturaSi drois aRqmisa da istoriis gaazrebis maxasiaTeblis

kvleva, masTan dakavSirebuli Teoriul-meTodologiuri midgomis

realizacia) miRweva SesaZleblad gvesaxeba SedarebiTi meTodis

gamoyenebiT. ra Tqma unda, Tu qarTul kulturas “Signidan” ar

davinaxavT, ver gavigebT, romeli civilizaciis konteqstSi unda

moviazrebdeT mas. magram, aseve SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Tu sxva

  11

kulturebTan ar gavavlebT paralelebs, sakuTari kulturis Secnobis

gzaze bevri dabrkoleba Segvxdeba. aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTvelosa da

qarTuli kulturis istoriis problemebis msgavsi meTodebiT kvlevis,

tradiciis ararseboba, mniSvnelovanwilad, ganapirobebs imas, rom Zalian

gviWirs saqarTvelos moazreba romelime didi erTobis konteqstSi,

msjeloba Tanamedrove etapze Zalian aqtualur sakiTxze _ dasavleTTan

Cveni mimarTebis Taobaze. ufro myari da racionaluri iqneboda, Tu

Cvens samecniero wreebSi meti yuradReba mieqceoda kros-kulturul da

SedarebiT kvlevebs. qarTuli kulturis konkretuli maxasiaTeblebis

ganxilva komparativistul WrilSi ,misi ufro srulyofilad

interpretaciis da tipologizaciis saSualebas mogvcems.

kros-kulturuli SedarebiTi meTodi aseve iTvaliswinebs sakvlevi

problemisTvis Sesabamisi sivrciTi da droiTi konteqstis moZebnas.

sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, problema unda ganixilebodes horizontalur da

diaqronul WrilSi. warmodgenili naSromis farglebSi qarTuli

kultura ganixileba medievaluri qristianuli samyaros konteqsti.

Sua saukuneebi qarTuli kulturis SedarebiTi kvlevisaTvis erT-

erTi mniSvnelovani periodia. gansakuTrebiT saintereso paralelebis

moZebna SeiZleba maSindeli qristianuli samyaros sazogadoebebTan.

zemoT ukve aRiniSna, rom am periodis evropaSic da saqarTveloSic

qristianobis damkvidrebis Sedegad yalibdeba is kulturuli

maxasiaTeblebi, romlebic SemdgomSic gansazRvrvdenen kulturul

Taviseburebebs. Tumca saWiroa drois ufro dakonkreteba, radgan Sua

saukuneebi sakmaod did periods moicavs. arsebobs misi periodizaciis

gansxvavebuli sqemebi. magaliTad, erT SemTxvevaSi Sua saukuneebis

dasasruls ukavSreben evropaSi momxdar samrewvelo revouluciebs, sxva

SemTxvevaSi _ konstantinepolis dacemas. arsebobs sxva mosazrebebic.

warmodgenil naSromSi, ZiriTadad, vexebiT XIV saukunemde periodis

qarTvel avtorTa teqstebs. swored am periodamde TariRdeba “qarTlis

cxovrebis” e.w. Zveli ciklis teqstebi. garda amisa, es periodi

saqarTveloSic da evropaSic ueWvelad iTvleba Sua saukuneebad. am

epoqaSi, saqarTveloSic da eropaSic, msoflmxedvelobas, ZiriTadad,

qristianoba gansazRvravda. evropul cnobierebaSi momxdari didi

cvlilebebi, romlebic renesanss da reformacias ukavSirdeba,

  12

umTavresad, XIII saukunis Semdeg iwyeba. manamde ki, evropa gamsWvalulia

qristianul-providencialuri SegnebiT. miuxedavad imisa, rom Cvens mier

SerCeul periodSi (Sua saukuneebi XIV saukunemde) eqceva kaTolicizmisa

da marTmadideblobis gayofa, dasavlur da aRmosavlur qristianul

samyaros jer kidev ar mijnavs reformaciis mier mkafiod gavlebuli

sazRvari. rac mTavaria, am periodSi bizantia isev arsebobs. saqarTvelos

da maSindel evropas Soris jer kidev ar yofs absoluturad ucxo

osmaleTis imperia, aramed maT Soris gamaSualebeli rgolia mZlavri

qristianuli kultura (Tu civilizacia?) _ bizantia, romelic didi xnis

ganmavlobaSi kulturuli nakadebiT asazrdoebda saqarTvelosac da

evropasac. amitom vfiqrobT, rom Sua saukuneebis saqarTvelo da

maSindeli qristianuli samyaro, evropis da bizantiis CaTvliT,

tipologiuri TvalsazrisiT, Tanazomadi sidideebia. amis Tqma swored

drois aRqmisa da istoriis gaazrebis magaliTze SeiZleba, radgan es

kulturuli maxasiaTebeli am periodSi, ZiriTadad, qrisitianuli

religiiT iyo gansazRvruli.

rodesac konkretul maxasiaTebels vikvlevT, unda vecadoT, rom

davadginoT msgavsebebi da gansxvavebebi Sedarebad nimuSebs Soris.

magram aseve unda aRiniSnos isic, rom SedarebiTi meTodiT kvleva

miznad ar isaxavs identuri da ganmeorebadi faqtebis, movlenebis da

fenomenebis gamovlenas. am tipis kvleva, umTavresad, fokusirebuli unda

iyos imaze, Tu ratom da rogor Cndeba es msgavsebebi da gansxvavebebi

kulturaTa Soris. Cvenc am TvalsazrsiT mivudgebiT Sua saukuneebis

saqarTvelosa da danarCeni qrisitanuli samyaros SedarebiT analizs

CvenTvis saintereso sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi.

sakvlevi sakiTxis Seswavlis mdgomareoba. didi xani ar aris, rac

qarTul samecniero sivrceSi qarTuli kulturis raobis, misi

civilizaciuri kuTvnilebis sakiTxi kvlevis sagani gaxda. konkretuli

tipologiuri maxasiTeblebis kvlevis safuZvelze, qarTuli kulturis

rig sakiTxebze ganmazogadebel daskvnebs, jerjerobiT, qarTvel

mkvlevarTa mxolod mcire nawilTan vxdebiT. arsebobs ramdenime

monografia da statia, romlebic msgavs problematikas eZRvneba.

saqarTvelos kulturul-civilizaciuri ganviTarebis problemebs,

maTi kvlevis meTodologiur safuZvlebs exeba nino Ciqovanis naSromi

  13

“saqarTvelos kulturuli raoba da civilizaciuri kuTvnileba

civilizaciaTa Teoriis konteqstSi”. avtori civilizaciaTa Teoriis

Suqze pirvelad ganixilavs aqtualur problemebs, romlebic

saqarTvelos civilizaciaTa gzajvarednze arsebobas, kavkasiis

kulturul sivrces, kulturul da civilizaciur identobas exeba.

konkretuli maxasiaTeblis safuZvelze qarTuli kulturis

tipologizaciis cda ekuTvnis qeTevan kakitelaSvils. naSromSi

“sivrciTi orientacia – kulturaTa tipologiis safuZveli” aseT

maxasiaTeblad aRebulia adamianis mier sivrcis aRqma da sivrcisadmi

damokidebuleba, romelic kulturuli Semoqmedebis sxvadasxva sferoSi

vlindeba. igive avtori statiaSi “kulturuli procesebis marTva V-XI

saukuneebSi qarTuli agiografiuli teqstebis mixedviT”, sxva

sakiTxebTan erTad, exeba istoriuli mexsierebis problemas Sua

saukuneebis agiografebsa da sasuliero moRvaweebTan.

qarTuli mentalitetis Seswavlas eZRvneba rusudan labaZis

monografia “codva da SiSi Sua saukuneebSi (qarTuli mentaluri

modelis ori aspeqti)”, sadac, franguli “axali istoriuli mecnierebis”

gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebiT, Seswavlili da gaanalizebulia codvisa

da esqatologiuri SiSis problema Sua saukuneebis qarTul

sazogadoebaSi.

garda am gamokvlevebisa, arsebobs kidev sxva naSromebic, magram

umravleosoba Jurnal-gazeTebSi gamoqveynebuli statiebia, romlebic

qarTuli kulturis ama Tu im aspeqtebs eZRvneba. maT Soris aRsaniSnavia

g.niJaraZis, k. kacitaZis, e.jgerenaias da sxva qarTveli avtorebis

publikaciebi.

warmodgenili naSromi drois aRqmisa da istoriis gaazrebis

kuTxiT Sua saukuneebis qarTuli saistorio teqstebis gaazrebis

pirveli cdaa. manamde, qarTul kulturaSi droisa da istoriis gageba,

rogorc kulturuli maxasiaTebeli, qarTveli (da ucxoeli) mkvlevrebis

sagangebo Seswavlis sagani ar yofila.

saerTod, Sua saukuneebis qarTuli saistorio mwerlobis,

“qarTlis cxovrebis” krebulSi Semavali teqstebis wyaroTmcodneobiT

Sewavlas CvenSi didi tradicia aqvs. magram sawyis stadiazea am Zeglebis

Seswavla kvlevis axali meTodebis moSveliebiT. im mcirericxovan

  14

mkvlevarTa Soris, romlebic cdiloben, gansxvavebulad Sexedon Sua

saukuneebis qarTul istoriul teqstebs, pirvel rigSi davasaxelebdiT

kaxa kacitaZes. statiaSi “snori sturlusonis “qveynierebis wre” da

arqauli teqstebis tipologia” igi aRniSnavs, rom “qarTuli

humanitaruli mecnierebebis erT-erT prioritetul mimarTulebas unda

warmoadgendes dasavleTSi aprobirebuli meTodebis da nou-hauebis

miyeneba qarTuli kulturis Zeglebisadmi... axali midgomebis Suqze

Tvisebrivad ganaxlebuli wardgebian qarTuli teqstebi, maT Soris

iseTebic, romlebSic Sesaswavli TiTqos aRarc araferi iyo” (kacitaZe

2001: 64). am mosazrebas mTlianad veTanxmebiT. k. kacitaZis TqmiT,

saintereso iqneboda skandinavistebis da keltologebis mier

aprobirebuli paradigmebis gamoyeneba qarTuli teqstebis kvlevis dros.

kerZod, axali tipologiuri meTodebis gamoyeneba gulisxmobs garkveuli

parametrebis gamoyofas. magaliTad, aqtantebi, dro, sivrce, teqstis

xasiaTi, teqstis gaerTianebis principi da a.S.

