Upload
others
View
2
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
DOCUMENT RESUME
ED 354 884 IR 016 016
AUTHOR Brandhorst, TedTITLE The Educational Resources Information Center
(ERIC).
INSTITUTION ERIC Processing and Reference Facility, Rockville,MD.
SPONS AGENCY Office of Educational Research and Improvement (ED),Washington, DC.
PUB DATE 93NOTE 28p.; Submitted for publication in the "Encyclopedia
of Library and Information Science," Vol. 51, Suppl.14, p208-225, 1993. Allen Kent, Ed., Marcel Dekker,Inc., 270 Madison Ave., New York, NY 10016.
PUB TYPE Historical Materials (060) Reports Descriptive(141) Information Analyses ERIC ClearinghouseProducts (071)
EDRS PRICE MF01/PCO2 Plus Postage.DESCRIPTORS *Bibliographic Databases; Clearinghouses;
Decentralization; Educational Research; FederalPrograms; Futures (of Society); InformationDissemination; *Information Services; Publications
IDENTIFIERS Chronology; Document Delivery; *EducationalInformation; *ERIC; Historical Background
ABSTRACTThis paper begins with an overview of ERIC that
provides background on the system's decentralized structure, thebibliographic database, document availability, and ERIC publications.The historical development of ERIC from the early 1960s is describedand illustrated with a chronology of selected major ERIC events from1965 to 1991 and a table listing directors and host organizations ofCentral ERIC, the ERIC Clearinghouses and the ERIC SupportContractors during the same period. Three strategies that contributedto the evolution of ERIC are then discussed: decentralized structureleveraging with the private sector to achieve database dissemination,and document delivery as an essential service. Policy emphasesidentified by a 1986-87 redesign study of ERIC are listed, togetherwith strategies for accomplishing these goals; and a review of thecurrent status of the system is given in the form of a statisticalsummary covering funding, acquisitions, database input, microfichedistribution, publications, information requests, database users, andservice providers through the year 1991. That same year was also theyear of ERIC's 25th anniversary, and the article concludes with aconsideration of ERIC initiatives for the rest of the 1990s,including: the identification, development, and dissemination ofmaterials pertaining to the national education goals; full-textdelivery of education materials; diversification of funding sources;coverage and delivery of non-print materials; expanded internationalactivities; the promotion of increased collaboration through theactivities of the ERIC Research and Development Partners; greatercomprehensiveness of bibliographic coverage; and value-addedservices. (Contains 10 references.) (MSE)
U S DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATIONOn e :ttEcit,:at.onat Rese,:e and trcot,e,e,F UCATiONAL RESOURCES INF ORMW.: ,tt
CENTER .ERIC,
lets document "as Deer. ewocl,ceu asece.eo 'foe, tee ve,s;^ t o'clat'tzat3,9natteg tM.ece ceaeoes rave neer ,ace '0'ecenclut.ttoe
PO.n!S C1 evs 0 Cla.^0n5 satea.r, 1,5 C-s'nen, do ^0, r,ecessaf... ecese, n a
R' DC,S,C^ DC"'1.
Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC)
Article Prepared for the:
Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science
by
Ted Brandhorst, Director
ERIC Processing and Reference Facility
October 1991
BEST COPY Po" ?
4,050 Words (Not Including Figures)
The Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC)
by
Ted Brandhorst
An Overview of ERIC
The Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC) is a nationwide information systemcurrently sponsored and supported by the U. S. Department of Education's Office of EducationalResearch and Improvement (OEM). ERIC was founded, in the mid-1960s, at the then Office ofEducation, for the purpose of achieving bibliographic control over the report literature prod,x;edby the agency and its many contractors. ERIC has since expanded to cover the education-relateddocument and journal article literature wherever it is produced. ERIC collects, analyzes, catalogs,indexes, abstracts or annotates, announces, and makes available, documentary information frompublic, private, local, state, Federal, and international sources.
The decentralized structure of ERIC consists of a policy-making, funding, and monitoringFederal program office in the U.S. Department of Education (commonly referred to as "CentralERIC"), 16 subject-specific ERIC Clearinghouses (aided by a small number of volunteer "AdjunctClearinghouses"), and three technical support contractors. Each Clearinghouse is responsible forcollecting and processing the literature within a major segment of the field of education. Thetechnical support contractors are: (1) the ERIC Processing and Reference Facility (for databaseediting and building, lexicography, and centralized computer processing); (2) the ERIC DocumentReproduction Service (EDRS) (for microfiche and document delivery); and (3) ACCESS ERIC(for outreach, marketing, and referral services).
ERIC's most well -know n product is its bibliographic database, which through 1991 containsapproximately 758,000 records (for over 328,000 documents and 430,000 journal articles). Forthis database, ERIC actively solicits technical reports, conference proceedings and papers,curriculum materials, project descriptions, evaluation and policy studies, and many other kindsof documents, serving all levels of the educational community, from the practitioner to theresearcher. Items entering the database are announced, as appropriate, in one of ERIC's twomonthly printed abstract journals: Resources in Education (RIE), covering documents (about14,000 per year); and Current Index to Journals in Education (CUE), covering journal articles(about 18,000 per year). The database is available for computer searching and retrieval viavarious online vendors (e.g., DIALOG, OCLC, and BRS) and CD-ROM vendors (e.g.,SilverPlatter, DIALOG).
Ted Brandhorst, DirectorERIC Processing and Referenx Facilty, 2440 Research Boulevard, Suite 400,Rockville, Maryland 20850(301) 258-5500
October 1991
Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC) Page 2Article for: the Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science
Some 98 percent of the documents collected by ERIC are archived on microfiche and madeavailable to libraries and users by EDRS on a subscription basis (through 1991 there were over870 subscribers worldwide) or an on-demand basis. Some 80 percent of the journal articlesselected by ERIC are available from standard reprint sources, such as University MicrofilmsInternational (UMI).
In addition to building the world's premier education-related bibliographic database, theERIC components produce many publicatiop,, of their own. The Clearinghouses prepare varioussyntheses, interpretative summaries, state-of-the-art reviews, annotated bibliographies, and digests(all told, over 200 publications per year). The support contractors produce a variety ofdirectories, calendars, indexes, newsletters, and other reference and referral tools.
Historical Development
In the late 1950s and early 1960s, the U.S. Office of Education found itself faced with aproliferation of unpublished reports emanating from increased Federal funding of research,exemplary programs, and demonstration projects. The first gropings for a solution to theproblem--a system to control and disseminate Federally-sponsored education-related researchpapers--can be found in concept and feasibility studies dating back to 1960. For example, thefirst efforts to conceptualize an ERIC Thesaurus, i.e., a subject-indexing authority for such afuture system, appeared in 1961. The concept of an overall ERIC "system"--combining documentcollection, cataloging, indexing, abstracting, announcement, archiving, and dissemination--beganto emerge during this period under the leadership of Dr. Lee Burchinal; however, ERIC'sgestation proved to be quite long. It wasn't until 1964 that an actual embryonic organizationalunit called "ERIC" appeared within the Office of Education. Then in quick succession, however,a contract was let in 1965 for the ERIC Document Reproduction Service (EDRS) and contractswere let in 1966 for the first twelve ERIC Clearinghouses and a central editqrial and computerprocessing facility. In November 1966, the first issue of ERIC's abstract journal appeared, thencalled Research in Education, creating a convenient milestone from which to count futureanniversaries.
In 1967, an additional six Clearinghouses were established, for a total of 18. Since then,the number has fluctuated in response to needs and priorities. There have been a total of 23different ERIC Clearinghouses over the years, but the number has currently stabilized at 16.Also in 1967, the word Research in ERIC's name was changed to Resources, reflecting theemerging recognition that research results were not the only bibliographic resources that ERICwas going to collect. (Interestingly, the same switch of words in RIE's title didn't take placeuntil much later, in January 1975.)
