Eastern Eastern EuropeEurope

The Isolation The Isolation of Russiaof Russia

Compared to Western EuropeCompared to Western Europe Backward (blend of cultures)Backward (blend of cultures)

– Less politically developedLess politically developed

– Not influenced by Renaissance and Not influenced by Renaissance and Scientific RevolutionScientific Revolution

– No exploration (no sea routes)No exploration (no sea routes)

– No trade (No Crusade)No trade (No Crusade)

– Serfdom continuesSerfdom continues

– 30 Years War (holds E. Europe back)30 Years War (holds E. Europe back)

Early Russian SocietyEarly Russian Society 1480 Ivan III frees Russia from the 1480 Ivan III frees Russia from the

Mongol Yoke Mongol Yoke – Became the first czarBecame the first czar

– Claimed descent from Caesar Claimed descent from Caesar Society dominated by landowning Society dominated by landowning

nobility (boyars), serfs tied to landnobility (boyars), serfs tied to land– Serfdom lasted until mid 1800’s (ended Serfdom lasted until mid 1800’s (ended

in 1300/1400’s in Western Europein 1300/1400’s in Western Europe

Effects of Mongol CultureEffects of Mongol Culture Asian cultureAsian culture Mongols took money (tribute)Mongols took money (tribute)

– Princes controlled land and collected Princes controlled land and collected moneymoney

Mongols used strength of Mongols used strength of military/forcemilitary/force

Peter I- 1682Peter I- 1682 Romanov family- began 1613Romanov family- began 1613 Don’t know much of W. EuropeDon’t know much of W. Europe Middle Age leadership- Middle Age leadership-

Constantinople not RomeConstantinople not Rome Mongols cut Russia off from W. Mongols cut Russia off from W.

Europe during RenaissanceEurope during Renaissance

Legitimacy…Legitimacy… Tie back to Romans and ByzantiumTie back to Romans and Byzantium

– 2 headed eagle 2 headed eagle

– Absolute monarch “Caesar”Absolute monarch “Caesar” Religion of ByzantiumReligion of Byzantium

– Break from CatholicismBreak from Catholicism

– Leads to religious conflict with W. Leads to religious conflict with W. EuropeEurope

– Art = iconsArt = icons

Further IsolationFurther Isolation Geographically cut-offGeographically cut-off

– Ural Mountains cut off from EastUral Mountains cut off from East

– Only seaport- Archangel (frozen)Only seaport- Archangel (frozen) Religion widens gap WestReligion widens gap West

– Eastern/Russian Orthodox v. Catholic/ Eastern/Russian Orthodox v. Catholic/ ProtestantProtestant

Only Germans traveled to RussiaOnly Germans traveled to Russia

Ivan

the

Terrible

St. Basil’s

Rule of Peter Rule of Peter the Great the Great

Peter

the

Great

Peter the GreatPeter the Great1682 (full power 1696)1682 (full power 1696)Interested in foreign things, ships, Interested in foreign things, ships,

seasseasSaw need for warm water portSaw need for warm water port

–Necessary for competition with Necessary for competition with modern powersmodern powers

Came to power w/ help of streltsy Came to power w/ help of streltsy (Moscow guards)(Moscow guards)

Desire to Modernize Desire to Modernize 1698 Traveled to W. Europe to learn 1698 Traveled to W. Europe to learn

customscustoms– 11stst czar to travel to W. Europe (heretics) czar to travel to W. Europe (heretics)

– Incognito (wanted real look)Incognito (wanted real look)

– Worked in shipyard in NetherlandsWorked in shipyard in Netherlands Later traveled to EnglandLater traveled to England

– Toured in LondonToured in London

Peter’s Changes –Peter’s Changes –Make Russian more W. EuropeanMake Russian more W. European

Status of WomenStatus of Women– Until 1700 followed Byzantine custom- Until 1700 followed Byzantine custom-

women stay at homewomen stay at home

– Noblewoman invited to social gatherings Noblewoman invited to social gatherings (without veils)(without veils)

