-
0
,
/
: :
. .
, 2014.
-
1
University of Belgrade
Faculty of Political Science
Doctoral Dissertation
Comparative analysis of public administration in the political
system of the Weimar Republic, the
French Third Republic and the Kingdom of SCS/Yugoslavia
Mentor: Candidate:
Prof. Dr Zoran Krsti M.Sc. Duan R. Bajagi
Belgrade, 2014
-
2
:
.
,
.
,
.
,
-
3
..................................................................................................................................9
...............................................15
,
................................................................................................22
2.1. 15. 18. ........................30
2.1.1.
................................................................43
2.1.2. .............................56
2.1.3. ...........................72
, /........................84
3.1.
...........................................................87
3.1.1. 19
20.
.....................................................................103
3.1.2. 19.
20.
.....................................................................143
3.1.3. 19. 20.
.............................................165
3.2.
..............................................................................................196
3.3.
..........................................................................................209
3.4.
...................................................................................217
3.5.
.............................................................................................220
3.6.
.......................................................223
3. 7.
( )......................................228
V
.....................................................................................................234
4.1. .............................................237
-
4
4.2.
......................................................238
4.3.
...............................................................241
4.4.
...................................................................245
4.5. ......................................246
4.6.
......................................................................................254
4.7.
.............................................................255
4.8. ........................................284
4.9.
........................................................................290
V ................................................336
5.1.
.............................................................338
5.2.
.....................................................................342
5.3. ........................349
...................................................................................................390
..................................................................................................395
.......................................................................................................412
-
5
,
/ ,
, ,
,
/.
.
.
,
.
,
. , , ,
.
.
,
.
.
.
-
6
.
,
.
, .
: , , ,
, /, .
:
:
-
7
Summary
The doctoral thesis Comparative analysis of state administration
in the political
systems of the Weimar Republic, the French Third Republic and
the Kingdom of
SCS/Yugoslavia is an exploration of the state administration,
the maner in which it
manages the affairs of public interest, the characteristics of
these operations, as well as
their position in the organization in the specific political
systems of the Weimar
Republic, the French Third Republic and the Kingdom of
SCS/Yugoslavia.
This research is defined as a case study and it represents an
integrative and
synthetic approach to the process of organizing and functioning
of the state
administration in the political systems of the three countries
that are considered. On the
basis of theoretical suggestions, the process of organizing and
functioning of the state
administration is understood as a universal process.
The research covered the time between the two world wars,
because in that time
in Europe was created a new type of state, which had the
characteristics of peculiar
political evolution. Attributes of those changes were, in some
case radical revolutionary
changes, which have led to new arrangements with new ideologies.
Yet in other cases,
there was retained the structure of the old institutions, but
they went along with new
ones introduced, that were the results of new concepts of the
state and its tasks.
In general, this study seeks how to get into the essence of the
relationship that
the central government and its agencies in the three countries
had toward state
administration. Within this approach is determined the character
of the relations
between heads of administrative agencies, governments and
parliaments in the process
of organizing and functioning of the state administration. Along
with this level of
observation, there is also considered the influence of political
parties and interest
groups in the course of organizing and functioning of the state
administration.
The results of the research indicate that the state
administration has the central
position in the political system, and in a broader snse, in the
social system. The reason
for such an important position was, in the first place, that an
impartial and professional
public administration much can contribute to reducing the risk
of compromising the
public interest and breaches of the democratic order. Such a
function had the effect on
the main task of the state administration in the political
system: to be effective,
-
8
economical and rational in managing the public interest. This is
particularly important,
because with the realization of all tasks and preformance of all
activities, the human
rights and freedoms would be protected, and thereby it would
increase the overall
welfare of the whole society.
Keywords: Public Administration, Political System, the Weimar
Republic, the
French Third Republic, the Kingdom of SCS/Yugoslavia,
Comparative Analysis.
Scientific field: Political Science
Scientific area: Comparative Politics
-
9
,
,
. ,
,
,
.
,
, ,
.
,
.
, , ,
,
15. 18 .
,
.
.
, .
,
.
, .
,
.
-
10
19. 20 . ,
,
, ,
,
,
.
,
.
,
. ,
,
.
.
,
.
, ,
,
,
,
, , ,
.
.
, .
.
-
11
. ,
,
,
.
.
. ,
.
.
,
.
, .
.
. ,
,
,
, .
,
/
.
.
,
-
12
, , ,
,
.
,
/ :
,
, .
.
,
.
, .
.
,
.
,
, .
() . ,
.
.
,
, , .
, .
,
.
,
. ,
, .
.
. ,
,
-
13
.
,
.
. , ,
. ,
.
,
.
.
, ,
. ,
,
.
.
, ,
, .
,
.
, () . ,
,
.
.
.
.
-
14
, ,
,
.
. , ,
.
-
15
I -
1.1.
.
.
.
, ()
.
;
. ,
,
, .
,
.
, .
,
(
).
1.2.
,
/. ,
.
, ,
.
-
16
.
,
.
.
.
.
.
.
, .
.
;
,
e,
.
XX (
)
.
XIX .
, ,
.
.
.
,
-
17
, ,
. .
, , ,
.
.
.
, ,
. ,
.
,
.
,
.
,
,
/,
.
1918. . 11.
1919. , (Reichstag) ,
(Deutsches Reich). 30.
1933. , ,
23. 1933.
(Ermchtigungsgesetz) ,
.
.
. ,
11. 1919. , .
,
.
-
18
4. 1870.
III .
25. 1940. ,
.
, 1875.
. ,
.
() ,
.
/ 1. 1918.
,
, . 6. 1941.
,
, .
. 6. 1929.
I ,
, .
3. 1931.
I ,
.
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
1.3.
:
-
19
,
/
.
:
,
/
: ()
.
, ,
, /.
.
,
,
/.
.
-
20
,
/ ,
.
, /
,
.
,
/.
,
,
,
/.
,
/
.
, ,
, ,
.
, ,
, /.
,
-
21
/, ,
.
1.4.
,
. ,
,
,
.
.
:
,
.
1.5.
,
/.
1.6.
:
,
/.
:
,
,
, , .
-
22
II
,
,
. .
( )
. ,
.1
.
: ,
, , ,
.2
, ,
status () je Etat, je
Staat.3
,
. ,
,
.4
1 , , , 2000, . 1921, 53 54; , , I II, , 1936, . I/2225, 5154; ,
; : , , 1995, . 3943; Dr Radomir D. Luki, Politika teorija drave,
Beograd, 1962, str. 1825; Endru Hejvud, Politika, Beograd, 2004,
str. 168172. 2 Rjenik hrvatskog ili srpskog jezika na svijet izdaje
Jugoslavenska Akademija Znanosti i Umjetnosti, obrauje . Danii,
(Dalje u tekstu: Rjenik JAZU), Dio. II, etaavli, U Zagrebu,
18841886, str. 835. 3 status, (state) , , (State). . . , , . 21 22,
. , , . I/29 30. 4 . . , , . 5860, 6570, 74 ; . , , . I/30 31, 80;
. , ; : , . 61; , , , 2003, . 370.