Ted Brandhorst, DirectnrERIC Processing and Reference Facility, 2440 Research Boulevard, Suite 400,Rockville, Maryland 20850(301) 258-5500
October 1991
Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC) Page 3Article for: the Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science
Many of ERIC's basic organizing principles, still in use today, were determined very earlyin its life and reflect the careful planning of the founders. Much of the historical evolution ofERIC can be traced to the following three "signature" strategies:
Decentralized Structure. Unlike the other monolithic government information centersthat might have served as a model, ERIC decided to adopt a decentralized model.Education in the United States was--and still is--a decentralized enterprise, with powerdispersed to the states and localities, professional associations, and teacher unions.Information was being developed at all these levels and a monolithic information centerin Washington was not felt to be the best way to keep abreast of such a diffuse anddispersed community. Instead, a system of separate "Clearinghouses" wasconceptualized, each concentrating on a major sector of the field of education and eachbearing responsibility for acquiring the documentation of that subfield and for interactingwith that particular part of the educational community.
The same decentralized structure pertains today, and it has served ERIC well in copingwith the many constituencies that comprise the field of education. Thoughdecentralization is not without special problems of coordination and duplication causedby the geographically-separated system components, on balance the increased breadth ofcoverage, the diversity of contacts, and the variety of points of view represented, haveultimately been assessed as strengths that outweigh the operational problems.
"Leveraging" with the Private Sector to Achieve Database Dissemination. Alwaysmodestly budgeted, ERIC was from the beginning forced to involve the private sectorin an effort to "leverage" various dissemination products and services. ERIC had enoughfunds to create its bibliographic database, but not enough to create all the products andservices that needed to be derived from that database.
The micrographics contractor (EDRS), commercial publishers, and the online andCD-ROM vendors are all examples of organizations that provide ERIC products andservices to the public, at no charge to the Government. ERIC, in effect, gives theseorganizations a license to , in the first case, microfilm ERIC documents; in the secondcase, publish the ERIC Thesaurus and Current Index to Journals in Education; and, inthe third case, to include the ERIC database in commercial online and CD-ROMinformation retrieval systems. The for-profit sector organizations provide services andmarket products to the public, recovering their costs and making a profit in the process;the users, in turn, pay for what they specifically want, but pay no subsidy in tax dollarsfor those products and services.
Ted Brandhorst, DirectorERIC Processing ,ncl Reference Facility. 2440 Research Boulevard, Suite 400.Rockville, Maryland 20850(301) 2.58-5500
October 1991
Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC) Page 4Article for: the Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science
"Leveraging" is evident, to some extent, even in the Clearinghouse contracts, where thehost organization holding the Clearinghouse contract typically provides ERIC with someservices (e.g., in-1,71nd personnel, printing, and office equipment) above and beyond thosestrictly required by the contract.
Document Delivery as an Essential Service. The first ERIC contract, in 1965, before anyof the Clearinghouses, established the ERIC Document Reproduction Service (EDRS).This is an indication of how crucial the early planners viewed document delivery.Unlike many information systems, which simply tell users aboLt the existence of an itemwithout solving the problem of obtaining a copy, ERIC wanted to be able to actuallydeliver the vast majority of 1.1-.3 items it announced. Partly this stance was dictated bythe fugitive nature of the report literature. If ERIC had not offered availability, theproblems and frustrations of the users in this area would probably have led to morecriticism that any system could bear. Be that as it may, ERIC was founded on theprinciple of closing the loop for the user as much as possible.
The over 870 ERIC microfiche collections that exist around the world, built up regularlythrough annual subscriptions, together with the ready on-demand availability ofdocuments in microfiche and reproduced paper copy from the ERIC DocumentReproduction Service (EDRS), represent one of the strongest links in the ERIC chain ofservices.
While structural decentralization, private sector leveraging, and guaranteed documentdelivery are perhaps the major basic strategies of ERIC, there are several other lesser strategiesthat might be mentioned.
The bibliographic database as a findamental foundation for the system, on which mostother products and services are built and connected in some way or other.
Primary coverage devoted to that part of the educational literature that is not handledadequately by anybody else, i.e., the report/fugitive / "gray" literature, encompassing suchthings as contractor reports, conference papers, curriculum materials, etc., but generallynot including the commercially-published book literature.
Relevance to all levels of the educational community, from the teacher concerned withtomorrow's lesson to the professor engaged in research. This implies an acquisitions netthat is cast widely and that encompasses buth the theoretical and the practical.
Ted Brandhorst, DirectorERIC Processing and Reference Facility, 2440 Research Boulevard, Suite CO,Rockville, Maryland 20850(301) 258-5500
October 1991
Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC) Page 5Article for: the Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science
A wide distribution of ERIC information, including both to the regular educationcommunity (teachers, administrators, researchers, counselors, students, etc.) as well asto parents, policy-makers, and the media, at the lowest possible cost.
A database that changes in response to changing conditions. ERIC's acquisitions andselection criteria have been modified over time in response to new priorities (e.g., theinclusion of machine-readable data files), and new fields have periodically been addedto improve searchability and discrimination (e.g., Publication Type, Target Audience).In 1990, the full text of certain selected documents (i.e., two-page ERIC Digests) becameavailable to online users.
ERIC "Redesign"
In 1986-1987, there occurred perhaps the single most significant event in the development ofERIC since is birth. This was called the ERIC Redesign Study, a top-to-bottom examination thatinvolved the internal staff at the Department of Education, an outside panel of reviewers, andnumerous critiques from the field. This intense examination of ERIC culminated in awidely-discussed paper titled ERIC In Its Third Decade (Bencivenga 1987, in ED 278 429).Later that same year, on July 30, 1987, the House Subcommittee on Select Education sponsoredthe first oversight hearings on ERIC (ED 287 519). As a result of these activities, three mainpolicy emphases were identified for ERIC's immediate future:
ERIC products and services should become more widely used and available;
ERIC should become better integrated into OERI's mission of gathering, analyzing, andreporting information on the status and condition of American education.
ERIC should serve a wider, more diverse audience, including policy-makers, journalists,practitioners, and the general public.
Some of the strategies for accomplishing these goals included:
ACCESS ERIC, the first new system component in over two decades, to serve as anoutreach arm for ERIC, strengthening the areas of marketing, publicity, advertising, andpublic relations, and helping to actively disseminate ERIC's products and services (call1-800-USE-ERIC).
Ted Erandhorst, DirectorERIC Processing and Reference Facility, 2440 Research Boulevard, Suite 400,Rockville, Maryland 20850(301) 258-5500
October 1991
Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC) Page 6Article for: the Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science
Adjunct Clearinghouses as an aid to achieving better coverage of the literature and asa source of volunteer financial support. Through 1991, ERIC has AdjunctClearinghouses in the areas of Literacy Education for Limited-English-Proficient Adults,Art Education, U.S.-Japan Stuaies, Compensatory Education, and Consumer Education.
ERIC Partners as an atl-nipt to multiply ERIC's dissemination efforts and to achievea wider audience via the marshalling of its major users. ERIC's network of over 500Partners routinely receive and re-distribute ERIC materials to their own organizationalmembers. The improved integration of ERIC with OERI's other major programs, suchas the Research and Development Centers and the Regional Educational Laboratories,has also received attention. The ERIC Clearinghouses are now actively producingpublications in partnership with these units, the flow of products from these units to theERIC database is now more routinized, and, ERIC, the Labs, and the Centers nowregularly participate in joint planning and dissemination activities.
Present Day Status and Statistical Summary (through 1991)
Throughout the decade of the 1980s, ERIC's annual funding stayed level at around$5 million. With the 1990s, ERIC's annual funding has risen somewhat to around $6 million.With this sum, ERIC supports 16 Clearinghouse contractors, three support contractors, and certainsystemwide services such as printing at GPO. The average Clearinghouse contract size is nowapproximately $300,000. The ACCESS ERIC contract is approximately $400,000. The ERICFacility contract is approximately $750,000. The EDRS contract is basically a no-cost-to-the-Government arrangement. The consensus of reviewers is that ERIC achieves an extraordinaryamount of end product for its modest funding.
ERIC has established and maintains a network of over 1,600 acquisitions arrangements withorganizations that regularly send ERIC their education-related document output. Thesearrangements, and other acquisitions efforts, bring in approximately 30,000 documents annuallyfor evaluation and application of selection criteria.
From the total input, approximately 14,000 documents and 18,000 journal articles areselected for the database and are processed (cataloged, indexed, abstracted or annotated, andannounced). The total database through 1991 contains approximately 758,000 records and isgrowing at a rate of about 32,000 records annually. The two monthly abstract journals (RIE andCUE) have approximately 2,000 subscribers each and are also distributed to over 1,000 U.S.Depository libraries and (via the Library of Congress) to nearly 85 foreign governments andinstitutions.
