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EarthquakeEngineering
What is the Damage
Quakes can cause?
Direct EffectsGround failures:• Vibration of soil• Fault rupture• Liquefaction• Ground lurching• Differential settlement• Lateral spreading
Indirect Effects• Tsunamis• Seiches• Landslides• Floods• Fires• Release of
hazardous material
What is earthquake
engineering?
Earthquake Engineering
It is a branch of engineering devoted to prevent earthquake hazards and its after effects
Why is there Earthquake
Engineering?
• Quakes demonstrated they destroy cities and people faster than Brandon can.
Basic Goals• To prevent
non-structural damage, structural damage and collapsing of buildings in earthquakes
Quiz
1.What is earthquake engineering?
It is a branch of engineering devoted to prevent earthquake hazards and
its after effects
Now do you want
earthquake safe
buildings?
Seismic Retrofit!
Seismic Retrofit brings older buildings/structures up to more
current seismic standards without having to completely rebuild them.
Sliding
• Old structures may not be strongly bolted into the foundation
• Corrosion weakens attachments
• These structures could be bolted to the foundation.
Weak Foundation
Shock Absorbers• A device for
reducing the effect of a sudden shock by the dissipation of the earthquake’s shock energy
Base IsolationAllows the ground to move while
the building remains in place.• This method
allows a building to move
Isolation• Isolation pads
are used to let the ground shake, but have the building not move
Dampers
• Converts the energy of motion in a building into heat.• Are for buildings rigidly attached to the ground; will protect from resonance
vibrations.
• Wall composed of braced panels
• Flexible
• Counters the effects of swaying on a structure
• Shorter buildings can resist seismic forces.
• Instead of adding stories, expand the first floor of your home.
• Water in tank sloshes back and forth during an earthquake
• Prevents resonance in buildings
• Extra heat in building is absorbed
Tuned Mass Dampers
• A device mounted in structures to prevent damage or outright structural failure by vibration.
• Stone veneer or cement
• More resistant to earthquakes so crack easily
• Use other lighter materials to replace
Reinforcement
• Exterior concrete columns
• Infill shear trusses
• Massive exterior structure.
• It is not beautiful but it works.
Quiz-y!
2. What is seismic retrofitting?
Quiz-y!
3. At what college are the dorms reinforced?
UC BERKELEY!!!
Time for SEISMIC DESIGN!
Everyone smile because it’s so exciting!
Traditional Seismic Design
• Lower stories are stronger than upper stories, meaning it is more prevalent to reinforce taller buildings and higher stories.
Quiz-y!4. What is traditional
seismic design?Lower stories are stronger than
upper stories, meaning it is more prevalent to reinforce taller buildings and higher stories.
Floor Diaphragm• Wooden building floors are made on joints
to prevent beams from tipping.
Sliding Off Foundation
• Older homes can be bolted to their foundation to prevent major damage in an earthquake.
BRIDGERetrofits
Hot Rivet Replacement
• The rivet was replaced with a heat-treated high-strength locator bolt and nut
Lattice Beam Conversion
• Beams were replaced with bolted steel plates. Also, face plates were added to the large diagonal beams
Diagonal Reinforcement
• Diagonal box beams are added to the upper and lower decks of the bridges
Expansion Rockers
• allow the bridge expand and contract with temperature changes
Bay Bridge Structure
• During the October 17, 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake (7.1 on the Richter Scale). A 50-foot section of the bridge collapsed.
Bay Bridge Retrofit!
•the strengthening of bents and columns on the east viaduct and the piers, bents, and trusses
Fill & Overpass
• Elevated roadways are built on sections of elevated earth supported with vertical columns
ROADS!
•Soil is tested to see if it can hold weight, then asphalt is added
Cypress Freeway Viaduct Collapse
During the Loma Pieta Earthquake, the Cypress Structure collapsed. This
roadway was not properly reinforced. After the quake the structure was
removed and a new roadway was built.
Overpasses
• Pillars:– Spiral steel
girders support columns and prevent bending of steel rods in the highway
Construction of Pillars
• Add size and weight to bridge’s footing
• Anchor with metal rods (pilings)
• Jacket of steel around column
• Thick cables help hold together
Top: Bridge Components
Left: Cable System
OMG! It’sUNDERWATE
R TUBES!It makes you all giddy!
Underwater Tubes Safety
• depend on soil conditions, the materials used, and the maximum predicted earthquake expected.
BART! yay!
• BART trans-bay tube was constructed at the bottom of San Francisco Bay
What does BART have?
• two inner tunnels• a central tunnel• an outer oval shell
encompassing the three inner tubes
Quiz!5. _____ trans-bay tube was
constructed at the bottom of San Francisco Bay.
BART! [gasp!]
THE END