Edelstahl Witten-Krefeld Edelstahlwerke Südwestfalen

Edelstahl Witten-KrefeldEdelstahlwerke Südwestfalen

Hot-work tool steels

Edelstahl Witten-KrefeldEdelstahlwerke SüdwestfalenContacts

Sales + Customer ServicesHot-work tool steel Tel. +49 2302 - 294 223Fax +49 2302 - 294 508E-mail: [email protected]

Edelstahl Witten-Krefeld [email protected] www.ewk-stahl.comEdelstahlwerke Südwestfalen [email protected] www.ews-stahl.de

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Tool steels made from hot-work tool steels

Edelstahl Witten-Krefeld and Edelstahlwerke Südwestfalen the hot-work tool steel experts

Process reliability from consultation through to the final product

Our technology and experience your guarantors for premium quality

Custom remelting

Tailor-made heat treatment

Hot-work tool steels for various manufacturing processes

Overview of hot-work tool steels

Pressure die casting

Properties and applications of pressure die casting steels

Steels for pressure die casting

Extrusion

Properties and applications of extrusion steels

Steels for extrusion

Drop forging

Properties and applications of drop forging steels

Steels for forging

Glass product manufacturing

Properties and applications of glass product manufacturing steels

Steels for glass product manufacturing

Tube manufacturing

Properties and applications of tube manufacturing steels

Steels for tube manufacturing

Material data sheets

Notes on processing

Hardness comparison table

02 03

Drop forging

The significance of tool steelsextends far beyond what isgenerally perceived as commonplace. Nearly all theobjects we are surrounded byand encounter on a daily basisare manufactured with the helpof tool steels.

The application spectrum forhot-work tool steels is extensiveand the tools manufactured areused in the most diverse areas.These steels enable the hot-forming of workpieces made ofiron and non-ferrous metals aswell as alloy derivatives at hightemperatures. They are utilizedin processes such as pressure diecasting, extrusion and drop forging as well as in tube andglass manufacturing.

When used, hot-work tool steel products are mainly exposed tohigh temperatures exceeding200 °C. Since microstructuraltolerances are minimal, themicrostructure of these steelshas to be sufficiently stable andresistant to tempering.

Tools made from hot-work toolsteels are not only subject toconstantly high temperatureswhen employed, but also to fluctuating thermic loads occurring where the tool surfacescome into contact with thematerials to be processed.Combined with the wear caused by abrasion or impact,these thermic loads constitutevery specific requirements onthe hot-work tool steels. Keydemands are high temperingresistance, temperaturestrength, thermal shock resistance, high-temperaturetoughness and wear resistance.

Tool steels made fromhot-work tool steels

Edelstahl Witten-Krefeld and Edelstahlwerke Südwestfalenhot-work tool steel experts

Fulfilling all the qualities required of one and the samesteel grade simultaneously andequally is, from a practical pointof view, hardly possible. Thevery varying demands madefrom one tool to the next,where steel grades using a specific alloy segment as arequirement cannot, from a scientific viewpoint, be realized. Steel grades thereforehave to be chosen according to the foremost demands of the tool to be employed.

The use of high-quality hot-work tool steels is imperative to ensure an optimal degree ofoperational efficiency and highproductivity.

The Edelstahl Witten-Krefeld andEdelstahlwerke Südwestfalenhot-work tool steels are characterized by high durabilityand can be individually andeffectively matched with themost diverse requirements of a tool or processing method.

By applying cutting-edge technology, Edelstahl Witten-Krefeld and EdelstahlwerkeSüdwestfalen’s hot-work toolsteels meet the most rigorousdemands on:

• tempering resistance• thermal shock resistance• temperature strength• high-temperature toughness• high-temperature wear

resistance• resistance to erosion, high-

temperature corrosion andoxydation

• machinability• low adhesion tendency

So as to offer the very bestpre-requisites relating to thespecific demands of tool manufacturers, the processingand manufacturing industriesas well as other industrial users,Edelstahl Witten-Krefeld andEdelstahlwerke Südwestfalenhave extended their servicesinto customer and application-specific consultancy as well asproviding advice on productdevelopment.

04 05

Forging die Arc furnace

Process reliability from consultation through to the final product

Square shapes can likewise bechamfered or ground.Rotationally symmetrical partswith individual pieces weighingup to 15 tons are manufacturedin modern rolling and forgingunits. Machining is then possibleon turning, grinding and millingequipment. Products originatingfrom the tools and mouldmanufacturing sector are madeusing state-of-the-art machineryin our Witten works.

Edelstahl Witten-Krefeld andEdelstahlwerke Südwestfalen'sbroad machining and productranges span from pre-milledingots via precision flats andsquares to ready-made singleparts of up to 40 tons in weight.On request, parts will be pre-machined up to 0.3 mm to thefinished contour. Tailor-madesolutions for our clients extendfrom the pre-machining of products including the manufacture of components, toperfectly fitting pre-machinedparts (e.g mandrels), as well asthe complete pre-machining ofouter contours including heatand surface treatment.

QualitySo as to guarantee consistencyand reproducible quality, weuse our active and certifiedquality assurance system comprising DIN EN 14001, DINEN ISO 9001, QS 9000, VDA 6.1TS 16949, KTA 1401.All our manufacturing processesare monitored and supervisedfrom smelting to castingthrough to the ensuing testingof internal and surface flaws,including identity tests of theproducts machined in our rolling mill finishing lines.

Our control system is alsoapplied to the technological andmechanical testing of samples.The fact that we have beengranted all the importantlicenses from the automobileindustry (CNOMO, GM and FORD) as well as those from otherdistinguished institutions suchas the VDG, DGM and NADCA,clearly indicates that our clientscan rely on the quality we provide.

Resistance to thermal shockThe ability of hot-work toolsteels to cope with recurringtemperature changes withoutsurface damage is of particularimportance.Compared to other steels, thehigher proportion of alloysensures optimum toughnessand thermal shock resistance.At one of Edelstahl Witten-Krefeld and EdelstahlwerkeSüdwestfalen laboratories,we carry out research to find superior componentcombinations exhibiting thevery best material qualities.Purpose-built for simulatingthermal shock, tests are conducted to establish theinfluence of extremly rapidtemperature changes – well inexcess of 500 °C – on diversesteel grades. The expertise gained from these tests is directed toward the on-goingdevelopment and production of even better hot-work toolsteels.

Extensive product range and stockEdelstahl Witten-Krefeld andEdelstahlwerke Südwestfalen deliver customized sizes fromstock and within very

favourable delivery times. Ourbroad range of tool steels enables us to easily fulfil anyquality requirements.Furthermore, at any one timewe have around 20,000 tons oftool steels in several thousandsizes at our disposal.

And it goes without saying thatwe manufacture any special products needed as feedstock intool production.

Steel production – under one roofFrom consultancy through tosteel production, heat treatmentand client-specific machiningthrough to world-wide delivery– our precision is a guaranteedone-stop solution. This meansyou always enjoy the benefit ofoverseeing the constant degreeof precision employed in whichever tool or processingmethod you have selected.

World-wide availabilityYou will find our marketingcompanies and representativeoffices in all of the world'simportant markets.Wherever on this planet a chosensteel is needed – our global supply network guaranteesdependable delivery,promptness and permanentlyconsistent quality.

06 07

Depending on their application,tools made from hot-work toolsteels have to fulfil a plethoraof requirements. To ensure theideal practical solution, it shouldbe considered that the correctchoice and treatment of a steelgrade play an all-important roleon the steel’s quality and resulting operational efficiency.

Technical consultancy Advisory competence for ourclients ranges from the choiceof the most suitable steel gradevia queries about heat treatmentthrough to the tailor-madedevelopment of a specific toolsteel grade. The know-how weshare with our customers ontechnical issues offers utmostproduction assurance rightfrom the start. In this way, all production-relevant factors canbe smoothly co-ordinated in therun-up to production, resulting incost minimization.

Our technicians and materialspecialists provide advice andsupport even when problemswith the tool’s service life occur.Through assessment and material testing, they are in theposition to produce findingswhich lead to rapid repairs enabling long-term trouble-freeoperation.

Machining and serviceOur highly efficient team andultra-modern machine toolsguarantee a flexibility andswiftness necessary to realizepractically all clients demands.Our flexibility enables, forinstance, the straightening ofrolled or forged bar steel whichcan then be peeled or turned,pressure-polished and chamfered.

Forged products

The purity and homogeneity ofour hot-work tool steels stemsfrom producing them in ourmodern steelworks at Wittenand Siegen. We fulfil our clients' predefined demands by meansof precision alloying and usingprocess specifications for melting, shaping and heattreatment.

The tool steels produced byEdelstahl Witten-Krefeld andEdelstahlwerke Südwestfalenare melted in 130-ton electricarc furnaces. A subsequentanalytical fine-tuning is carriedout in a ladle furnace, followedby vacuum degassing of thesteel just before casting.

In order to cast the metallurgically treated moltenmetal, two processes can beapplied depending on therequired size of the final product. Usually a bow-typeand optimized vertical continuous casting method isused, but for large forging sizes,ingot casting is employed.

Our technology and experienceyour guarantors for premium quality

Tailor-made heat treatmentCustom remelting

With tool steels having to satisfy especially high levels oftoughness, homogeneity andpurity standards, EdelstahlWitten-Krefeld andEdelstahlwerke Südwestfalenhave five electroslag remeltingfurnaces (ESRs) and one vacuum-arc remelting furnace(VAR) at their disposal.

The decision as to which process and furnace to use is predetermined by the desiredquality the remelted steelshould have. Electroslag remelting (ESR) produces noticeably refined sulfidic purityin comparison to non-remeltedsteel. To improve oxidic purity,vacuum-arc remelting (VAR) isemployed.

Thanks to computer-controlledprocess flows, the reproducibilityof the heat treatment is guaranteed at any time – fromthe initial inspection of incomingshipments through to the finalheat-treated product.

A bonus for our clientsThrough the use of a precision-hardening process – anEdelstahl Witten-Krefeld development – we are in theposition to reduce the deformation of guide strips to a minimum.

08 09

The integration of the previousThyssen hardening shops into the Edelstahl Witten-Krefeld and EdelstahlwerkeSüdwestfalen group has enabled us to build on decadesof tradition in all fields of heattreatment. From a practicalpoint of view, we are now ableto manufacture products usingthe complete production chain –starting with steel production,via pre-machining to refiningthrough to heat treatment. Ourone-stop solution is invaluablefor the world's most importantmarkets and facilitates fulfilment of the mostdiscerning tool quality prerequisites.

In our hardening shops acrossthe continents, we have vacuum-tempering furnaces, inert gasplants and plasma-nitridingplants for thermo-chemical treatments at our disposal.

ESR furnace at Krefeld factory Plasma nitriding

A hot-work tool steel's functionality is defined by its chemical composition, thetechnology applied during production and by the ensuingheat treatment. The correctchoice and application of a steelgrade by the user will result in considerable cost savings andincreased production reliability.

Edelstahl Witten-Krefeld andEdelstahlwerke Südwestfalen supply excellent hot-work tool steels for every type of manufacturing process and, soas to meet superior demands,such steels require special heattreatment. Edelstahl Witten-Krefeld and EdelstahlwerkeSüdwestfalen categorize theseproducts with the suffix EFS(extra-fine structure). In themost critical of cases, EFS steelsare additionally re-melted anddepending on the particularprocess applied, the suffixSUPRA or Vakumelt will beincluded.