“qarTlis cxovrebis” teqstebSi tipologiuri sakiTxebis garSemo

saintereso kvlevebi aqvT sxva qarTvel mkvlevrebsac. magaliTad, mariam

CxartiSvili exeba identobis problemebs Zvel qarTul teqstebSi; l.

patariZes ekuTvnis mefobis ideis kvleva “vaxtang gorgaslis cxovrebaSi”

da sxv.

dasavleTSi drois aRqmisa da istoriis koncefciis Seswavlis

mdidari gamocdileba dagrovda. naSromis sakvlevi sakiTxidan

gamomdinare, ZiriTadad, ganvixilavT kulturuli anTropologiis da

saistorio mecnierebis farglebSi SemuSavebul paradigmebs.

anTropologiur kvlevebSi didi yuradReba eTmoboda ama Tu im

sazogadoebaSi drosTan damoikdebulebis sakiTxs. am disciplinis

farglebi Semqnili “modernuli” da “tradiciuli” sazogadoebebis

diqotomiis erT-erT msazRvrelad swored droisa da istoriis aRqma

gvevlineba. am diqotomiis Tanaxmad, “tradiciul” kulturebSi drois

aRqma ganixileba, rogorc dasavluri drois opozicia. es dro ufro

“cikluria, vidre xazovani, raodenobrivi, vidre xarisxobrivi, Seqcevadi,

vidre Seuqcevadi, Semofarglulia tradiciiT da Tavad ar warmoadgens

istoriis mamoZravebels; igi organizebulia ufro yoveldRiuri

wesrigiT da praqtikuli amocanebiT, vidre saaTiT, orientirebulia

  15

ufro stabilurobaze, vidre cvlilebebze, ufro bunebazea

damokidebuli, vidre kalendris ritmze, aRiricxeba ufro bunebrivi

ritmis, vidre abstraqtuli sqemebis safuZvelze. dasavluri drois

gancda daxasiaTebulia rogorc erTmimarTulebiani, uwyveti mdinareba,

movlenaTa rigi, romlebic warsulidan momavlisken mimarTul xazzea

gamwkrivebuli. drois dasavluri gageba daxasiaTebulia rogorc

abstraqtuli, sworxazovani da moZraobasTan dakavSirebuli” (adami 2005:

99-101).

es diqtomia wiTel zolad gasdevs e. evans-priCardis (E. Evans-

Pritchard) b. uorfis ( B. Whorf), k. levi strosis (C.Levi-Strauss) da sxva

cnobili anTropologebis Sromebs.

zemoT aRniSnuli anTropologebi, ZiriTadad, maT Tanamedrove

kulturebs ikvlevdnen. warsulis sazogadoebebis anTropologiuri

kvleva ki dakaSvirebulia “analebis” saistorio skolis wamomadgenlebis

m. blokis (M. Bloch), l. fevris (L. Febvre), f. brodelis (F. Braudel), J. le-

gofis (J. Le Gof) da sxvebis saxelebTan. “analebis” skolam warsulis

Sewavlis procesSi mTavar miznad daisaxa maSindeli adamianis da

sazogadoebis mentalitetis kvleva.

“analebis” skolis warmomadgenlebma araerTi mniSvnelovani da

novatoruli kvleva miuZRvnes Sua saukuneebSi drois aRqmisa da

istoriis gagebis problematikas. f. brodels ekuTvnis “didi

xangrlivobis drois” anu istoriis sami ritmis koncefcia; m. bloki da J.

le gofi sagangebod ikvlevdnen Sua saukunebis sazogadoebaSi droisa da

istoriis aRqmis sxvadasxva aspeqts. J. le gofma Rrma kvlevebi miuZRvna

Sua saukuneebis “droTa mravalgvarobis”, anu sxvadasxva socialuri

jgufis drois gagebas, magaliTad, eklesiur, vaWrebis, glexebis,

feodalebis da sxva droebs.

droisa da istoriis aRqmis kvlevis dros gverds ver avuvliT

koleqtiuri mexsierebis sakiTxs. dasavlur samecniero tradiciaSi am

problemis Seswavlis mdidari tradicia Camoyalibda. am sakiTxs

ikvlevdnen cnobili inteleqtualebi m. halbvaqsi (M. Halbwachs), p. nora (P.

Nora), e. zerubaveli (E. Zerubavel) da sxv.

rogorc am mokle ganxilvidan vxedavT, dasavleTSi kulturis

tipologiuri maxasiaTeblebis kvlevasa da analizs araerTi

  16

mniSvnelovani naSromi mieZRvna. es Cans, Tundac, drois aRqmisa da

istoriis gaazrebis problemaze refleqsiis mdidari gamocdilebidan.

amitom, dasavleTSi Seqmnili kvlevis Teoriuli da meTodologiuri

modelebis qarTul samecniero sinamdvileSi gadmotana bevrad waswevda

win qarTuli kulturis tipologiuri raobis kvlevis saqmes, romelic

jer kidev sawyis stadiazea.

sakiTxTan dakavSirebuli wyaroebisa da literaturis mimoxilva

a) wyaroebi

Sua saukuneebis qarTul kulturaSi drois aRqmisa da istoriis

koncefciis sakiTxs imdroindeli qarTuli saistorio tradiciis,

“qarTlis cxovrebis” mixedviT ganvixilavT. mkvlevarTa azriT, “qarTlis

cxovreba” Sedgeba ori ciklis Txzulebebisgan. Zveli cikli moicavs XIV

saukunemde periodis teqstebs, axali cikli ki XIV-XVII saukuneebis

amsaxvel Txzulebebs. Cvens mier arCeuli teqstebi “qarTlis cxovrebis”

e.w. Zvel ciklSi Sedis.

kerZod, naSromSi gamoyenebulia krebulSi Sesuli Semdegi

teqstebi:

XI saukunis avtoris leonti mrovelis nawarmoebad miCneuli

“cxovreba qarTvelTa mefeTa”, romliTac ixsneba “qarTlis cxovrebis”

krebuli. misi ZiriTadi nawili saqarTvelos istoriis uZveles periods

exeba, masSi Txroba V saukunemde modis.

XI saukunis avtoris juanSeris saistorio Txzuleba “cxovreba

vaxtang gorgasalisa”. igi agrZelebs leonti mrovelis “mefeTa

cxovrebas” da mogviTxrobs saqarTvelos istorias V saukunis Sua

wlebidan VIII saukunis 40-50-ian wlebamde. aq unda aRiniSnos, rom

“qarTlis cxovrebis” am nawilis avtoris vinaobis da sakuTriv teqstis

daTariRebis sakiTxebze qarTvel mecnierebs Soris erTgvarovani

mosazreba ar arsebobs. Tumca, umTavresad, miRebulia Tvalsazrisi, rom

juanSeris saxeliT cnobili avtori XI saukuneSi cxovrobda.

ucnobi avtoris “matiane qarTlisa”, romelic juanSeris

Txzulebis gagrZelebad gvevlineba. masSi moTxrobilia saqarTvelos

istoriis ambebi VIII saukunis Sua wlebidan XI sukunis 70-ian wlebamde.

  17

anonimi avtoris “cxovreba mefeT-mefisa daviTisi”. es teqsti

“matiane qarTlisas” gagrelebaa. mkvlevarTa azriT, avtori daviT

aRmaSeneblis Tanamedrove da masTan daaxloebuli piri iyo.

XI saukunis istirikosis, bagrationebis sagvareulo mematianis

sumbat daviTisZis Txzuleba “cxovreba da uwyeba bagratonianTa”. es

teqsti calke Txzulebis saxiT “qarTlis cxovrebis” mxolod zog

nusxaSia Sesuli (magaliTad, XVIII saukuniT daTariRebul mariamiseul

nusxaSi). “qarTlis cxovrebis” danarCen redaqciebSi ki igi sxva

teqstebTanaa Serwymuli,. sumbatis qronika bagrationebis sagvareulos

genealogias exeba. teqstSi Txroba adamidan iwyeba da XI saukunis 30-ian

wlebamde modis.

laSa giorgis droindeli mematianis teqsti, romelic XII saukunisa

da XIII saukunis pirvel meoTxedis movlenebs aRwers.

ucnobi avtoris “istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani” da basili

ezosmoZRvris Txzulebad miCneuli “cxovreba mefeT-mefisa Tamarisi”. 

orive teqsti Tamar mefis Tanamedrove istorikosTa Txzulebebia.

Cveni interesis sferoSi ar Sedis “qarTlis cxovrebis” krebulis

Sedgenilobis, avtorTa vinaobis, teqstebis daTariRebis da sxva,

wyaroTmcodneobisTvis tipuri sakiTxebis kvleva. Sua saukuneebis

qarTuli istoriuli teqstebisgan gvinda gavigoT pasuxebi im kiTxvaze,

romelic maTTvis jer aravis dausvmas. kiTxva mdgomareobs imaSi, Tu

rogor aRiqvamda drosa da istorias Sua saukuneebis avtori da misi

Tanamedrove sazogadoeba.

b) literatura

Tanamedrove etapze warsulis kvlevaSi, tradiciulTan erTad,

axali paradigmebi gamoiyeneba. erT-erT aseT paradigmas warmoadgens

istoriis kvlevis anTropologiuri perspeqtiva, romelic warsulSi

adamianuri yofis da kulturuli realobis yvela aspeqtis

rekonstruirebas gulisxmobs. anTropologiuri kvlevis midgomebis da

xerxebis, maT safuZvelze drois aRqmisa da istoriis gaazrebis kvlevis

principebis ganxilvis dros veyrdnobiT b. adamis (B. Adam), a. barnardis

(A. Barnard), j. gudmenis ( J. Goodman), p. memotis (P. Memmott), p. berkis (P.

Burke), a. gureviCisa da sxv. Sromebs.