Ted Brandhorst, DirectorERIC Processing and Reference Facility. 2440 Research Boulevard, Suite 400.Rockville, Maryland 20850(301) 258-5500
b October 1991
Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC) Page 7Article for: the Encyclopedia of Libra?), and Information Science
The ERIC Document Reproduction Service (EDRS) services approximately 870 regularsubscribers to the entire ERIC microfiche collection. Approximately 17,000,000 microfiche cardsare distributed to these subscribers annually. In addition, EDRS fulfills annually approximately15,000 on-demand orders for microfiche or reproduced paper copy.
The Clearinghouses, in addition to their database-building efforts, prods..;.: over 200information-synthesizing publications annually, over a million copies of which are disseminatedannually to diverse audiences.
The entire ERIC network of organizations receives over 100,000 information requestsannually, each of which is responded to individually.
The total ERIC activity at all online vendors combined is estimated at around 100,000 users,(from 90 countries), conducting 450,000 individual online searches, and expending approximately100,000 connect hours. ERIC is regularly counted as around the 4th or 5th most searchedbibliographic database in the world. The number of CD-ROM subscriptions serviced by allvendors is estimated at around 3,000.
The biannual Directory of ERIC Information Service Providers identifies approximately900 locations that provide some level of service pertaining to the ERIC database (800 domesticlocations; 120 foreign locations spread across 24 countries). These organizations either maintainERIC microfiche collections, subscribe to the ERIC abstract journals and other ERICpublications, or perform computer searches of the ERIC database for clients.
ERIC in the 1990s
ERIC celebrated its 25th anniversary in 1991. It was a time for considering the new tasksand directions that face it as it enters its second quarter-century of service to American education.Eight program improvement initiatives have been formally identified below. These initiativesshould occupy and characterize ERIC in the 1990s.
1. ERIC in the Schools and Community--Achieving the National Education Goals. In itsquarter-century history, ERIC has evolved into a comprehensive system widely recognizedas the premier source of information for planning education activities, developing newprograms, carrying out research, and making program decisions. The ERIC Clearinghousesare now giving priority to the identification, development and dissemination of high-qualitymaterials pertaining to the. six "National Education Goals" established by the President andstate Governors in 1989, and to be achieved by the year 2000.
Ted Brandhorst, DirectorERIC Prncessing and Reference Facility, 2440 Research Boulevard, Suite 400,Rockville, Maryland 20850(301) 258-5500
October 1991
Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC) Page 8Article for: the Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science
ERIC has already begun to work with a number of schools implementing school-basedmanagement to assure that critical information is available from which to make informeddecisions, e.g., ERIC CD-ROM, an EDRS collection of ERIC documents on microfiche,full-text CD-ROM products (if available), and access to other key education informationsources.
2. Full-text Delivery of Education Materials. Long-discussed in the ERIC system, some firststeps have recently been taken to provide electronic full-text access to selected materials.The ERIC Digests Online (EDO) full-text file--now available online through DIALOG, GTEEducation Services, and PLATO--is one such example. (Digests are brief two-page highlycompressed reports on topics of prime current interest in education.)
Also, ERIC has been working with the private sector to develop a prototype CD-ROMproduct containing the full text of hundreds of key education documents and journalarticles, as well as complete issues of approximately 100 core education journals. The"Compact ERIC" is envisioned as containing the most important, significant, and usefuldocuments and articles announced in ERIC. These materials are essentially of two types:first, major policy and goals papers, major commission reports, major Department ofEducation publications, significant evaluation reports and research syntheses. Second, itwill also contain the best items in ERIC intended for practical use by teachers, principals,school district administrators, curriculum coordinators, guidance counselors, other schoolprofessionals, and parents, including carefully selected teaching-related materials, theory-into-practice research results, curricular and classroom materials, and reference andresourceguides.
3. Diversification of Funding Sources. ERIC has long recognized the desirability of obtainingsupport from other components both within and outside the Department of Education (ED).Adjunct Clearinghouses--a few of which are already supported by funding from other partsof the Department and foundations, are one manifestation of how outside support can beused; however, ERIC may also seek support from specific program offices- -within ED andelsewhere--to help subsidize expanded coverage and comprehensiveness in specific topicareas of interest to those programs and their constituents. In addition, ERIC is pursuingsome options by which reasonable usage fees can be collected from online vendors, CD-ROM vendors, and other commercial purveyors of the ERIC database to the public (in thepast, ERIC has charged no fees or royalties for use of its database).
Ted Brandhorst, DirectorERIC Processing and Reference Facility, 2440 Research Boulevard, Suite 400,Rockville. Maryland 20850(301) 258-5500
October 1991
Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC) Page 9Article for: the Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science
4. Coverage and Delivery of Non-Print Materials. ERIC has, witi, some exceptions,concentrated on the document and journal literature. While ERIC has paid increasingattention in recent years to identifying and indexing some of the major education-relatedmachine-readable statistical files, questions remain about what ERIC's role should be inacquiring, indexing and even disseminating non-print materials, including, but not limitedto, videotapes, multi-media packages, computer diskettes, CD-ROMs, interactive laserdiscs,etc. While it is clear that ERIC could pay increasing attention to such materials, cost-effective procedures for copying and disseminating such materials (even assuming copyrightpermission could be obtained) appear much more problematic.
5. Expanded International Activities. ERIC has been planning or participating in severalactivities designed to both expand the overseas dissemination of U.S.-developed educationinformation, and to broaden its access to foreign-produced materials. Some activities andideas for the greater "internationalization" of ERIC include: cooperative work nowunderway with the International Association of Universities and UNESCO to develop aworldwide bibliography of higher education materials; discussions with the United StatesInformation Agency (USIA) and the Agency for International Development (AID) on waysto make ERIC materials and stand-alone CD-ROM retrieval systems involving ERICavailable to developing nations (all overseas British Council libraries already have ERICavailable on CD-ROM); by cooperating with ERIC-equivalent organizations in otherEnglish-speaking countries in order to develop greater compatibility and less duplicationamong education databases; and, by establishing ERIC nodes on the major internationalcomputer networks, e.g., BITNET, INTERNET, to facilitate document and informationexchange.
6. ERIC Research and Development Partners. While many commercial and academicorganizations use ERIC products for their own purposes, few have established anymeaningful collaborative R&D projects with the ERIC system. Over 125 documents,articles, and study reports about the ERIC system have been produced in the past six years,but they are rarely doneNip,,collaboration or even consultation with either OERI or the ERICcomponents. This element of collaboration would be a valuable step toward ensuring thatresearch and development activities related to ERIC products and services will have a directand positive effect on improving access and use of education information in the schools.In conjunction with the ERIC system components, "ERIC R&D Partners" can help todevelop targeted new products and services, applications of new technologies to improvethe selective dissemination of education information, and enhanced coverage of theeducation fieid.
7. Greater Comprehensiveness of Bibliographic Coverage. With ERIC's limited resources,ERIC Clearinghouses have always had to make difficult decisions about which documentsand journal articles would be indexed for inclusion in the ERIC database. For instance,
Ted Brandhorst, DirectorERIC Processing and Reference Facility. 2440 Research Boulevard. Suite 400.Rockville. Maryland 20850(301) 258-5500
11 October 1991
Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC) Page 10Article for: the Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science
though Current Index to Journals in Education claims to cover about 800 journals, very fewof those are actually indexed cover-to-cover. Most journals are indexed selectively; thatis, not all of the education-related articles are cited in the ERIC database. Under discussionis a list of "core education journals" that will be uniformly indexed cover-to-cover in thefuture. A related issue concerns the published book literature; that is, monographicmaterials generally produced commercially and accessible through regular library systems:should ERIC expand its coverage to such materials?
8. Value-added Services. In contributing to the prototype Compact ERIC full-text product onCD-ROM, ERIC Clearinghouses were asked to determine which materials from the ERICdatabase should be included in a highly-selective compilation of practice and policy-orientedmaterials. On an ongoing basis, the Clearinghouses are continuing to identify these "best"materials. How can ERIC most constructively continue this emphasis on assessing thequality of documents and journal articles selected for the database?