-
23
,
,
.
,
.
,
. ,
,
(
cuius regio illius religio
quod est in territorio etiam est de territorio) 19. 20.
.
, .
.
, , :
, ,
.5
,
.
, , ,
, ,
,
.
5 . . , , . 6669, 111113; . , , . I/3249; . . , , . 370375.
-
24
,
,
. , ,
. , ,
, ,
, .6
.
.
.7
.
, ,
, . ,
,
.
,
. ,
,
6 . , , . I/911, 223233; . . , , . 388395; Nikola Viskovi,
Teorija drave i prava, Zagreb, 2001, str. 3235. 7 . . , , . 4345; .
, , . I/192201. Videti o tome vie: Duan Janji, Drava i nacija,
Zagreb, 1987; Hagen ulce, Drava i nacija u evropskoj istoriji,
Beograd, 2002.
-
25
,
.8
20. 21.
,
,
:
,
,
.
,
.9
.
: , , .
. ,
,
, ,
.
,
,
, ,
.
, ,
8 Gi Breban, Administrativno pravo Francuske, PodgoricaBeograd,
2002, str. 5266; . , , , , , 2010, . 5779. Eugen Pusi, Upravni
sistemi, 1, Zagreb, 1985, str. 2325, 4762. : , , , , 1909; Dr Ruica
Guzina, Optina u Srbiji 18391918, Beograd, 1976. 9 Endru Hejvud,
Politika, Beograd, 2004, str. 194197, 271282. : Boris Kagarlitsky,
The Twilight of Globalization: Property, State and Capitalism,
London, 2000; Prem Shankar Jha, The Twilight of the Nation State:
Globalisation, Chaos and War, London, 2006; The Disappearing State?
Retrenchment Realities in an Age of Globalisation, Edited by
Francis G. Castles, CheltenhamNorthampton, 2007.
-
26
,
. 17. 18. ,
,
.
.
, ,
, ,
.
.
.
,
, , ,
, .
, .
,
,
,
.
,
.
.
,
, ,
, , ,
. ,
.10 10 . . , , . 6974, 88; . , , . I/84, 203,
-
27
, ,
,
, .
,
,
,
.
, .
,
.11
, , ,
, - ,
.
,
, 1789.
, :
,
.
: , , ,
,
, ,
.
, ,
207, 210222, 233248; . . , , . 395406; , , , 1998, . 5156. :
Democracy and the Welfare State, Princeton, 1988. 11 Luiz Carlos
Bresser-Pereira, Democracy and Public Management Reform: Building
the Republican State, New York, 2004, pp. 147155; J. P. Thijsse,
The Process of Urbanization the Magnitude, Urbanization in
Developing Countries, International Union of Local Authorities, The
Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1986, pp. 6771. : Patterns of European
Industrialization: The nineteenth century, Edited by Richard Sylla
and Gianni Toniolo, LondonNew York, 1991; Democracy and the Welfare
State, Princeton, 1988.
-
28
.
.
,
. ,
,
. ,
, , ,
,
.
.
:
,
. ,
.
.
,
. ,
.
, ,
, .
,
.
,
.
-
29
,
. ,
, .12
. ,
.
.
. ,
,
. ,
, ,
,
.
,
.13
,
, ,
.
.
12 . . , , . 5564, 7173, 9395, 126128, 183187; . , , . I/210222,
403414, 415 416, 426433, II/2556; . . , , . 395406, 407414, 416422.
: Patterns of European Industrialization: The nineteenth century,
LondonNew York, 1991; Democracy and the Welfare State, Princeton,
1988. 13 : A. F. Robertson, People and the state: An anthropology
of planned development, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
1984; The State of Sovereignty: Territories, Laws, Populations,
Edited by Douglas Howland and Luise White, Bloomington: Indiana
University Press, 2008.
-
30
. ,
,
.
.
.
,
, .14
2.1. 15. 18.
. ,
,
.15
,
, ,
. ,
, (
) ,
, , ,
.
,
.
, , , ,
14 , , , 2007, . 4548, 4952, 5355, 5558, 75 76; . , ; : , .
5160, 7483; R. Luki, Politika teorija drave, str. 117119; N.
Viskovi, Teorija drave i prava, str. 3539. 15 Max Beloff, The Age
of Absolutism 16601815, New York, 1962, pp. 1127.
-
31
.16
.
.
,
,
.
, (suzerain),
.
, () ,
, ()
.
, .
,
.17
.
,
.
, ,
, ,
,
.
16 Dr Miroslav Brandt, Srednjovjekovno doba povijesnog razvitka,
I, Zagreb, 1980, str. 1168; , : (2841500), , 1997, . 941; or Dibi,
Umetnost i drutvo u srednjem veku, Beograd, 2001, str. 928. 17 J.
T. Abdy, Feudalism: Its rise, progress, and consequences, London,
1890, pp. 59, 107, 109111; ozef Kalmet, Feudalno drutvo, Sarajevo,
1964, str. 729; . , : (2841500), . 84, 121124.
-
32
.18
. (),
,
,
.
.
. ,
.
,
. ,
.
:
,
,
.
,
.19
.
,
,
.
, (
18 The Cambridge Medieval History: The Rise of the Saracens and
the Foundation of the Western Empire, Edited by H. M. Gwatkin and
J. P. Whitney, Volume II, New York, 1913, pp. 642644; J. T. Abdy,
Feudalism, pp. 51, 354355; . Kalmet, Feudalno drutvo, str. 3051. 19
J. T. Abdy, Feudalism, pp. 114128; . Kalmet, Feudalno drutvo, str.
5169.
-
33
) ,
.20
. ,
.
. ,
.
:
,
, 12.
.
13. .
,
.
14. 15.
.
, ,
, ,
.21
14.
18. .
( ),
15. 16. .
20 M. Brandt, Srednjovjekovno doba povijesnog razvitka, str.
211223; . , : (2841500), . 133136. 21 . , : (2841500), . 285 286,
286299, 318331, 418420, 441455, 455458; arl Senjobes, Uporedna
istorija evopskih naroda, Beograd, 1991, str. 177181, 185188;
Immanuel Wallerstein, Suvremeni svjetski sistem, Zagreb, 1986, str.
2146.
-
34
, ,
,
( ).
, , , ,
.
( ), a
.
, ,
.
,
. ,
. ,
,
.22
15.
.
23, , 16. 17. ,
.24
22 . Kalmet, Feudalno drutvo, str. 7097; . Senjobes, Uporedna
istorija evopskih naroda, str. 183185, 199205; , , , 1996, . 151
152. 23 , (Niccolo Machiavelli 14691527). , , , , . , , (Il
principe). . ,
-
35
,
,
.
:
,
.25
.
.