On the following pages Edelstahl Witten-Krefeld andEdelstahlwerke Südwestfalen'smost important and appropriatesteel grades are representedaccording to their applicationsand the processing methodsinvolved. The steels mentionedbelow are especially recommended for the followingprocesses:

• pressure die casting• extrusion• forging• glass processing• tube manufacturing

Hot-work tool steels for various manufacturing processes

10 11

Forged products

Mandrel

Hot-work tool steels

THYROPLAST® 2083 SUPRA

THYROTHERM® 2329

THYROTHERM® 2342 EFS


THYROTHERM® 2343 EFS SUPRA






THYRODUR® 2709

THYROTHERM® 2714

THYROTHERM® 2726

THYROTHERM® 2740

THYROTHERM® 2782 SUPRA

THYROTHERM® 2787




THYROTHERM® E 38 K

THYROPLAST® 2312

THYRODUR® 2379

THYROPLAST® 2738

THYRODUR® 2842

Overview of hot-work tool steels

Pressuredie casting

Extrusion

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Forging Glass productmanufacturing

Tubemanufacturing

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•Steels for backupand supporting tools

Pressure die casting

12 13

Pressure die casting is one ofthe most cost-effective manufacturing processes usedby the foundry industry and isrenown for its high dimensionalaccuracy and homogeneityduring series production.

In this process molten metal isinjected into a die cavity at highspeed. The pressure applied totransport the molten metalstream into the narrowest cross-section of the die is decisive forconformal shape reproduction –a major advantage of pressuredie casting.

Thin walls are preferred in theconstruction of die castings,enabling shorter cycle timesand thereby minimizing thedie's thermic load. Neverthelessthe mechanical and thermicloads are considerable duringdie casting. In practice, the service life of the die is ofexceptional importance andfundamentally dependent onthe quality of the hot-work toolsteel used, its production andheat treatment. It should not beunderestimated how paramount the final choice ofthe appropriate steel and the proportional adjustment of anindividual alloy are on the die'squality, reliability and servicelife.

During pressure die casting,temperature differences areimmense and temperaturechange intervals extremelyshort and, depending on themetal used, both can fluctuateconsiderably. This makes the hot-work tool steel's thermal shockresistance an all-importantissue to the die caster.

All in all the steel should displaythe following properties:

• high thermal shock resistance• high temperature strength • good high-temperature

toughness• good thermal conductivity• good high-temperature wear

resistance• high compression strength

Regardless which machine isused to work a specific material,Edelstahl Witten-Krefeld andEdelstahlwerke Südwestfalenensure you receive high performance steels – productswhich set global standards forhot-work tool steel.

Benefits for the tool manufacturer• deadline reliability • quality consistency• cost-effective machinability• uncomplicated heat

treatment• good repair weldability • competent consultancy• short delivery times

Benefits for the die caster• long service life• low die costs• minimal unit costs • low susceptibility to hot

cracking • low repair frequency • good repair weldability • low tool turnover• technical consultancy• dimensional stability

Benefits for the user• long service life• low component costs• reproducible die casting

quality • technical consultancy

Four-cylinder crank case made by HONSEL GMBH & CO. KG

Properties and applications of pressure die casting steels

Steels for pressure die casting

14 15

THYROTHERM® 2344 is a versatilederivative of THYROTHERM® 2343featuring increased temperaturestrength and better high-temperature wear resistance.This facilitates the employmentof THYROTHERM® 2344 withsmall and middle-sized dies forthe production of light-metaldie castings.

THYROTHERM® 2367 not onlycombines the advantageous properties of THYROTHERM®2343 and THYROTHERM® 2344,but shows even better temperature strength and stability. Its high resistance tothermal shock and outstandingtempering strength are decisivereasons to use THYROTHERM®2367 in the production of light-metal die castings frequentlysubjected to high temperatures.

THYROTHERM® 2343 is an all-purpose hot-work tool steelwhich has proven highly successful with large-sized diesfor the processing of lightmetal alloys on account of itshigh toughness potential. It isalso used for forging dies, shrinkrings and hot-shear blades.THYROTHERM® 2343's core properties are its toughness,high temperature strength,good thermal conductivity andinsusceptibility to hot cracking.

THYROTHERM® E 38 K is another hot-work tool steel allrounder. In comparison to THYROTHERM® 2343, it showsimproved toughness and can be utilized with large-dimensionpressure casting dies.

Edelstahl Witten-Krefeld andEdelstahlwerke Südwestfalen offer a broad spectrum ofhomogenous steels for pressurecasting dies. We recommendthe high-performance steelsfrom our THYROTHERM® SUPRArange for dies requiring a maximum service life, reliabilityand cost effectiveness.We have highlighted the following steel grades as mostrepresentative of our completerange.

Die castings for model building and the automotive industry

Toolsfor Al/Al alloys, Zn/Sn,Pb alloysHolding blocks

Cavity inserts, core-slides, cores

Orifices, shot sleeves

Ejectors

Grade

THYRODUR® 1730THYROPLAST® 2312THYROTHERM® 2343 EFS SUPRATHYROTHERM® 2344 EFS SUPRATHYROTHERM® 2367 EFS SUPRATHYROTHERM® E 38 KTHYROTHERM® 2343 EFS SUPRATHYROTHERM® 2344 EFS SUPRATHYROTHERM® 2367 EFS SUPRATHYROTHERM® 2344 EFS SUPRA

Working hardness in HRC (typical values)

(approx. 650 N/mm2)(approx. 1000 N/mm2)

44 – 4844 – 4644 – 4644 – 4844 – 4844 – 4644 – 4644 – 48

Grades for holding blocks and for parts of dies coming into contact with metal

Toolsfor Cu/Cu alloys Holding blocksCavity inserts, core-slides, cores

Orifices, shot sleeves

Ejectors

Grade

THYROPLAST® 2312THYROTHERM® 2365 EFS SUPRATHYROTHERM® 2367 EFS SUPRATHYROTHERM® 2885 EFS THYROTHERM® 2999 EFS SUPRATHYROTHERM® 2365 EFS SUPRATHYROTHERM® 2367 EFS SUPRATHYROTHERM® 2999 EFS SUPRATHYROTHERM® 2344 EFS SUPRA

Working hardness in HRC (typical values)(approx. 1000 N/mm2)

38 – 4338 – 4338 – 4338 – 4338 – 4338 – 4338 – 4344 – 48

Grades for holding blocks and for parts of dies coming into contact with metal

Grade

THYROTHERM® 2343 EFS SUPRATHYROTHERM® 2344 EFS SUPRATHYROTHERM® 2365 EFS SUPRATHYROTHERM® 2367 EFS SUPRATHYROTHERM® 2885 EFSTHYROTHERM® 2999 EFS SUPRATHYROTHERM® E 38 K

Wear resistance

+++++++++

+++++

Toughness

++++

++++

+++

Thermal conductivity

++

+++++

++++++

+

Insusceptibility tohot-cracking

++

++++++

++++

Group-specific property comparisons

Extrusion is a hot-forming process enabling the manufacture of full and hollowprofiles by forcing a pre-heatedslug under high hydraulic pressure through an extrusiondie. The higher the workingtemperature of the slug, thelower the pressure needed forextrusion.The extrusion die should ideallywithstand strain resulting fromhigh working temperatures,abrasion and pressure for aslong as possible.

Subsequently during extrusion,the die's dimensional stabilityand shape retention are crucialfor the production of precisionprofiles or for other products ofconsistent high quality. Hencetemperature strength and high-temperature wear resistanceare the main criteria these toolsteels have to fulfil.

Edelstahl Witten-Krefeld andEdelstahlwerke Südwestfalen's THYROTHERM® EFS and EFSSUPRA high-quality hot-work toolsteels completely fulfil these requirements, ensuring remarkably long service lives anddimensional stability. Thanks to the superior steel quality,the employment of individually forged discs becomes redundant,resulting in considerable costsavings.

Extrusion

16 17

Benefits for the tool manufacturer• deadline reliability• consistent quality • cost-effective machinability • uncomplicated heat treatment• good repair weldability • competent consultancy• short delivery times• joint material development

Benefits for the die caster• long service life• outstanding dimensional

stability• minimal unit cost per die• low repair frequency • good repair weldability • low tool turnover• technical consultancy

Aluminium profiles Aluminium profiled window frames

Properties and applications of extrusion steels

Steels for extrusion

THYROTHERM® 2344 is a hot-work tool steel covering a broadapplication field. Due to superiortemperature strength and high-temperature wear resistance incomparison to THYROTHERM®2343, this grade is especially useful for smaller and middle-sized extrusion dies.THYROTHERM® EFS SUPRA (ESU)is recommended for largerdimension dies and where greater toughness is required.

THYROTHERM® 2329 is an evenmore refined steel for pressuredies and other backup tools. It ischaracterized by amelioratedworkability, especially duringtorch cutting.

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THYROTHERM® 2343 is a universal hot-work tool steelwhich on account of its high-level toughness potential hasbeen particularly successful forlarger-dimension extrusion dies.THYROTHERM® 2343 boastsexcellent properties includingits high temperature strengthand toughness as well as goodthermal conductivity and insusceptibility to hot cracking.For larger dimensions necessitating increasedtoughness we recommend THYROTHERM® EFS SUPRA(ESU).

THYROTHERM® E 38 K is usedfor profiles with particularlycomplex geometries.

Edelstahl Witten-Krefeld provides a broad spectrum of homogenous steels for extrusion.We have highlighted the following steel grades as mostrepresentative of our completerange.All the steels referred to can bequenched and tempered to adesirable working hardness andare recommended for bridgetools, which are used in themanufacturing of light-metaltubes and tubular sections,extrusion and pressure dies,extrusion rams and innerlinings.

Extrusion die

Tool

Dies, bridge tools,chamber and spidertools (as well as websand inserts for theabove tools)

Alloy

zinc and lead alloyslight-metal alloys

heavy-metal alloys

steel

Uses

tubes, bars and sectionsbars, sections, tubesunder normal stress

special sections and tubes under high stressbars, sections and tubes

sections and tubes

Grade

THYROTHERM® 2343 EFS THYROTHERM® 2344 EFS THYROTHERM® 2343 EFSTHYROTHERM® 2344 EFS

THYROTHERM® 2367 EFS THYROTHERM® E 38 K

THYROTHERM® 2365 EFS THYROTHERM® 2367 EFS THYROTHERM® 2885 EFS THYROTHERM® 2343 EFS THYROTHERM® 2344 EFS THYROTHERM® 2999 EFS SUPRA


44 – 4844 – 4844 – 4844 – 48

44 – 4844 – 48

44 – 4844 – 4844 – 4844 – 4844 – 4844 – 48

Grades for wearing tools

Tools

Die holders

Backup tools

Pressure rings and dies, pressurepots, mandrel holdersTool holders, mounts

Upsetting punches, shearing punches and mandrels

Grade

THYROTHERM® 2714THYROTHERM® 2329THYROTHERM® 2343 EFS THYROTHERM® 2714THYROTHERM® 2329THYROTHERM® 2343 EFSTHYROTHERM® 2714THYROTHERM® 2329THYROTHERM® 2714THYROTHERM® 2329THYROTHERM® 2344 EFS


41 – 4641 – 4641 – 4635 – 4435 – 4435 – 4438 – 4638 – 4635 – 4435 – 4441 – 48

Grades for backup tools

GradeTHYROTHERM® 2343 EFS THYROTHERM® 2344 EFS THYROTHERM® 2365 EFSTHYROTHERM® 2367 EFS THYROTHERM® 2885 EFSTHYROTHERM® 2999 EFS SUPRATHYROTHERM® E 38 K

Hardness+++++++

Wear resistance+

+++++++++++

+++++

Toughness+++

++++

+++

Weldability+++++++

Dimensional stability++

++++++++++


Drop forging is a commonlyused forming process for themanufacture of forgings inlarge quantities.Key material requirements forthe various forging tools are:

• sound tempering strength• high temperature strength• good high-temperature

toughness• pronounced insusceptibility

to hot cracking• outstanding high-temperature

wear resistance

According to the forging process applied, forging dieshave to cope with thermal,mechanical and chemical stressas well as those of a tribologicalnature. The choice of an appropriate tool steel is thereforeprimarily dependent on the forging process in question.