Ted Brandhorst, DirectorERIC Processing and Reference Facility, 2440 Research Boulevard, Suite 400,Rockville, Maryland 20850(301) 258-5500
October 1991
Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC) Page 11Article for: the Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science
Selected Bibliographic Resources':
1. Bencivenga, James J.; And Others.ERIC Redesign. Papers Issued for Public Comment, 1986-1987. Educational ResourcesInformation Center, Washington, DC, April 1987. 60p. (ED 278 429).
2. Brandhorst, Ted, Ed.Bibliography of Publications About ERIC. ERIC Processing and Reference Facility,Rockville, MD.Issued irregularly; issues to date are as iollows:ED 169 955 1964 - 1978 269 CitationsED 262 784 1979 - 1984 131 CitationsED 308 874 1985 - 1988 107 Citations(This is the best source of information concerning what has been written about ERIC.)
3. Brandhorst, Ted."Wl'at are the Possibilities for Coordinating Education Information Databases?"Knowledge in Society; v3 n2 p.45-57 Summer 1990.
4. "Educational Resources Information Center".Report appearing annually in The Bowker Annual Library and Book Trade Almanac.R.R. Bowker Co., New Providence, NJ. (This is a condensed version of the ERIC AnnualReport, appearing in a widely available reference book.)
5. ERIC Processing and Reference Facility, Rockville, Maryland.ERIC Processing Manual. Rules and Guidelines for the Acquisition, Selection, andTechnical Processing of Documents and Journal Articles by the Various Components of theERIC Network. 1980- . Loose leaf, approximately 800 pages. (ED 219 082). Publishedin ten chapters and two appendices: Introduction, Acquisitions, Selection, Handling andShipping, Cataloging, Abstracting/Annotating, Indexing, Vocabulary Development andMaintenance, Data Entry, Database Changes (Post Publication), ERICClearinghouse Scopeof Interest Guide (Appendix A), Glossary (Appendix B). (The best source of informationabout the interaction of ERIC' s components and the rules followed in building its database.)
'The "ED" accession number identifies documents in the ERIC database. Items with an EDnumber can be found in the ERIC microfiche collection and can be ordered from EDRS.
Ted Brandhorst, DirectorERIC Processing and Reference Facility, 2440 Research Boulevard, Suite 400,Rockville, Maryland 20850(301) 258.5500
October 1991
Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC) Page 12Article for: the Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science
6. Hoover, Charles and Brandhorst, Ted.Development and Current Status of the Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC).A Model Bibliographic Control System Covering the Literature of Education in the UnitedStates. Paper presented at the International Meeting on Educational Documentation:Present and Future (Florence, Italy, May 31-June 4, 1982). 36p. (ED 221 171).
7. Office of Educational Research and Improvement.ERIC Annual Report. (Summarizing the Accomplishments of the Educational ResourcesInformation Center). U.S. Department of Education, Washington, DC.Issued annually; available from Central ERIC.ED 301 192/193 covers 1987ED 313 057 covers 1988ED 322 934 covers 1989(This is the best source of current statistical information concerning ERIC.)
8. Stonehill, Robert M."The Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC): A System Faces Its Future."Knowledge in Society; v3 n2 p.67-80 Summer 1990.
9. Trester, Delmer J.ERIC--The First Fifteen Years, A History of the Educational Resources Information Center.National Institute of Education, Washington, DC. July 1979. 385p. (ED 195 289). (Thisis the best source of historical information concerning ERIC's early years.)
10. U.S. Congress. House of Representatives.Oversight Hearing on OERI (The ERIC System). Hearing Before the Subcommittee onSelect Education of the Committee on Education and Labor. House of Representatives,100th Congress, First Session. Washington, DC. July 30, 1987. 181p. (ED 287 519).
Ted Brandhorst, DirectorERIC Processing and Reference Facility, 24.40 Research Boulevard, Suite 400,Rockville, Maryland 20850(301) 258-5500
October 1991
Pag
e 1
Chr
onol
ogy
of S
elec
ted
Maj
or E
RIC
Eve
nts
(196
0-19
91)
1959
4019
71C
once
ptua
lizat
ion
and
Fea
sibi
lity
Stu
dies
ED
RS
Con
trac
t to
LIP
CO
ER
IC D
atab
ase
Goe
s O
nlin
e w
ith L
ockh
eed
(DIA
LOG
)19
61
The
saur
us C
once
pt:r
z' D
evel
opm
ent (
Wes
tern
Res
erve
Uni
vers
ity)
1972
ER
IC N
ame
Coi
ned
Ran
d R
epor
t on
ER
IC's
Str
uctu
re a
nd O
rgan
izat
ion
(ED
058
508
)C
lear
ingh
ouse
s on
Lan
guag
es a
nd L
ingu
istic
s; R
owin
g an
d C
omm
unic
atio
n S
kills
1964
Est
ablis
hed.
(B
oth
Am
alga
mat
ions
of T
wo
Exi
stin
g C
lear
ingh
ouse
s)E
RIC
Fou
nded
ER
IC M
oves
from
OE
to N
IE (
July
)E
RIC
Fac
ility
Use
r S
ervi
ces
Pro
gram
Beg
un19
65In
terc
hang
e N
ewsl
ette
r B
egun
ER
IC F
unde
d (E
SE
A)
ER
IC F
acili
ty C
ontr
act R
etai
ned
by O
pera
tions
Res
earc
h, In
c.E
DR
S C
ontr
act t
o B
ell &
How
ell (
Nov
embe
r)(F
orm
erly
Lea
sco
Sys
tem
s &
Res
earc
h, In
c.F
ry S
tudy
of E
RIC
Pro
duct
s an
d S
ervi
ces
(ED
060
923
-926
)19
66P
anel
on
Edu
catio
nal T
erm
inol
ogy
(PE
T)
Est
ablis
hed
1973
Cle
arin
ghou
ses
1.12
Est
ablis
hed
Cle
arin
ghou
se o
n C
aree
r E
duca
tion
Est
ablis
hed
ER
IC F
acili
ty C
ontr
act t
o N
orth
Am
eric
an R
ockw
ell (
May
)(R
epla
ces
Voc
atio
nal a
nd T
echn
ical
Edu
cafo
n)'B
irth'
of E
RIC
--
Ful
l Im
plem
enta
tion
(Jun
e)F
ield
Use
r P
artic
ipat
ion
in Im
prov
ing
Inde
Voc
abul
ary
Initi
ated
Res
earc
h in
Edu
catio
n (R
IE)
App
ears
(N
ovem
ber)
ER
ICT
AP
ES
Pro
gram
Dis
trib
utes
100
0th
Tap
e
1967
1974
Cle
arin
ghou
ses
13-1
8 E
stab
lishe
dC
lear
ingh
ouse
on
Info
rmat
ion
Res
ourc
es E
stab
lishe
dE
RIC
's N
ame
Cha
nged
to "
Edu
catio
nal R
esou
rces
' (Ju
ly)
(Rep
lace
s Li
brar
y an
d In
form
atio
n S
cien
ces)
0E
DR
S C
ontr
act t
o N
atio
nal C
ash
Reg
iste
r (D
ecem
ber)
Cle
arin
ghou
se o
n U
rban
Edu
catio
n (F
orm
erly
Dis
adva
ntag
ed)
The
saur
us o
f ER
IC D
escr
ipto
rs F
irst P
ublis
hed
ED
RS
Con
trac
t Aw
arde
d to
CM
IC (
Ves
icul
ar M
icro
fiche
)F
irst R
evis
ion
and
Exp
ansi
on o
f the
ER
IC P
roce
ssin
g M
anua
l Com
plet
ed19
68P
ublic
atio
n T
ype
Dat
a E
lem
ent A
dded
to F
ileri
Cle
arin
ghou
se o
n T
each
er E
duca
tion
Est
ablis
hed
1975
1969
RIE
File
Ach
ieve
s 10
0,00
0th
ED
Num
ber
Acc
essi
onR
esea
rch
in E
duca
tion
Put
on
GP
O L
inot
ron
Res
earc
h in
Edu
catio
n C
hang
es N
ame
to R
esou
rces
in E
duca
tion
CIJ
E J
ourn
al P
ublic
atio
n A
ppea
rs (
Mac
mill
an)
ER
IC R
ecei
ves
Nat
iona
l Mic
rogr
aphi
cs A
ssoc
iatio
n A
war
d'fo
r O
utst
andi
ng C
ontr
ibut
ions
to M
icro
grap
hics
'19
70
ER
IC F
acili
ty C
ontr
act t
o Le
asco
Sys
tem
s &
Res
earc
h C
orp.