. ,
,
.
,
.
, . . , . . : , , , 2002. 24 : Garrett Mattingly, Renaissance
Diplomacy, Baltimore, 1964. 25 , , : . , , , , . , . , , . , . . ,
. , (14921815), , 1941, . 13, 40; Dragoljub R. ivojinovi, Uspon
Evrope: 14501789, Novi Sad, 1985, str. 3436; . Senjobes, Uporedna
istorija evopskih naroda, str. 240 i 241.
-
36
,
,
.26
.
,
, : ,
.
27,
.
.28
26 . Senjobes, Uporedna istorija evopskih naroda, str. 237240;
D. ivojinovi, Uspon Evrope: 14501789, str. 9499; . , : (2841500),
183 184, 190192, 292 293, 319324, 441443; . , , , 2002, . 300 301,
302305. 27 , , , , (16181648). , () () , . . , , - , , , , . 16. ,
, . 17. . , . , , . : , , , , . . , (14921815), . 11 12; D.
ivojinovi, Uspon Evrope: 14501789, str. 243256; . , , . 467 468. 28
D. ivojinovi, Uspon Evrope: 14501789, str. 9294, 217228, .
Senjobes, Uporedna istorija evopskih naroda, str. 237240, 267269;
Fernan Brodel, Mediteran i mediteranski svijet u doba Filipa II, I
i II, PodgoricaBeograd, 2001, str II/2426, 2838.
-
37
,
.
. ,
,
. , ,
, , .
,
,
. ,
.
,
.
.
.29
,
.
.
, .
.
, ,
. ,
.
,
, ,
. 29 I. Wallerstein, Suvremeni svjetski sistem, str. 106120; .
Senjobes, Uporedna istorija evopskih naroda, str. 267269, 270272; .
, , , 2002, . 4042, 269277.
-
38
,
,
. , :
, ,
,
, .
,
.30
,
.
.
() (Auctoritas, non
veritas facit legem).
:
,
.31
,
(lex animata)
.
.
.
, . ,
.
,
.
30 D. ivojinovi, Uspon Evrope: 14501789, str. 168170, 177184; .
Senjobes, Uporedna istorija evopskih naroda, str. 251255; . , , .
294 295; . , , . 134136. 31 , , , 2010, . 111116; . . , , . 8284; .
. , , . 378382; . , , . I/58, 242; D. ivojinovi, Uspon Evrope:
14501789, str. 64, 218 i 219; . , , . 246249, 250256.
-
39
. ,
. ,
,
, .
,
.
, .32
,
.
(Jean Bodin),
. ,
. ,
,
.
, .
.
,
.
,
.
, ,
,
.33
,
, , ,
,
:
32 . 33 . . , , . 5860, 71 72, 8284, 88; . , , . 378382, 395
396; . , , . I/ 210212, 242; . , , . 244 245, 265267.
-
40
;
,
.34
, ,
.
.35
,
, ,
, ,
.
.
,
, . (
.)
,
.
,
,
, .
, .
. , 34 . . , , . 121123; . , , . 380382; . , , . 241244. 35 . ,
, . I/5962; . , , . 268271.
-
41
,
. ,
,
,
,
.
,
.36
,
, .
.
,
.37
,38
36 . . , , . 3641, 5860, 75 76, 111113; . , , . 367369, 378380;
D. ivojinovi, Uspon Evrope: 14501789, str. 9294, 215218; .
Senjobes, Uporedna istorija evopskih naroda, str. 267269. 37 . . .
, . , , . , . , , . , . , . , . , . . . , (14921815), . 13, 18, 25,
40; D. ivojinovi, Uspon Evrope: 14501789, str. 2224, 3638, 9496; .
Senjobes, Uporedna istorija evopskih naroda, str. 209211, 212; . ,
, . 308312. 38 , . , , . , . Eugen Pusi, Nauka o upravi, Zagreb,
2002, str. 107.
-
42
.
.
politeia,
,
,
, . ,
, .
,
.39
,
.
,
.40
.
, , ,
.
. , ,
,
, ,
, . ,
,
.
,
39 . . , , . 176 177; . , , . 407 408, 412416; D. ivojinovi,
Uspon Evrope: 14501789, str. 388; . , 17131789, , 2003, . 146152.
40 , , . M. Beloff, The Age of Absolutism 16601815, pp. 2123; . ,
17131789, . 184186.
-
43
,
.41
,
. , ,
, .
,
.
.
,
.42
2.1.1.
.
,
, ,
.
(768814), 800.
. ,
.43
41 D. ivojinovi, Uspon Evrope: 14501789, str. 222225, 377382; .
Senjobes, Uporedna istorija evopskih naroda, str. 289; . ,
17131789, . 192 193, 209214; Norberto Bobio, Liberalizam i
demokratija, Beograd, 1995, str. 3543. 42 D. ivojinovi, Uspon
Evrope: 14501789, str. 4043, 8091, 170174, 350362, 373376; .
Senjobes, Uporedna istorija evopskih naroda, str. 293299; . ,
17131789, . 101143. 43 M. Brandt, Srednjovjekovno doba povijesnog
razvitka, str. 6068, 143151, 163180, 225237; . , : (2841500), .
7596; . Senjobes, Uporedna istorija evopskih naroda, str. 6584,
8792.
-
44
843. ,
, .
:
(Ludwig II. der Deutsche 843876) ,
. ,
(Regnum Teutonicum),
(rex Romanorum). ,
.
(Lotario 818855)
() .
.
(Charles le Chauve 843877)
, . .44
, (
)
,
. ,
, ,
, , ,
,
( )
.
.
.
,
, .
44 M. Brandt, Srednjovjekovno doba povijesnog razvitka, str.
237245; . , : (2841500), . 106 107; . Senjobes, Uporedna istorija
evopskih naroda, str. 94 i 95; , , , : 1774, I, : , 1961, .
9295.
-
45
,
.45
,
,
.
.
.
,
. ,
.46
.
,
(l'aide aux quatre cas)
,
.
, ,
. ,
.
, , ,
, .
, ,
,
45 Gustave Masson, France, London, 1879, pp. 279291; M. Guizot,
Madame Guizot de Witt, France, IV, New York, 1898, pp. /227243; . ,
: 1774, . I/96155. 46 M. Guizot, France, pp. I/380495; . , : 1774,
. I/157180, 190210, 267283; Jean Bouvier, Henry Germain-Martin,
Finances et financiers de lAncien Rgime, Paris, 1964, pp. 1549.
-
46
,
.47
, , ,
, ,
(Snchal),
(Conntable), (Chambellan), (Chancelier),
(ministerium regale).
.
: ,
; ,
, (clercs),
.
, ,
.48
,
:
1316.
.
,
- noblesse de robe.
,
.
, (aides),
, .
(generaux sur les fait
des aides), 1370. ,
,
47 Victor Canon, Prcis dhistoire de la finance franaise depuis
ses origines jusqua nos jours, Paris, 1905, pp. 2729; . , : 1774, .
