Ecology SCI.9-12.B-6 - [Standard] - The student will demonstrate an understanding of the interrelationships among organisms and the biotic and abiotic

EcologySCI.9-12.B-6 - [Standard] - The student will demonstrate an

understanding of the interrelationships among

organisms and the biotic and abiotic components of their

environments.1

SCI.9-12.B-3.6 - [Indicator] – Illustrate the flow of

energy through ecosystems (including food chains, food

webs, energy pyramids,number pyramids, and

biomass pyramids).

copyright cmassengale 2

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Energy Flow Through an Ecosystem

Food Chains, Food Webs, Food Chains, Food Webs, Energy PyramidsEnergy Pyramids

copyright cmassengale

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ALL ENERGYALL ENERGY

•Begins with the Begins with the SUNSUN

•With With PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis

6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight & chlorophyll C6H12O6 + 6O2


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Photosynthesis Photosynthesis

DO NOT COPYDO NOT COPY•Chemical reaction where green plants use Chemical reaction where green plants use water & carbon dioxidewater & carbon dioxide to store the to store the sun’s sun’s energy in glucoseenergy in glucose

•ENERGY is stored in glucoseENERGY is stored in glucose

•Glucose is stored as starch in plantsGlucose is stored as starch in plants


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Organisms that Organisms that can make glucose can make glucose

during during photosynthesis photosynthesis

are calledare called PRODUCERS.


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Producers Producers use use most of the most of the energy they energy they

makemake for for themselves.themselves.


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Producers use Producers use cellular cellular

respirationrespiration to to supply the supply the

energy they energy they need to live.need to live.


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CELLULAR CELLULAR RESPIRATION RESPIRATION is is

the chemical the chemical reaction that reaction that releases the releases the

energy in energy in glucoseglucose..It makes It makes

energy in the energy in the form of ATP.form of ATP.

6O2 + C6H12O6 --> 6H2O + 6CO2 + energy


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The The energy that is energy that is not used by not used by

producersproducers can be can be passed on to passed on to

organisms that organisms that cannot make their cannot make their

own energy.own energy.copyright cmassengale

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Organisms that Organisms that cannot make their cannot make their

own energy are own energy are called called

CONSUMERS.CONSUMERS.copyright cmassengale

There are 4 general types of consumers:

Herbivores eat only plantsCarnivores eat only animalsOmnivores eat plant and animals

Decomposers break down decaying organisms

Herbivores

Zebras eat grass. They are

herbivores.

Cows are herbivores.

Herbivores

Hippos are herbivores.

Rhinos are herbivores.

Carnivores

Lions definitely eat meat!

Not all carnivores have razor sharp

teeth.

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Consumers that eat Consumers that eat producersproducers to get energy: to get energy:

•Are primary consumers





biomass pyramids).


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A Consumer that Eats A Consumer that Eats Another Consumer for Another Consumer for

Energy:Energy:•Is called a Is called a secondary secondary consumerconsumer

•May be a May be a carnivorecarnivore or a or a omnivoreomnivore

•May be a May be a predatorpredator

•May be a May be a scavengerscavenger


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A consumer that eats a A consumer that eats a consumer that already consumer that already

ate a consumer:ate a consumer:

•Is called a tertiary Is called a tertiary consumerconsumer

•May be a May be a carnivore, carnivore, a omnivore,a omnivore, predator predator or a or a scavengerscavenger

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Consumers that eat Consumers that eat other dead other dead

consumers are called consumers are called

scavengersscavengers

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The The transfer of energytransfer of energy from the from the sunsun to to producerproducer to primary consumer then to primary consumer then to higher order to higher order consumersconsumers can be shown in acan be shown in a FOOD FOOD

CHAIN.CHAIN.

A lotA lot of the energy is lost of the energy is lost as as heatheat, but some energy , but some energy is stored and can is stored and can passed passed on to another consumer.on to another consumer.

****10% rule 10% rule – only – only 10%10% of the of the energy at one level is energy at one level is transferredtransferred to to the next the next

level.level.