– No arranged marriages (unless children No arranged marriages (unless children consented)consented)

No beards for men (look European)No beards for men (look European)

Peter’s Changes –Peter’s Changes –Make Russian more W. EuropeanMake Russian more W. European

Russian CalendarRussian Calendar– Year starts on Jan. 1 not Sept. 1Year starts on Jan. 1 not Sept. 1– Year based on birth of JesusYear based on birth of Jesus

»7208 became 17007208 became 1700 NewspapersNewspapers

– 11stst newspaper reported on non-Russian newspaper reported on non-Russian eventsevents

– Western ideas developWestern ideas develop– Reading taught Reading taught

Peter’s Changes –Peter’s Changes –Make Russian more W. EuropeanMake Russian more W. European

AgricultureAgriculture–Staple crop= potatoStaple crop= potato

Factories and Mines-Factories and Mines-–Exports encourageExports encourage–Imports discouragedImports discouraged–Factories subsidized (centralized Factories subsidized (centralized

workshops)workshops)–Iron industry developedIron industry developed

Absolute Rule Absolute Rule Peter increased powerPeter increased powerPeople become discontented People become discontented

(forced changes)(forced changes) Holy Synod (priests) with Peter as Holy Synod (priests) with Peter as

head- replaced Patriarchhead- replaced Patriarch– Similar to Church of EnglandSimilar to Church of England

Boyars lose power (new social status)Boyars lose power (new social status)– Land and positions given to lower-Land and positions given to lower-

ranking (ensured loyalty)ranking (ensured loyalty)

Russian MilitaryRussian Military European officers hired to modernizeEuropean officers hired to modernize

– Army –Prussia, Navy -BritainArmy –Prussia, Navy -Britain

– Only had part-time cavalryOnly had part-time cavalry

– Army of 200,000 paid for by taxesArmy of 200,000 paid for by taxes Army used to crush peasant revolt Army used to crush peasant revolt

and gain warm water portand gain warm water port– Lead to need for warships Lead to need for warships

Russian MilitaryRussian Military Close Russia to possible European Close Russia to possible European

invasioninvasion Great Northern War- v. Swedes who Great Northern War- v. Swedes who

invade Ukraine (defeated by winter)invade Ukraine (defeated by winter)– Russia gains land on Baltic SeaRussia gains land on Baltic Sea

A New CapitalA New Capital1712 St. Petersburg made capital1712 St. Petersburg made capitalBuilt on swampBuilt on swampLand gained from SwedenLand gained from SwedenLocated on Neva River, near coastLocated on Neva River, near coast

HRE,HRE,Ottoman Empire,Ottoman Empire,

PolandPoland

Holy Roman EmpireHoly Roman Empire Voltaire “it was not Holy, it was not Voltaire “it was not Holy, it was not

Roman, and it certainly was not an Roman, and it certainly was not an Empire”Empire”

Some states had grown because of Some states had grown because of tradetrade

States had different religionsStates had different religions 30Years War causes break-up30Years War causes break-up

– 300 states who guarded rights like 300 states who guarded rights like independent states independent states

Holy Roman EmpireHoly Roman Empire Power vacuum in Central Europe (old Power vacuum in Central Europe (old

and weakening empires)and weakening empires)– Filled by German speaking families- Filled by German speaking families-

Hapsburgs and HohenzollernHapsburgs and Hohenzollern

– Threat to the balance of power in Threat to the balance of power in Eastern EuropeEastern Europe

Major problem= political structureMajor problem= political structure

Ottoman EmpireOttoman Empire Muslim (stand against the Christians)Muslim (stand against the Christians)

– Led to future problems (Kosovo, Led to future problems (Kosovo, Chechnya) Chechnya)

Sultan had power to tax and raise Sultan had power to tax and raise armyarmy

Sulieman the Magnificent- conquered Sulieman the Magnificent- conquered Hungary, threatened Austria Hungary, threatened Austria