1976
Cle
arin
ghou
ses
on E
duca
tiona
l Man
agem
ent;
Soc
ial S
cien
ce E
duca
tion;
ER
IC C
onve
rts
to O
ptic
al C
hara
cter
Rec
ogni
tion
(OC
R)
for
Dat
a E
ntry
Tes
ts, M
easu
rem
ent,
and
Eva
luat
ion
Est
ablis
hed
AH
Imag
es o
n E
RIC
Mic
rofic
he F
ilmed
in "
Rig
ht-R
eadi
ng"
Orie
ntat
ion
ER
IC D
atab
ase
Use
rs C
onfe
renc
e (F
irst)
ER
ICT
AP
ES
/ER
ICT
OO
LS P
rogr
am B
egun
15
Pag
e 2
Chr
onol
ogy
of S
elec
ted
Maj
or E
RIC
Eve
nts
(196
0-19
91)
1977
1982
Voc
abul
ary
Impr
ovem
ent (
VIP
) In
itiat
ed -
- C
ompl
ete
Rev
isio
n of
The
saur
usD
epar
tmen
t of E
duca
tion
prep
ared
or
spon
sore
d do
cum
ents
pro
vide
d by
ER
IC to
GP
O o
nN
atio
nal D
isse
min
atio
n F
orum
Sub
sum
es E
RIC
Use
rs C
onfe
renc
em
onth
iy b
asis
(fo
r G
PO
Mon
thly
Cat
alog
and
dep
osito
ry li
brar
y sy
stem
).E
RIC
Tec
hnic
al S
teer
ing
Com
mitt
ee F
orm
edE
D n
umbe
rs a
nd E
DR
S a
vaila
bilit
y pr
ovid
ed.
UM
I Rep
rint S
ervi
ce fo
r C
IJE
Art
icle
s In
augu
rate
dN
atio
nal A
sses
smen
t of E
duca
tiona
l Pro
gres
s (N
AE
P)-
-ER
IC a
rran
ges
to in
put a
llN
AE
P-p
rodu
ced
and
NA
EP
-rel
ated
doc
umen
ts a
nd to
cod
e fo
r sp
ecia
l NA
EP
1978
relie
ve' n
eeds
Sta
te T
echn
ical
Ass
ista
nce
Trip
s In
itiat
ed (
Fos
terin
g C
ompa
tibili
ty w
ith E
RIC
File
s)E
RIC
Doc
umen
t Rep
rodu
cibi
lity
Gui
delin
esC
ompl
eted
1983
Com
plim
enta
ry D
istr
ibut
ion
of M
icro
fiche
to A
utho
rs B
egun
Pra
ctic
e F
ile P
roje
ct--
prac
titio
ner-
orie
nted
doc
umen
ts id
entif
ied
in E
RIC
dat
abas
eN
ew D
ata
Ele
men
ts fo
r G
eogr
aphi
c S
ourc
e, L
angu
age,
and
Gov
ernm
ent L
evel
Beg
un(b
ackf
ile a
nd c
urre
nt)
and
emph
asiz
ed in
cur
rent
acq
uisi
tions
ER
IC C
lear
ingh
ouse
Info
rmat
ion
Ana
lysi
s P
rodu
cts
(IA
P)
ER
IC d
atab
ase
achi
eves
500
,000
th (
one
half
mill
ion)
acc
essi
ons
Ann
ual B
iblio
grap
hy S
erie
s B
egun
by
Fac
ility
Nat
iona
l Com
mis
sion
on
Exc
elle
nce
in E
duca
tion
(and
'spi
noff'
com
mis
sion
s/co
mm
ittee
s)be
gins
to is
sue
repo
rts.
ER
IC m
akes
spe
cial
effo
rt to
col
lect
, con
trol
, and
dis
sem
inat
e19
79'E
xcel
lenc
e' r
epor
tsN
IE/O
PA
Ref
eren
ce C
orre
spon
denc
e A
ssig
ned
to E
RIC
Fac
ility
(20
,000
Let
ters
per
Yea
r)IB
M-P
C/X
T m
icro
com
pute
rs a
cqui
red
by F
acili
ty fo
r el
ectr
onic
mai
l, w
ord
proc
essi
ng,
RIE
Pro
duce
d vi
a V
ideo
com
p P
hoto
com
pose
r (R
epla
ces
Lino
tron
)on
line
files
, and
oth
er a
pplic
atio
nsO
ryx
Pre
ss B
ecom
es C
IJE
Con
trac
tor
(Rep
lace
s M
acm
illan
)P
rice
Cod
es R
epla
ce S
peci
fic P
rices
in R
IE19
84P
ublic
atio
n T
ype
Inde
x A
dded
to R
IEN
ew P
ublic
atio
n T
ypes
add
ed to
the
ER
IC d
atab
ase:
'Mul
tilin
gual
/Bili
ngua
l Mat
eria
ls (
171)
;E
RIC
Dat
abas
e A
chie
ves
On-
Thi
rd o
f a M
illio
n A
cces
sion
s'C
ompu
ter
Pro
gram
s' (
101)
; 'E
RIC
Cle
arin
ghou
se P
ublic
atio
ns' (
071)
"Tar
get A
udie
nce'
dat
a el
emen
t offi
cial
ly a
dded
to E
RIC
dat
abas
e, a
s a
maj
or o
utco
me
of th
e19
80P
ract
ice
File
Pro
ject
Voc
abul
ary
Impr
ovem
ent P
roje
ct C
ompl
eted
(N
ewT
hesa
urus
Pub
lishe
d)E
lect
roni
c m
ail s
yste
m (
Bas
ed o
n M
ULT
ILIN
K)
mad
e op
erat
iona
l for
ER
IC C
lear
ingh
ouse
s,La
st E
RIC
Use
rs C
onfe
renc
e H
eld
at A
mer
ican
Lib
rary
Ass
oc. (
ALA
) A
nnua
l Con
fere
nce
usin
g E
RIC
Fac
ility
's IB
M-P
C/X
TN
BS
Stu
dy o
f 'T
echn
olog
y-B
ased
Impr
ovem
ent o
f ER
IC S
yste
m' C
ompl
eted
(Tre
u R
epor
t) (
ED
-190
127
)D
irect
onl
ine
tran
smis
sion
of b
iblio
grap
hic
data
(R
IE a
nd C
IJE
) to
Fac
ility
com
plet
ed fo
ral
l Cle
arin
ghou
ses
His
tory
of
ER
IC C
ompl
eted
(E
D 1
95 2
89)
NIE
Mov
es In
to N
ew D
epar
tmen
t of E
duca
tion
1985
ER
IC P
roce
ssin
g M
anua
l (E
PM
) to
tally
rev
ised
and
exp
ande
d ed
ition
beg
ins
publ
icat
ion
ER
IC p
artic
ipat
es in
IBE
mee
ting
on In
tern
atio
nal N
etw
ork
for
Edu
catio
nal D
ocum
enta
tion
(as
sect
ions
are
com
plet
ed)
(ED
219
082
)(I
NE
D),
May
20-
24, 1
985,
Gen
eva,
Sw
itzer
land
Dire
ct o
nlin
e tr
ansm
issi
on o
f bib
liogr
aphi
c da
ta fr
om C
lear
ingh
ouse
s to
Fac
ility
beg
ins
to r
epla
ce O
CR
(as
Cle
arin
ghou
ses
acqu
ire e
quip
men
t)E
RIC
beg
ins
wor
k w
ith N
OE
S o
n 'L
ocat
or fi
le d
ealin
g w
ith e
duca
tion-
rela
ted
num
eric
/sta
tistic
al d
atab
ases
RIE
Hig
hlig
hts
page
s in
itiat
edE
RIC
beg
ins
wor
k on
coo
rdin
atin
g w
ith B
EB
A (
Bili
ngua
l) da
taba
se; a
naly
zes
degr
ee o
f'S
ubm
ittin
g D
ocum
ents
to E
RIC
' acq
uisi
tions
bro
chur
e de
velo
ped
over
lap
with
ER
IC d
atab
ase
Inte
rnal
NIE
/OE
RI s
taff
revi
ew o
f ER
IC in
itiat
ed (
resu
lting
in 'E
RIC
Red
esig
n' p
roje
ct, w
ith19
81or
tem
al p
anel
, in
1986
)'P
ocke
t Gui
de to
ER
IC' b
roch
ure
deve
lope
dP
ract
ition
er -
orie
nted
doc
umen
ts in
