Easy to Build CNC Mill Stepper Motor and Driver Circuits

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Posted:Aug 29, 2007

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Easy to build CNC Mill Stepper Motor and Driver circuits http://www.instructables.com/id/Easy-to-build-CNC-Mill-Stepper-Mot...

1 of 11 10/08/2013 1:01

This is a follow up to the Easy to Build Desk Top 3 Axis CNC Milling Machine(http://www.instructables.com/id/EG9RXG6F54HJ7SL/) Once you get the machine all put together itstime to make it go.

So it's time to drive the motors. And here I've put together a circuit that I think is the absolute cheapestand easiest way to control stepper motors with step and direction signals. It works with many of the freeor low cost softwares that produce step and direction signals through the parallel printer port. I'll explainhow it works but for those of you who just want to get on with it... The_Next_Step(http://www.instructables.com/id/SH2XYQNF5VMV9PD/)

But I would suggest for those of you who are unfamiliar with circuits to do it on a bread board (seepictures). This way you can easly correct any mistakes and try different things.

This schematic is just to control one motor so for the milling machine you need 3 of these circuits and 3motors.From Left to right and top to bottom. I try to draw schematics so that positive voltages are toward the topand ground or negative volge is toward the bottom. Inputs are to the left and outputs to the right. Fist offthe voltage that you are going to use to run the motor needs to be stepped down and regulated for thelogic chips. I used a 6.2 volt Zener to do this because it's low enought for the logic chips to receive thesignals from your printer port and high enough for the outputs to drive many of the standard powerFETs, so you may not have to use logic FETs like the schematic shows. So the resistor R1 drops thevoltage, the Zener diode regulates it to 6.2 volts and the capacitor C1 filters out any noise from themotor, and this voltage powers the two IC's.The first IC (CD4516) is called an up/down counter. One signal from the printer port will tell the counter ifit will count up or down and the other signal, called step, will increment or decrement the counter by onecount. Now were only going to use two outputs from the counter Q1 and Q2. With this binary countingmethod there are only 4 combinations of output from the counter: 00, 01, 10, and 11. These lines are fedto the A and B inputs of the other IC (CD4028) which decodes these combinations to 4 seprate outputs.I did a trick here using the C input to work as an Enable input. If the Enable(optional) is connected to theparallel port and the computor tells it to shut off all of the outputs to the FETs will go low(Off). So the fouroutputs of the decoder drive the FET transistors and the FETs drive the four poles of the motor.Now everybody wants to know what the light bulb is for. Its not so much whether you use a bulb or aresistor, its that a bulb comes with a socket. You can get these wedge base light bulbs from 1 watt to 20watts. Start with may be a 4 watt bulb and if you find you need a little more beef you just pull it out andput in a 10 watt bulb. It's really handy. And I found it's good to have some voltage drop there as kind of aballast for the motor windings. The diodes catch some of the current that comes out of the motor eachtime the FET transistors turn off. The diode feeds this current back to the supply.When you get the circuit up and running find a power supply that puts out more voltage than you reallyneed and then change out light bulbs till you get it running smoothly. Some of my stepper motors are 5or 6 volt and some are 12 volt but it all works out.

C:\Projects\Milling\Mill_Drive\StepCheap1.pdf (/files/orig/FX6/0KDG/F6B7SXUN/FX60KDGF6B7SXUN.pdf)37 KB

C:\Projects\StepCheap3D_PCB_GodeC.zip (/files/orig/FC8/G9CX/F6PBW8B0/FC8G9CXF6PBW8B0.zip)34 KB

C:\Projects\StepCheapPartsList.rtf (/files/orig/F2G/ORWU/F6PBW8AZ/F2GORWUF6PBW8AZ.rtf)2 KB

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Step 1: The Circuit Board of Appeals

OK here's what your all looking for. I made a simple PC board layout that includes 3 motor driver circuitsconnected to a 25 pin D sub Parallel printer port connector. Here's a picture of the layout. At the top ofthe picture you see a place for a voltage regulator. You can use that or you can put a resistor and ZenerDiode in its place(like the schematic shows). On the right edge is a place for the 25 pin D-sub connectorthat connects to the parallel printer port. You just jam the PC board between the two rows of pins andsolder it.On the left side are places for the lamp sockets. You need to look over the schematic to see wheresome of the parts go but it's all there.