I/168172. 48 . , : 1774, . I/201204; Jean Brissaud, A History of
French Public Law, Boston, 1915, pp. 8486, 384392, 401, 452456.
-
47
.
(Chambre des aides).
.
1320. , (L'Ancien
Rgime), 1789. ,
.
.
,
.
,
(cas royaux).
, 16.
.49
16. , I (Franois Ier 15151547)
.
16.
.
,
( ),
.
1576.
III (Henri III de France 15741589),
. ,
.
49 J. Brissaud, A History of French Public Law, pp. 443450,
457461, 516524; J. Bouvier, Finances et financiers de lAncien
Rgime, pp. 1549.
-
48
IV (Henri IV de France 15891610)
.50
,
(Armand Jean du Plessis,
cardinal-duc de Richelieu et duc de Fronsac) (Jules Mazarin
16431661).
X (Louis XIII le Juste 1610
1643) 1624. 1642.
, .
.
,
,
.
( .)
. ,
30
.
, ,
. ,
, ,
,
, .
,
.
.
, .51
50 : M. Guizot, Madame Guizot de Witt, France, , New York, 1898;
. , : 1774, . I/301312, 351396. 51 M. Guizot, France, p. V/6173;
Richard Lodge, Richelieu, London: Macmillan and Co. Limited, 1920,
pp. 158163, 164168; . , : 1774, . I/419424, 426 427.
-
49
,
.
,. ,
,
, .
, ,
1444. 1775. ,
. ,
,
1789. ,
.52
,
.
. ,
,
(noblesse de robe).
.
.
, ,
, .
,
.
, , (noblesse
depe), ,
, , ,
.
,
52 M. Guizot, France, p. V/6870; J. Brissaud, A History of
French Public Law, pp. 432450; R. Lodge, Richelieu, London, 1920,
pp. 163164, 170171.
-
50
.
, ,
(primus inter pares)
. ,
. , ,
, ,
. ,
. ,
.
,
,
.
,
.53
, . ,
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
, . ,
,
, (remontrances),
,
. 54
,
53 M. Guizot, France, p. V/3661, 7073; R. Lodge, Richelieu,
London, 1920, pp. 168170, 171177. 54 M. Guizot, France, p. V/6165;
R. Lodge, Richelieu, London, 1920, pp. 163164, 170171.
-
51
.
, (1620
1622). : 1625.1626. 1627.1629. ,
, , .
1629.
, .
,
,
.
, ,
, 16
. ,
,
.
.55
,
:
.
.
.
.
,
. ,
.
, ,
.
, , 55 M. Guizot, France, p. V/73105; R. Lodge, Richelieu,
London, 1920, pp. 3955, 5581, 8391.
-
52
,
. ,
, .
,
.
,
.
.56
.
. ,
, ,
.
.
,
,
. ,
,
,
, ,
,
. , , ,
, .57
,
.
. ,
, X, ,
XV (Louis le Grand 16431715), . 56 M. Guizot, France, p.
V/105138; R. Lodge, Richelieu, London, 1920, pp. 110157. 57 R.
Lodge, Richelieu, London, 1920, pp. 177179; . , : 1774, . I/431
432, 433436, 439 440.
-
53
, ,
(Anne d'Autriche 16431661),
.
,
.
,
.58
XV ,
XV (16611715).
.59 XV
58 , . , , . , , . , , . , , . , . , . (), . . . (Louis II de
Bourbon-Cond). , . , . . . . M. Guizot, France, p. V/164210; . , :
1774, . I/444460. 59 XV , . , , . , , . XV . , XV X (16761689). ,
16811682, : ; ; . XV . , . . 1661. , , XV : 16671668,
-
54
.
,
XV .
(Jean-Baptiste Colbert), , XV,
.60
, XV,
.
, .
,
, ,
.
,
, 16721678, 16881697 17011714. , , . , XV, . , . , , . () , .
(Franois Michel Le Tellier, Marquis de Louvois). M. Guizot, France,
p. V/210301, 325365; . , : 1774, . I/461479, 495, 507514. 60 . . ,
, . : , , , , , . , , . , . , . . , . . , XV , , . M. Guizot,
France, p. V/301325; . , : 1774, . I/479495.
-
55
,
. ,
,
,
. ,
, ,
, .
(la taille).
, .
. 1604.
V .
(la capitation) 1697. ,
22 .
(le vingtime)
, 1710. , 1749.
.
. ,
,
.
.
,
1789. .61
XV,
, XV (Louis XV, le Bien-Aim 17151774)
XV (Louis XVI de France 17741792). XV
. 61 : J. Brissaud, A History of French Public Law, pp. 487524;
Victor Canon, Prcis dhistoire de la finance franaise depuis ses
origines jusqua nos jours, Paris, 1905; Jean Bouvier, Henry
Germain-Martin, Finances et financiers de lAncien Rgime, Paris,
1964.
-
56
, . ,
,
(17401748) (17561763)
. XV
. XV
,
.
.
, , ,
.
,
.
.
,
. ,
,
.
,
: , , ,
,
.
,
.62
2.1.2.
I (Otto I.), (936973),
962. ,
. . 62 J. Brissaud, A History of French Public Law, pp. 388399;
. , : 1774, . I/576613; , . , , : 1774 , , , 1961, . 730.
-
57
.
.
:
.
,
.
,
. ,
(, , ,
, .).
, ,
.
,
. ,
,
. 15. ,
,
.
16.
.63
, 15.
.
,
.
, : (Vgte,
Hubmeister), (Pfleger), (Kastner; Kellner),
63 , : , , 1951, . 2450; M. Brandt, Srednjovjekovno doba
povijesnog razvitka, str. 465469, 483492, 493508, 513529; . , :
(2841500), . 189199, 318331, 455458; . , , . 250264;Ulf Drilmajer
(et al.), Kratka istorija Nemake, Beograd, 2009, str. 1171.
-
58
(Rechenmeister), (Schosser)
(Amstleute).
,
, .
,
. ,
, , , ,
, .
(Bede),
(Landesnot), ,
,
.64
,
,
.
, , .
17. , ,
.
,
.65
.
.
,
.
64 Dr Alfons Huber, sterreichische Reichsgeschichte. Geschichte
der Staatsbildung und des ffentlichen Rechts, 1895, s. 526; Herman
Gerlach James, Principles of Prussian Administration, New York,
1913, pp. 1320; Eduard Kern, Geschichte des
Gerichtsverfassungsrechts, Mnchen und Berlin: C. H. Becksche
Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1954, s. 324. 65 A. Huber, sterreichische
Reichsgeschichte. Geschichte der Staatsbildung und des ffentlichen
Rechts, s. 115127; H. James, Principles of Prussian Administration,
pp. 2038.
-
59
.
V 1532. .66
16.
.
.
, ,
, .
,
.
,
.