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More Food ChainsMore Food Chains

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Food Webs:Food Webs:

•Are Are interconnected interconnected food chainsfood chains

•They show They show the the feeding feeding relationships relationships in an in an ecosystemecosystem

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Food Chains Show Available Food Chains Show Available EnergyEnergy

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Another way Another way of showing of showing the transfer the transfer of energy in of energy in

an an ecosystem is ecosystem is

thetheENERGY ENERGY

PYRAMIDPYRAMID

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Energy Pyramids ShowEnergy Pyramids Show •Amount of available Amount of available energy energy decreasesdecreases for for higher consumershigher consumers

•It takes a It takes a large large number of producersnumber of producers to to support a small support a small number of primary number of primary consumersconsumers

•It takes a It takes a large large number of primary number of primary consumersconsumers to support a to support a small number of small number of secondary consumerssecondary consumers

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How Many Chains are in this web?


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Identify the Producers, Consumers, & Identify the Producers, Consumers, & Decomposers:Decomposers:

Count the Count the Food Food

Chains!Chains!


We can show what goes on with the help of a Food Web

What would happen if a disease killed off many of the hawks?

There will be nothing to eat the snakes, so their numbers will increase.

All the frogs get eaten

No frogs.

More crickets

Most of the cattail gets eaten by the crickets

Now the crickets don’t have enough food so their numbers go down

..and so on. Numbers of each species have an effect on the numbers of the other species in the web.




biomass pyramids).


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What is ecological succession?

SCI.9-12.B-6.3 - [Indicator] - Illustrate the processes of succession in ecosystems.



This series of predictable changes that occurs in a community over time is called ecological succession.

Sometimes, an ecosystem changes in response to an abrupt disturbance. At other times, changes occur gradually.

There are two types: primary and secondary.


Primary SuccessionOn land, succession that occurs on surfaces where no soil exists is called primary succession. For example, primary succession occurs on rock surfaces formed after volcanoes erupt.

The first species to populate the area are called pioneer species.


The first organisms are The first organisms are alwaysalways plants!! plants!!

AutotrophsAutotrophs that make that make their their ownown food food

Then Then smallsmall animals animals (bugs) come in. Then (bugs) come in. Then

largerlarger plants plants, then larger , then larger animalsanimals..

In this example, a volcanic eruption has destroyed the previous ecosystem.


The first organisms to appear are lichens.


Mosses soon appear, and grasses take root in the thin layer of soil


Eventually, tree seedlings and shrubs sprout among the plant community.


Secondary SuccessionAll or part of an ecosystem can be changed by natural events, such as fires.

When the disturbance is over, community interactions that replace the ecosystem to its original condition are called secondary succession.(Think of this as a replacement community.)


SCI.9-12.B-6.3 - [Indicator] - Illustrate the processes of succession in ecosystems.


Population-all of the individuals of a species that live together in one place at one time.

Demography-the statistical study of populations. It is used to predict how the size of a population will change.

SCI.9-12.B-6.2 - [Indicator] - Explain how populations are affected by limiting factors (including density-dependent, density-independent, abiotic, and biotic factors).



1. Population sizePopulation size – is the number of individuals in a population. – has an important effect on the ability of the population to survive.

Carrying Capacity – number of organisms an ecosystem can support

(don’t copy) A small population is more likely to become extinct:

-in the case of random events or natural disaster-due to inbreeding where the population is more genetically alike. Recessive traits are more likely to appear.-with reduced variability it is harder to adapt to changes.

KEY FEATURES OF POPULATIONS


2. Population density Population density – the number of individuals in a given area.– if they are too far apart they may only rarely encounter one another resulting in little reproduction.

Carrying capacity – The number of organisms that an environment can support.

This can change if the environment changes.


Exponential growth Logistic Growth


Normal carrying capacity

Carrying capacity changed over time due to a change in the environment.


KEY FEATURES OF POPULATIONS, con’tPopulation size is limited by:

density-dependent density-dependent factorsfactors

Biotic factorsBiotic factorsDiseaseDiseaseCompetitionCompetitionPredatorsPredatorsParasitesParasitesFood Food CrowdingCrowding

The greater the The greater the population, the population, the greater effect these greater effect these factors have.factors have.Ex. Black plague in Ex. Black plague in the Middle Ages – the Middle Ages – more deaths in citiesmore deaths in cities

density-independent density-independent factorsfactors

abiotic factorsabiotic factorsVolcanic eruptionsVolcanic eruptionsTemperatureTemperatureStormsStormsFloodsFloodsDroughtDroughtChemical pesticidesChemical pesticidesMajor habitat Major habitat disruption (as in the disruption (as in the New Orleans New Orleans flooding)flooding)

Most are abiotic factorsMost are abiotic factors

SCI.9-12.B-6.4 - [Indicator] - Exemplify the role of organisms in the geochemical cycles (including the cycles of carbon, nitrogen, and water).