Hammer diesWhen forging with the use of a hammer, extremely highmechanical stress is created. Bycontrast the warming effectsinvolved remain quite low. Sowith drop-forging dies wherethe contact period between thedie and forging is very short,high-level toughness is themost important priority.

Press diesBy comparison, press forginggenerates less mechanicalstress but extreme temperaturestrain instead. As a result dieinserts for press dies requirehigher alloyed steel grades.To meet these very specificdemands, Edelstahl Witten-Krefeld and EdelstahlwerkeSüdwestfalen have selectively continued to generate

Drop forging

Benefits for the forger• excellent shape retention• long service life• good cooling capacity• rapid cycle times• lower tool turnover• low unit costs • good repair weldability • minimal repair effort• technical consultancy

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temperature resistance andpronounced thermal conductivity are capable of withstanding the very high processing speeds and intensewater cooling involved.

Precision drop forging Drop forging

improvements within the Cr-Mo-V alloyed steel family.

High-speed forging machinesForging on high-speed machinesoperating at frequencies of 80or more parts-per-minute creates a different set of demandspecifications. Only high-alloysteel grades with a sound high-

Properties and applications of forging steels

Steels for forging

Edelstahl Witten-Krefeld andEdelstahlwerke Südwestfalen’sspectrum of quenched andtempered and their annealedsteel grades for forging tools is highly refined. The steels inquestion are characterized bytoughness and hardness, high-temperature wear resistanceand thermal conductivity foreach of the applications theyare chosen.In addition to our standardTHYROTHERM® 2343 and THYROTHERM® 2344, we havehighlighted the following high-performance steel grades asmost representative of ourcomplete range.

THYROTHERM® 2999 is a newhigh-performance steel exclusively developed for theneeds of the forging industryand especially designed for thehot forming of heavy metals.Its characteristic temperaturestrength and high-temperaturewear resistance are attributedto a 5 % molybdenum contentand result in a long tool servicelife. The outstanding thermalconductivity over a whole rangeof service temperatures makes THYROTHERM® 2999 particularlyattractive for its employment inhigh-speed forging machines.

22 23

THYROTHERM® 2365 is globally the most sought aftersteel for high-speed forgingtools. This high demand isexplained by its advantageousthermal conductivity enablingthe steel to withstand excessivewater cooling. As it scores wellin high temperature-strengthlevels, this steel grade is usedfor tools subjected to extremelyhigh temperatures.

THYROTHERM® 2714 is a toughdie steel endowed with outstanding tempering strengthwhich is fully quenched and tempered. Usually, it is suppliedannealed or quenched and tempered to 1300 N/mm2.THYROTHERM® 2714 is a standard steel grade for forgingdies of all kinds. Its nickel content makes it exceptionallyimpact-resistant – a highlyrecommendable feature for largehammer and press dies alike.

Drop forging

Forging type

Hammer

Press

High-speed forging machine (horizontal type)

Tools

drop-forging diesdie inserts

impact rimsdrop-forging dies

bottom diesdie inserts

dies, mandrels

Grade

THYROTHERM® 2714THYROTHERM® 2343 EFS THYROTHERM® 2344 EFS THYROTHERM® 2999 EFS SUPRATHYROTHERM® 2714THYROTHERM® 2714THYROTHERM® 2343 EFS THYROTHERM® 2344 EFS THYROTHERM® 2365 EFS THYROTHERM® 2367 EFS THYROTHERM® 2999 EFS SUPRATHYROTHERM® 2714THYROTHERM® 2344 EFS THYROTHERM® 2365 EFS THYROTHERM® 2367 EFS THYROTHERM® 2999 EFS SUPRATHYROTHERM® 2344 EFS THYROTHERM® 2365 EFS THYROTHERM® 2999 EFS SUPRA


38 – 5241 – 5241 – 5241 – 5249 – 5238 – 5241 – 5041 – 5041 – 5041 – 5041 – 5030 – 4341 – 5041 – 5041 – 5041 – 5041 – 5041 – 5041 – 50

Grades for forging

Tool

Unarmoured trim dies

Armoured trim dies

Grade

THYROTHERM® 2714THYROTHERM® 2343 EFSTHYROTHERM® 2344 EFSTHYRODUR® 1730THYROTHERM® 2714


44 – 5044 – 5444 – 54

(approx. 650 N/mm2)44 – 50

Grades for trim dies

GradeTHYROTHERM® 2714 THYROTHERM® 2343 EFS THYROTHERM® 2344 EFS THYROTHERM® E 38 KTHYROTHERM® 2365 EFS THYROTHERM® 2367 EFS THYROTHERM® 2999 EFS SUPRA

Hardness0+++++

++

Toughness+++

++

+++++

Thermal conductivity+++++

++++

+++

High-temperature wear0++++

+++++


Glass product manufacturing

Benefits for the tool manufacturer• deadline reliability• quality consistency• economic machinability• joint material development• competent consultancy• short delivery times

Benefits for the glass manufacturer• long service life• dimensional stability• higher production output• low tool turnover• technical consultancy• minimal cost per mould

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The optical characteristicsdemanded of certain glass products can only be fulfilledwith the help of high-qualitytool steels.As no single all-round-steelcould ever fulfil the array ofrequirements demanded fromthe multiple combinations of chemical compositions,processing methods and different temperatures involved, we produce a wholerange of tool steels.The demands made on steelsfor the glass productmanufacturing industry are:

• resistance to scaling• temperature strength• dimensional stability at

raised temperatures • thermal conductivity• thermal shock resistance• chemical consistency• polishability• resistance to high-

temperature corrosion

So as to achieve the optimalquality needed to match thespecific steel needs, EdelstahlWitten-Krefeld andEdelstahlwerke Südwestfalen usevarious alloy additives such aschromium, silicon or aluminiumwhich assure resistance to scaling – a key requirement inglass manufacturing. Such grades also excel themselves inhigh purity and very homogenous microstructures.

Finished glass products

Properties and applications of glass product manufacturing steels

Steels for glass product manufacturing

For glass product manufacturingpurposes Edelstahl Witten-Krefeld and EdelstahlwerkeSüdwestfalen supply a broad assortment of quenched andtempered steel grades featuringgood weldability and resistanceto scaling. The following gradeshave been highlighted as mostrepresentative of our completerange.

THYROTHERM® 2787 is a hardenable, corrosion and scaling-resistant hot-work toolsteel with multiple uses atnormal workloads. This grade ismainly employed for such toolsas male and female moulds forglass product manufacturing.We recommend THYROTHERM®2787 SUPRA for the mostexacting demands.

26 27

Glass processing mould

THYROTHERM® 2782 is a non-scaling, austenitic hot-work toolsteel with an uncomplicated cold-formability and high resistanceto oxidizing environments. Thesteel is used to manufacture abroad spectrum of general toolsin the high-performance sector.To comply with the considerabledemands made on the surfacequality, this steel grade is onlydelivered in remelted form.THYROTHERM® 2782 is preferredfor glass product manufacturingtools such as punches, blowingiron heads and mandrels, orifices,blowpipes and gathering irons.

Tools

Moulds

Punches

Orifices, blowpipes,gathering ironsBlowing iron heads andmandrels, ladles, paddles,supporting toolsNozzles

Grade

THYROPLAST® 2083 THYROTHERM® 2343 EFS THYROTHERM® 2344 EFS THYROTHERM® 2782 SUPRATHYROTHERM® 2787 SUPRATHYROTHERM® 2782 SUPRATHYROTHERM® 2787 SUPRATHYROTHERM® 2782 SUPRA



Typical values in as-delivered condition

tensile strength N/mm2

650 – 800650 – 800650 – 800650 – 800800 – 950650 – 800800 – 950650 – 800

650 – 800

650 – 800


hardness HB180 – 230180 – 230180 – 230180 – 230225 – 275180 – 230225 – 275180 – 230

180 – 230

180 – 230

Grades for glass product manufacturing

Grade

THYROTHERM® 2343 EFSTHYROTHERM® 2344 EFSTHYROPLAST®2083THYROTHERM® 2782 SUPRATHYROTHERM® 2787 SUPRA

Hardness

++++++0+

Resistance to scaling

+++

+++++

Thermal conductivity

+++++++

++

Weldability

+++

+++++

Polishability

++++

+++++++


The industrial manufacture oftubes began around 1886 whenthe Mannesmann brothersinvented pierce rolling. It wasthis process which enabled thepiercing of a solid steel billetinto a hollow body.

During a second manufacturingstage the same body is rolledinto a loop on a pilger mandrelemploying various rolling methods such as the continuoustube, push bench, MPM(Mulistand Pipe Mill), PQF(Premium Quality Finishing)and Assel rolling processes.In a third and last productionstage, the loop is rolled into the final tube's dimensions in a stretch reduction mill wherethe diameter and wall thicknessare reduced.

Depending on the process used,tools such as rolls, pilgers andother mandrels are exposed toa range of different types ofstress, which result from thevarying periods of contactbetween the tools and thematerial at rolling temperature.

A balanced coordination of the alloys used in a steel is imperative so as to achieve the longest possible service life and concurrent high tonnage per tool insert.

Steels used for tube manufacturing need to fulfilthe following demands:

• good temperature strength• low susceptibility to hot

cracking• increased toughness

Tube manufacturing

Benefits for the tube manufacturer• one-stop solution for steel

and heat treatment• vertical integration through

direct delivery• long service lives through

consistent quality (ISO 9002)• competent consultancy

28 29

The use of our chromium-molybdenum-alloyed steelgrades enables the productionof mandrels up to 26 metres inrolled form and 30 metreswhen forged.

Additionally, Edelstahl Witten-Krefeld and EdelstahlwerkeSüdwestfalen supply high-performance bar steels for tubeblanks.

Foto erhält neuen

Untergrund! Foto Unter-

grund: Thomas Paulus.

Mandrel Tube rolling mill

Edelstahl Witten-Krefeld andEdelstahlwerke Südwestfalensupply mandrels in eitherready-machined, chromium-plated or scaled condition orpre-machined (i.e. quenchedand tempered and peeled).

Besides the universally usedstandard steel grades, we deliverspecial steels which have beenspecifically adjusted to the various production processes aswell as to individual customerrequirements.