,
, ,
,
(, ,
) (, , )
, , .67
,
, , ,
.
.
.
, ,
.
, .
.
66 A. Huber, sterreichische Reichsgeschichte. Geschichte der
Staatsbildung und des ffentlichen Rechts, s. 128134; E Kern,
Geschichte des Gerichtsverfassungsrechts, s. 2548. 67 Susane
Baring-Gould, Germany, London: T. Fisher Unwin New York: G. P.
Putnams Sons, 1886, pp. 232239; William Templeton Waugh, Germany,
LondonNew York, 1916, pp. 195202; . , : , . 5056; U. Drilmajer,
Kratka istorija Nemake, Beograd, str. 107116.
-
60
, ,
.
,
,
. ,
:
. ,
, .68
17.
:
.
19. , , 1806. ,
I .
.
()
, .
. 10.
(Ostarrchi), 12.
(Austria), .
(Rudolf von
Habsburg), () (12731291),
1278. 1282. 1278.
, 1453.
.
() .69
,
1526. ,
68 S. Gould, Germany, pp. 240259; W. Waugh, Germany, pp. 204226;
. , : , . 5663; U. Drilmajer, Kratka istorija Nemake, Beograd, str.
116120. 69 Alfred H. New, The History of Austria from earliest ages
to the present time, London, 1859, pp. 35104; . , : (2841500), . 92
I 93, 192, 319, 455458.
-
61
, , ,
,
.
,
.
: ,
;
, ,
,
.
.
.
.70
, 1664.
1718, (1716
1718). ,
.
,
.
16831699, , ,
.
, ,
,
.
70 A. New, The History of Austria from earliest ages to the
present time, pp. 105198; M. Beloff, The Age of Absolutism
16601815, pp. 116118; D. ivojinovi, Uspon Evrope: 14501789,
str.139144, 254256; . , , . 253 254, 259 260, 294 295, 386 387.
-
62
( ), I (Leopold I. 1657
1705) 1687.
1222. (Aranybulla) .
.71 1699. ,
.72
,
, :
, , .
, ,
, , ,
.73
: .
: , ,
, .
, ,
,
.
71 , , . 1711. , (Ferenc II Rkczi) . , . 1713. . A. New, The
History of Austria from earliest ages to the present time, pp.
225226, 229230; A. Huber, sterreichische Reichsgeschichte.
Geschichte der Staatsbildung und des ffentlichen Rechts, s. 134137.
72 A. New, The History of Austria from earliest ages to the present
time, pp. 199229; . , XV XV , , , 1, ( ), , 1994, . 427478; . , , .
4751, 315317, 420432, 502507. 73 : , , ( 18. ), ( , ); ; : , , , ,
( ); : , : , , . , , . A. Huber, sterreichische Reichsgeschichte.
Geschichte der Staatsbildung und des ffentlichen Rechts, s. 115127,
180187; , , , 1927, . 151.
-
63
,
. ,
.
, , ,
.
.
I (Ferdinand I. 15211564)
.
,
.
.
18.
,
. ,
, V,
,
: (
)
.
. ,
,
.
,
,
(, ) .
, ,
.
1719.
.
.
-
64
V
. (Monarchia
Austriaca), .
, (17011714),
V.
.
, .74
V
(Maria Theresia Walburga Amalia Christina 17401780).
, ,
.
,
.
. ,
. ,
,
. : , -
-.
,
.
,
.
, ,
.
,
, (). , ,
74 A. New, The History of Austria from earliest ages to the
present time, pp. 218238; A. Huber, sterreichische
Reichsgeschichte. Geschichte der Staatsbildung und des ffentlichen
Rechts, s. 115180; M. Beloff, The Age of Absolutism 16601815, pp.
116118, 122126.
-
65
, 22 , ,
, .75
(Joseph II. 17651790)
(Franz Stephan von Lothringen 17451765) 1765.
,
. 1780.
,
1918.
II .
, .
.
,
. II
,
. , ,
.
,
.
: , ,
1867. , .76
, .
,
(17881791),
.77
75 A. New, The History of Austria from earliest ages to the
present time, pp. 239263; A. Huber, sterreichische
Reichsgeschichte. Geschichte der Staatsbildung und des ffentlichen
Rechts, s. 180205; . , 17131789, . 176178, 211 212, 229. 76 II , ,
. , . () . , . A. Huber, sterreichische Reichsgeschichte.
Geschichte der Staatsbildung und des ffentlichen Rechts, s. 205215.
77 A. New, The History of Austria from earliest ages to the present
time, pp. 263269.
-
66
(Leopold II 17901792)
.
,
. , ,
.78
,
. ,
. ,
, ,
, , .
(Kurfrstentum Brandenburg),79
(Herzogtum Preuen), (Provinz Ostpreuen),80
78 A. New, The History of Austria from earliest ages to the
present time, pp. 269274; A. Huber, sterreichische
Reichsgeschichte. Geschichte der Staatsbildung und des ffentlichen
Rechts, s. 215219. 79 (Die Goldene Bulle) V (Karl IV) (13471355)
(13551378) , 1356. . V . , 1415. , (Sigismund von Luxemburg)
(14101433) (14331437) (Friedrich I. von Brandenburg 14151440) , , .
John Arthure Ransome Marriot, Charles Grant Robertson, The
Evolution of Prussia. The Making of an Empire, Oxford, 1917, pp.
3945. 80 . 13. , (Orden der Brder vom Deutschen Haus St. Mariens in
Jerusalem Deutscher Orden) (Staat des Deutschen Ordens). . 15. , .
, IV (Kazimierz IV Jagielloczyk 14471492). . , , , . (Albrecht von
Brandenburg-Ansbach), (Hochmeister des Deutschen Ordens 15111525),
. , I (Zygmunt I Stary 15061548) , . , , (15251568), . J. Marriot,
The Evolution of Prussia. The Making of an Empire, pp. 4552.
-
67
(Herzogtmer Jlich-Kleve-Berg)81
. , ,
(Markgrafschaft Brandenburg) ,
.
. ,
1614.
1618.
,
1660.
, ,
.
,
, 1648. .
.82
.
(Friedrich
Wilhelm Der Groe Kurfrst 16401688)
, 17. 18. , 1648 1740. ,
.
1660.
. , ,
, .
.
. 81 , , 1509. III (Johann der Friedfertige). (Johann Wilhelm,
Herzog zu Kleve, Julich und Berg 15921609) a III, . (Anna von
Preuen ) (Marie Eleonore von Jlich-Kleve-Berg) (Herzog Albrecht
Friedrich von Preuen 15681618) (Johann Sigismund 16081618) . 1614.
J. Marriot, The Evolution of Prussia. The Making of an Empire, pp.
5962. 82 W. Waugh, Germany, pp. 227232; J. Marriot, The Evolution
of Prussia. The Making of an Empire, pp. 7181.
-
68
25.000 ,
40.000 .
,
.
,
.