C:\Projects\Milling\Mill_Drive\Schem-PCB\StepCheap3D.zip (/files/orig/FVR/SAZJ/F6B7SU5X/FVRSAZJF6B7SU5X.zip)16 KB

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C:\Documents and Settings\Tom\Desktop\StepCheap3DBOT.pdf (/files/orig/F0H/O3CW/F6B7SU6F/F0HO3CWF6B7SU6F.pdf)30 KB

C:\Projects\StepCheap3D_PCB_GodeC.zip (/files/orig/FC8/G9CX/F6PBW8B0/FC8G9CXF6PBW8B0.zip)34 KB

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oso1993 (/member/oso1993/) says:would this setup work with mach3 ?

woodspinner (/member/woodspinner/) in reply to oso1993yes

B.Soares (/member/B.Soares/) says:Beautiful work Tom, I would like to thank you for sharing this driver. I'm gonna try it soon. I purchasedthe components but I only found the MOSFETs IRF630 and IRF540. Can I use one of this types?

xxrayexx (/member/xxrayexx/) says:Connect them to the parallel port pins you specified in your port setup. For this example the PL8 &PL9 for the X-Plane connects to pins 3 & 2 of the parallel port

kumar1 (/member/kumar1/) says:hi, i am planning to build a 3d printer, but their is no how to's or hardly any info on it. so im going withbare bones nothing. except use hardware similar to the purpose, my main problems currently ismaking up a circuit to drive the 3d machine, preddy much cut to the chase the setup this boardprovides is almost everything i need except i need to know if its compatible with 3d printer software.. ithink it is but if you have any info that would help please let me know,.

tramakatsa (/member/tramakatsa/) says:where do outputs PL8 and PL9 go on the stepper motor driver diagram?Thanks in advance.


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4 of 11 10/08/2013 1:01

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May 28, 2013. 7:38 PM Reply (CU99DPRHH2VFIT7)

Dylogic (/member/Dylogic/) says:Hey,

I would like to replace the bulb with a resistor but how can I determine the ohms I need andthe wattage???

Thanks

alihureiby (/member/alihureiby/) says:hello guys. somebody can help me .i want to make a cnc router with 4 stepper motor, but actually is has 3 axis.in Y axis it need 2 stepper motor, so it can use this board or not? so i can paralel 2 stepper cable tomake one.?many thanks

Syed imran (/member/Syed+imran/) in reply to alihureibyHi alihureiby,Yes you can parallel 2 stepper cableto make one, but it will be better (ifpossible) to add one more sameMOSFET paralelly (on PCB) on thataxis you want to add those 2 steppermotors.Good Luck.

holychachi (/member/holychachi/) says:I'm trying to come up with a way to control twelve steppers... Any ideas besides multiple driverboards?


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5 of 11 10/08/2013 1:01

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May 18, 2013. 1:19 AM Reply (CSU3C8BHGU2DQ73)

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dirver (/member/dirver/) says:Hi,Small error in Port Setup printscreen of Tom.Option 1: set pin 14 Reverse = True (instead of False)Option 2: set pin 4, 7 and 14 on NU (as Enable is optional). You can than use pins 4,7 and 14(reverse=true) for something else.See pictures.Regards,Dirk

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sonnbonics (/member/sonnbonics/) says:Could I make 5 of these and control a 3D printer?

dirver (/member/dirver/) in reply to sonnbonicsMultiply the schema for 5 motorsinstead of 3.Could be done.