Properties and applications of tube manufacturing steels

Steels for tube manufacturing

Edelstahl Witten-Krefeld andEdelstahlwerke Südwestfalenprovide a range of homogenoussteels for tube manufacturing.Two steel groups are highlyrecommended for mandrels –nickel-alloyed hot-work toolsteels, which feature outstandingtoughness and the chromium-molybdenum alloyed hot-worktool steels with exceptionallyhigh-temperature wear resistance.We have highlighted the following steel grades as mostrepresentative of our completerange.

THYROTHERM® 2726 is a nickel-alloyed hot-work tool steel exhibiting outstanding toughness and high insusceptibility to coil cracking.This special steel grade is mostsuitable for mandrels and piercerswhich are usually supplied inquenched and tempered condition.

The air-hardening THYROTHERM®2740 nickel-alloyed, special hot-work tool steel boasts excellenttoughness and thermal shockresistance. It is most frequentlyused for mandrels and piercerswhich, as a rule, we supply aspre-machined or ready-madetools in a quenched and tempered condition.

30 31

THYROTHERM® 2342 is the allrounder among the chromium-molybdenum-alloyed hot-worktool steels. This high-alloy gradeis characterized by top toughness,first-class high-temperaturewear resistance and optimumscaling. THYROTHERM® 2342 ismostly used for mandrels forcontinuous trains and multistandpipe mills. To this end the steelis delivered in a quenched andtempered condition.

THYROTHERM® 2343 is anotherchromium-molybdenum- alloyedhot-work tool steel which can beuniversally employed due to itsconsiderable high-temperaturewear resistance and toughness.One of its main applications ismandrels for continuous trains.For this application,THYROTHERM® 2343 is alwaysdelivered quenched and tempered.

Mandrels

Process type

PQF and MPM mills

Continuous tube mill

Push bench plant

ASSEL mill and skewrolling mill

Hot pilger mill

Rotary piercing millExtrusion

Cold pilger mill

Welded tube

Tools

mandrels

mandrels

piercing mandrelsmandrels

rollsmandrels

piercing mandrelsvent capspilger mandrels

piercing mandrelsextrusion rams

mandrels

pilger rolls

forming rollswelding rolls

Grade

THYROTHERM® 2342 EFSTHYROTHERM® 2344 EFS THYROTHERM® 2342 EFSTHYROTHERM® 2343 EFS THYROTHERM® 2790 THYROTHERM® 2726THYROTHERM® 2740THYROTHERM® 2365 EFSTHYROTHERM® 2726THYROTHERM® 2740THYROTHERM® 2344 EFS THYROTHERM® 2365 EFS THYROTHERM® 2726THYROTHERM® 2740THYROTHERM® 2344 EFS THYROTHERM® 2367 EFS THYROTHERM® 2365 EFS THYRODUR® 2379THYRODUR® 2709THYROTHERM® 2344 EFS THYRODUR® 2327THYRODUR® 2362THYROTHERM® 2344 EFS THYRODUR® 2379THYROTHERM® 2344 EFS

Typical values in as-delivered conditiontensile strength N/mm2

1000 – 12751000 – 1275900 – 12751000 – 1275

customer specified900 – 1100

1000 – 12001600 – 1750900 – 1100

1000 – 1200900 – 1200900 – 1200900 – 1100

1000 – 1200900 – 1200


hardness HB300 – 375300 – 375265 – 375265 – 375

customer specified265 – 325300 – 355470 – 510265 – 325300 – 355265 – 355265 – 355265 – 325300 – 355265 – 355

50 – 52 HRC50 – 52 HRC50 – 56 HRC

approx. 56 HRCapprox. 56 HRC

customer specifiedcustomer specified

approx. 54 HRC58 – 60 HRC

customer specified

Grades for various tube manufacturing processes

Grade

THYROTHERM® 2726 THYROTHERM® 2740THYROPLAST®2342 EFSTHYROTHERM® 2343 EFS SUPRATHYROTHERM® 2344 EFS SUPRA

Primary use

piercers

push benches

MPM mills and large continuous trains continuous trains

small continuous trains

Hot-cracking resistance

++

+

++

++

++

High-temperature wear resistance

+

++

+++

+++

++++

Scale adhesion

+

++

+++

+++

+++

Toughness

++++

+++

++

+

+


THYR

OPLA

ST®

2083

/ 20

83 S

UPRA

30

34

42

38

46

50

54

58

62

66

70

100 200 300 400 500 6000 700 800

Har

dne

ss in

HR

C

Tempering temperature in °C

1200

1100

1000

900

800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

0

100 101 102

100 101 102 103 104

100 101 102 103 104 105 106

Ac1e = 845 °C

Ac1b = 790 °C

A + C

MS

MHV 10

15 5 40P

K75

955

3535 25

672 657 456

579

244 220 193

F + C

Tem

per

atur

e in

° C

Time in sec

Time in min

Time in hr

Hardness

Corrosion-resistant, good polishability. We recommend the use of THYROPLAST® 2083 SUPRA (ESR) for the highest demands on polishability.

Thermal conductivity W/(m • K) 100 °C 150 °C 200 °C 250 °C 300 °CAnnealed 28.4 28.6 28.8 29.2 29.6Quenched and tempered 22.5 23.1 23.5 24.4 25.7

Moulds for the processing of glass and corrosive plastics.

Chemical composition Typical analysis in %

Steel properties

Physical properties

Applications

Heat treatment

C Cr0.40 13.0

Coefficient of thermal expansion 10-6 m/(m • K) 20 – 100 °C 20 – 200 °C 20 – 300 °CAnnealed 11.1 11.4 11.8Quenched and tempered 11.1 11.5 11.6

Time-temperature-transformation diagram Tempering diagram

Soft annealing °C Cooling Hardness HB760 – 800 Furnace max. 230

Hardening °C Quenching Hardness after quenching HRC1000 – 1050 Oil or saltbath, 500 – 550 °C 56

Tempering °C 100 200 300 400 500 600HRC 56 55 52 51 52 40

32

Applications

THYR

OPLA

ST®

2312

30

34

42

38

46

50

54

58

62

66

70

100 200 300 400 500 6000 700 800

Har

dne

ss in

HR

C


1200

1100

1000

900

800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

0

100 101 102

100 101 102 103 104

100 101 102 103 104 105 106

HV 10

Ac1e

Ac1bA + C

MS

M

100

3 20P

B

100

3

6045

95

681 673 673 642 642 572 572 442 274 236

Tem

per

atur

e in

° C

Time in sec

Time in min

Time in hr

Hardness

Quenched and tempered plastic mould steel, hardness in as-delivered condition 280 to 325 HB. Improved machinability in comparisonto THYROPLAST® 2311.

Plastic moulds, mould frames for plastic moulds and pressure casting dies, recipient sleeves.


Tempering °C 100 200 300 400 500 600 700HRC 51 50 48 46 42 36 28

C Mn Cr Mo S0.40 1.5 1.9 0.2 0.05

Thermal conductivity W/(m • K) 100 °C 150 °C 200 °C 250 °C 300 °CAnnealed 40.2 40.9 40.3 40.0 39.0Quenched and tempered 39.8 40.4 40.4 39.9 39.0

Coefficient of thermal expansion 10-6 m/(m • K) 20 – 100 °C 20 – 200 °C 20 – 300 °CAnnealed 12.5 13.4 13.9Quenched and tempered 12.3 13.0 13.7


33


Steel properties

Physical properties

Heat treatment


34

THYR

OTHE

RM®

2329

THYR

OTHE

RM®

2342

EFS

35

30

34

42

38

46

50

54

58

62

66

70

100 200 300 400 500 6000 700 800

Har

dne

ss in

HR

C


Good tempering resistance and high-temperature strength, easily through hardened, good weldability, nitridable and PVD and CVD coatable.

Hot-work steel for forging dies, extrusion dies, press dies and many other applications.

Soft annealing °C Cooling Hardness HB780 – 800 Furnace or air max. 230

C Si Mn Cr Mo Ni V0.45 0.70 0.80 1.80 0.30 0.60 0.20

Tempering diagram


Steel properties

Applications

Heat treatment

Hardening °C Quenching Hardness after quenching HRC880 – 920 Air, oil or saltbath, 200– 250 °C 53 – 55

30

34

42

38

46

50

54

58

62

66

70

100 200 300 400 500 6000 700 800

Har

dne

ss in

HR

C


1200

1100

1000

900

800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

0

100 101 102

100 101 102 103 104

100 101 102 103 104 105 106

HV 10

~ F + C

Ac1e

Ac1b

A + C

MS

M

K

B

415

100

20

542 542 542 542 542 514 464514

464

421

254

797

2515 35 40 50

15 80 81 77

25

~

Tem

per

atur

e in

o C

Time in sec

Time in min

Time in hr

Hardness

High toughness, good thermal conductivity and insusceptibility to hot cracking, can be water-cooled to a limited extent.

Coefficient of thermal expansion 10-6 m/(m • K) 20 – 100 °C 20 – 200 °C 20 – 300 °C 20 – 400 °C 20 – 500 °C 20 – 600 °C 20 – 700 °C10.9 11.9 12.3 12.7 13.0 13.3 13.5

Thermal conductivity W/(m • K) 20 °C 350 °C 700 °C24.5 26.8 28.8

Mandrels, pressure casting dies, extrusion tools.


Tempering °C 100 200 300 400 500 550 600 650 700HRC 52 50 49 49 50 49 46 36 26

C Si Cr Mo V0.35 0.80 5.0 1.0 0.85



Steel properties

Physical properties

Applications

Heat treatment

Hardening °C Quenching Hardness after quenching HRC1000– 1040 Air, oil or saltbath, 500 – 550 °C 53

36

THYR

OTHE

RM®

2342

EFS

THYR

OTHE

RM®

2343

EFS

/ 23

43 E

FS S

UPRA

37

0

200

600

400

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

200 400 600

Rm

0

20

60

40

80

100

A2

Z

20

Rp0.2

Tens

ile s

tren

gth

Rm

and

0.2

cre

ep li

mit

Rp

0.2

in M

Pa

Test temperature in °C

Are

a re

duc

tion

at fr

actu

re Z

in %

Elo

ngat

ion

at fr

actu

re A

5 in

%

High-temperature strength diagram


Heat treatment

30

34

42

38

46

50

54

58

62

66

70

100 200 300 400 500 6000 700 800

Har

dne

ss in

HR

C


1200

1100

1000

900

800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

0

100 101 102

100 101 102 103 104

100 101 102 103 104 105 106

Ac1e

Ac1b

A + C

MS

M

HV 10

5

B

F + C20 30

5

2

2

10 80 25

6065

95

698 690 681 649 665 642 483 276

665 813

446707

Tem

per

atur

e in

° C

Time in sec

Time in min

Time in hr

Hardness

High hot tensile strength and toughness with good thermal conductivity and insusceptibility to hot cracking. Can be water-cooled toa limited extent.


Thermal conductivity W/(m • K) 20 °C 350 °C 700 °CAnnealed 29.8 30.0 33.4Quenched and tempered 26.8 27.3 30.3

Hot-work steel for universal use. Pressure casting dies and metal extrusion tools for processing light metals, forging dies, mandrels.Moulds, screws and barrels for plastic processing, shrink rings, hot-shear blades.We recommend the use of THYROTHERM® 2343 EFS SUPRA (ESR) for the highest demands.