  18

istoriisa da anTropologiis urTierTmimarTebis, istoriul

kvlevebSi kulturis cnebis mniSvnelobis zrdaze saubrobs p. berki

Tavis wignSi “ra aris kulturis istoria?”. igi detalurad ganixilavs

pozitivisturi istoriografiis kvlevis arealis siviwroves, romelic,

ZiriTadad, politikis sferos moicavda. berki mniSvnelovan mijnad

miiCnevs im faqts, rom tradiciuli istoriisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli

xedva “zemodan” qvemoT Seicvla axali istoriuli paradigmebis

danergviT. aq ukve “qvemodan”, masebis TvalebiT danaxul istorias

eniWeba upiratesoba.

sxva naSromSi “uvertiura: axali istoria, misi warsuli da

momavali” berki exeba im faqts, rom XX saukunis istorikosebma

kulturis cnebis farTo, anTropologiuri mniSvnelobiT gamoyeneba

daiwyes. Tanamedrove mkvlevrebis mier istoriuli movlenebis axsnasa da

gaazrebaSi sul ufro da ufro didi mniSvneloba eniWeba im

faseulobaTa sistemas, romelic konkretuli jgufebis cxovrebas

gansazRvravda konkretul drosa da adgilas.

istoriuli anTropologiis ganviTarebaSi “analebis” franguli

saistorio skolis mniSvnelobaze wers a. gureviCi Tavis naSromSi

“istoriis rogorc adamianis Sesaxeb mecnierebis gageba. istoriuli

mecniereba saukuneebis gasayarze”. swored am skolis warmomadgenlebi

iyvnen pirvelebi, vinc anTropologiuri problematikiT dainteresda da

saTave daudo warsulis kvlevis axal gzebs. yuradRebis centSi moeqca

warsuli periodis adamiani da sazogadoeba, nacvlad mxolod

politikuri faqtebisa da procesebisa.

igive sakiTxebs exeba j. gudmeni wignSi “istoria da

anTropologia”. avtori aRwers, Tu rogor gaxda “analebis” skolis

pirveli warmomadgenlebis Semdeg “istoriuli mecniereba ufro

istoriuli _ anTropologiad gardaqmnis procesSi, anTropologia ki

ufro anTropologiuri _ istoriad garadqmnis dros”.

b. adami Tavis “drois aRqmaSi” yuradRebas amaxvilebs drois

gancdis mravlgvarobaze. dro adamianuri arsebobis ganuyofeli nawilia,

romelic mocemulia fizikur procesebSi, socialur tradiciebSi,

adamianur urTierTobebSi, maTematikis abstraqtul gaTvlebsa da,

  19

saerTod, yvela aspeqtSi. dro aris CarCo, romlis farglebSi adamianebi

aregulireben TavianT cxovrebas.

p. memoti naSromSi “tangkikis drois wesrigi: drois Sewavlis

anTropologiuri perspeqtiva” ganixilavs drois aRqmaze bunebrivi

garemos gavlenas. magaliTad, zRvasTan mcxovrebi avstralieli

aborigenebis drois gageba zRvis miqceviT da moqceviT da masTan

dakavSirebuli sxva movlenebiT aris gansazRvruli. sazogadoebaSi

drois gagebaze bunebis gavlena universaluri movlenaa da yvela

kulturaSi, maT Soris dasavlurSic, vlindeba.

antikuri periodis saistorio mwerlobaSi drois aRqmisa da

istoriis gaazrebis sakiTxze msjelobisas veyrdnobodiT g. viTrous

naSroms (G. Whitrow) “dro da istoria. drosTan damokidebuleba

preistoriidan Tamedroveobamde”, .h. baterfildis (H.Butterfield) “istoriis

warmoSobas”, m. komberis (M. Comber) “romaeli istorikosebis gadakiTxvas”

da sxv.

am avtorebis kvlevebSi antikuri xanis berZnebis mier drois aRqma

daxasiaTebulia, rogorc cikluri wrebrunva. am dros ar aqvs

Seuqcevadobis Tviseba. garkveuli gagebiT, arsebobs mxolod awmyo da

swored am awmyoSi igulisxmeba warsulic da momavalic. antikuri

gagebiT, samyaro iyo wesrigi, kosmosi, da droc ki sivrciT kategoriaSi

moazreboda. es iyo materialuri ram, romelic SeiZleba gaizomos,

daiWras, mowesrigdes da klasificirdes. drois amgvari gageba

gansazRvravda warsulis perspeqtivis simokles da istoriuli

mexsierebis deficits. Tanamedrove mkvlevrebis azriT, berZnebma ver

miaRwies istoriuli cnobierebas, radgan mcdari Sexeduleba hqondaT

droze da drois dinebaze.

Sua saukuneebSi qristianobam droisa da istoriis axali, iudeur-

qristianuli koncefcia daamkvidra. Sua saukuneebis qristiani avtorebis

Semoqmedeba gansazRvruli iyo providencialisturi istoriisa da

xazovani drois SegnebiT. maSindeli gagebiT, istoria RmerTisgan aris

winaswargansazRruli. kacobriobis xsnis RvTaebrivi gegmis

ganxorcielebis procesi macxovris movlinebiT daiwyo da am miznis

miRwevis Semdeg istoria Tavis sasrul wertils miaRwevda. istoriis

  20

providencialisturi idea miuTiTebs, rom drois perspeqtiva gaizarda da

igi sworxazovani da Seuqcevadi gaxda.

naSromSi Sua saukuneebis saistorio mwerlobis Janrobrivi

klasifikaciis problemas vexebiT. Cveni azriT, droisa da istoriis

aRqmasa da saistorio mwerlobis Janrobriv Taviseburebebs Soris

mWidro kavSiria. Cven cal-calke vixilavT Sua saukuneebis evropuli,

bizantiuri da qarTuli istoiografiis magaliTebs.

Sua saukuneebis evropaSi saistorio mwerlobaze da, masTan erTad,

mis Janrobriv Taviseburebebze Zalian saintereso gamokvlevebi aqvT b.

genes (B. Guenèe), J. le gofs, m. bloks, f. brodels da sxva cnobil

evropel medievistebs. b. genes wignSi “Sua saukuneebis dasavleTis

istoria da istoriuli kultura” saubaria, rom Sua saukuneebis

istorikosis ZiriTadi mizani movlenebis droSi warmoCena iyo. Sua

saukuneebis istoriografia, antikurisgan gansxvavebiT, cudad axerxebda

sivrceSi orientirebas. samagierod, is Tavis arss droSi xedavda da mas

qronologiis “tiraniis” qveS uxdeboda arseboba. es vlindeba Sua

saukuneebis evropaSi “qronikis” da “analebis” Janrebis popularobaSi,

romlebSic Txrobis wamyvani faqtoria dro. magaliTad, qronikaSi

Txroba adamis droidan iwyeboda da istorikosis Tanamedrove

periodamde modioda.

bizantiuri saistorio mwerlobis Janrebze da TiToeul maTganSi

drosTan damokidebulebaze saintereso kvlevebi aqvT a. lebedevs (А.

Лебедев.), b. dostalovas (Б. Досталова), z. udalcovas (З. Удальцова), i.

lubarskis (Я..Любарский) da sxv. am avtorTa naSromebSi xazgasmulia

Janrobrivi ganxvaveba “istoriebs”, “saeklesio istoriebsa” da

“qronografiebs” Soris. es gansxvavebebi, xSir SemTxvevaSi, warmoSobs

sxvaobas drosTan damokidebulebis TvalsazrisiTac. bizantiur

“istoriebSi” sworxazovani drois gageba ar Cans. adreuli periodis

saero istorikosebTan da aseve mogviano xanis avtorebTanac cikluri

drois gavlena igrZnoba. bizantieli istorikosebic, antikuri epoqis

avtorTa msgavsad, qronologiuri sakiTxebisadmi indiferentulad arian

ganwyobili da maT teqstebSi win iwevs teritoriuli, Tematuri da

problemuri faqtorebi. “qronografiebSi” da “saeklesio istoriebSi” ki

drois qristianuli koncefciis primatia.

  21

Sua saukuneebis qarTuli saistorio mwerlobis Janrobrivi

kuTvnilebis sakiTxi jer kidev Sesaswavl problemebaTa rigs

ganekuTvneba. am sakiTxisadmi miZRvnil mcirericxovan naSromTagan Cveni

yuradReba miiqcia g. alasanias, g. axvledianis, l. patariZis, e.

kvaWantiraZis da sxvebis gamoklvevebma.

g. alasania naSromSi “qarTuli werilobiTi wyaroebis

klasifikacia” sagangebod exeba Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi saistorio

mwerlobis Janrobivi klasifikaciis problemebs. igi aCvenebs, Tu rogor

gadafaraven erTmaneTs istoriuli, liturgiuli, agiografiuli Janrebi

Sua saukuneebis qarTul mwerlobaSi, rac imaze miuTiTebs, rom

Janrobrivi sazRvrebi mkafiod gamokveTili ar iyo. avtori ganixilavs

terminebs, romlebic aRniSnavdnen mwerlobis ama Tu im saxes. magaliTad,

“cxovreba”, “matiane”, “qebani” da a.S. g. alasania aseve sagangebo

yuradRebas uTmobs folkloruli da epikuri motivebis gavlenas

“qarTlis cxovrebis” teqstebze.

saistorio mwerlobaSi arsebul folklorul maxasiaTeblebs

eZRvneba g. axvledianis sadoqtoro disertacia “qarTuli saistorio

mwerloba da folklori (XI-XIX ss)”. mkvlevari gamoyofs mTel rig

momentebs, romlebic mkafiod akavSirebs “qarTlis cxovrebis” teqstebs

folklorul da epikur tradiciebTan. es exeba uSualod fokloruli da

epikuri siuJetebis (igavebi, orTabrZolebis scenebi da sxv.) CarTvas da

specifikuri stiluri xerxebis arsebobas teqstebSi.

l. patariZe da e. kvaWantiraZe statiaSi “qarTlis cxovrebis”

SedarebiTi tipologia (sakiTxis dasmisaTvis)” cdiloben, Sua

saukuneebis bizantiur da somxur istoriografiasTan SedarebiTi

analizis safuZvelze, gamoyon “qarTlis cxovrebisTvis” damaxasiaTebeli

tipuri niSnebi. magaliTad is, rom Zveli qarTuli saistorio tradicia

ar miyveba maSindel qristianul samyaroSi arsebul Janrobriv

parametrebs da garkveuli TaviseburebiT gamoirCeva. Cveni azriT,

qarTuli saistorio mwerlobis Janrobrivi araerTgvarovnebidan

gamomdinareobs is, rom teqstebis nawilSi Txrobis ZiriTadi

maorganizebeli Zalaa dro. meore nawilSi ki drois faqtori SedarebiT

neitralizebulia da teqstSi wina planze sxva faqtorebi gamodian.