ER
IC d
eter
min
ed, t
hrou
gh tw
o in
depe
nden
t ana
lyse
s to
be
Iden
tifie
r A
utho
rity
Lis
t (IA
L) -
- ne
w E
RIC
TO
OL
deve
lope
dbe
twee
n 26
% a
nd 3
1% o
f inp
ut"C
ost a
nd U
sage
Stu
dy o
f the
ER
IC S
yste
m"
(Kin
g R
epor
t) (
ED
208
902
)N
IE r
eorg
aniz
atio
nS
tate
Tec
hnic
al A
ssis
tanc
e vi
sits
dur
ing
prev
ious
3 y
ears
sum
mar
ized
(to
tal o
f 19
visi
t)
1.7
BE
ST C
CPY
AV
YW
IE
Pag
e 3
Chr
onol
ogy
of S
elec
ted
Maj
or E
RIC
Eve
nts
(196
0-19
91)
1986
1989
Dire
ctor
y of
ER
IC In
form
atio
n S
ervi
ce P
rovi
ders
(Ju
ne 1
986)
(co
mbi
natio
n of
prio
rdi
rect
orie
s of
mic
rofic
he c
olle
ctio
ns a
nd s
earc
h se
rvic
es)
AC
CE
SS
ER
IC (
new
ER
IC c
ompo
nent
for
outr
each
) co
ntra
ct a
war
ded
to A
spen
Sys
tem
sIn
c. (
May
)S
ocia
l Sci
ence
s/S
ocia
l Stu
dies
Cle
arin
ghou
se s
hifts
to In
dian
a U
nive
rsity
(Fro
m S
ocia
l Sci
ence
Edu
catio
n C
onso
rtiu
m, C
olor
ado)
"ER
IC P
artn
ers"
pro
ject
(th
e m
arsh
allin
g of
ER
IC's
maj
or u
sers
) in
itiat
ed (
350
achi
eved
by
year
-end
)N
IE c
hang
es n
ame
to O
ffice
of E
duca
tiona
l Res
earc
h an
d Im
prov
emen
t (0E
111)
Firs
t 'A
ciun
ct E
RIC
Cle
arin
ghou
ses"
(no
-cos
t-to
-ER
IC v
olun
teer
s) in
augu
rate
d:F
irst "
Inte
r E
d- m
eetin
g (A
ugus
t 198
6)--
repr
esen
tativ
es o
f ER
IC, A
ustr
alia
n E
duca
tion
Lite
racy
Edu
catio
n fo
r Li
mite
d-E
nglis
h-P
rofic
ient
Adu
lts; A
rt E
duca
tion;
U.S
. Jap
an S
tudi
es;
Inde
x, B
ritis
h E
duca
tion
Inde
x, C
anad
ian
Edu
catio
n In
ds::
Com
pens
ator
y E
duca
tion
(Cha
pter
1).
Hel
p to
impr
ove
cove
rage
in s
peci
aliz
ed a
reas
.F
irst E
RIC
-on-
CD
RO
M d
isc
ship
ped
by S
ilver
Pla
tter/
OR
I (A
ugus
t)D
!rec
tory
of E
duca
tion-
Rel
ated
Info
rmat
ion
Cen
ters
(ot
her
than
ER
IC)
inau
gura
ted
byE
RIC
's 2
0th
Ann
iver
sary
(N
ovem
ber)
AC
CE
SS
ER
IC (
for
use
in p
rovi
ding
ref
erra
l ser
vice
s).
ED
RS
cha
nges
from
ves
icul
ar fi
lm to
dia
zo fi
lm (
Mar
ch)
"Com
pact
ER
IC*
proj
ect t
o in
vest
igat
e st
orin
g th
e fu
ll-te
xt o
f sel
ecte
d 'b
est"
ER
IC'E
RIC
Red
esig
n' p
roje
ct s
tart
s (M
ay)
(res
ultin
g in
'ER
IC in
its
Thi
rd D
ecad
e" r
epor
t in
docu
men
ts a
nd a
rtic
les
on o
ptic
al m
edia
beg
ins
as jo
int e
ffort
with
UM
I.D
ecem
ber)
(E
D-2
78 4
29)
1990
/199
119
87E
RIC
The
saur
us (
12th
edi
tion)
pub
lishe
d in
199
0'E
RIC
Red
esig
n' g
ener
ates
bro
ad a
rray
of r
eact
ion
pape
rs a
nd p
ublic
res
pons
eE
RIC
Rev
iew
inau
gura
ted
by A
CC
ES
S E
RIC
in 1
990
(hun
dred
s of
lette
rs)-
-ana
lysi
s of
rea
ctio
ns m
odifi
ed p
lans
ER
IC a
chie
ves
first
bud
get i
ncre
ase
in a
dec
ade
(fro
m $
5.7
to $
6.5
mill
ion)
Con
gres
sion
al o
vers
ight
hea
rings
on
ER
IC (
July
30)
(E
D-2
87-5
19)
ER
IC D
iges
ts O
nlin
e (E
DO
) F
ile m
ount
ed o
nlin
e by
DIA
LOG
, PLA
TO
, and
GT
EG
PO
ann
ounc
es R
IE p
rice
redu
ctio
n (t
o $5
1/ye
ar)
Edu
catio
n S
ervi
ces
RIE
'Tra
dem
ark"
ren
ewed
ED
RS
con
trac
t shi
fts to
CB
IS F
eder
al In
c. (
from
Com
pute
r M
icro
film
Cor
p.)
at e
nd o
f 199
0O
nlin
e-in
pro
cess
file
pro
ject
sta
rted
at F
acili
ty (
for
dupl
icat
e ch
ecki
ng b
y C
lear
ingh
ouse
s)P
resi
dent
's s
ix '
Nat
iona
l Edu
catio
n G
oals
' and
'Am
eric
a 20
00"
proj
ect b
egin
toE
RIC
join
s A
PD
U a
nd !A
SS
IST
(in
con
nect
ion
with
ER
ICS
TA
T p
roje
ct to
ann
ounc
e da
taim
pact
ER
IC'S
pro
duct
s an
d se
rvic
esfil
es)
Sec
ond
Inte
r E
d m
eetin
g (O
ctob
er 1
991)
.%E
RIC
Fac
ility
fund
ing
redu
ctio
n (1
0% G
ram
m-R
udm
an)
All
ER
IC C
lear
ingh
ouse
con
trac
ts c
ompe
ted
sim
ulta
neou
sly
ER
IC T
hesa
urus
(11
th e
ditio
n) p
ublis
hed
(Jan
uary
)'E
RIC
ST
AT
pro
ject
iden
tifie
s ed
ucat
ion-
rela
ted
data
file
s an
d de
velo
ps c
atal
ogin
gco
nven
tions
1988
Rur
al E
duca
tion
Cle
arin
ghou
se s
hifts
to A
ppal
achi
a E
duca
tiona
l Lab
orat
ory
(fro
m N
ew M
exic
o S
tate
Uni
vers
ity)
Rea
ding
and
Com
mun
icat
ion
Ski
lls C
lear
ingh
ouse
shi
fts to
Indi
ana
Uni
v. (
from
NO
TE
)N
ew c
over
for
RIE
(Ja
nuar
y)
ER
IC b
egin
s to
ann
ounc
e M
achi
ne-R
eada
ble
Dat
a F
iles
(MR
DF
) in
RIE
(Ja
nuar
y)T
ests
, Mea
sure
men
t, an
d E
valu
atio
n C
lear
ingh
ouse
shi
fts to
Am
eric
an In
stitu
tes
for
Res
earc
h (f
rom
ET
S)
ED
RS
initi
ates
"E
RIC
Afte
r H
ours
" or
derin
g se
rvic
eE
RIC
The
saur
us u
sed
as b
asel
ine
voca
bula
ry fo
r B
ritis
h E
duca
tion
The
saur
us a
ndC
anad
ian
Edu
catio
n T
hesa
urus
ER
IC D
iges
ts O
nlin
e (E
DO
) fu
ll-te
xt fi
le p
repa
red
initi
ally
by
PS
Cle
arin
ghou
se(s
hifte
d la
ter
to E
RIC
Fac
ility
)"E
RIC
Ann
ual R
epor
t' in
itiat
ed (
first
issu
e co
vers
198
7)
ER
IC D
IRE
CT
OR
S, 1
965-
1991
*
(Cen
tral
ER
IC, C
lear
ingh
ouse
s, a
nd S
uppo
rt C
ontr
acto
rs)
'C
EN
TR
AL
Ent
°
,
Y e
a r
`<A
` '
,..