.
, ( ),
.
, .
, ,
. ,
, ,
.83
.
, 1713.
.
.
(Friedrich Wilhelm I
Soldatenknig 17131740) ,
.
.
,
.
,
83 W. Waugh, Germany, pp. 232237; J. Marriot, The Evolution of
Prussia. The Making of an Empire, pp. 8196.
-
69
. ,
. :
(Gehorchen und nicht rsonieren),
. ,
,
.
. ,
,
.
,
.84
, (Friedrich II,
Friedrich der Groe 17401786),
.
.
,
, ,
, (Steuerrthe)
.85
,
.
, ,
. ,
,
.
.
.
.
. , 84 W. Waugh, Germany, pp. 237245; J. Marriot, The Evolution
of Prussia. The Making of an Empire, pp. 97111. 85 M. Beloff, The
Age of Absolutism 16601815, pp. 111112.
-
70
.
.
,
.86
,
.
,
. ,
.
. (Sans-Souci)
, . , ,
, . ,
. , , ,
, .87
,
,
.
, .
, ,
, .
, ,
,
, , .
,
.
, .
86 W. Waugh, Germany, pp. 245259; J. Marriot, The Evolution of
Prussia. The Making of an Empire, pp. 117124, 130138. 87 W. Waugh,
Germany, pp. 260262; J. Marriot, The Evolution of Prussia. The
Making of an Empire, pp. 129130, 141147.
-
71
, ,
.
.
.
, ,
.
. ,
,
.
.
, ,
.
,
,
, .
.
.
:
,
.
,
.
,
, .
II,
.
, ,
,
.88
88 J. Marriot, The Evolution of Prussia. The Making of an
Empire, pp. 126129, 139, 160165; M. Beloff, The Age of Absolutism
16601815, pp. 111116.
-
72
2.1.3.
15.
,
. ,
15. ,
, , ,
, .
. ,
, ,
, .
1526. ,
. ,
.
, ,
.
. ,
, 1526. 1566. .
.
.
,
. ,
16. ,
;
.89
89 , , , 1933, . 3136, 7984, 241275, 279282, 293304; ( XV ), , ,
1953, . 131159, 167204, 407470, 543569, 613622, 692707, 745758; (
XV XV ), , , 1960, . 4856, 6593, 109143, 152163, 168192, 196203,
247265, 275287, 290358, 376433.
-
73
,
,
. ,
, ; ,
, , ,
.
.
.
,
.90
16. 18 .
,
. ,
.
, ,
. -
. (1520
1566) , -
.
1557,
-.
.
,
.
,
,
.
, ,
.
90 . , , . 304309, 333336; , . /443450, 692703; , . /173177,
197199, 290293, 405409, 496 497, 587 588, 603606, 790801; , , , .
-1/82114.
-
74
, ,
, , , ,
,
.91
,
.
,
.
,
, , ,
. ,
, .
V (15921605)
.
.
(15931606),
.
.
, ,
XV .92
16831699.
.
1690. ,
,
91 . , , . 283293, 309316; , . /6593, 109143, 152163, 168192,
196203, 447456; . , , , . -1/6581; , 1683., , . -1/117213. 92 . , ,
. 327333; , . / 460476; . , 1683., , . -1/214335.
-
75
.
,
, .
,
-. ,
(16581705) .
,
, ;
,
.
,
. ,
, .93
18. .
(17161718)
, , ,
.
(
1739. ).
, . .
.
, ,
, ,
,
. (17371739)
, ,
1878. , .
.
93 . , , . 352364; , . / 763778, 10431059; . , 16831699., , .
-1/491572.
-
76
V ,
.94
18. . ,
, ,
, .
.
(
),
1776.
,
.
18.
.
.
17681774.
.
.
,
.
.
. 18.
(17871792).
,
.
,
,
. - 94 . , , . 370384; , . / 781789, 12561265; , 17181739, , .
V-1/107162.
-
77
. ,
,
.
-- (17931801)
, , .
1793 1794.
.
( ) .
, ,
--. ,
, .
,
.95
16. 18 . ,
.
, ,
,
, ,
.
, ,
, ( ),
. ,
, ,
.
,
,
.96
95 . , , . 393403; , . /12651296; , 17391804. , , . V-1/306350.
96 : Vjekoslav Klai, Povjest Hrvata od najstarijih vremena do
svretka XIX. stoljea, III, 1, Zagreb, 1911; . , , . 293300; , .
/196203, 376401.
-
78
16. .
17. .
,
, , ,
, .
16.
, ,
,
.
,
, , ,
. ,
,
,
, . , 15.
, , ( ), , ,
, , .
,
.97
.
,
, ,
.
: , , , .
1578.
,
. ,
. ,
97 : . , , , 2009.
-
79
, ,
.
.
.
16. . , , ,
, , , ,
, ,
.
, .
.
, , II
.
,
, , , ,
, .
,
.
, .
,
.98
1683. 1699. ,
, .99
98 : . , , , 1989; , , (XVXX ), , 1993; . , : (15301746), ,
1993; . , , , 2009. 99 , . /776778; , 17161718, , . V-1/6277.
-
80
.100
18.
.
, ,
.
(
) .
,
. ,
.
,
.
.
, .
,
, .
,
.
, .101
, ,
, .
100 : Ferdo ii, Pregled povijesti hrvatskog naroda: od
najstarijih dana do potkraj 1918, Zagreb, 1925. 101 : , , (XVXX ),
, 1993.
-
81
,
VI,
. 1745.
,
, .
1776. -
, ,
: (- ), ,
, , , . ,
, ,
,
( ).
,
. 1756. .
,
1779.
.
, ,
. ,
. ,
, .
.
. ,
.
, ,
.
1848.
.102
102 : . , , , 2009.
-
82
,
,
,
.
(, )
.
,
.
.103
, ,
, ,
.
. 17. 18.
,
( ),
.
, ,
( 1420.), .
, 1815.
,
.
,
.
.104
14201797. ,
.
() .
,
.
. 103 , . / 827912. 104 : . , , , 2009.
-
83
,
, .
, .
.
,
.105
105 , . / 247265, 595601, 11451158.
-
84
,
/
, , ,
.
, ,
.
,
.106
. ,
,
.
.
. ,
. ,
,
.
,
,
.
106 . , 17131789, . 33145, 445457.
-
85
,
,
( -
). ,
,
, .107
, ,
:
,
,
;
;
,
;
,
;
,
;
,
( ,
).108
107 . , , . I/6266; . . , , . 416420; Franz Neumann, Demokratska
i autoritarna drava: Studije o politikoj i pravnoj teoriji, Zagreb,
1974, str. 2528; N. Bobio, Liberalizam i demokratija, str. 2326.
108 . , , . I/108116; F. Neumann, Demokratska i autoritarna drava:
Studije o politikoj i pravnoj teoriji, str. 3044.
-
86
, .
:
,
;
,
();
,
.109
.