  22

Sua saukuneebSi gansakuTrebuli damokidebuleba hqondaT

warsulTan. istoria, rogorc ukve aRiniSna, iudeur-qritianuli

koncefciis konteqstSi giazreboda. am koncefcias Seesabameboda Sua

saukuneebSi arsebuli sxvadasxva saxis periodizaciis sqemebi da

qronologiiis wesi. drois mowesrigebis am xerxebs sagangebo yuradRebas

uTmoben TavianT kvlevebSi J. le-gofi, b. gene, a. lebedevi da sxvebi. Sua

saukuneebis saqarTveloSi qronologiis sakiTxebs exeba g. mWedliZis

naSromi “qronologiis ZiriTadi sakiTxebi” da misive statia

“qronologia Zvel qarTul saistorio mwerlobaSi”.

Sua saukuneebSi gansakuTrebuli damokidebuleba hqondaT

mexsierebis fenomenTanac. m. karutersi (M. Carruthers) Tavis Zalian

saintereso naSromSi “mexsierebis wigni. mexsierebis kvleva medievalur

kulturaSi” aRniSnavs, rom Sua saukuneebis adamianebisTvis mTavari

avtoritetebi iyvnen gansakuTrebuli mexsierebiT gamorCeuli pirovnebebi.

mexsiereba yvelaze maRali moraluri Tvisebebis, iseve rogorc

inteleqtis, niSnad miaCndaT.

am garemoebis gaTvaliswinebiT, sadisertacio naSromSi

gansakuTrebuli yuradReba gavamaxvileT Sua saukuneebis qarTul

kulturaSi koleqtiuri mexsierebis formirebisa da am procesSi

istorikosis rolTan dakavSirebul problemebze. koleqtiuri

mexsierebis Camoyalibebis, misi individualur mexsierebasTan mimarTebis,

warsulidan informaciis SerCevis da damaxsovrebis, damaxsovrebis

xerxebis/mnemoteqnikis, mexsierebis gadacemis formebisa da saSualebebis,

koleqtiuri mexsierebis formirebaSi istorikosis wvlilis da sxva

sakiTxebze dasavlur samecniero tradiciaSi kvlevis xangrZlivi da

mdidari tradicia arsebobs. naSromSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi eyrdnoba

am sferoSi iseTi aRiarebuli mkvlevrebis naSromebs, rogorebicaa m.

halbvaqsi, p. nora, e. zerubaveli, k. uaikemi (C. Wickham), j. fentresi (J.

Fentress), p. berki da sxv.

Sua saukuneebis qarTul saistorio mwerlobaSi aisaxa maSindel

qarTul sazogadoebaSi miRebuli istoriuli narativebis saxeebi. am

narativebis dadgenis TvalsazrisiT, ZiriTadad, veyrdnobiT e.

zerubavelis mier Tavis naSromSi “drois ruqebi: koleqtiuri mexsiereba

da warsulis socialuri saxe” agebul modelebs.

  23

zerubaveli gamoyofs istoriul narativebis ZiriTad saxeebs,

romelTa saSualebiT mnemonikuri erToba axdens warsulis organizebas.

“aRmasvlis/progresis”, “daRmasvlis” da “zigzagis” narativebi

istoriuli procesis mimarTulebas gamoxataven. es narativebi aseve

asaxavs imas, Tu rogor afasebs warsuls sazogadoeba _ dadebiTad Tu

uaryofiTad. zerubaveli xazs usvams im garemoebasac, rom mnemonikuri

erToba erTmaneTisagan ganarCevs movlenebiT datvirTul da movlenebiT

Rarib istoriul periodebs. amiT, drois Tanabari monakveTebi,

socialuri TvalsazrisiT, araTanabari xarisxiT aRiqmeba.

istoria, xSir SemTxvevaSi, uwyvet an wyvetil procesad moiazreba.

zerubaveli am or xedvas “legato” da “stakato” narativebs uwodebs.

warsulTan awmyos dasakavSireblad da mis uwyvet procesad

warmosadgenad sxvadasxva saSualebas iyeneben. magaliTad, teritorias.

garda amisa, am mizniT, mnemonikuri erTobebi xazs usvamen warsulSi

arsebul jgufTan pirdapiri genealogiuri kavSirebis arsebobas da a.S.

iseve rogorc uwyveti istoriuli narativis, istoriuli

wyvetilobis dasanaxadac xdeba sxvadasxva xerxebis gamoyeneba.

magaliTad, sxvadasxva “periodebi” erTmaneTisagan gamijnulia

wyalgamyofi, saetapo movlenebiT. es calke periodebi erTmaneTis

sapirispirod aRiqmeba, radgan saetapo movlenidan iwyeba axali istoria.

unda aRiniSnos, rom “qarTlis cxovrebis” teqstebis kvlevam am

modelebis safuZvelze saintereso kuTxiT dagvanaxa Sua saukunebis

qarTuli sazogadoeba.

droisa da istoriis iudeur-qristianul koncefciaSi, warsulTan

erTad, ZiriTadi iyo momavlis gageba. qristianuli istoria, warsulTan

erTad, Tavis TavSi moiazrebda momavali gankiTxvis dRis molodins.

yovelgvari istoriis saboloo mizani mainc es momavali iyo. Tumca

mkvlevarTa nawili Sua saukuneebis evropasa da bizantias Soris

momavlis gaazrebaSi tipologiur sxvaobas xedavs. s. averincevi Tavis

wignSi “adrebizantiuri literaturis poetika” asabuTebs, rom evropisgan

gansxvavebiT, bizantiaSi, garkveulwilad, moxsnili iyo eqsatologiuri

momavlis molodini an, yovel SemTxvevaSi, imdenad mZafrad ar

ganicdeboda, rogorc evropaSi. amis mizezad is asaxelebs im faqts, rom

konstantines imperia, faqtobrivad, “ciuri ierusalimis” gansaxierebad

  24

aRiqmeboda. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, bizantiaSi ukve awmyoSi hqondaT

“aRTqmuli qveyana”.

Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSic, rogorc qristianul kulturaSi,

ucxo ar iyo momavlis esqatologiuri molodini. qarTul sinamdvileSi

momavlis esqtologiur gancdas eZRvneba r. labaZis naSromi “codva da

SiSi Sua saukuneebSi (qarTuli mentaluri modelis ori aspeqti)”.

Sua saukuneebSi qristianuli drois koncefcia erTaderTi da

sayovelTao ar iyo. am periodisTvis damaxasiaTebelia sxvadasxva

temporaluri modelis arseboba. naSromis farglebSi ganvixilavT Sua

saukuneebis qarTul teqstebSi dafiqsirebul winareqristianul, miTosur

plastebs; bunebis drois da sxva, konkretul, lokalur konteqstze

damokidebuli drois gagebebebs; adamianis mier droze zemoqmedebis

mcdelobebs. yvela es momenti Sua saukuneebis qarTul sazogadoebaSi

arsebuli “droTa mravalgvarobaze” garkveul miniSnebebs gvaZlevs. am

kuTxiT, saintereso mosazrebebs vxvdebiT m. xidaSelis naSromSi

“samyaros suraTi arqaul saqarTveloSi”, sadac ganxilulia juanSeris

teqstSi asaxul miTosuri siuJeti; J. le gofi wignSi “sxva Sua

saukuneebi” saubrobs bunebis droze, agrarul da soflis droze,

seniorul droze da sxva lokaluri mniSvnelobis drois gagebebze.

adamianis mier droze zemoqmedebis mcdelobebze islandiuri sagebis

magaliTze saintereso dakvirvebebi aqvs a. gureviCs wignSi “istoria da

saga”.

zemoT gaxiluli avtorebis kvlevebma mniSvnelovani gzamkvlevis

roli Seasrules Cvens naSromze muSaobis procesSi. maT mier

mowodebulma Teoriulma, meTodologiurma da praqtikulma informaciam

didi daxmareba gagviwia imaSi, rom dagvenaxa saqarTvelos, rogorc le

gofi uwodebs, “sxva Sua saukuneebi”.

  25

Tavi I

Sua saukuneebis qarTuli kultura: drois aRqmisa da

istoriis gaazrebis anTropologiuri kvlevis perspeqtivebi

 

Tanamedrove etapze saistorio mecnierebis kvlevis mizani

warsulis suraTis rac SeiZleba sruli rekonstruirebaa, rac

adamianuri yofis, sazogadoebrivi cxovrebisa da, saerTod, kulturuli

realobis yvela mxares moicavs. es ki istorias, rogorc samecniero

disciplinas, anTropologiur ganzomilebas sZens.

tradiciuli, pozitivisturi paradigmis mixedviT, istoriis

interesis umTavresi sagani politika iyo da amitom istorikosebi

ZiriTadad warsulSi momxdar politikur movlenaTa Tanmidevrul

gadmocemiT da maT Soris pirdapiri mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiris ZiebiT

iyvnen dakavebuli. p. berkis TqmiT, politika umTavresad saxelmwifosTan

iyo asocirebuli, anu is ufro nacionaluri da internacionaluri iyo,

vidre lokaluri. marTalia, tradiciuli istoria Seicavda eklesiis,

aseve samxedro istorias, magram istoriis sxva mimarTulebebi,

rogoricaa, magaliTad, xelovnebis an mecnierebis istoria,

marginalizebuli iyvnen da “WeSmariti” istorikosis interesebis

periferiaze moiazrebodnen (berki 2004: 2).

pirvelebi, vinc dainteresdnen anTropologiuri problematikiT da

saTave daudes istoriuli kvlevis axal gzebs, e.w. “axali saistorio

mimdinareobis”, “analebis” franguli skolis warmomadgenlebi iyvnen. am

skolis damaarseblebma, mark blokma da lusien fevrma pirvelebma

scades gaerRviaT tradiciuli, pozitivisturi istoriografiis kvlevis

mkacrad Semofargluli areali, romelic, rogorc aRiniSna, ZiriTadad,

politikur istorias moicavda. magaliTad, blokma Sua saukuneebis

safrangeTSi da inglisSi arsebuli crurwmenis kvlevis dros, romelic

exeboda mefis unars, SexebiT ganekurna kanis zogierTi daavadeba,

aRmoaCina kavSiri, erTi mxriv, primitiul rwmenebsa da magiur ritualebs

da, meore mxriv, monarqiuli ideologiis ganviTarebas Soris (“mefe

mkurnalebi”). im mizniT, rom ufro Rrmad Seeswavla feodaluri

sazogadoebis funqciobis sistema, blokma aucileblad miiCnia, ganexila

  26

Sua saukuneebis adamianis msoflmxedvelobis iseTi mxareebi, rogoricaa

damokidebuleba drois mimarT, istoriis gaazreba, urTierToba

bunebasTan da sxva sakiTxebi (gureviCi 2001: 171-72).

blokis da fevris Semdeg istoriisa da anTropologiis

urTerTmimarTebis sakiTxi kidev ufro aqtualuri gaxda. Bb. koenis (B.