,-
..
Ci t e
c i e
t .
, ...?
.: ..;
,- .^
/ ...;
i.
......
:,,.
,-.::
,...,.
..:,4
1',."
,,roi
,.;;,.
::.,,F
olty
k:;z
::'?
;'''
''''
'--,
-,
c i a
s t
O r
w a
t t l
e i
b e
;,,
-,'
- "
" '
ny):
,,::V
s.<
.-.-
.c...
.:Css
...7'
......
..,,.
..
, -..,
,z
'Wet
:;"
,
E
CE
RIC
Cen
tral
ER
IC19
65-6
6H
arol
d A
. Has
wel
lO
ffice
of E
duca
tion
(OE
)19
66-7
0H
arve
y M
arro
nO
ffice
of E
duca
tion
(OE
)19
70-7
8C
harle
s W
. Hoo
ver
Nat
iona
l ins
titut
e of
Edu
catio
n (N
IE)
1978
-82
Rob
ert E
. Che
sley
Nat
iona
l Ins
titut
e of
Edu
catio
n (N
IE)
1982
-85
Cha
rles
W. H
oove
rN
atio
nal I
nstit
ute
of E
duca
tion
(NIE
1985
-87
Ala
n M
oore
head
Offi
ce o
f Edu
catio
nal R
esea
rch
and
Impr
ovem
ent (
OE
RI)
,U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of E
duca
tion
1988
-R
ober
t M. S
tone
hill
Offi
ce o
f Edu
catio
nal R
esea
rch
and
Impr
ovem
ent (
OE
RI)
,U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of E
duca
tion
*fig
Eck
tO O
LE
AR
ING
#01#
8E4
.....
.. .
..
Yea
r
......
..
Oke
ctor
...
Hos
t div
aniz
eike
t'
..
..
-N
ots
AC
Adu
lt E
duca
tion
1967
.72
Rog
er D
eCro
wS
yrac
use
Uni
vers
ityM
erge
d in
to C
E in
197
319
73S
tanl
ey G
rabo
wsk
iS
yrac
u ts
Uni
vers
ity
AL
Ling
uist
ics
1966
-71
A. H
ood
Rob
erts
Cen
ter
for
App
lied
Ling
uist
ics
(CA
L)M
erge
d in
to F
L in
197
1
CE
Adu
lt, C
aree
r, a
nd 'v
'uca
tiona
i Edu
catio
n19
73-7
5D
avid
Tie
dem
anN
orth
ern
Illin
ois
Uni
vers
ity(f
orm
erly
Car
eer
Edu
catio
n)19
76.7
9M
arla
Pet
erso
nO
hio
Sta
te U
nive
rsity
1980
-87
Julie
t Mill
erO
hio
Sta
te U
nive
rsity
1987
-S
usan
Imel
Ohi
o S
tate
Uni
vers
ity
CG
Cou
nsel
ing
and
Per
sonn
e. S
ervi
ces
1966
-G
arry
R. W
alz
Uni
vers
ity o
f Mic
higa
n
CS
Rea
ding
and
Com
mun
icat
ion
Ski
lls19
72-8
3B
erna
rd O
'Don
nell
Nat
iona
l Cou
ncil
of T
each
ers
of E
nglis
h (N
CT
E)
1984
-87
Cha
rles
Suh
orN
atio
ns' C
ounc
il of
Tea
cher
s of
Eng
lish
(NC
TE
)19
88-
Cad
Sm
ithIn
dian
a U
nive
rsity
r.
Pag
e 2
Pref
ixE
RIC
CL
EA
RIN
GH
OU
SES
Yea
rD
irec
tor
Hos
t Org
aniz
atio
nN
otee
EA
Edu
catio
nal M
anag
emen
t19
66-6
7lo
ne F
. Pie
rron
Uni
vers
ity o
f Ore
gon
1967
Phi
lip K
. Pie
le (
Act
ing)
Uni
vers
ity o
f Ore
gon
1968
-69
Ter
ry L
Eid
ell
Uni
vers
ity o
f Ore
gon
1969
-P
hilip
K. P
ie le
Uni
vers
ity o
f Ore
gon
EC
Han
dica
pped
and
Gift
ed C
hild
ren
1966
.69
June
Jor
dan
Cou
ncil
for
Exc
eptio
nal C
hild
ren
(CE
C)
1969
-70
Pau
l Ack
erm
anC
ounc
il fo
r E
xcep
tiona
l Chi
ldre
n (C
EC
)19
70-9
0D
onal
d K
. Eric
kson
Cou
ncil
for
Exc
eptio
nal C
hild
ren
(CE
C)
1990
Fre
deric
k W
eint
raub
Cou
ncil
for
Exc
eptio
nal C
hild
ren
(CE
C)
EF
Edu
catio
nal F
acili
ties
1967
-68
John
Yur
kovi
chU
nive
rsity
of W
isco
nsin
Mer
ged
into
EA
in 1
970
1969
-70
How
ard
Wak
efie
ldU
nive
rsity
of W
isco
nsin
EM
Edu
catio
nal M
edia
and
Tec
hnol
ogy
1967
-68
Wilb
ur S
chra
mm
Sta
nfor
d U
nive
rsity
Mer
ged
into
IR in
197
319
69-7
0W
illia
m P
aisl
eyS
tanf
ord
Uni
vers
ity19
71-7
2D
onal
d C
oom
bsS
tanf
ord
Uni
vers
ity19
72-7
3R
icha
rd E
. Cla
rkS
tanf
ord
Uni
vers
ity
FL
Lang
uage
s an
d Li
ngui
stic
s19
66.7
0K
enne
th W
. M
ilden
berg
erM
odem
Lan
guag
e A
ssoc
iatio
n (M
LA)
1971
-74
War
ren
Bor
nM
oder
n La
ngua
ge A
ssoc
iatio
n (M
LA)
1974
-78
A. H
ood
Rob
ert
Cen
ter
for
App
lied
Ling
uist
ics
(CA
L)19
78-8
0P
eter
A. E
ddy
Cen
ter
for
App
lied
Ling
uist
ics
(CA
L)19
81-8
6Jo
hn L
. D. C
lark
Cen
ter
for
App
lied
Ling
uist
ics
(CA
L)19
86-
Cha
rles
W. S
tans
field
Cen
ter
for
App
lied
Ling
uist
ics
(CA
L)
HE
Hig
her
Edu
catio
n19
68-6
9Ll
oyd
H. E
lliot
tG
eorg
e W
ashi
ngto
n U
nive
rsity
1969
-74
Car
l J. L
ange
Geo
rge
Was
hing
ton
Uni
vers
ity19
74-7
7P
eter
Mui
rhea
dG
eorg
e W
ashi
ngto
n U
nive
rsity
1977
-Jo
nath
an D
. Fife
Geo
rge
Was
hing
ton
Uni
vers
ity
!RIn
form
atio
n R
esou
rces
1973
.74
Ric
hard
E. C
lark
Sta
nfor
d U
nive
rsity
1974
-77
Lew
is M
ayhe
wS
tanf
ord
Uni
vers
ity19
77-9
0D
onal
d P
. Ely
Syr
acus
e U
nive
rsity
1990
-M
icha
el B
. Eis
enbe
rgS
yrac
use
Uni
vers
ity
JCJu
nior
Col
lege
s19
66-
Art
hur
M. C
cnen
Uni
vers
ity o
f Cal
iforn
ia a
t Los
Ang
eles
(U
CLA
)
LILi
brar
y an
d In
form
atio
n S
cien
ce19
67.7
0W
esle
y S
imon
ton
Uni
vers
ity o
f Min
neso
taM
erge
d in
to IR
in 1
974
1970
.73
Her
bert
FL
Kol
ler
Am
eric
an s
ocie
ty fo
r In
form
atio
n S
cien
ce (
AS
IS)
PS
Ele
men
tary
and
Ear
ly C
hild
hood
Edu
catio
n19
67-7
0B
rian
W. C
arss
Uni
vers
ity o
f Illi
nois
1970
-Li
lian
G. K
atz
Uni
vers
ity o
f Illi
nois
RE
ST C
OPY
AV
AU
BL
E
Pag
e 3
Prat
eM
D D
IEA
RIN
GH
OU
SES
Yea
rD
irec
tor
Hos
t Org
aniz
aiio
n,
NO
W;
......