Tempering °C 100 200 300 400 500 550 600 650 700HRC 52 52 52 52 54 52 48 38 31

C Si Cr Mo V0.38 1.0 5.3 1.3 0.4


Steel properties

Applications


Physical properties

Hardening °C Quenching Hardness after quenching HRC1000 – 1030 Air, oil or saltbath, 500 – 550 °C 54

THYR

OTHE

RM®

2343

EFS

/ 23

43 E

FS S

UPRA

THYR

OTHE

RM®

2344

EFS

/ 23

44 E

FS S

UPRA

39

10

2

6

4

8100

2

4

6

81000

2 4 610 8 100 2 4 6 8 1000100

2 4 6 8 1000 2 4 6 8 10000

500 oC

550 oC

600 oC

500 oC

550 oC

600 oC

Str

ain

in M

Pa

QT strength: 1460 MPa Strain duration in hr

1% creep limit Creep rupture strength

Creep process

0

200

600

400

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

200 400 600

Rp0.2

Rm

0

20

60

40

80

100

Z

20

Tens

ile s

tren

gth

Rm

and

0.2

cre

ep li

mit

Rp

0.2

in M

Pa


Are

a re

duc

tion

at fr

actu

re Z

in %


30

34

42

38

46

50

54

58

62

66

70

100 200 300 400 500 6000 700 800

Har

dne

ss in

HR

C


1200

1100

1000

900

800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

0

100 101 102

100 101 102 103 104

100 101 102 103 104 105 106

Ac1e

Ac1b

A + C

MS

M

HV 10

103055

B15

F+C320

100100

707 681 673 657 642 634 572 488

599

219

236

Tem

per

atur

e in

° C

Time in sec

Time in min

Time in hr

Hardness

High hot-wear resistance, high hot tensile strength and toughness. Good thermal conductivity and insusceptibility to hot cracking.Can be water-cooled to a limited extent.



Hot-work steel for universal use. Pressure casting dies and metal extrusion tools for processing light metals, forging dies, mandrels.Moulds, screws and barrels for plastic processing, nitrided ejectors, hot-shear blades.We recommend the use of THYROTHERM® 2344 EFS SUPRA (ESR) for the highest demands.


Tempering °C 100 200 300 400 500 550 600 650 700HRC 53 52 52 54 56 54 50 42 32

C Si Cr Mo V0.40 1.0 5.3 1.4 1.0



Steel properties

Physical properties

Applications

Heat treatment


38

40

THYR

OTHE

RM®

2344

EFS

/ 23

44 E

FS S

UPRA

THYR

OTHE

RM®

2365

EFS

/ 23

65 E

FS S

UPRA

41

10

2

6

4

8100

2

4

6

81000

2 4 610 8 100 2 4 6 8 1000100

2 4 6 8 1000 2 4 6 8 10000

500 oC

550 oC

600 oC

500 oC

550 oC

600 oC

Str

ain

in M

Pa



Creep process

0

200

600

400

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

200 400 600

Rp0.2

Rm

0

20

60

40

80

100

Z

20

Tens

ile s

tren

gth

Rm

and

0.2

cre

ep li

mit

Rp

0.2

in M

Pa


Are

a re

duc

tion

at fr

actu

re Z

in %


Applications

Good high-temperature strength and tempering resistance, good thermal conductivity, can be water-cooled, suitable for hobbing.

Heavy-metal inner linings, extrusion rams, piercing mandrels, die inserts, heavy-metal diecasting tools.We recommend the use of THYROTHERM® 2365 EFS SUPRA (ESR) for the highest demands.


C Cr Mo V0.32 3.0 2.8 0.5

30

34

42

38

46

50

54

58

62

66

70

100 200 300 400 500 6000 700 800

Har

dne

ss in

HR

C


1200

1100

1000

900

800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

0

100 101 102

100 101 102 103 104

100 101 102 103 104 105 106

HV 10

Ac1e

Ac1b

A + C

MS

M

P

B

15

78

3

155 30 75 90

9598 96 95 2093

585 685 585 572 526 473 446450

442

433 438 292

Tem

per

atur

e in

o C

Time in sec

Time in min

Time in hr

Hardness




Steel properties

Heat treatment

Coefficient of thermal expansion 10-6 m/(m • K) 20 – 100 °C 20 – 200 °C 20 – 300 °C 20 – 400 °C 20 – 500 °C 20 – 600 °C12.21 12.65 12.85 13.31 13.59 13.77

Physical properties


Tempering °C 100 200 300 400 500 550 600 650 700HRC 51 50 50 50 52 50 47 40 34

THYR

OTHE

RM®

2365

EFS

/ 23

65 E

FS S

UPRA

42

THYR

OTHE

RM®

2367

EFS

/ 23

67 E

FS S

UPRA

43

10

2

6

4

8100

2

4

6

81000

2 4 610 8 100 2 4 6 8 1000100

2 4 6 8 1000 2 4 6 8 10000

500 oC

550 oC

600 oC

500 oC

550 oC

600 oC

Str

ain

in M

Pa



Creep process

0

200

600

400

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

200 400 600

Rp0.2

Rm

0

20

60

40

80

100

Z

20

Tens

ile s

tren

gth

Rm

and

0.2

cre

ep li

mit

Rp

0.2

in M

Pa


Are

a re

duc

tion

at fr

actu

re Z

in %


30

34

42

38

46

50

54

58

62

66

70

100 200 300 400 500 6000 700 800

Har

dne

ss in

HR

C


1200

1100

1000

900

800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

0

100 101 102

100 101 102 103 104

100 101 102 103 104 105 106

HV 10

Ac1e

Ac1b

A + C

MS

M

P5

690 673 665 627 620 634620

606

606 554 548

10515

20 8050

525

85

Tem

per

atur

e in

o C

Time in sec

Time in min

Time in hr

Hardness

Good high-temperature strength and tempering resistance, high hardenability, low tendency to deformation.



Forging dies, diecasting moulds, heavy-metal inner linings, profiling dies and mandrels.We recommend the use of THYROTHERM® 2367 EFS SUPRA (ESR) for the highest demands.


Tempering °C 100 200 300 400 500 550 600 650 700HRC 57 55 53 52 55 55 52 45 36

Kontinuierliches Zeit-Temperatur-Umwandlungsschaubild Anlassschaubild


Steel properties

Physical properties

Applications

Heat treatment


C Cr Mo V0.37 5.0 3.0 0.6

44

THYR

OTHE

RM®

2367

EFS

/ 23

67 E

FS S

UPRA

THYR

ODUR

®23

79

45

10

2

6

4

8100

2

4

6

81000

2 4 610 8 100 2 4 6 8 1000100

2 4 6 8 1000 2 4 6 8 10000

500 oC

550 oC

600 oC

500 oC

550 oC

600 oC

Str

ain

in M

Pa



Creep process

0

200

600

400

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

200 400 600

Rp0,2

Rm

0

20

60

40

80

100

Z

20

Tens

ile s

tren

gth

Rm

and

0.2

cre

ep li

mit

Rp

0.2

in M

Pa


Are

a re

duc

tion

at fr

actu

re Z

in %


Applications

12 % ledeburitic chromium steel, maximum wear resistance, good toughnes, best cutting-edge endurance and tempering resistance,can be nitrided after special heat treatment.

Coefficient of thermal expansion 10-6 m/(m • K) 20 – 100 °C 20 – 200 °C 20 – 300 °C 20 – 400 °C10.5 11.5 11.9 12.2


Deburring tools, thread-rolling rolls and dies, cold extrusion tools, cutting and stamping tools for sheet thicknesses up to 6 mm,precision cutting tools up to 12 mm.Cold pilger mandrels, circular-shear blades, deep-drawing tools, pressure pads and highly wear-resistant plastic moulds.



Anlassen °C 100 200 300 400 500 525 550 600HRC 63 61 58 58 58 60 56 50


Tempering °C 100 200 300 400 500 525 550 600(three times) HRC 61 60 58 59 62 62 57 50

C Cr Mo V1.55 12.0 0.7 1.0


Steel properties

Physical properties

Heat treatment

Special heat treatment

46

THYR

ODUR

®23

79

THYR

ODUR

®27

09

47

30

34

42

38

46

50

54

58

62

66

70

100 200 300 400 500 6000 700 800

Har

dne

ss in

HR

C


1200

1100

1000

900

800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

0

100 101 102

100 101 102 103 104

100 101 102 103 104 105 106

Ac1e (0.4° /min)

Ac1b (0.4° /min)

A + C

MS

HV 10

530

100P

M

100 100

891 891 891 891 891 857 780 623 435 257 249 230

0.10 0.36 0.63 1.2 3.0 7.8 180/min 50/min 2.50/min 1.250/min 0.40/min

Tem

per

atur

e in

°C

Time in min

Time in hr

Hardness

Time in sec

Time-temperature-transformation diagramHardening temperature: 1030 °C Tempering diagram

30

34

42

38

46

50

54

58

62

66

70

100 200 300 400 500 6000 700 800

Har

dne

ss in

HR

C


1200

1100

1000

900

800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

0

100 101 102

100 101 102 103 104

100 101 102 103 104 105 106

Ac1e

Ac1b

A + C

MS

MHV 10

103 P 20

95100 100

782 772 772 782 772 724 592 297 272 245

488

Tem

per

atur

e in

°C

Time in min

Time in hr

Hardness

Time in sec

Time-temperature-transformation diagramHardening temperature: 1080 °C Tempering diagram

0

200

600

400

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

400 500 600 700

Rp0.2

Rm

Tens

ile s

tren

gth

Rm

and

0.2

cre

ep li

mit

Rp

0.2

in M

Pa

Precipitation temperature in °C

Non-deforming, precipitation hardening, high yield point and tensile strength combined with good toughness.

Casings for cold extrusion tools, pressure casting dies for light metals and plastic moulds of intricate design.

Ageing temperature: 490 °C 6 h (air)Attainable hardness: approx. 55 HRC

Solution annealing °C Cooling Hardness HB820 – 850 Water max. 340

C Mo Ni Co Ti≤ 0.03 5.0 18.0 10.0 1.0


Precipitation diagram



Steel properties

Physical properties

Applications

Heat treatment

THYR

OTHE

RM®

2714

4948

THYR

OTHE

RM®

2714

Applications

Tough die steel with high tempering resistance and good through hardening. This grade is usually supplied in annealed condition or quenched and tempered to a hardness of 370 to 410 HB (round) or 355 to 400 HB (square, flat).

Standard steel for forging dies of all kinds, mandrels, die holders, armoured trim dies, hot-shear blades.


Hardening °C Quenching Hardness after quenching HRC830 – 870 Oil 58860 – 900 Air 56

Steel properties

Heat treatment

C Cr Mo Ni V0.56 1.1 0.5 1.7 0.1




Physical properties

Tempering °C 100 200 300 400 450 500 550 600 650After quenching in oil – HRC 57 54 52 49 47 46 43 38 34

Tempering °C 100 200 300 400 450 500 550 600 650After quenching in air – HRC 55 52 50 47 45 43 40 36 32

30

34

42

38

46

50

54

58

62

66

70

100 200 300 400 500 6000 700 800

Air

Oil

Har

dne

ss in

HR

C


1200

1100

1000

900

800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

0

100 101 102

100 101 102 103 104

100 101 102 103 104 105 106

HV 10

Ac1e (0.4 K/min)

A + C

MS

M

P15

760 760 758 755 705 450560 410 380 345 270

605 15 888095

240

38

740

Cooling curves for round bar cores with50, 100 and 200 mm dia. on oil hardening

Ac1b (0.4 K/min)

60100

100

B

20 10 5 2.5 1.25 0.8 0.4 0.2 K/min

50 100 200 mm Dmr.