Govt. in Istanbul was corrupted, Govt. in Istanbul was corrupted, poorly equipped armypoorly equipped army

PolandPolandLarge land, mostly farmersLarge land, mostly farmers

–Feudal system (nobility v. serfs) no Feudal system (nobility v. serfs) no middle classmiddle class

–E. Europe held back by lack of E. Europe held back by lack of middle classmiddle class

Major problem= political structureMajor problem= political structure

–States want to remain autonomous States want to remain autonomous

PolandPoland King appointed by nobles- given little King appointed by nobles- given little

powerpower–Usually foreignerUsually foreigner–Little income, no courts, no standing Little income, no courts, no standing

armyarmySejm (Diet)- only noblesSejm (Diet)- only nobles

–Liberum veto- opposition of ONE Liberum veto- opposition of ONE member= body disbandsmember= body disbands

–**no effective govt.**no effective govt.

Describe AustriaDescribe Austriaand Prussiaand Prussia

Austria Austria Most powerful empire in HRE (even Most powerful empire in HRE (even

though it lost the 30 Years War)though it lost the 30 Years War) Ruling family= Hapsburgs (also in Ruling family= Hapsburgs (also in

Spain) Spain)

Charles VI (1713)Charles VI (1713) Won land in War of the Spanish Won land in War of the Spanish

SuccessionSuccession Large empire, hard to ruleLarge empire, hard to rule

– Dukedom of AustriaDukedom of Austria– Kingdom of BohemiaKingdom of Bohemia– Kingdom of HungaryKingdom of Hungary– Land in Germany, ItalyLand in Germany, Italy

Diverse lands = Diverse peopleDiverse lands = Diverse people Common ruler kept people togetherCommon ruler kept people together

Charles VI (1713)Charles VI (1713) Wanted to ensure his empire would Wanted to ensure his empire would

not be splitnot be split– Pragmatic Sanction- only heir (Maria Pragmatic Sanction- only heir (Maria

Theresa) would be heir to all Hapsburg Theresa) would be heir to all Hapsburg landland

Maria Theresa- Reign plagued by warMaria Theresa- Reign plagued by war– Enemy= Hohenzollerns of Prussia Enemy= Hohenzollerns of Prussia

Austria had no natural boundaries or Austria had no natural boundaries or ethnicitiesethnicities

PrussiaPrussiaHohenzollerns ruledHohenzollerns ruledFormed from small statesFormed from small statesBrandenburg was the most Brandenburg was the most

important stateimportant state–Ruling prince 1 of 7 electors of HRERuling prince 1 of 7 electors of HRE

Frederick William 1640Frederick William 1640 The Great Elector- overrun in 30 The Great Elector- overrun in 30

Years WarYears War– Brandenburg needed armyBrandenburg needed army

– Alliances made with French, Swedes, Alliances made with French, Swedes, Dutch, PolesDutch, Poles

– Lent army to countries for moneyLent army to countries for money

– Prussia was not a country with an army Prussia was not a country with an army but an army with a countrybut an army with a country

Prussia’s Army Grows…Prussia’s Army Grows… Frederick I (son)Frederick I (son)

– 11stst Hohenzollern to call himself king Hohenzollern to call himself king

– 1713 Treaty of Utrecht- duchy 1713 Treaty of Utrecht- duchy recognized as kingdomrecognized as kingdom

– All Hohenzollern’s lands called Prussia All Hohenzollern’s lands called Prussia

Prussia’s Army Grows…Prussia’s Army Grows… Frederick William I (son of Fred I)Frederick William I (son of Fred I)

– Money spent only on armyMoney spent only on army

– Army doubled in sizeArmy doubled in size

– Junkers (land-owning nobility)= officersJunkers (land-owning nobility)= officers

– Military society developedMilitary society developed

Prussia’s Army Grows…Prussia’s Army Grows… Frederick II/the GreatFrederick II/the Great