What software and mechanics willyou use ?Regards,Dirk

sonnbonics (/member/sonnbonics/) in reply to dirverwell, i have since bought a 3dprinter, but i use pronterface. youthink it would work?

dirver (/member/dirver/) in reply to sonnbonicsSonnbonics,I've looked further and in KCam4you can only connect 4 motors.X, Y, Z and A.And yo have to check if there are


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6 of 11 10/08/2013 1:01

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Jun 16, 2012. 1:47 PM Reply (CC0V90TH3IHU872)

pins available on your parallel-portPins 1, 16 and 17 are available in the KCam4 software but you have to check if they arehardware available.Also you have to check if Pronterface is capable of stearing your motors via the parallelportAND via pins (not bit's = processor needed).This last one can be probably done by exporting to KCam4 and use KCam4 for driving yourmotors.Why you need 5 motors ?X, Y, Z = OK, the spindle you can mis-use to control the fluidwire.Therefore you need 4 outputs.

Regards,Dirk

dirver (/member/dirver/) in reply to dirverSonnbonics,

Just tested the following:Tom has foreseen pins 4, 7 and 14as pen-enable (optional).If you put NU in the port-setup ofKCam4 in the place where youcould enter 4, 7 and 14 everythingis still working (because of the flagMotor Enable --> Always On).Therefore you can use pins 4,7and 14 (wrong IO-address inKCam4 !!!, &H37A instead of&H378) to control your 4th motor.

Succes,Dirk

dirver (/member/dirver/) in reply to sonnbonicsSonnbonics,

What is the brand and type of the3D printer ?So I can see more specs.A 3D printer is probably just abunch of steppermotors whichwork with special software (likee.g. Pronterface).Is a bit a X-Y-Z-milling machinebut with a fluid instead of a spindlewith drill ?? Or am I wrong ???Regards,Dirk

sgaspe (/member/sgaspe/) says:I used 2N60 as the FET. But it seems like didn't working. Please let me know what is the best FET foruse. My motor drives using 12V.

dirver (/member/dirver/) in reply to sgaspeRFP12N01L Fet's.Regards,Dirk

SpiderSpartan (/member/SpiderSpartan/) says:Can anyone tell me if Xenon or Halogen bulbswould work as the light bulbs in this circuit orwould there be too much delay in those?Thanks.

dirver (/member/dirver/) in reply to SpiderSpartan


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7 of 11 10/08/2013 1:01

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Why useexpensive bulbs ?The bulbsmentioned aresimple car orbicycle ones.Depends on thepowersupplyvoltage.Regards,Dirk

mastertiger (/member/mastertiger/) says:i make this circuit for my cnc machinei use 60n06 as mosfetstepper motor 4.6Ai use power supply 17vi make limitation circuit for currentbut i have two problem1- 60n06 Heated so much i put heatsink but nothing change2- voltage across motor is only 1.4vi don't know whyi use 17v supply voltageplease help

dirver (/member/dirver/) in reply to mastertigerMeasured out the ic-pins asmentioned in the guideline ?Your ic's should have 3V -> 5V inputto work (see datasheet).If not, check your power supply andpart R1 (resistor 1K).Regards,Dirk

Tutorial Master (/member/Tutorial+Master/) says:Hi,how powerful are the steppers?

dirver (/member/dirver/) in reply to Tutorial MasterHere in Belgium, they can lift 1 fullpackage of 24 bottles of BelgiumBeer.... ;-)Depends on the motors andpowersupply, not the circuit.

Regards,Dirk

brcoenen (/member/brcoenen/) says:Hello, can some one tell, or show me, how the lamp connects to the circuit on the pcb, i don't see it onany of the pics of pcb's or finished boards. I just see it standing there all by its self.

Thank you

dirver (/member/dirver/) in reply to brcoenen+ from the pcb to lamp 1, mass fromlamp 1 to motor 1.+ from the pcb to lamp 2, mass fromlamp 2 to motor 2.....