Cohn) TqmiT, istoriuli mecniereba ufro istoriuli xdeba

anTropologiad gardaqmnis procesSi, anTropologia ki ufro

anTropologiuri istoriad gardaqmnis dros (gudmeni 2006: 784).

d. ruTmani (D. Rutman) istoriisa da anTropologiis

urTierTmimarTebis Sesaxeb saintereso metaforas gvTavazobs: klio _ es

aris sayvareli, romelic erTdroulad ajadoebs Tayvanismcemlebs _

sxvadasxva disciplinas _ da TviTonac ixibleba maTiT. anTropologia ki

yvelaze gvian gaxda misi siyvarulis sagani. es zusti metaforaa,

romelsac sicxade Seaqvs sakiTxSi.

am metaforis saSualebiT, rom klio qarafSuta figuraa, romelic

flirtiT erToba, mkvlevarTa nawili mniSvnelovan daskvnamde midis. maTi

azriT, istorikosebma, romelTac surT, gamijvnisa da dapirispirebis

nacvlad, dakavdnen anTropologiiT, unda Seiswavlon am sferos

safuZvlebi. es yvelaferi ki unda aisaxos istoriul kvlevaze (gudmeni

2006: 787-88).

XX saukunis 60-iani wlebidan humanitaruli da socialuri

mecnierebebis, politikis mecnierebis, ekonomikis, geografiis,

fsiqologiisa da sxva samecniero sferoebSi gaizarda interesi

kulturis fenomenis da, Sesabamisad, kulturis anTropologiis mimarT.

mkveTrad gamoxatuli interesi TvalsaCino gaxda saistorio mecnierebis

sferoSic. istorikosebi kulturis cnebas farTo anTropologiuri

mniSvnelobiT iyenebdnen, istoriuli movlenebis axsnasa da gaazrebaSi

sul ufro da ufro didi mniSvneloba eniWeboda im faseulobaTa

kompleqss, romelic konkretuli jgufebis cxovrebas gansazRvravda

konkretul drosa da adgilas. istorikosTa nawili, gansakuTrebiT

safrangeTSi, britaneTsa da amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi,

kulturanTropologebisagan sesxulobda koncefciebsa da ideebs. maT

SeimuSaves midgoma, romelic cnobili gaxda rogorc “istoriuli

anTropologia”, Tumca, britaneli kulturis istorikosis piter berkis

  27

azriT, “anTropologiuri istoria” ufro Sesabamisi saxelwodeba

iqneboda (berki 1992: 30).

kulturuli anTropologiis Teoriuli modelebi da kvlevis

meTodebi, romlebic aradasavlur, e.w. primitiul sazogadoebebSi savele

muSaobis dros iqmneboda, saintereso iyo sakuTriv dasavluri

kulturebis kvlevaSi gamosayeneblad. rasakvirvelia, ar SeiZleboda am

meTodebis meqanikurad gadmotana, magaliTad, Sua saukuneebis evropis

istoriis SeswavlisTvis; saWiro iyo maTi axleburad gaazreba.

analebis skoliT dawyebuli, gansakuTrebiT, ukanaskneli

aTwleulebis manZilze aqtiurad daiwyo aratradiciuli meTodebis

gamoyeneba saistorio mecnierebis iseTi axali, tradiciuli

istoriografiisTvis ucxo problemebis da sakiTxebis kvlevaSi,

romelTac, rogorc adre miiCneoda, ar hqonda istoria. axla ukve

mtkiceba ar sWirdeba im faqts, rom “yvelafers aqvs istoria, yvelafers

aqvs warsuli, romelic SeiZleba aRdges da daukavSirdes warsulis sxva

sferoebs” (berki 2004: 2). istorikosebis kvlevis sferoSi moeqca iseTi

sakiTxebi, rogorebicaa bunebasTan damokidebuleba; droisa da sivrcis

gageba; saiqiosa da sikvdilis aRqma; bavSvoba da sibere; SeSliloba;

adamianis sxeulis da misi funqciis, avadmyofobis mimarT

damokidebuleba; yoveldRiuri yofis, sacxovrisisa da kvebis organizeba;

xelisuflebis, samarTlis, Tavisuflebis da damokidebulebis Sefaseba;

siRaribisa da simdidris gageba; klimati, sibinZure da sisufTave,

Jestebi, sxeuli, kiTxva, laparaki, siCume da a.S.

es da sxva sakiTxebi avlens adamianis Tu sazogadoebis

mentalobas. saerTod, “mentalobis istoria istoriuli anTropologiis

ganuyofeli nawilia da yuradRebas amaxvilebs afeqturi cxovrebis

sferoze. is Seiswavlis grZnobebs _ SiSsa da iumors, simkacres da

gulsxmierebas, siZunwes da siuxves, piradi Rirsebis, samarTlianobis

gancdas da sxv. (gureviCi 2001: 174).

berkis azriT, “rac adre ucvlelad miiCneoda, axali istoriis

farglebSi ganixileba rogorc “kulturuli konstruqcia”, romelic

drosa da sivrceSi ganicdis cvlilebas. aseTi midgomisaTvis

damaxasiaTebelia kulturuli relativizmi. axali istoriis

filosofiuri safuZvelia idea, rom realoba socialurad da

  28

kulturulad aris gansazRvruli. istorikosebisa da kulturuli

anTropologebis mier am ideis gaziarebam ganapiroba am ori disciplinis

daaxloeba da maTi interesebis gadakveTa. relativisturma midgomam aseve

gaafermkrTala tradiciulad arsebuli zRvari istoriis centralur da

periferiul problemebs Soris.

tradiciuli istoriisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia xedva “zemodan

qvemoT”. is fokusirebulia didi adamianebis did saqmeebze. kacobriobis

danarCen nawils gacilebiT umniSvnelo roli hqonda miniWebuli. axali

istoriis warmomadgenlebi ki “qvemodan” danaxul istorias aniWeben

upiratesobas. maTTvis sainteresoa Cveulebrivi, rigiTi adamianebi da

maTi socialuri gamocdileba. popularuli kulturis istorias udidesi

mniSvneloba mieniWa” (berki 2004: 2).

istoriuli warsulis kvlevis am axal paradigmebze gadasvlas

xSirad kopernikiseul gadatrialebas adareben. gaCnda axali kiTxvebi,

romlebsac istorikosebi usvamdnen wyaroebs. daiwyo Zveli wyaroebis

axleburad gaazreba. Seicvala sakuTriv istoriuli wyaros gageba.

pozitivisturi istoriografiis erT-erTi didi miRweva iyo istoriis

safuZvlad dokumentebis, werilobiTi wyaroebis gamocxadeba. magram am

miRwevis safasuri aRmoCnda is, rom sxva saxis wyaroebi sruliad

ignorirebuli iyo. SemdegSi istorikosis kvlevis sferos

gamravalferovnebam wyaroebis gamravalferovnebis sakiTxic aqtualuri

gaxada; werilobiTi wyaroebis gverdiT, didi mniSneloba mieniWa

vizualur, zepir wyaroebs, statistikur monacemebs, yoveldRiuri

moxmarebis sagnebs da a.S. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT,, wyarod ganixileboda

ara marto werilobiT dokumentebi, aramed yvelaferi is, rasac adamianis

xeli etyoboda da, rasac, pirdapir Tu iribad, SeeZlo warsulis

Sesaxeb informaciis mowodeba.

drois gancda adamianuri arsebobis ganuyofeli nawilia. dro

mravalaspeqtiania, mocemulia fizikur procesebsa da socialur

tradiciebSi, maTematikis abstraqtul gaTvlebsa da adamianebs Soris

urTierTobebSi. mas zomaven saaTis erTeulebis, ciuri sxeulebis

moZraobis, ganmeorebadi movlenebis da sakuTari sxeulis cvlilebebis

safuZvelze. dro gamoiyeneba rogorc saqonlis gacvlis da momsaxurebis

saSualeba, an rogorc gadaxdis forma; dro aRiqmeba rogorc bunebis,

  29

sazogadoebis, adamianebis da maTi institutebis organizebis resursi.

wuTi, saaTi, kvira, dRe, mTvaris faza, weli, Sobisa da aRdgomis

dResaswaulebi, sawarmoo cikli da zrdis periodi, Taobebi da

adamianis sicocxlis xangrZlivoba _ yvelaferi es qmnis droiT CarCoebs.

maT farglebSi adamianebi aregulireben yoveldRiur cxovrebas. drois

standartizirebuli sistema ar gamoricxavs drois lokalur, konteqstze

damokidebul gagebaTa arsebobas (adami 2006: 103-114).

drois aRqmis calkeul gamovlinebas, zog SemTxvevaSi,

universaluri faqtori udevs safuZvlad, sxva SemTxvevaSi _kulturuli

TvalsazrisiT unikaluri piroba. SesaZloa, e.w. arqauli sazogadoebebis”

droisadmi damokidebuleba universalur kulturul maxasiaTeblebs

efuZnebodes. magaliTad, avstralieli aborigenebis rwmena-warmodgenebi

ukavSirdeba zRvisa da masTan dakavSirebuli garemos codnas. es

garemoeba, Tavis mxriv, drois gagebazec moqmedebs (memoti). magram mzis

da mTvaris moZraobis, dRisa da Ramis, sezonuri ciklebis, klimatis,

floris, faunis, zRvis miqcevisa da moqcevis da sxva garemo pirobebis

cvlilebebis aRqmas mxolod avstraliel aborigenebis drois gageba ar

ukavSirdeba. es e.w. “bunebrivi dro”, garemo pirobebTan damokidebuleba

damaxasiaTebelia nebismieri sazogadoebisTvis. drois aRqmis aseTi

mravalgvaroba yvela kulturaSi socialuri cxovrebis kategoriebs da

ritmebs asaxavs.

anTropologebi ama Tu im sazogadoebaSi drois aseT gagebaTa

dafiqsirebas uSualo dakvirvebis saSualebiT axerxeben. “CarTuli

dakvirvebis” meTodi kulturul anTropologiaSi “damyarebulia im

martiv ideaze, rom ama Tu im xalxis gamosakvlevad, saukeTeso gzaa am

xalxis warmomadgenlebze xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi dakvirveba,

maTTan uSualo urTierTobis gziT” (monahani 2000: 13). CarTuli

dakvirvebis meTodis gamoyeneba Sua saukuneebis sazogadoebis kvlevis

dros SeuZlebelia, magram anTropologiuri perspeqtiva SeiZleba

warsulis kvlevaSic gamoviyenoT. am naSromisTvis ZiriTadi wyaro

“qarTlis cxovrebis” krebulSi Semavali teqstebia, romlebic,

TavisTavad, gamoxataven maSindeli sazogadoebis msoflmxedvelobas.

mTavaria, am wyaroebs garkveuli kuTxiT SevxedoT da kiTxvebi davusvaT.