0.34 0.91 1.28 2.2 5.4

RA = 8 8 8 8

8

8 8 12 14 16 7 1

Tem

per

atur

e in

o C

Time in sec

Time in min

Time in hr

Hardness


10

2

6

4

8100

2

4

6

81000

2 4 610 8 100 2 4 6 8 1000100

2 4 6 8 1000 2 4 6 8 10000

500 oC

550 oC

600 oC

500 oC

550 oC

600 oC

Str

ain

in M

Pa



Creep process

0

200

600

400

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

200 400 600

Rp0.2

Rm

0

20

60

40

80

100

Z

20

Tens

ile s

tren

gth

Rm

and

0.2

cre

ep li

mit

Rp

0.2

in M

Pa


Are

a re

duc

tion

at fr

actu

re Z

in %


50

THYR

OTHE

RM®

2726

THYR

OPLA

ST®

2738

51

Tough special steel with high insusceptibility to coil breaks.

Special steel for pilger mandrels which are generally delivered in a quenched and tempered condition.


C Cr Mo Ni V0.26 0.75 0.30 1.30 0.20


Heat treatment

Hardening °C Quenching Hardness after quenching HRC840 – 870 Qil 48

Steel properties

Applications

20

24

32

28

36

40

44

48

52

56

60

400 500 600300 700

Har

dne

ss in

HR

C


Tempering diagram

Applications

30

34

42

38

46

50

54

58

62

66

70

100 200 300 400 500 6000 700 800

Har

dne

ss in

HR

C


1200

1100

1000

900

800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

0

100 101 102

100 101 102 103 104

100 101 102 103 104 105 106

Ac1e

Ac1b

A + C

MS

M

HV 10 631 572 563 539 440 380 378 306 224

P1 5

4099

B3

10 7094 93 59 1

Tem

per

atur

e in

° C

Time in sec

Time in min

Time in hr

Hardness

Pre-hardened plastic mould steel, hardness in as-delivered condition 280 to 325 HB. Good machinability, suitable for texturing,improved through-hardening in comparison to THYROPLAST® 2711, good polishability.


Large plastic moulds with deep engravings and intensive impacts on the core. THYROPLAST® 2738 is the logical developmentof THYROPLAST® 2311, a pre-hardened plastic mould steel for use in large moulds, which also have to display high core strength. The additional nickel content of 1 % increases the through-hardenability. THYROPLAST® 2738 ia a micro-alloyed, vacuum-degassed steelwith the following excellent features: good machinability, outstanding polishability, good texturing properties.


Tempering °C 100 200 300 400 500 600 700HRC 51 50 48 46 42 39 28

C Mn Cr Ni Mo0.40 1.5 1.9 1.0 0.2

Kontinuierliches Zeit-Temperatur-Umwandlungsschaubild Anlassschaubild



Steel properties

Physical properties

Heat treatment

Hardening °C Quenching Hardness after quenching HRC840 – 870 Polymer or oil 51

THYR

OTHE

RM®

2740

THYR

OTHE

RM®

2782

SUP

RA

30

34

42

38

46

50

54

58

62

66

70

100 200 300 400 500 6000 700 800

Har

dne

ss in

HR

C


Air-hardening special steel for hot working. High toughness and resistance to thermal fatigue.

Special steel for mandrel shafts and pilger mandrels. Pre-machined or fully finished machined mandrels are usually supplied in quenched and tempered condition.


C Cr Mo Ni V0.28 0.70 0.60 2.5 0.30


Steel properties

Applications

Heat treatment

Hardening °C Quenching Hardness after quenching HRC840 – 870 Air or oil 49 Applications

Non-scaling austenitic hot-work steel, oxidizing-resistant with good cold formability. Resistant to scaling in air up to approx. 1150 °C.

Tools for manufacturing of glass products such as blowing iron heads and mandrels, orifices, gathering irons.

C Si Mn Cr Ni0.15 2.0 0.8 25.0 20.0


Steel properties

Physical properties

Heat treatment

Thermal conductivity W/(m • K) 20 °C 500 °C13.0 19.0

Coefficient of thermal expansion 10-6 m/(m • K) 20 – 200 °C 20 – 400 °C 20 – 600 °CAnnealed 16.5 17.0 17.5

Hardening °C Quenching Tensile strength after quenching N/mm2

1000 – 1100 Air or water 495 – 705

5352

Tempering diagram

54

THYR

OTHE

RM®

2787

/ 27

87 S

UPRA

THYR

ODUR

®28

42

55

Applications

Heat treatable, corrosion-resistant, non-scaling hot-work steel..

Tools for glass processing.We recommend the use of THYROTHERM 2787 SUPRA for the highest demands.


Hardening °C Quenching Hardness after quenching HRC990 – 1020 Oil or saltbath, 200 °C 47

Steel properties

Heat treatment

C Si Mn Cr Ni0.22 0.40 0.50 16.5 1.7


Coefficient of thermal expansion 10-6 m/(m • K) 20 – 100 °C 20 – 200 °C 20 – 300 °C 20 – 400 °C 20 – 500 °C 10.0 10.5 11.0 11.0 11.0

Thermal conductivity W/(m • K) 20 °C25

Physical properties

Tempering °C 100 200 300 400 500 600After quenching in oil – HRC 46 45 45 44 43 36

30

34

42

38

46

50

54

58

62

66

70

100 200 300 400 500 6000 700 800

Har

dne

ss in

HR

C


Anlassschaubild

Good cutting-edge endurance, dimensionally stable during heat treatment.


Tool steel for universal use, trimming tools, cutting and stamping tools for sheet thicknesses up to 6 mm, thread-cutting tools,reamers, gauges, measuring tools, plastic moulds, shear blades, guide strips.


C Mn Cr V0.90 2.0 0.4 0.1



30

34

42

38

46

50

54

58

62

66

70

100 200 300 400 500 6000 700 800

Har

dne

ss in

HR

C


1200

1100

1000

900

800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

0

100 101 102

100 101 102 103 104

100 101 102 103 104 105 106

Ac1e (0.4 K/min)

A + C

MS

M

HV 10

23016

P

B

Ac1b (0.4 K/min)

95

100 100 100 100 100

20 4

45

785 780 780 330473

575

293 293 275 257 240RA = 15

0.16 0.4 0.65 1.4 1.6 2.5 6.5 20 K/min 2.5 K/min

5 K/min 1.25 K/min

Tem

per

atur

e in

° C

Time in sec

Time in min

Time in hr

Hardness

Tempering °C 100 200 300 400 500 600HRC 63 60 56 50 42 38



Steel properties

Physical properties

Applications

Heat treatment

56

THYR

OTHE

RM®

2885

EFS

/ 28

85 E

FS S

UPRA

THYR

OTHE

RM®

2885

EFS

/ 28

85 E

FS S

UPRA

57

30

34

42

38

46

50

54

58

62

66

70

100 200 300 400 500 6000 700 800

Har

dne

ss in

HR

C


1200

1100

1000

900

800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

0

100 101 102

100 101 102 103 104

100 101 102 103 104 105 106

HV 10

Ac1e

A + C

MS

M

P

1

760 760 758 755 705 450560

410

380 345 270

97

40

958580

90

240

99

740

Ac1b

3 1075

B

97 90 25

100

100

Tem

per

atur

e in

o C

Time in sec

Time in min

Time in hr

Hardness

Cr-Mo-Co alloyed hot-work steel with high resistance to thermal fatigue and high-temperature strength.


Diecasting tools, hot-pressing tools, extrusion tools, mainly for heavy metals.


Tempering °C 100 200 300 400 500 550 600 650 700HRC 52 52 50 49 50 51 50 44 31

C Cr Mo V Co0.32 3.0 2.8 0.5 3.0



Steel properties

Physical properties

Applications

Heat treatment



10

2

6

4

8100

2

4

6

81000

2 4 610 8 100 2 4 6 8 1000100

2 4 6 8 1000 2 4 6 8 10000

500 oC

550 oC

600 oC

500 oC

550 oC

600 oC

Str

ain

in M

Pa



Creep process

58

THYR

OTHE

RM®

2999

EFS

SUP

RA

THYR

OTHE

RM®

E 38

K

59

30

34

42

38

46

50

54

58

62

66

70

100 200 300 400 500 6000 700 800

Har

dne

ss in

HR

C


Maximum high-temperature strength, good high-temperature wear resistance with high thermal conductivity over the entire range ofservice temperatures.

Die inserts and high-speed forging tools exposed to severe wear stresses, heavy metal die casting, hot-work tools for the use at highesttemperatures.


Tempering °C 100 200 300 400 500 550 600 650HRC 55 54 54 55 56 57 53 46

C Si Mn Cr Mo V0.45 0.30 0.30 3.0 5.0 1.00


Steel properties

Physical properties

Applications

Heat treatment


Thermal conductivity W/(m • K) 100 °C 200°C 300 °C 400 °C 500 °C 600 °C 700 °CAnnealed 39,8 40,1 39,5 39,0 39,0 39,3 39,8Hardened and tempered 43 – 45 HRC 33,0 34,8 35,8 36,0 36,4 37,4 38,8

1200

1100

1000

900

800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

0

100 101 102

100 101 102 103 104

100 101 102 103 104 105 106

HV 10

Ac1e

A + C

MS

M

P30

157

Ac1b

B

F + C

6090 15

85100100100 100 100

161162173176177229300386465518563591594606

Tem

per

atur

e in

o C

Time in sec

Time in min

Time in hr

Hardness

Time-temperature-transformation diagram

Hot-work steel for general-purpose use which is particularly suitable for applications involving high flexural stresses due to its outstanding toughness:• extrusion tools for processing light metals• diecasting tools for processing light metals.


C SI Mn S Cr Mo V0.35 0.30 0.30 < 0,003 5.00 1.35 0.45


Hardening °C Quenching Hardness after quenching HRC1000 – 1030 Oil or saltbath, 500 – 550°C 53

30

34

42

38

46

50

54

58

62

66

70

100 200 300 400 500 6000 700 800

Har

dne

ss in

HR

C


1200

1100

1000

900

800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

0

100 101 102

100 101 102 103 104

100 101 102 103 104 105 106

Ac1e

Ac1b

A + C

MS

HV 10

3

10

10

B

M

657 633 620 620 572 483 270 197 183

Time in min

Time in hr

Hardness

F + C85

100100 100

175433627

3585

8010

Time in sec

Tem

per

atur

e in

° C



Steel properties

Physical properties

Applications

Heat treatment

Good high-temperature strength with improved toughness. Good thermal conductivity and insusceptibility to hot cracking. Can bewater-cooled to a limited extent.