,
.
- .110
,
,
,
.
, 17. 19. ,
.111
109 . , , . I/13 14; . . , , . 521527; F. Neumann, Demokratska i
autoritarna drava: Studije o politikoj i pravnoj teoriji, str.
4548; N. Bobio, Liberalizam i demokratija, str. 2931. 110 . , , .
I/6670; . , 17131789, . 457461. 111 . , 17131789, . 445457; , , ,
2003, . 6270. : Henri Bemford Parks, Istorija SAD, Beograd,
1985.
-
87
3.1.
,
.
. ,
,
.
.
,
, .
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
. ,
.
,
, .
,
,
.
.112
112 . . , , . 9395, 162 163; . . , , . 426429, 528544; . , , .
I/138138, Hans Kelsen,
-
88
.
:
,
, , .
, .
:
,
.
,
, ,113
114 , .
Opta teorija prava i drave, Beograd, 1951, str. 129134, 147 i
148; Dr Miodrag Jovii, O Ustavu: Teorijsko-komparativna studija,
Beograd, 1977, str. 403414; 1421, 2935; N. Bobio, Liberalizam i
demokratija, str. 3538. 113 , , . . , . , . , , --, . Nekrez
Smailagi, Historija politikih doktrina: antika, srednji i novi
vijek, I, Zagreb: Naprijed, 1979, str. 266270. 114 , , , ,
(puissance legislative), (puissance executrice des choses qui
dependent du droit des gens) (puissance executrice des choses qui
dependent du droit civil: puissance de juger). , , . , . . , , . .
. N. Smailagi, Historija politikih doktrina: antika, srednji i novi
vijek, str. I/270275.
-
89
,
.
,
() .
.
,
17. 19. .115
, ,
,
.
-.
.
,
, .
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
115 . . , , . 4345, 7073, 95 96; . . , , . 396 397, 397406,
426429; . , , . I/312; 201210, 210222; H. Kelsen, Opta teorija
prava i drave, str. 226234, 259 260; , , , 1999, . 19 20.
-
90
.
.116
,
.
,
.
. ,
()
, .
, ,
( ), ,
,
.
. ,
.
.
,
.117
, . ,
. ,
116 Luano Kanfora, Demokratija: istorija jedne ideologije,
Beograd, 2007, str. 8094; Alan S. Kahan, Liberalism in
Nineteenth-Century Europe: the political culture of limited
suffrage, New York, 2003, pp. 2165. : Catherine Casey, Critical
Analisis of Organizations: theory, practice, revitalization,
London, 2002. David McCabe, Modus vivendi Liberalism: theory and
practice, New York, 2010. 117 . , , . I/210222, 403414, I/312; H.
Kelsen, Opta teorija prava i drave, str. 120127, 226234, 259
260.
-
91
,
,
.
,
,
.
. , ,
. ,
.
,
. ,
.118
, ,
.
.
:
,
, ,
;
,
.119
,
.
118 : F. Neumann, Demokratska i autoritarna drava: Studije o
politikoj i pravnoj teoriji, Zagreb, 1974; , , , 1979; David Luban,
Legal Ethics and Human Dignity, New York, 2007. 119 . , , .
I/312.
-
92
,
,
, , .
.
,
.
,
:
. (
.) ,
,
.
,
,
, ,
.
, . 19.
, .
. ,
, ,
.
, ,
.120
120 Arthur Twining Hadley, The Relations between Freedom and
Responsibility in the Evolution of Democratic Government, New York,
1903, pp. 125. . , , . I/6678. N. Bobio, Liberalizam i demokratija,
str. 6163, 9597. : A. Kahan, Liberalism in Nineteenth-
-
93
.
,
.121
: ,
.
.
,
,
.
,
.122
.
.
.
,
.
, , ,
.
.
Century Europe: the political culture of limited suffrage, New
York, 2003; L. Kanfora, Demokratija: istorija jedne ideologije,
Beograd, 2007. 121 . 122 : A. Hadley, The Relations between Freedom
and Responsibility in the Evolution of Democratic Government, New
York, 1903; William A. Galston, Expressive Liberty, Moral
Pluralism, Political Pluralism: Three Sources of Liberal Theory,
40, 3, William & Mary Law Review, 1999, pp. 869907,
http://scholarship.law.wm.edu/wmlr/vol40/iss3/9; L. Kanfora,
Demokratija: istorija jedne ideologije, Beograd, 2007.
-
94
,
.123
, .
, ,
.
.
,
. ,
,
,
.
.
. ,
, . ,
. ,
,
.
, ,
.
.
. ,
,
. , , ,
123 . . , , . 60 61, 178; . , , . /208210.
-
95
,
. ,
,
. , ,
.124
:
18. ,
;
19. ,
20 .125
1789.
. ,
,
.
,
.
. ,
,
.
,
.
.
.
19.
,
124 . . , , . 131150; 521557; H. Kelsen, Opta teorija prava i
drave, str. 179190. 125 : A Handbook of Comparative Social Policy,
Edited by Patricia Kennett, Cheltenham, 2004.
-
96
,
.
19. ,
.
.126
,
,
,
,
. ,
,
,
, ,
.
.127
.128
, ,
126 : , : : 18151914, , 10, , 1990; , : , , 1974; A. Kahan,
Liberalism in Nineteenth-Century Europe: the political culture of
limited suffrage, New York, 2003; L. Kanfora, Demokratija: istorija
jedne ideologije, Beograd, 2007. 127 Franz-Xaver Kaufmann,
Variations of the Welfare State: Great Britain, Sweden, France and
Germany between Capitalism and Socialism, Berlin, 2013, pp. 2345;
Ray Kiely, Industrialization and development: a comparative
analysis, London, 1998; Fears and Hopes for European urbanization,
The Hague, 1972. 128 24 1793. (Acte constitutionnel du 24 juin
1793) . 21. : . , , . (Article 21. Les secours publics sont une
dette sacre. La socit doit la subsistance aux citoyens malheureux,
soit en leur procurant du travail, soit en assurant les moyens
d'exister ceux qui sont hors d'tat de travailler.) :
http://www.conseil-constitutionnel.fr/conseil-constitutionnel/francais/la-constitution/les-constitutions-de-la-france/constitution-du-24-juin-1793.5084.html
-
97
,
.
,
, .
,
, ,
, . ,
.
. ,
.
.
, ,
:
,
,
.
, ,
, ,
, .
, .
.
,
, .
,
.
-
98
,
.
,
.
,
.
, .
,
. ,
, ,
.129
, 19. ,
.
,
,
. 20.
,
. ,
,
,
,
. ,
1945.
129 F. Kaufmann, Variations of the Welfare State: Great Britain,
Sweden, France and Germany between Capitalism and Socialism,
Berlin, 2013, pp. 91169. : . , : : 18151914, , 1990; Paul V.