  30

am SemTxvevaSi, saubaria Sua saukuneebis qarTul kulturaSi drosTan

damokidebulebis nebismier gamovlinebebze.

warmodgenil naSromSi mTavar sakvlev problemasTan dakavSirebiT

Cvens mier formulirebuli sxvadasxva sakiTxi, vfiqrobT, Sua

saukuneebis qarTuli sazogadoebis anTopologiur WrilSi ganxilvis

saSualebas mogvcems. es, pirvel rigSi, exeba koleqtiuri mexsierebis

Camoyalibebis, warsulis damaxsovrebis xerxebis/mnemoteqnikis,

istoriuli narativebis tipebis, droTa mravalgvarobis da sxv. sakiTxebs.

Cveni azriT, es aris is sakiTxebi, romlebic SeiZleba socialur aspeqtSi

ganvixiloT. sxva, ufro specifikuri problemebi, rogoricaa, magaliTad,

Sua saukuneebis saistorio mwerlobis Janrobrivi Taviseburebebi da misi

mimarTeba drois da istoriis gagebasTan, pirdapir ar gamoxatavs

socialur tendenciebs, magram garkveul informacias iZleva amis Sesaxeb.

 

§ 1. ZiriTadi cnebebi da terminebi

 

kulturis mecnierebebis sferoSi moRvawe mkvlevarTaTvis sakvlev

sakiTxTan dakavSirebuli cnebebis da terminebis gansazRvra erT-erTi

yvelaze rTuli problemaa. am disciplinis kvlevis arealSi Semavali

uaRresad mravalferovani da kompleqsuri problematikis gamo, Znelia

mis farglebSi cnebebis da terminebis amomwuravi da zusti

gansazRvrebebis mocema. es, pirvel rigSi, exeba kulturis

mecnierebebisTvis iseT fundamentur cnebebs, rogoricaa kultura da

civilizacia. maTi mkafiod gansazRvris sirTule am fenomenebis

kompleqsurobiT da mravlmxrivobiT aris gamowveuli. kulturac da

civilizaciac mravali disciplinis interesis sferoSi Sedis da yvela

maTgani sakuTari rakursiT udgeba am cnebebs.

warmodgenili naSromic ar aris gamonaklisi; Cvenc aucileblad

CavTvaleT kulturisa da civilizaciis, iseve rogorc sxva

mniSvnelovani cnebebis samuSao definiciebis SemoTavazeba, romlebic

orientiris rols Seasruleben naSromSi dasmuli sakvlevi problemis

adekvaturad aRsaqmelad. es gansazRvrebebi Seesabameba im Teoriul-

meTodologiur safuZvels, romelsac kvlevis procesSi veyrdnobodiT.

  31

“kultura” erT-erT yvelaze gavrcelebuli sityvaa, romelic

mravali mniSvnelobis matarebelia da uamravi interpretaciis

SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs. misi “univerasluroba da yovlismomcveloba

saSualebas iZleva, ganvixiloT igi mraval aspeqtSi: rogorc

sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis sfero; socialuri instituti; pirovnebis

ganviTarebis donis maxasiTebeli; sazogadoebis maregulirebeli

normebis sistema; socialuri gamocdilebis gadacemis meqanizmi;

TviTidentifikaciis fenomeni da a.S. (Ciqovani 2005: 23-24). farTo

mniSvnelobiT, kulturis cneba aRniSnavs adamianis gansxvavebas yvela

biologiuri arsebisgan, mis meore bunebas. sxvagvarad, rogorc

britaneli samxedro moRvawe lord raglani (Lord Raglan) aRniSnavs,

kultura aris yvelaferi is, rasac Cven vakeTebT, da rasac maimunebi ar

akeTeben.

TiToeuli samecniero disciplina Tavisi specifikidan udgeba am

cnebas. Cvens SemTxvevaSi, kulturas lokalur-civilizaciuri midgomis

farglebSi ganvixilavT. am gagebiT, msoflio Sedgeba mravali,

erTmaneTisagan damoukidebeli kulturisgan/sazogadoebisgan, romlebsac

aqvT warmoSobisa da ganviTarebis sakuTari, unikaluri gza. kultura _

es aris TviTkmari erToba, mxolod misTvis damaxasiaTebeli

faseulobebiT da tradiciebiT, TviTregulaciis da kvlavwarmoebis

meqanizmebiT da sxva tipologiuri maxasiaTeblebiT, romlebic qmnian mis

saxes. kultura ar aris marto is, rac ganarCevs adamians sxva

biologiuri arsebebisgan, aramed is, rac ganarCevs adamianTa

sazogadoebebs erTmaneTisgan. kulturaTa lokaluri xedva mas Semdeg

gaCnda, rac dasavleli anTropologebis xelSi didZali informacia

dagrovda sxvadaxva xalxebis Sesaxeb. aman ki kulturuli

mravalferovnebis aRiarebamde miiyvana dasavleTis samecniero wreebi.

realurad, kacobriobis istoriis erTian, evolucionistur xedvas

seriozuli alternativa gamouCnda. amis Semdeg, saubari daiwyes ara

erTian sakacobrio kulturaze, aramed kulturebze da sazogadoebebze.

naSromSi “kulturas” da “sazogadoebas” sinonimuri mniSvnelobiT

viyenebT. TavisTavad, es ori cneba identuri ar aris, magram, xSir

SemTxvevaSi, gadafaravs erTmaneTs, radgan Znelia Tavis maxasiaTeblebiT

kultura da sazogadoeba erTmaneTisgan gavmijnoT.

  32

saerTod, unda aRiniSnos, rom kulturisa da sazogadoebis

cnebebis Taviseburi interpretacia damaxasiaTebeli iyo

anTropologiuri skolebisTvis. magaliTad, socialuri anTropologiis

britanuli da kulturuli anTropologiis amerikuli skolebis

warmomadgenlebi sxvadasxvagvarad gansazRvraven Tanafardobas terminebs

kultura da sazogadoeba Soris. amerikeli kulturanTropologebi

kulturas ufro farTo cnebad miiCneven, xolo sociums ganixilaven

rogorc mis qvesistemas. britanuli skolisaTvis "sazogadoeba"

yovlismomcveli terminia, kultura ki ganixileba rogorc sociumis erT-

erTi funqcia.

Cveni naSromis amocana ar aris britanuli da amerikuli

anTropologiis farglebSi kulturisa da sazogadoebis cnebaTa Soris

aqcentebis gadanawilebis mizezebis kvleva. is, rasac eyrdnoba Cveni

xedva, am ori cnebis erTi mniSvnelobiT gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas

iZleva. kulturisa da sazogadoebis cnebebi, xSir SemTxvevaSi, identur

fenomenebs aRniSnaven. sazogadoeba, sociumi, romelic sociologiis

ZiriTadi cnebaa, kulturis cnebis msgavsad, mravalgvari intepretaciis

sagania. am cnebis qveS SeiZleba vigulisxmoT im adamianebis erToba,

romlebic dakavSirebuli arian saerTo wamoSobiT, Tanaarsebobis

gamocdilebiT, mdgomareobiT, interesebiT da miznebiT. sazogadoebis

SigniT individebi Tu sxvadasxva tipis jgufebi erTmaneTTan arian

dakavSirebuli, erTmaneTze damokidebuli da urTierTqmedeben

socialuri realobis yvela aspeqtSi (ekonomikur, politikur,

msoflmexedvelobriv da a.S.), rac sazogadoebas rTul sistemad aqcevs.

sazogadoeba warmoudgenelia kulturuli maxasiaTeblebis gareSe,

kultura ki ar arsebobs misi matarebeli sazogadoebis gareSe.

naSromSi gamoyenebuli “civilizaciis” cnebis qveS igulisxmeba

garkveuli niSniT erTmaneTis msgavs kulturaTa erToblioba. esaa

kulturuli identobis yvelaze farTo done. civilizaciis amgvari

intepretaciac, rogorc Tavidanve iTqva, lokalur-civilizaciuri

midgomidan gamomdinareobs. am midgomis warmomadgenlebi (n.danilevski

(Н. Данилевский), o. Spengleri, a.j. toinbi (A.J. Toynbee), s. hanTingtoni (S.

Huntington) sxvadasxva raodenobisa da saxelwodebis civilizaciebs

  33

asaxelebdnen da maT Soris urTierTobac gansxvavebulad warmoedgenaT,

magram maT aerTianebT civilizaciis erTgvarovani gageba.

drois aRqma da istoriis gageba, rogorc aRiniSna, kulturis

fundamenturi maxasiaTebelia, romelic misi raobisa da civilizaciuri

kuTvnilebis Sesaxeb msjelobis saSualebas iZleva. xazi unda gavusvaT

im garemoebas, rom naSromis mizania drois rogorc ara damoukidebeli

kategoriis, aramed rogorc adamianis da mTlianad sazogadoebis mier

aRqmuli fenomenis kvleva. am SemTxvevaSi, dro arsebobs imdenad,

ramdenadac mas ganicdis, saxels arqmevs da awesrigebs adamiani da

sazogadoeba. Cveni mTavari mizani swored droisa da istoriis aRqmis

anTropologiur aspeqtSi ganxilvaa.