Tempering °C 100 200 300 400 500 550 600 650HRC 51 51 51 51 52 50 47 34

Tempering diagram

occur between the surface andthe core cause stresses resultingin dimensional changes. Thetemperature differencesdepend on the size and shapeof the mould. The designershould ensure that the mould is of symmetrical shape. As the temperature differencesincrease at larger volumes, itmust be checked whether it isexpedient to divide the mouldinto individual segments.This design also offers theadvantage that worn or damaged individual parts canbe replaced more quickly. Thinwebs within the mould are afrequent cause of problemsduring heat treatment. As thesethin webs cool more quickly, theaustenite is converted into martensite more quickly therethan in larger cross-sections. Insuch cases, it should always bechecked whether it is possibleto divide the mould.

Machining

Tools made of hot-work toolsteel are manufactured bymetal-cutting and non-cuttingshaping processes. Duringmetal-cutting, surface tensionsare generated and the tensionof the workpiece is changed,depending on the depth ofmachining. In the event ofextensive metal-cutting, it isrecommendable to performthermal relief for annealed andquenched and tempered partsbefore finish-machining, inorder to reduce the risk ofdistortion or stress crackingduring finish-machining.Critical machining processes are processes in which the

Design

The design is very important forthe economical use of tools. Aprecisely machined tool whichhas undergone the correct heattreatment and is made of thebest possible tool steel will stillbreak after a short time, if it isof faulty design. The rightdesign and proper heattreatment are essentialprerequisites for avoiding highburdens in terms of time andmoney. The following factorscan promote susceptibility tocracking or breaking:

• incorrect dimensioning• abrupt cross-section

transitions• sharp notches

(e.g. tool marks and grinding marks, scriber marks, punched numbers, etc.)

As the strength of the mouldsincreases, so does their suscep-tibility to notches: the higherthe hardness selected, the more carefully thesurfaces have to be machinedand the cross-section transiti-ons produced. The radii shouldthus be designed as largeas possible and should also bepolished, if possible. In general,the reduced toughness at highhardness levels, as well as thedifferent toughness propertiesof the various grades, must betaken into consideration.

Design andheat treatmentThe microstructural transformations occurringduring heat treatmentand the temperature differences which inevitably

GrindingPerfect grinding of the hardenedtools is particularly important.When selecting the grindingwheel, it must be ensured thatthe particle size, hardness andbond are adapted to the steelto be ground. The harder thesteel, the softer the wheel andthe lower the contact pressuremust be. Despite adequatewater cooling, selection of the wrong grinding wheel or excessive contact pressurecauses local over-heating,resulting in soft skin and grinding cracks. Annealingcolours or "burnt" areas mustnot occur. The following fundamentally applies togrinding:

• use the correct grinding wheel

• apply suitable contactpressure (the higher thehardness, the lower thecontact pressure)

• use open grinding wheels• provide a generous,

wellcontrolled coolant supply

PolishingPolishing is often the lastmachining step when manufacturing a mould. Thequality of the polished surfaceis the decisive criterion for producing samples of themould. Early minimisation ofthe risk is correspondinglyimportant.The polishing result is decisivelydetermined by:

• steel quality• heat treatment condition• polishing method

Steel qualityIn addition to the analyticalcomposition, the manufacturingprocess also has a decisiveimpact on polishability. Forexample, the polishing resultcan be affected by non-metallicinclusions (purity) or hard structural components, such as primary carbides, which canstipple the polished surface.In order to improve the purity,all hot-work tool steels fromEdelstahl Witten-Krefeld andEdelstahlwerke Südwestfalenundergo secondary metallurgicaltreatment in ladle furnaces and vacuum-degassing plants.The electroslag remelted (ESR) or vacuum arc remelted(VAR) versions offer further refinement – e.g.THYROTHERM® 2343/44 EFSSUPRA or THYROPLAST® 2083SUPRA.

Heat treatment conditionIt is fundamentally true thatthe harder the mould, the betterit can be polished. Hardnesses > 50 HRC are recommendablefor mirror-finish polishes. Thereis a risk of rippling (so-calledorange peel) in the eventof low or uneven hardness.

Polishing methodIn addition to the selection ofthe right steel and the heattreatment, the polishingmethod is extremely important.The polishing result largelydepends on the experienceand skill of the polisher. Thefiner the graduation of the grinding and polishing operations,the better the surface quality.

MillingOur tool steels can be cut wellin accordance with their intendedapplication. Machining withmodern metal-cutting tools (carbide cutting tools) is advisable for economicalreasons. The setting of themetal-cutting parameters (cutting speed and feed rate)pursuant to the followingtable and the tool manufacturer’sinstructions is a decisivefactor for success. Milling usingcarbide cutting tools is to beperformed “dry” (withoutlubricoolant). If increased wearoccurs on the reversible tipduring milling, the nature ofthe wear must be examined.Based on the result of thisexamination, the cuttingspeed and the feed rate mayhave to be checked and reset.Experience shows that theseare often set too low at thestart. The size of cutting depthap is of little significance interms of wear when setting thefeed rate and cutting speed.Stable machine and clampingconditions are always to beaimed for.

• always use reversible carbidecutting tips withoutlubricoolants

• rough-machine at an angle of 0° and with negative chamfer

• set the cutting speed at thehigh end of the range

• when using HSS tools, thelubricoolants must bemixed in the upper range,according to the manufacturer’s instructions

Notes on processing

60 61

structure of the steel is changedby thermal influences.Electrical discharge machiningIn this process, the surface iseroded by a spark dischargebetween an electrode and thetool to be manufactured.Electrical discharge machiningprimarily offers advantageswhen machining hardenedtools. The extreme temperaturesin the working gap (approx.10,000 °C) cause the erodedmaterial to evaporate beforebeing carried off by the dielectric.A melted zone is left, with heateffects reaching deep into thematerial. Fine incipient cracksform here, which can result inthe premature failure of amould. The impulse energy andthe washing by the dielectricdetermine the depth of thisbrittle zone of new hardeningand the magnitude of the stresses. Only careful mechanicalreworking (removal of thedamaged edge zones) ensuressufficient protection againstprogression of the cracks.Washing from all sides must beensured during structural erosion,in order to avoid orientation ofthe structure in the direction ofwashing.

THYROTHERM® 2343 EFS mould insert

Failure due to faulty electrical discharge machining

62 63

Grade Treatmentcondition

HSS tool THYRAPID® 3207 THYRAPID® 3207

Carbide cutting toolCoated with P 25/P25 TILIAN P 10/P15

Rough-machining Finish-mashining Rough-machining Finish-mashiningCuttingspeed

Vc (m/min)

Feed rate

s = mm/rev.

Cuttingspeed

Vc (m/min)

Feed rate

s = mm/rev.

Cuttingspeed

Vc (m/min)

Feed rate

s = mm/rev.

Cuttingspeed

Vc (m/min)

Feed rate

s = mm/rev.THYRODUR® 1730 Annealed 20 – 40 0.2 – 0.4 40 – 70 0.1 – 0.2 150 – 230 0.4 – 1.0 300 – 420 0.1 – 0.4THYROPLAST® 2083 Annealed 15 – 25 0.2 – 0.4 25 – 50 0.1 – 0.2 125 – 195 0.4 – 1.0 250 – 370 0.1 – 0.4THYROPLAST® 2312 QT 15 – 30 0.2 – 0.4 35 – 60 0.1 – 0.2 130 – 200 0.4 – 1.0 270 – 390 0.1 – 0.4THYROTHERM® 2329 QT 10 – 20 0.2 – 0.4 20 – 30 0.1 – 0.2 115 – 175 0.4 – 1.0 235 – 350 0.1 – 0.4THYROTHERM® 2342 Annealed 15 – 25 0.2 – 0.4 25 – 50 0.1 – 0.2 125 – 195 0.4 – 1.0 250 – 370 0.1 – 0.4THYROTHERM® 2343 Annealed 15 – 25 0.2 – 0.4 25 – 50 0.1 – 0.2 125 – 195 0.4 – 1.0 250 – 370 0.1 – 0.4THYROTHERM® 2344 Annealed 15 – 25 0.2 – 0.4 25 – 50 0.1 – 0.2 125 – 195 0.4 – 1.0 250 – 370 0.1 – 0.4THYROTHERM® 2365 Annealed 15 – 25 0.2 – 0,4 25 – 50 0.1 – 0.2 125 – 195 0.4 – 1.0 250 – 370 0.1 – 0.4THYROTHERM® 2367 Annealed 15 – 25 0.2 – 0.4 25 – 50 0.1 – 0.2 125 – 195 0.4 – 1.0 250 – 370 0.1 – 0.4THYRODUR® 2379 Annealed 10 – 20 0.2 – 0.4 20 – 30 0.1 – 0.2 115 – 175 0.4 – 1.0 235 – 350 0.1 – 0.4THYRODUR® 2709 Sol.-annealed 15 – 25 0.2 – 0.4 25 – 50 0.1 – 0.2 125 – 195 0.4 – 1.0 250 – 370 0.1 – 0.4THYROTHERM® 2714 QT 10 – 20 0.2 – 0.4 20 – 30 0.1 – 0.2 115 – 175 0.4 – 1.0 235 – 350 0.1 – 0.4THYROTHERM® 2726 Annealed 15 – 30 0.2 – 0.4 35 – 60 0.1 – 0.2 130 – 200 0.4 – 1.0 270 – 390 0.1 – 0.4THYROTPLAST® 2738 QT 10 – 20 0.2 – 0.4 20 – 30 0.1 – 0.2 125 – 175 0.4 – 1.0 235 – 350 0.1 – 0.4THYROTHERM® 2740 Annealed 15 – 25 0.2 – 0.4 25 – 50 0.1 – 0.2 125 – 195 0.4 – 1.0 250 – 370 0.1 – 0.4THYROTHERM® 2782 Sol.-annealed 15 – 25 0.2 – 0.4 25 – 50 0.1 – 0.2 125 – 195 0.4 – 1.0 250 – 370 0.1 – 0.4THYROTHERM® 2787 QT 10 – 20 0.2 – 0.4 20 – 30 0.1 – 0.2 115 – 175 0.4 – 1.0 235 – 350 0.1 – 0.4THYRODUR® 2842 Annealed 15 – 30 0.2 – 0.4 35 – 60 0.1 – 0.2 130 – 200 0.4 – 1.0 270 – 390 0.1 – 0.4THYROTHERM® 2885 Annealed 15 – 25 0.2 – 0.4 25 – 50 0.1 – 0.2 125 – 195 0.4 – 1.0 250 – 370 0.1 – 0.4THYROTHERM® 2999 Annealed 10 – 20 0.2 – 0.4 20 – 30 0.1 – 0.2 115 – 175 0.4 – 1.0 235 – 350 0.1 – 0.4THYROTHERM® E 38 K Annealed 15 – 25 0.2 – 0.4 25 – 50 0.1 – 0.2 125 – 195 0.4 – 1.0 250 – 370 0.1 – 0.4


HSS tool THYRAPID® 3207 THYRAPID® 3207

Carbide cutting toolCoated with P 40 TILIAN P 25

Rough-machining Finish-mashining Rough-machining Finish-mashiningCuttingspeed

Vc (m/min)

Feed rate

fz (mm)

Cuttingspeed

Vc (m/min)

Feed rate

fz (mm)

Cuttingspeed

Vc (m/min)

Feed rate

fz (mm)