Cycles of MatterA. Recycling in the

BiosphereB. The Water CycleC. Nutrient Cycles

1. The Carbon Cycle2. The Nitrogen

Cycle3. The Phosphorus Cycle

*Energy is not the only thingthat moves through the ecosystem.

Atoms are never destroyed . . . only transformed.

http://mff.dsisd.net/Environment/Cycles.htm

Take a deep breath.The atoms you just inhaled may have been inhaled by a dinosaur millions of years ago.

http://educ.queensu.ca/~fmc/august2004/pages/dinobreath.html

ENERGY & MATTER

4 ATOMS make up 95% of the body in most organisms

CARBON

HYDROGEN

OXYGEN

NITROGEN

The same molecules are passed around

again and again within the biosphere in

___________________________BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES

WATER CYCLE= ___________________HYDROLOGIC CYCLE

http://www.urbanrivers.org/water_cycle.html

WHY IS WATER IMPORTANT?

http://www.lsbu.ac.uk/water/molecule.htm

building blocks of cMakes up 60-70% of your bodyOxygen and Hydrogen are found in all the ________________________: carbohydrates, proteins,

nucleic acids, lipids

Hydrogen in H2O supplies protons (H+) & electrons for_______________ells

photosynthesis

WHY IS WATER IMPORTANT?Water is a good _________________Many molecules dissolve in water so itprovides a place for chemical reactionsto happen

Water doesn’t change temperature easily so it helps with__________________

http://www.lsbu.ac.uk/water/molecule.htm

SOLVENT

HOMEOSTASIS

WATER CYCLE

evaporation

condensation

http://www.radio-canada.ca/jeunesse/fd6/000_images/cat/c_buee_c.gif

The return of water tothe surface in the form ofrain, snow, sleet, hail, etc.= ____________________

The evaporation of water from the surface of plant leaves = ________________

http://www.css.cornell.edu/faculty/hmv1/watrshed/Etrans.htm

TRANSPIRATION

PRECIPITATION

PH ONLINE LINK Put in code: cbp-2033 Choose Start

Image edited from: http://www.cotf.edu/ete/modules/msese/earthsysflr/water.html

WATER CYCLE

http://www.phschool.com/science

Terms for water cyclePrecipitationEvaporation

TranspirationCondensationRunoff

CARBON CYCLECO2 inatmosphere

CO2 inocean

BIOLOGY; Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall; 2006


4 main CARBON reservoirs in BIOSPHERE

CO2 inatmosphere

CO2 inOcean


1. In ____________ as CO2 gas 2. In _______ as dissolved CO2 gas3. On _______ in organisms, rocks, soil4. __________ as coal & petroleum (fossil fuels) and calcium carbonate in rocks

atmosphere

ocean

land

Underground

Where does CO2 in atmosphere come from? CO2 in

atmosphere

CO2 inOcean


3. _________________ plants and animals release CO2 through respiration and decomposition

4.____________ of dead organisms

2. Human activity (burning fossil fuels)

Cellular respiration

Decomposition

1. Volcanic activity

WHY IS CARBON IMPORTANT?

Found in all the _______________ of cells: carbohydrates, proteins,

nucleic acids, lipids

Image by Riedell

http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/12-dna.htm

BUILDING BLOCKS

WHY IS CARBON IMPORTANT?

Carbon in CO2 provides the atoms for __________ production during __________________... the fuel that all living things depend on.

http://www.science.siu.edu/plant-biology/PLB117/JPEGs%20CD/0076.JPG http://www.biologyclass.net/mitochondria.jpg

GLUCOSE

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Terms for Carbon cyclePhotosynthesisCellular RespirationCombustionDecomposition

N2 in Atmosphere

NH3

NO3-

and NO2-

Section 3-3

NITROGEN CYCLE


WHY IS NITROGEN IMPORTANT?