Sua saukuneebis qristianul samyaroSi droisa da istoriis

gagebas iudeur-qristianuli, xazovani drois koncefcias ukavSireben. es

koncefcia, ZiriTadad, winaqristnianuli cikluri drois alternativad

ganixileba. ciklur da xazovan droze naSromis Sesaval nawilSi ukve

iyo saubari da amitom masze sagangebod ar SevCerdebiT. Tumca drois da

istoriis aRqmasTan dakavSrebuli iseTi termini, rogoricaa

“koleqtiuri mexsiereba”, aucileblad moiTxovs ganmartebas.

koleqtiuri mexsiereba uzarmazari problemaa, romelsac ikvlevs

fsiqologia da sociologia. es problema aseve mniSvnelovania

saistorio mecnierebis, kulturuli anTropologiis, da saerTod,

kulturis mecnierebebisTvis, radgan igi ukavSirdeba kulturis erT-erT

fundamentur maxasiaTebels _ droisa da istoriis/warsulis aRqmas.

termini koleqtiuri mexsiereba, romelic frang sociolog moris

halbvaqss ekuTvnis, aRniSnavs mexsierebas, romelic saerToa, gadaicema

da yalibdeba konkretuli jgufis mier mikro Tu makro doneze

(socialuri, jgufi, eTnosi, nacia, kultura). koleqtiuri mexsierebis

matarebel jgufs Tu sazogadoebas “mnemonikur erTobasac” uwodeben.

“mnemonika” warsulis damaxsovrebisa teqnikaa. mnemonikuri erToba ki _

is erToba, romelic specifikuri, misTvis damaxasiTebeli xerxebiT

imaxsovrebs da awesrigebs warsuls.

kolqtiur mexsierebasTan da warsulis aRqmasTan aris

dakavSirebuli termini narativic. arsebobs am terminis uamravi

ganmarteba, magram Cven isev da isev anTropologiuri perspeqtiviT

  34

vudgebiT mas. narativSi vgulisxmobT sazogadoebaSi warsulis Sesaxeb

arsebul sqematur TxrobiT modelebs, romlebic garkveuli

TanmimdevrobiT da kanonzomierebiT asaxaven warsuls. warsulis es

modelebi yvelaze mkafiod vlindeba istoriul teqstebSi.

  35

Tavi II

droisadmi damokidebuleba da istoriis gaazreba antikur

epoqaSi

 

Sua saukuneebamdeli periodis saistorio mwerlobaSi drois

aRqmaze saubari, umTavresad, antikuri avtorebis Semoqmedebis

safuZvelze SegviZlia. swored Zveli berZeni da romaeli avtorebis mier

SemuSavebuli xerxebi, Txrobis stili da sxva maxasiaTeblebi, bevr

SemTvevaSi, saxelZRvanelo iyo Sua saukuneebis qristianuli samyaros

avtorebisTvis.

antikuri xanis berZnebis drois aRqma cikluri, miTosuri iyo.

cikluri dro warmoidgineboda maradiuli wrebrunvis saxiT. ciklur da

mudmivad ganmeorebad dros warTmeuli aqvs Seuqcevadobis Tviseba

(Tanamedrove gagebiT), rac ganapirobebs imas, rom arsebobs mxolod

awmyo da swored am awmyoSi igulisxmeba warsulic da momavalic.

qristianuli, sworxazovani, istoriuli drois perspeqtiva warsulisaken

da momavlisaken absoluturad gaugebari iyo Zveli berZenisaTvis.

drois amgvari gageba Seesabameboda maSindel msoflaRqmas. samyaro

iyo wesrigi, kosmosi, garkveuli simetriuli, sivrciTi struqtura,

romelSic droc ki sivrciT modusSia mocemuli. rogorc g. viTrou

aRniSnavs, homerosis eposSi, iliadas olimpiur Teologiasa da moralSi

ganmsazRvreli iyo ufro sivrcesTan, vidre drosTan dakavSirebuli

cnebebi. yvelaze did codvaSi _ “qedmaRlobaSi” _ igulisxmeboda

dadgenili sivrcidan gasvla. yvelafers aqvs Tavisi sazRvrebi, romlebic

ar unda dairRves. homeross ar ainteresebda sagnebis warmoSobis

problema da araferi dauweria kosmogoniaze. masTan mxolod is idea

Cans, rom wyali aris yvelafris sawyisi. es gamoxatulia miTologiurad,

roca okeanusi, mdinare, romelic gars ertymis samyaros sferos da

yvelafris sawyisad aris dasaxelebuli. rogorc aRniSnaven, yvelafris

sawyisad wylis miCneva ionuri ideaa, radgan is Cans ionur filosofiaSi

da, aseve, aRmosavleTis im xalxebSi, romelTa gavlena adreuli

periodis ioniaze aSkaraa. Talesi, pirveli berZeni filofosi, ionieli

  36

iyo, romelic miiCnevda, rom yvela sagnis pirveli principi (arqe) aris

wyali (viTrou 1988: 37-38).

drois sivrciT kategoriad gaazrebaze yuradRebas amaxvilebs h.

baterfildic. mas mohyavs amonaridi T. draiveris (T. Driver) wignidan

“istoriis gageba berZnul da Seqspiris dramaSi”, sadac saubaria

drosTan da istoriasTan antikuri dramis rTul mimarTebaze. draiveris

azriT, homerosTan dro, ubralod, literaturuli xerxia... aq movlenebi

ar viTardeba warsulidan momavlisaken. esqiles istoriul dramaSi

“sparselebi” dro gayinulia. aq ar aris gadmocemuli droSi cxovrebis

gamocdileba. berZnuli tragediis mizania drois faqtoris minimizacia

da kosmiuri kanonisa da Zalebis moqmedebis gamovlena. berZnebTan dro

kosmosis nawilia da is ufro kosmiuri sivrcis funqciaa, vidre

realobis gansxvavebuli wesrigi. sivrce elinuri azrovnebisTvis

damaxasiaTebeli formaa, rogorc, magaliTad, dro ebraelebisTvis.

berZnuli sintaqsi gamoxatavs mentalobas, romelic dros gaiazrebs ara

rogorc gamocdilebis formas, aramed rogorc materialur mocemulobas,

romelic SeiZleba gaizomos, daiWras, mowesrigdes, klasificirdes.

platoni da aristotele droze amdens imitom fiqrobdnen, rom am

problemisadmi interesi damaxasiaTebeli iyo sivrceze orienetirebuli

cnobierebisTvis (baterfildi 1981: 119).

antikuri xanis berZnebi warsulsac sxvanairad gaiazrebdnen, vidre

es Tanamedrove gagebiT gvesmis. “warsuli iyo is momenti, rodesac

ganxorcielda kosmogoniis aqti, roca uformo qaosisgan Seiqmna

mowesrigebuli kosmosi, adamianebis samyaro. miTi yvelaze Zlier iyo

dakavSirebuli swored am pirvelsagnebisa da pirvelqmnadobis epoqasTan.

am dros aRsrulebuli movlenebi qmnidnen im mudmiv struqturebs,

romlebic awmyoSic moqmedebdnen da momavalzec vrceldebodnen. amitom

dro diaqronulicaa da sinqronulic, Seuqcevadic da Seqcevadic. es

kargad Cans perioduli dResaswaulebis ritualebSi. maTSi monawileobiT

adamians SeeZlo gadaelaxa profanuli dro da gadasuliyo sakralur

droSi, im warsulSi, rodesac Seiqmna samyaro. ritualur procesSi

adamiani periodulad acocxlebda sakralur dros da axerxebda

kosmogoniuri aqtis ganxorcielebas, romlis uSualo monawile TviTon

iyo. es maradiuli ganmeorebadoba, drois cikluroba gansazRvravda

  37

adamianis Sexedulebas samyaroze. swored drois cikluroba udevs

safuZvlad kalendarul dResaswaulebsa da miTebs, rwmenas mokvdavi da

aRdgenadi RvTaebebis Sesaxeb” (xidaSeli 2001: 28-30).

homerosis epoqis berZnebi adidebdnen da mokrZalebiT ekidebodnen

maT RmerTebs, winaprebsa da warsuli droebis gmirebs, romlebic eposSi

iyvnen aRwerili. baterfildis azriT, imis gamo, rom eposi istoriis

funqcias asrulebda da, nawilobriv, imitom, rom adamianebi ase Zlier

iyvnen masze damokidebuli, istoriis da istoriuli cnobierebis

ganviTareba homerosis epoqis berZnebSi Seferxebuli iyo (baterfildi

1981: 119-125).

iliadasa da odiseas garda, arsebobda sxva eposebi, romlebic

exeboda troas omTan dakavSirebul rig sakiTxebs. maTi Seqmnis procesi

homerosis merec grZeldeboda, rac imaze miuTiTebs, rom troas omis

mimarT interesi Zalian didi iyo. magaliTad, tragikosebi uxvad

iyenebdnen Temebs am eposebidan. maTTan aris dakavSirebuli genealogiis

sakiTxis aqtualizacia Zvel saberZneTSi. aristokratiuli ojaxebi

cdilobdnen, TavinTi genealogiuri xazi daekavSirebinaT homerosis

gmirebTan da RmerTebTan da qmnidnen sakuTar eposebs am kuTxiT. am

survilSi, rogorc baterfildi aRniSnavs, SeiZleba davafiqsiroT

legendisa da istoriis Tanxvedris momenti (baterfildi 1981: 128-129).

hesiode Tavis “samuSaoni da dRenSi” saubrobs adamianebis

degradirebaze oqros saukunis mere. misi poema impliciturad drois

gagebazea dafuZnebuli, magram sityva dro iq ar moixsenieba. poemis

mTavari mizania rCevebis micema wlis ganmavlobaSi Sesasrulebeli

saqmianobis regulirebis kuTxiT, magaliTad, romeli dRea kargi Tu

cudi, Sesabamisi Tu Seusabamo ama Tu im saqmianobisaTvis. mokled,

hesiodesTan dro samyaros moraluri wesrigis aspeqtia (viTrou 1988: 37-

38).

mTeli misi arsebobis manZilze, Zveli berZnuli kulturisTvis,

damaxasiaTebeli erT-erTi Zalze mniSvnelovani momentia warsulis

perspeqtivis simokle da, xSir SemTxvevaSi, istoriuli mexsierebis

deficiti. es, rogorc qvemoT vnaxavT, berZeni istorikosebis teqstebSic

kargad vlindeba.