– Did not want to be king- tried to escape Did not want to be king- tried to escape to Franceto France

– Had non military interestsHad non military interests

– Followed father’s policiesFollowed father’s policies

– Upset at Pragmatic SanctionUpset at Pragmatic Sanction

– Invaded Austria (iron rich)- believed Invaded Austria (iron rich)- believed Maria Theresa would not protect landMaria Theresa would not protect land

War of the Austrian SuccessionWar of the Austrian Succession Austria also invaded by France, Spain, Austria also invaded by France, Spain,

Bavaria (Germany)Bavaria (Germany) Reaction- Maria goes to Hungarian landsReaction- Maria goes to Hungarian lands

– Wins over nobles (did not like Hapsburg Wins over nobles (did not like Hapsburg rule)rule)

Britain joins war to help Austria against Britain joins war to help Austria against her rival Franceher rival France– Russia and Netherlands offer helpRussia and Netherlands offer help

Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle- Austria only Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle- Austria only loses Silesia (iron) to Prussia loses Silesia (iron) to Prussia

Alliances in Europe Shift Alliances in Europe Shift Austria’s enemy Prussia not Austria’s enemy Prussia not

FranceFrance–Work to form alliance with FranceWork to form alliance with France

Britain, in response, forms Britain, in response, forms alliances with Prussia alliances with Prussia –Russia will joinRussia will join

–Strongest armies, navies in EuropeStrongest armies, navies in Europe

Alliances in Europe ShiftAlliances in Europe ShiftFrederick II attacks Austria- Frederick II attacks Austria-

Seven Years WarSeven Years War–All alliances get involvedAll alliances get involved

–New World- French and Indian War New World- French and Indian War between France and Britainbetween France and Britain

–Peace of Paris (1763)Peace of Paris (1763)»France lost land in Canada and IndiaFrance lost land in Canada and India

Religious Wars Religious Wars Influence Eastern Influence Eastern

EuropeEurope

Response to ProtestsResponse to Protests Pope uses religious measuresPope uses religious measures HRE Charles V uses military measuresHRE Charles V uses military measures

– Turns on Protestant German princesTurns on Protestant German princes Protestant German Princes- form Protestant German Princes- form

Schmalkaldic League as defensive Schmalkaldic League as defensive group group – Had taken land from ChurchHad taken land from Church– Charles had no help from Catholic Charles had no help from Catholic

princes princes

Response to ProtestsResponse to Protests 1530 Charles V orders all princes to 1530 Charles V orders all princes to

imperial Diet in Augsburgimperial Diet in Augsburg

– People must revert back to Catholicism People must revert back to Catholicism

– Church will get land backChurch will get land back 1552 Augsburg Confession- (German 1552 Augsburg Confession- (German

princes) he he owns lands determines princes) he he owns lands determines religionreligion

– Lutheranism, Catholicism Lutheranism, Catholicism

– Calvinism other forms of Prot. outlawedCalvinism other forms of Prot. outlawed

Response to ProtestsResponse to Protests Charles was not happy with peaceCharles was not happy with peace

– Wanted unity, not divisionWanted unity, not division

– Attached to Middle Age ideas Attached to Middle Age ideas (feudalism, chivalry, Church)(feudalism, chivalry, Church)

– Crown given up to Philip II and Crown given up to Philip II and FerdinandFerdinand

Peasant RevoltsPeasant RevoltsPeasant revolts follow Luther’s Peasant revolts follow Luther’s

changeschanges–Desire to take away power of PopeDesire to take away power of Pope

““Render to unto Caesar what is Render to unto Caesar what is Caesars”- Luther did not support Caesars”- Luther did not support the revoltthe revolt

Effects of the Effects of the Thirty Years Thirty Years

WarWar (1618-1648) (1618-1648)

Cause…Cause… Protestant mobs riot in Prague, BohemiaProtestant mobs riot in Prague, Bohemia