,-/-
RC
Rur
al E
duca
tion
and
Sm
all S
choo
ls19
66-6
8A
lfred
M. P
otts
New
Mex
ico
Sta
te U
nive
rsity
Dar
rell
S. W
illey
New
Mex
ico
Sta
te U
nive
rsity
1968
-84
Eve
rett
Edd
ingt
onN
ew M
exic
o S
tate
Uni
vers
ity19
84-8
6Ja
ck P
. Col
eN
ew M
exic
o S
tate
Uni
vers
ity19
86-8
7B
etty
Ros
e R
ios
New
Mex
ico
Sta
te U
nive
rsity
1988
-89
C. T
odd
Str
ohm
enge
rA
ppal
achi
a E
duca
tiona
l Lab
orat
ory
(AE
L)19
90-
C. T
odd
Str
ohm
enge
r (C
o)A
ppal
achi
a E
duca
tiona
l Lab
orat
ory
(AE
L)C
raig
B. H
owle
y (C
o)
RE
Rea
ding
1966
-68
Edw
ard
G. S
umm
ers
Indi
ana
Uni
vers
ityM
erge
d in
to C
S in
197
2Le
o F
ayIn
dian
a U
nive
rsity
1969
-72
Jam
es L
affe
yIn
dian
a U
nive
rsity
SE
Sci
ence
, Mat
hem
atic
s, a
nd E
nviro
nmen
tal
1966
-68
John
S. R
icha
rdso
nO
hio
Sta
te U
nive
rsity
Edu
catio
n19
68-9
0R
ober
t How
eO
hio
Sta
te U
nive
rsity
1990
-91
Pat
ricia
E. B
loss
er (
Act
ing)
Ohi
o S
tate
Uni
vers
ity19
91-
Dav
id H
aury
Ohi
o S
tate
Uni
vers
ity
SO
Soc
ial S
tudi
es/S
oda]
Sci
ence
Edu
catio
n19
70-7
5N
icho
las
Hel
bum
Soc
ial S
cien
ce E
duca
tion
Con
sort
ium
, Inc
.19
75-8
5Ir
ving
Mor
risse
ttS
ocia
l Sci
ence
Edu
catio
n C
onso
rtiu
m, I
nc.
1985
-Jo
hn J
. Pat
rick
Indi
ana
Uni
vers
ity
SP
Tea
cher
Edu
catio
n (f
orm
erly
1966
-08
Leon
ard
J. W
est
City
Uni
vers
ity o
f New
Yor
kS
choo
l Per
sonn
el)
1968
-74
Joel
L B
urdi
nA
mer
ican
Ass
ocia
tion
of C
olle
ges
for
Tea
cher
Edu
catio
n (A
AC
TE
)19
74-7
6Jo
ost Y
ffA
mer
ican
Ass
ocia
tion
of C
olle
ges
for
Tea
cher
Edu
catio
n (A
AC
TE
)19
76-8
1K
ari M
assa
nari
Am
eric
an A
ssoc
iatio
n of
Col
lege
s fo
r T
each
er E
duca
tion
(AA
CT
E)
1981
.83
Joos
t Yff
Am
eric
an A
ssoc
iatio
n of
Col
lege
s fo
r T
each
er E
duca
tion
(AA
CT
E)
1983
Mic
hael
But
ler
(act
ing)
Am
eric
an A
ssoc
iatio
n of
Col
lege
s fo
r T
each
er E
duca
tion
(AA
CT
E)
1983
-87
Eliz
abet
h A
shbu
mA
mer
ican
Ass
ocia
tion
of C
olle
ges
for
Tea
cher
Edu
catio
n (A
AC
TE
)19
87-
Mar
y D
ilwor
thA
mer
ican
Ass
ocia
tion
of C
olle
ges
for
Tea
cher
Edu
catio
n (A
AC
TE
)
TE
Tea
chin
g of
Eng
lish
1967
-72
Ber
nard
O'D
onne
llN
atio
nal C
ounc
il of
Tea
cher
s of
Eng
lish
(NC
TE
)M
erge
d in
to C
S in
197
2
TM
Tes
ts, M
easu
rem
ent,
and
Eva
luat
ion
1970
-72
Hen
ry S
. Dye
rE
duca
tiona
l Tes
ting
Ser
vice
1972
.87
S. D
onal
d M
elvi
lleE
duca
tiona
l Tes
ting
Ser
vice
1987
Gar
y J.
Ech
tern
acht
Edu
catio
nal T
estin
g S
ervi
ce19
88-
Law
renc
e M
. Rud
ner
Am
eric
an In
stitu
tes
for
Res
earc
h
UD
Urb
an E
duca
tion
(for
mer
ly U
rban
1966
-68
Edm
und
W. G
ordo
nY
eshi
va U
nive
rsity
Dis
adva
ntag
ed)
Dox
ey A
. Wilk
erso
nY
eshi
va U
nive
rsity
1968
.79
Edm
und
W. G
ordo
nT
each
ers
Col
lege
, Col
umbi
a U
nive
rsity
1979
-E
rwin
Fla
xman
Tea
cher
s C
olle
ge, C
olum
bia
Uni
vers
ity
VT
Voc
atio
nal a
nd T
echn
ical
Edu
catio
n19
66-7
0R
ober
t E. T
aylo
rO
hio
Sta
te U
nive
rsity
Mer
ged
into
CE
in 1
973
1970
-73
Joel
H. M
agis
osO
hio
Sta
te U
nive
rsity
BE
ST N
IPY
AV
NU
TE
EU
Pag
e 4
.tu
ivok
neito
mot
pqp;
.:, :i.'
::::.:
:'.:::
:::f
.
Dire
ctor
...
Hos
t Org
artim
ion
Not
es
AA
ER
IC P
roce
ssin
g an
d R
efer
ence
Fac
ility
1966
-68
Jose
ph L
. Ebe
rsol
eN
orth
Am
eric
an A
viat
ion
1969
Ric
hard
McC
ord
Nor
th A
mer
ican
Roc
kwel
l19
70-
Wes
ley
T. (
Ted
) B
rand
hors
tD
ocum
enta
tion
Inc.
/Lea
sco/
Ope
ratio
ns R
esea
rch
Inc.
/OR
I, In
c./
AR
C P
rofe
ssio
nal S
ervi
ces
Gro
up
AE
Acc
ess
ER
IC19
89.9
0S
amue
l Fus
tukj
ian
Asp
en S
yste
ms
Cor
p.19
90-
Bev
erly
Sw
anso
nA
spen
Sys
tem
s C
orp.
ED
RS
ER
IC D
ocum
ent R
epro
duct
ion
Ser
vice
1965
-67
L. B
lock
Bel
l & H
owel
l, In
c.19
68-7
1C
harle
s K
oppa
Nat
iona
l Cas
h R
egis
ter
(NC
R)
Co.
Jim
Bro
wn
1971
-72
Jam
es A
. Jaf
feLe
asco
Info
rmat
ion
Pro
duct
s, In
c. (
LIP
CO
)19
72-7
4C
arl K
och
Leas
co In
form
atio
n P
rodu
cts,
Inc.
(LI
PC
O)
1974
.75
Cha
rles
Sau
erC
ompu
ter
Mic
rofil
m In
tern
atio
nal (
CM
IC)
Cor
p.19
76-8
2Ja
ck N
. Vea
leC
ompu
ter
Mic
rofil
m In
tern
atio
nal (
CM
IC)
Cor
p.19
82T
om G
lack
enC
ompu
ter
Mic
rofil
m In
tern
atio
nal (
CM
IC)
Cor
p.19
83-9
0V
icto
r G
. For
tinC
ompu
ter
Mic
rofil
m In
tern
atio
nal (
CM
IC)
Cor
p.19
91-
John
E. G
racz
aC
BIS
Fed
eral
, Inc
.,