  38

ax.w.aR. I saukuneSi, ebraeli istorikosi ioseb flaviusi mwvaved

akritikebda berZnebs swored istoriisadmi maTi indiferentuli

damokidebulebis gamo. misi azriT, Zveli drois istoriis momavali

TaobisTvis gadacemis wesi ukeT iyo daculi im xalxebSi, romlebsac

barbarosebs uwodebdnen, vidre sakuTriv berZnebSi. is aRwerda, Tu

rogor inaxavdnen uZvelesi da xangrZlivi tradiciebis xsovnas

egviptelebi, babilonelebi da finikielebi. rogorc igi aRniSnavs, es

xalxebi cxovrobdnen teritoriaze, romelic araCveulebrivad iyo

daculi damangreveli kataklizmebisagan. garda amisa, isini iwerdnen

yvelafers. maTi istoria, rogorc sakraluri da yvelaze brZeni

adamianebis mier dawerili, asaxuli iyo saxalxo adgilas dafebze.

aseTi xalxebis rigSi ganixilavda igi ebraelebsac da werda: “Cven viciT

Cveni didi mRvdelmsaxurebis saxelebi, romlebic ori aTasi wlis

ganmavlobaSi mamidan Svilze TanmimdevrobiT gadadioda da iwereboda”.

berZnebTan mimarTebaSi ki is aRniSnavda: “yvelaferi, rac Tavs

gadaxdaT berZnebs, ar momxdara didi xnis winaT, ufro metic, es moxda

guSin”. misi azriT, im adgilebSi, sadac berZnebi cxovroben, aTi aTasi

katastrofa moxda, ramac waSala warsuli movlenebis maxsovroba;

amgvarad, isini yovelTvis Tavidan iwyebdnen cxovrebas da egonaT, rom

isini iyvnen axali saxelmwifos damaarseblebi (baterfildi 1981: 119).

homerosamde, klasikur saberZneTamde am teritoriaze arsebobda

sxva _ mikenis civilizacia, romlis Sesaxeb berZnebma, faqtobrivad,

araferi icodnen. maT ar SeeZloT “b xazovani” teqstebis kiTxva,

romliTac mofenili iyo es adgilebi. TiTqos rkinis farda iyo

Camofarebuli klasikur saberZneTsa da mikenur civilizacias Soris.

bnel saukuneebad wodebuli Sua saukuneebisgan gansxvavebiT, romelic,

mniSvnelovanwilad, sazrdoobda antikuri tradiciiT, klasikur

saberZneTs, praqtikulad, warmodgena ar hqonda rkinis fardis miRma

arsebul civilizaciaze. es kargad miuTiTebs istoriuli mexsierebis

arqonaze.

am garemoebT aixsneba is araordinaruli situacia, romelic iyo

Zv.w. me-5 saukunis saberZneTSi. am dros berZnebma mxolod SedarebiT

mokle warsulis Sesaxeb icodnen. isini fiqrobdnen, rom istoriuli

warsuli mxolod ramdenime saukunes moicavda, manamde ki iyo dro, roca

  39

RmerTebi dadiodnen dedamiwaze. am saukunis dasawyisSi hekateos

mileteli imyofeboda egvipteSi da mouyva egviptelebs, Tu rogor

SeeZlo mas CamoeTvala winaprebis 16 Taoba, romlis saTaveSi romelime

RmerTi idga. egviptelma ki mas miuTiTa im mRvdelmsaxurTa qandakebebze,

romlebic erTmaneTs cvlidnen aTaswleulebis manZilze. es iyo drois

Zalin didi monakveTi, romelic SeiZleba istoriul drod miCneuliyo.

ufro mogvianebiT, herodotec saubrobda msgavs situaciaze,

romelmac masze Zalian didi STabeWdileba moaxdina. yvelaferi amis

Sedegi is iyo, rom berZnebs mowiwebisa da pativiscemis grZnoba

CamouyalibdaT egviptelebisa da maTi mRvdelmsaxurebis naTqvamis

mimarT. egvipte iyo is adgili, sadac berZnebi eZebdnen pasuxebs yvelaze

rTuli istoriuli problemebis asaxsnelad. magaliTad, es sakiTxebi

exeboda elenes, pariss, troas oms, herakles da adreul RmerTebs. Zveli

berZnebi nel-nela acnobierebdnen, rom raRac katastrofulma movlenam

isini ase Zlierad mokveTa sakuTar warsuls (baterfildi 1981: 120-123).

ioseb flaviusis, hekateos miletelis da herodotes gamocdilebis

gamoZaxilia platonis “timeosSi” moTxrobili ambavi, romelic egvipteSi

solonis mogzaurobas exeba. soloni egviptel qurums istoriaze

esaubreba da aRmoaCens, rom is da danarCeni berZnebi srulad uvicni

arian am sakiTxebSi:

“erTxelac solons ganuzraxavs Zvel Tqmulebebze Camoegdo sityva da

ucdia maTTvis moeTxro is miTebi, romlebic uZvelesadaa miCneuli... Tanac

mouwadinebia gamoeyvana maT STamomavalTa megvartomeobis nusxa da gardasul

TaobaTa ricxvis mixedviT gamoeangariSebina maT Semdeg ganvlili dro. maSin

erT mxcovan qurums wamouZaxia: “o, solon, solon, Tqven berZnebi, maradiuli

bavSvebi xarT, da ar aris moxuci berZenTa Soris... Tqven yvelani yrmebi xarT

suliT... vinaidan arc erTis suli ar imarxavs odiTganve momdinare ZvelisZvel

gadmocemebs da arc droiT gaWaRaravebul raime swavlas”.

egvipteli qurumic amis mizezad berZnebis Tavs mravaljer datexil

bunebriv kataklizmebs asaxelebs (platoni 1994: 282).

platoni sxva msgavs miniSnebebs akeTebs Tavis “kanonebSi”. is

saubrobs Zvel Tqmulebaze, romlis mixedviT, adamianTa modgmas

warRvnis, avadmyofobebis da sxva saxis bevri katastofa daatyda Tavs.

  40

Sedegad, mxolod kacTa modgmis mciredi nawili gadarCa. eseni iyvnen

mTian adgilebs Sefarebuli mwemsebi ramodenime Txisa da xaris amara,

yovelgvari samuSao iaraRisa an saSualebebis gareSe. aristotele Tavis

“metafizikaSi” acxadebs, rom, yvela SemTxvevaSi, sxvadasxva saxis

xelovnebisa da filosofiis aRmoCena periodulad Tavidan xdeba, magram

aseve periodulad qreba am ganmeorebadi katastrofebis gamo

(baterfildi 1981: 125).

droisa da istoriuli warsulisadmi aseTi damokidebuleba

ganapirobebda Zveli berZnuli istoriografiis xasiaTs, romelic

warmoiSva ioniaSi _- mcire aziis dasavleT sanapiroze da maxlobel

kunZulebze, sadac berZeni kolonistebi damkvidrdnen. ioniaSi eposma

ganviTarebis mwvervalebs miaRwia; aq gaCnda prozauli mwerloba; aqedan

iyvnen pirveli filosofosebi da eladis am nawilSi gadaidga pirveli

nabijebi mecnieruli kvlevis ganviTarebisaken. sayovelTao Sexedulebis

Tanaxmad, “istoriis mamad” berZeni avtori herodotea miCneuli da

berZnebi iyvnen pirvelebi, romlebic warsulis movlenebs mecnieruli

meTodebiT miudgnen. miuxedavad amisa, arsebobs aseve myari mosazreba,

rom berZnebma ver miaRwies istoriul cnobierebas da verc verasdros

miaRwevdnen, radgan mcdari Sexeduleba hqondaT drosa da drois

dinebaze. r. kolingvudi (R. Collingwood) saubrobda berZnuli azrovnebis

antiistoriul tendenciaze. m. finli (M.Finley) werda, rom

inteleqtualur doneze yvelaferi istoriis ideis winaaRmdeg iyo.

saerTod, Tvlian, rom yvela im gamokvlevas Soris, romelic berZnebma

daiwyes, istoria yvelaze warumatebeli iyo (baterfildi 1981: 118).

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Zvel berZnul “istorias” ganazRvravda ara

istorizmis, drois pricipi, aramed sxvadasxva xalxis gamokvlevis,

aRweris interesi. erT-erTi mosazrebis mixedviT, es interesi uZveles

egviptur da Suamdinarul civilizaciebTan arsebulma kontaqtebma da

sparselebis mier mcire aziis dapyrobam ganapiroba.

Zvel berZnul istoriografiaSi, sivrcesTan SedarebiT, drois

faqtoris minimalur mniSvnelobaze miuTiTebs is faqti, rom teqstebSi

qronologiuri monacemebi da Soreul warsulTan dakavSirebuli faqtebi

mwirad moipoveba. rac ufro Soria droiTi distancia, antikur

avtorebTan miT ufro metad igrZnoba zepiri tradiciis gavlena. o.

  41

Spengleris azriT, imis gamo, rom antikuri kultura ar flobda

mexsierebas istoriuli gagebiT da samyaro moculi iyo ”wminda

aqarsobiT”, romelic, faqtobrivad, drois uaryofas niSnavda, elinis

cnobierebaSi yvelaferi, rac warsulTan iyo dakavSirebuli, maSinve

drois gareSe, uZrav, miTiurad gaformebul sinamdviled iqceoda.

amitomac dgas eWvqveS antikuri periodis avtorebis SemoqmedebaSi

dasaxelebuli faqtebis, TariRebis, saxelebis realuroba. “antikuri

istoria sparseTis omebamde da gacilebiT gviandeli periodebis

tradiciuli konstruqciac ki, arsebiTad, miTosuri azrovnebis

produqtia” (Spengleri 1993: 137).

berZnebi, romlebmac totalurad ar axsovdaT araferi TavinT

mikenel winamorbedebze, kidev ufro ususurebi iyvenen troas omis

Semdgomi 4-5 saukunis sakuTariis damaxsovrebaSi. mkvelvrebs dResac

uWirT monacemebis mopoveba am periodis Sesaxeb. ar aris cnobebi

imisaTvi