– Anger because King Ferdinand II was a Anger because King Ferdinand II was a German-speaking, Austrian Catholic German-speaking, Austrian Catholic (HAPSBURG)(HAPSBURG)

1619 Ferdinand II became HRE 1619 Ferdinand II became HRE – Austrian = national hatredAustrian = national hatred– Catholic = threat to religious freedomCatholic = threat to religious freedom– Hapsburg = threat to Bourbon kings Hapsburg = threat to Bourbon kings

(France)(France) Reaction- army puts down riot, German Reaction- army puts down riot, German

princes challenge HRE princes challenge HRE

War…Bohemian Period 1618-1625War…Bohemian Period 1618-1625 Ferdinand ends tolerance of LutheransFerdinand ends tolerance of Lutherans

– Defenestration of Prague- ministers who Defenestration of Prague- ministers who come with news are thrown out window come with news are thrown out window (50 ft.) and live(50 ft.) and live

Frederick V leads CalvinistsFrederick V leads Calvinists Ferdinand uses Spanish troopsFerdinand uses Spanish troops Some Lutheran support for FerdinandSome Lutheran support for Ferdinand

– Desire to gain land Desire to gain land Bohemia becomes Catholic Bohemia becomes Catholic

War…Danish Period (1625-1629)War…Danish Period (1625-1629) Lutheran King Christian IV of Lutheran King Christian IV of

Denmark fights FerdinandDenmark fights Ferdinand– Support from English, French, Dutch- Support from English, French, Dutch-

fear of strong Austriafear of strong Austria Albrecht of Wallenstein leads Albrecht of Wallenstein leads

Frederick’s army- desire for landFrederick’s army- desire for land– Edict of Restitution- Calvinism Edict of Restitution- Calvinism

outlawed, church lands returned outlawed, church lands returned (resistance reignited) (resistance reignited)

War…Swedish Period (1630-1635)War…Swedish Period (1630-1635)

Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden leads Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden leads ProtestantsProtestants– Help from Richelieu Help from Richelieu

Battle of Breitenfeld – Ferdinand Battle of Breitenfeld – Ferdinand retreats, tide of war turned retreats, tide of war turned – Mobile, small armyMobile, small army

Battle of Lutzen- Adolphus dies at Battle of Lutzen- Adolphus dies at hands of Wallenstein hands of Wallenstein

War…Swedish Period (1630-1635)War…Swedish Period (1630-1635)

Ferdinand had Wallenstein Ferdinand had Wallenstein assassinated assassinated – Greed & political gain more important Greed & political gain more important

than religionthan religion Peace of Prague (1635)- German Peace of Prague (1635)- German

Protestant states make truce Protestant states make truce – Swedes (French and Dutch support) do Swedes (French and Dutch support) do

not joinnot join

War…Swedish-French PeriodWar…Swedish-French Period(1635-1648)(1635-1648)

Most devastating periodMost devastating period 1635- French openly enter war1635- French openly enter war French, Spanish, Swedes loot and war French, Spanish, Swedes loot and war

with Germanwith German 1644- 1/3 of German population died1644- 1/3 of German population died

– 20 million had died20 million had died

– Trade, agriculture ruinedTrade, agriculture ruined

– Economy ruinedEconomy ruined

Treaty of Westphalia 1648Treaty of Westphalia 1648 Ferdinand II’s son Ferdinand II’s son Peace favored Swedes, French, Protestant Peace favored Swedes, French, Protestant

enemiesenemies France takes Alsace France takes Alsace German princes almost independent of German princes almost independent of

HREHRE Calvinism gained equal statusCalvinism gained equal status Dutch Republic becomes independent stateDutch Republic becomes independent state Sweden gains German landSweden gains German land

Long-term ConsequencesLong-term Consequences German unity lostGerman unity lost

– HRE no longer holding 300 states HRE no longer holding 300 states togethertogether

Hapsburgs of Austria and Spain lose Hapsburgs of Austria and Spain lose powerpower

France becomes Europe’s strongest France becomes Europe’s strongest statestate