Dutton, Origins of the French Welfare State: The Struggle for
social reform in France 19141947, Cambridge, 2002; A. Kahan,
Liberalism in Nineteenth-Century Europe: the political culture of
limited suffrage, New York, 2003; L. Kanfora, Demokratija: istorija
jedne ideologije, Beograd, 2007.
-
99
.
.130
. ,
, ,
.
.
(William Beveridge) ,
.
,
,
.131
,
.
. , ,
,
,
, , , .
, ,
, :
,
,
.132
130 . 131 The National Archives, Catalogue Reference:
cab/66/31/27, War Cabinet: Social Insurances and Allied service:
Summary of Report by Sir William Beveridge. :
http://filestore.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pdfs/small/cab-66-31-wp-42-547-27.pdf
132 F. Kaufmann, Variations of the Welfare State: Great Britain,
Sweden, France and Germany between Capitalism and Socialism,
Berlin, 2013, pp. 91169. : . , : : 18151914, , 1990; Paul V.
Dutton, Origins of the French Welfare State: The Struggle for
social reform in France 19141947,
-
100
20. , ,
, ,
.
.
.
,
.
,
,
.
,
.133
.
.
.
.
.
.134
Cambridge, 2002; A. Kahan, Liberalism in Nineteenth-Century
Europe: the political culture of limited suffrage, New York, 2003;
L. Kanfora, Demokratija: istorija jedne ideologije, Beograd, 2007.
133 Claude Lefort, Democracy and Political Theory, Cambridge, 1988,
pp. 2144; Bo Rothstein, Just institutions matter: The moral and
political logic of the universal welfare state, Cambridge, 1998,
pp. 116143; F. Kaufmann, Variations of the Welfare State: Great
Britain, Sweden, France and Germany between Capitalism and
Socialism, Berlin, 2013, pp. 91169. : Ray Kiely, Industrialization
and development: a comparative analysis, London, 1998; Fears and
Hopes for European urbanization, The Hague, 1972. 134 C. Lefort,
Democracy and Political Theory, pp. 2144; Victor A. Pestoff, A
Democratic Architecture for Welfare State, LondonNew York, 2009,
pp. 5374; Staffan Kumlin, The Personal and the Political:
-
101
.
, .
,
.
,
,
,
.
, ,
.
.
, ,
, .
,
. ,
.
, ,
,
.
20.
,
,
.
,
.135
How Personal Wefare State Experiences Affect Political Trust and
Ideology, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004, pp. 144163. 135 C.
Lefort, Democracy and Political Theory, pp. 2144, 165209. :
Democracy and the Welfare State, Princeton, 1988; New perspectives
on the welfare state in Europe, Edited by Catherine Jones,
LondonNew York: Routledge, 1993; F. Kaufmann, Variations of the
Welfare State: Great Britain, Sweden, France and Germany between
Capitalism and Socialism, Berlin, 2013.
-
102
, ,
.
:
, ;
;
;
.136
20.
, .
,
.
.
,
20. .
:
,
.
,
.
.
,
,
136 Democracy and the Welfare State, Princeton, 1988; New
perspectives on the welfare state in Europe, Edited by Catherine
Jones, LondonNew York: Routledge, 1993; F. Kaufmann, Variations of
the Welfare State: Great Britain, Sweden, France and Germany
between Capitalism and Socialism, Berlin, 2013.
-
103
, , ,
.
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
.
,
.137
3.1.1. 19 20. .
. ,
, .
, ,
. ,
.
, 18.
.
:
. ,
,
. , 137 .
-
104
.
,
.
, ,
.
,
.
,
. .
.
, .
.138
,
.
.
, .
,
. ,
,
.
, , ,
.
18.
. (),
.
.
, . , 138 Muriel O. Davis, The Political History of France
17891910, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1916, pp. 1214; C. Downer Hazen,
The French Revolution and Napoleon, pp. 7280; . , , . /2124.
-
105
, , .
.
.
.
,
. ,
,
.
. ,
,
.
,
.
, . ,
,
.
,
.
. , ,
.
,
,
. ,
,
,
.
, 18.
. , ,
.
: , . ,
-
106
.
. ,
, . ,
.
,
,
.
.
, , ,
,
.
.139
, ,
1789. .
.
,
.
, .
.
.
,
.140
139 C. Downer Hazen, The French Revolution and Napoleon, pp.
8082; Albert Gurard, France A Short History, New York: W. W. Norton
& Company INC, 1946, pp. 151159; Ren Sdillot, An outline of
French History, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1953, pp. 252255. 140 C.
Downer Hazen, The French Revolution and Napoleon, pp. 8083; . , , .
/2730.
-
107
.
. ,
, .
. , ,
,
.
, , .
, .
, 1788. 1789. ,
.
,
, 1789.
.
, (),
. ,
; , ,
. ,
, ,
, .
,
. ,
.
.
,
.141
141 M. Davis, The Political History of France 17891910, pp.
1423; A. Gurard, France A Short History, pp. 159163; R. Sdillot, An
outline of French History, pp 260264.
-
108
5. 1789. 300 ,
600. ,
, 25
.
()
.
. ,
17. 1789. (Assemble Nationale).
,
9.
(Assemble Constituante).
.
.
,
.
,
. ,
,
.
, ,
.
4. 1789.
. ,
,
.
. ,
.
.
-
109
.142
,
83 .
.
.
,
, , .
.
.
,
. ,
, .
.
, , ,
.
,
.
.
,
. ,
.
, .
.
, .
, , ,
. ,
142 C. Downer Hazen, The French Revolution and Napoleon, pp.
108120, 125128; A. Gurard, France A Short History, pp. 163165; . ,
, . /3446.
-
110
,
.
.
(),
. ,
, .
,
.
.
3. 1791. .
(La Dclaration des droits de lhomme et du citoyen de 1789)
17. 1789. . 1791.
,
19. .
,
.143
1791.
,
,
.
,
.
,
, .
,
.
, .
, . 143 C. Downer Hazen, The French Revolution and Napoleon, pp.
120125, 129134, 139146; R. Sdillot, An outline of French History,
pp 264266, 273282; . , , . /4557.
-
111
,
,
.
, ,
.
, ,
.
.
1791.
,
.
3. 1791.
, 1. 1791. 20 1792.
.144
,
, .
,
,
.
,
. : ,
, .
,
.
. ,
144 H. Lockwood, Constitutional History of France, pp. 2428,
273284; C. Downer Hazen, The French Revolution and Napoleon, pp.
134139.
-
112
() .
, . ,
,
.
,
, .
,
,
,
.
,
. .
,
. .
,
1791. ,
. 1792.
.
1793. , . ,
,
.
,
.
.145
, ,
.
,
,
145 Jacques Bainville, Histoire de France, Paris: Arthme Fayard,
diteur, 1924, p. 188195; A. Gurard, France A Short History, pp.
165169; . , , . /58, 6380.
-
113
.
,
.
(Comit de Salut public)
.
, .
, .
, , ,