Image by Riedell

NITROGEN BASES make DNA and RNA

Adenine (nitrogen base) is used in ATP

Makes AMINO part of amino acids (proteins)

Image by Riedell


79% of the atmosphere is made up of NITROGEN gas (N2)

Image by Riedell Image by Riedell


BUT we _____ use the nitrogen gas we breathe!

The bond in N2 gas is sostrong it can only be broken by__________________________________________________

CAN’T

lightning

Volcanic activity

few special bacteria

http://www.slic2.wsu.edu:82/hurlbert/micro101/images/101nodules21.gif

Bacteria that live ______________and in _________ relationships withplants called _________, take nitrogen from the atmosphere and turn it into ______________, a form that is usable by plants.

THIS PROCESSIS CALLED_________________

in the soil

symbiotic

legumes

AMMONIA (NH3)

NITROGEN FIXATION

Image from: http://www.utdallas.edu/images/departments/biology/misc/gonzalez-image.jpg and http://www.cibike.org/CartoonEating.gif modified by Riedell

Other bacteria in the soil convertammonia into ________________& _________________which plants can also use. The nitrogen we need for proteins, ATP, and nucleic acids comes from

the ___________ ___________ we breathe!

NITRATES (NO3- )

FOOD WE EAT

NOT THE AIR

& NITRITES (NO2-)

N2 in Atmosphere

NH3

NO3-

and NO2-

Section 3-3

NITROGEN CYCLE


Bacteria that live ______________also carry out the reverse process

___________ → _____________.

THIS PROCESSIS CALLED_________________

in the soil

NITRATES & NITRITES

NITROGEN GAS

DENITRIFICATION

N2 NH3 NO2 NO3 N2

Nitrogen ammonia nitrite nitrate

ammonification nitrification denitrification

All of these processes are done by bacteria.

Terms for Nitrogen CycleAmmonificationNitrificationDenitrificationNitrogen Fixation by bacteria

PHOSPHORUS CYCLE

Weathering wears away rocks and sediments and releases phosphate into soil and water

Image from: Pearson Education Inc; Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall

Producers absorb phosphate from soil and water

Phosphate moves through food web

Phosphate returns to soil and water from waste or decomposition

Sediments form “new land”to complete cycle


Phosphorus cycle is only biogeochemicalcycle that does NOT cycle through the

______________


atmosphere

WHY IS PHOSPHORUS IMPORTANT?

Image by Riedell

Makes DNA and RNA

Transfers energy as ATP

Makes phospholipids for cell membranes

Image by Riedell


SCI.9-12.B-6.1 - [Indicator] - Explain how the interrelationships among organisms (including predation, competition, parasitism, mutualism, and commensalism) generate stability within ecosystems.


Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Community Interactions

SymbiosisAny relationship in which two species live closely together is called symbiosis.

Symbiotic relationships include: mutualismcommensalism parasitism

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Community Interactions

Mutualism: both species benefit from the relationship.

Commensalism: one member of the association benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed.

Parasitism: one organism lives on or inside another organism and harms it.

Species InteractionsPredation

An interaction in which one organism captures and feeds on another organism is called predation.

The organism that does the killing and eating is called the predator, and the food organism is the prey.



SymbiosisAny relationship in which two species live closely together is called symbiosis.Symbiotic relationships include:

mutualismcommensalism parasitism




Mutualism: both species benefit from the relationship + + Ex: Bacteria in human intestines – bacteria gets a place to live and we get water reabsorbed


Commensalism: one member of the association benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed. + 0 Ex. Barnacles on a whale The barnacles get a place to live and transportation and the whales don’t even know the barnacles are there.


Parasitism: one organism lives on or inside another organism and harms it. + - Ex. Tapeworm and human Tapeworm gets food digested and brought to it and the human is harmed.


There are two types of parasites:

1. Endoparasites live on the inside of the host.

2. Ectoparasites live on the outside of the host.



Documents

Ecology SCI.9-12.B-6 - [Standard] - The student will demonstrate an understanding of the interrelationships among organisms and the biotic and abiotic