Do not want to be smart and put alltogether.. does not work !!! Tried thisbefore :-(


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8 of 11 10/08/2013 1:01

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So you need: 3 x 5 wires per motor + 2 for the spindle = 17 wires.

Regards,Dirk

wl888 (/member/wl888/) says:Tom or anyone with the answer please

firstly thanks for your Instructables.have built the stepper control your design rev 2/11/07...cheep stepper. CD4516 and CD4028.

have built two boards so far.for both boards, on slow clock test runs fine in forward, but misses Q4 output on the CD4028 every2nd pass in reverse (tested with LED's) ie: direction to ground.Apart from this every thing else works ok.have You come across this before ? , if so, what is the cause / fix.

RegardsDoug

dirver (/member/dirver/) in reply to wl888Doug,Already replaced the CD4028 ?Also checked the pcb ?Re-tip the solderpads whith yoursolderpin.Perhaps a very small mistake ?Regards,Dirk

brcoenen (/member/brcoenen/) says:Just wondering, is there a parallel port mode that i should be setting the port to? I thought at one timeas reading through all the posts I saw someone say something, but don't remember what it was, haveread alot of posts, and with the little inconsitant errors and non workings i have had to finally get to amotor move I have to ask.

dirver (/member/dirver/) in reply to brcoenenNothing to set, just check the baseio-address of your LPT1 port.Mostly 37xBh.This must be the same as inKCam4.Regards,Dirk

pinkugkc (/member/pinkugkc/) says:there is no need any programming on microcontroller???

dirver (/member/dirver/) in reply to pinkugkcCorrect, just see the settings(pin's) on the KCam4 screenPort-setup.KCam4 just puts pin's high/low.That's all.The high/low's are translated toon/off trought the fet's.No programming involved.Simple.Regards,Dirk

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May 6, 2013. 4:18 AM Reply (C7CGJ8SHG85CN0S)

HELLO, GETTINGREADY TO ORDERPARTS AND NEED TOKNOW IF THERE ISSPECIFIC PARTNUMBER/MAKE ETC.FOR THE N CHANNELLOGIC MOSFETS.WANT TO MAKE SURE IGET THE CORRECTONE AS THEY AREPRETTY COSTLY.THANKS, ED

dirver (/member/dirver/) in reply to CANNONMAN1Ed,Use the RFP12N10L Fet's.Perfect for the job.Regards,Dirk

axlrus (/member/axlrus/) says:What voltage should i use for light bulbs????? My motors are 6v, and power suply 24. 12v bulbs gotrealy hot, and with 24v bulbs motors run powerless. What happens there, and how to calculate properresistor to replace the bulb. Thanks

dirver (/member/dirver/) in reply to axlrusIf your motors are 6Volt than putmax. 6Volt to the pcb.Otherwise (perhaps already) youmay crash the motors.As Tom mentioned,use a simplepowersupply (3 - 4,5 - 5 - 6 - 7,5 - 9- 12) Volt switchable.

Regards,Dirk

sanjaysy (/member/sanjaysy/) says:I built using PDF files from your instructable. it looks like +ve & -ve terminals have been connectedusing 1K resister, where are circuit says +ve & +ve terminals are connected with Zener & capacitor inparallel with 1K series resister. do i looking at the right bottom.pdf. i'm a mechanical engineer &limited knowledge of electronics, your help will be highly appreciated.

Attached a sketch with markups.

Thanks in advance.

regards,sanjay

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dirver (/member/dirver/) in reply to sanjaysySanjay,

You mixed up the R1 (1K resistor)with C6 (capacitor 220uF).Regards,Dirk

slh1 (/member/slh1/) says:Hi mister! Is it possible to connect your driver to the 4-lead 2-phase bipolar stepper motor? since Icould only find this type of motor in my area. Thanks

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