Cuttingspeed

Vc (m/min)

Feed rate

fz (mm)THYRODUR® 1730 Annealed 15 – 25 0.10 – 0.20 20 – 40 0.05 – 0.10 150 – 210 0.30 – 0.60 120– 200 0.10 – 0.20THYROPLAST® 2083 Annealed 10 – 18 0.10 – 0.20 15 – 30 0.05 – 0.10 110 – 170 0.30 – 0.60 110 – 170 0.10 – 0.20THYROPLAST® 2312 QT 12 – 20 0.10 – 0.20 20 – 35 0.05 – 0.10 140 – 190 0.30 – 0.60 120 – 180 0.10 – 0.20THYROTHERM® 2329 QT 8 – 10 0.18 – 0.25 10 – 15 0.20 – 0.40 80 – 160 0.20 – 0.40 90 – 180 0.15 – 0.25THYROTHERM® 2342 Annealed 10 – 18 0.20 – 0.40 15 – 25 0.30 – 0.60 100 – 160 0.20 – 0.40 110 – 190 0.15 – 0.25THYROTHERM® 2343 Annealed 10 – 18 0.10 – 0.20 15 – 30 0.05 – 0.10 110 – 170 0.30 – 0.60 110 – 170 0.10 – 0.20THYROTHERM® 2344 Annealed 10 – 18 0.10 – 0.20 15 – 30 0.05 – 0.10 110 – 170 0.30 – 0.60 110 – 170 0.10 – 0.20THYROTHERM® 2365 Annealed 10 – 18 0.10 – 0.20 15 – 30 0.05 – 0.10 110 – 170 0.30 – 0.60 110 – 170 0.10 – 0.20THYROTHERM® 2367 Annealed 10 – 18 0.10 – 0.20 15 – 30 0.05 – 0.10 110 – 170 0.30 – 0.60 110 – 170 0.10 – 0.20THYRODUR® 2379 Annealed 8 – 15 0.10 – 0.20 12 – 20 0.05 – 0.10 90 – 160 0.30 – 0.60 100 – 160 0.10 – 0.20THYRODUR® 2709 Sol.-annealed 10 – 18 0.20 – 0.40 15 – 25 0.30 – 0.60 100 – 160 0.20 – 0.40 110 – 190 0.15 – 0.25THYROTHERM® 2714 QT 8 – 10 0.18 – 0.25 10 – 15 0.20 – 0.40 80 – 160 0.20 – 0.40 90 – 180 0.15 – 0.25THYROTHERM® 2726 Annealed 12 – 20 0.20 – 0.50 18 – 30 0.30 – 0.70 120 – 180 0.20 – 0.40 130 – 210 0.15 – 0.25THYROPLAST® 2738 QT 8 – 15 0.10 – 0.20 12 – 20 0.05 – 0.10 90 – 160 0.30 – 0.60 100 – 160 0.10 – 0.20THYROTHERM® 2740 Annealed 10 – 18 0.20 – 0.40 15 – 25 0.30 – 0.60 100 – 160 0.20 – 0.40 110 – 190 0.15 – 0.25THYROTHERM® 2782 Sol.-annealed 10 – 18 0.20 – 0.40 15 – 25 0.30 – 0.60 100– 160 0.20 – 0.40 110 – 190 0.15 – 0.25THYROTHERM® 2787 QT 8 – 10 0.18 – 0.25 10 – 15 0.20 – 0.40 80 – 160 0.20 – 0.40 90 – 180 0.15 – 0.25THYRODUR® 2842 Annealed 12 – 20 0.10 – 0.20 20 – 35 0.05 – 0.10 140 – 190 0.30 – 0.60 120 – 180 0.10 – 0.20THYROTHERM® 2885 Annealed 10 – 18 0.10 – 0.20 15 – 30 0.05 – 0.10 110 – 170 0.30 – 0.60 110 – 170 0.10 – 0.20THYROTHERM® 2999 Annealed 8 – 10 0.18 – 0.25 10 – 15 0.20 – 0.40 80 – 160 0.20 – 0.40 90 – 180 0.15 – 0.25THYROTHERM® E 38 K Annealed 10 – 18 0.10 – 0.20 15 – 30 0.05 – 0.10 110 – 170 0.30 – 0.60 110 – 170 0.10 – 0.20

Machining values for turning tools using HSS and carbide cutting tools


Cutting speedV = m/min

Feed rateS = mm/rev.

Drill diametermm

3343, 3243 3343, 3243+ TiN

HM K 10 3343, 3243 3343, 3243+ TiN

HM K 10 3343, 3243 3343, 3243+ TiN

HM K 10

THYRODUR® 1730 Annealed 14 – 20 25 – 30 60 – 100 0.04 – 0.20 0.16 – 0.25 0.06 – 0.30 8 – 16 8 – 16 20 – 47THYROPLAST® 2083 Annealed 8 – 14 18 – 23 40 – 60 0.04 – 0.14 0.12 – 0.20 0.06 – 0.20 8 – 16 8 – 16 20 – 47THYROPLAST® 2312 QT 10 – 16 20 – 25 50 – 80 0.04 – 0.20 0.16 – 0.25 0.06 – 0.30 8 – 16 8 – 16 20 – 47THYROTHERM® 2329 QT 6 – 10 15 – 20 30 – 50 0.04 – 0.16 0.12 – 0.20 0.06 – 0.20 8 – 16 8 – 16 20 – 47THYROTHERM® 2342 Annealed 8 – 14 18 – 23 40 – 60 0.04 – 0.14 0.12 – 0.20 0.06 – 0.20 8 – 16 8 – 16 20 – 47THYROTHERM® 2343 Annealed 8 – 14 18 – 23 40 – 60 0.04 – 0.14 0.12 – 0.20 0.06 – 0.20 8 – 16 8 – 16 20 – 47THYROTHERM® 2344 Annealed 8 – 14 18 – 23 40 – 60 0.04 – 0.14 0.12 – 0.20 0.06 – 0.20 8 – 16 8 – 16 20 – 47THYROTHERM® 2365 Annealed 8 – 14 18 – 23 40 – 60 0.04 – 0.14 0.12 – 0.20 0.06 – 0.20 8 – 16 8 – 16 20 – 47THYROTHERM® 2367 Annealed 8 – 14 18 – 23 40 – 60 0.04 – 0.14 0.12 – 0.20 0.06 – 0.20 8 – 16 8 – 16 20 – 47THYRODUR® 2379 Annealed 6 – 10 15 – 20 30 – 50 0.04 – 0.16 0.12 – 0.20 0.06 – 0.20 8 – 16 8 – 16 20 – 47THYRODUR® 2709 Sol.-annealed 8 – 14 18 – 23 40 – 60 0.04 – 0.14 0.12 – 0.20 0.06 – 0.20 8 – 16 8 – 16 20 – 47THYROTHERM® 2714 QT 6 – 10 15 – 20 30 – 50 0.04 – 0.16 0.12 – 0.20 0.06 – 0.20 8 – 16 8 – 16 20 – 47THYROTHERM® 2726 Annealed 10 – 18 20 – 25 50 – 80 0.04 – 0.20 0.16 – 0.25 0.06 – 0.30 8 – 16 8 – 16 20 – 47THYROTPLAST® 2738 QT 6 – 10 15 – 20 30 – 50 0.04 – 0.16 0.12 – 0.20 0.06 – 0.20 8 – 16 8 – 16 20 – 47THYROTHERM® 2740 Annealed 8 – 14 18 – 23 40 – 60 0.04 – 0.14 0.12 – 0.20 0.06 – 0.20 8 – 16 8 – 16 20 – 47THYROTHERM® 2782 Sol.-annealed 8 – 14 18 – 23 40 – 60 0.04 – 0.14 0.12 – 0.20 0.06 – 0.20 8 – 16 8 – 16 20 – 47THYROTHERM® 2787 QT 6 – 10 15 – 20 30 – 50 0.04 – 0.16 0.12 – 0.20 0.06 – 0.20 8 – 16 8 – 16 20 – 47THYRODUR® 2842 Annealed 10 – 18 20 – 25 50 – 80 0.04 – 0.20 0.16 – 0.25 0.06 – 0.30 8 – 16 8 – 16 20 – 47THYROTHERM® 2885 Annealed 8 – 14 18 – 23 40 – 60 0.04 – 0.14 0.12 – 0.20 0.06 – 0.20 8 – 16 8 – 16 20 – 47THYROTHERM® 2999 Annealed 8 – 14 18 – 23 40 – 60 0.04 – 0.14 0.12 – 0.20 0.06 – 0.20 8 – 16 8 – 16 20 – 47THYROTHERM® E 38 K Annealed 8 – 14 18 – 23 40 – 60 0.04 – 0.14 0.12 – 0.20 0.06 – 0.20 8 – 16 8 – 16 20 – 47

Machining values for drilling tool steels

Machining values for milling tools using HSS and carbide cutting tools

Notes on processing

joined together. In order toreduce shrinkage stress, the welding bead should be hammered

• cool the tools to approx.80 to 100 °C after the welding process

• heat to annealing temperatureimmediately afterwards and soft anneal (annealed tools) or heat to approx. 50 °C below the original temperingtemperature and temper (quenched and tempered steel grades).

Heat treatmentThe potential of the tool steelused is only fully exploited bymeans of heat treatment adaptedto the steel composition, theintended use and the component size. Incorrect heattreatment can impair the functionality and propertiesof the tool. Despite achievingthe required hardness, thetoughness can be considerablyreduced by a coarse hardeningmicrostructure, for example.Heat treatment processes havebeen developed further andundergone extensive fine-tuning on the basis of detailedresearch and practical studies.The furnace units used for heat

performed on heat-treatedsteels and the temperaturehere must be approx. 50 °Cbelow the last temperingtemperature, in order to avoida drop in hardness.

HardeningHeatingOwing to the low thermal conductivity and the differenttool cross-sections, considerablethermal stresses occur in theevent of rapid heating to hardening temperature.These can result in thedeformation or even cracking of tools. In this context, certainpre-heating stages must beobserved, these being listed inthe time-temperaturesequences in the material datasheets. The holding time at thetemperature is 30 seconds permm wall thickness at both thefirst and second pre-heatingstages. For high-alloy tool steelswith a hardening temperatureof more than about 900 °C,the third pre-heating stage ataround 850 °C also serves todissolve part of the carbides, aswell as being important for thereasons already mentionedabove. The holding time atthis temperature is thus oneminute per mm wall thickness –double that at the second pre-heating stage.

AustenitizingThe tools are brought up to thehardening temperature listed inthe material data sheets afterthe last pre-heating stage.After being thoroughly heated(temperature equalization),they must be held at this temperature to ensurecomplete transformation. The

64 65

Repair welding

Owing to their alloy structure,tool steels are among the steelswhere welding involves a certainrisk. While the weld seam cools,thermal and microstructuraltransformation stresses occur,which can result in cracking.However, design changes,natural wear or tool failure dueto breakage or cracking oftenmean that repair by means ofan electric welding process isinevitable. The following basicrules should be followed duringrepair welding:

• clean surfaces thoroughly,grind out cracks in U-shaped fashion

• thorough pre-heating,pre-heating temperature above martensite formation temperature (see time-temperature-transformation diagram in the material data sheet for Ms line) in order to avoid microstructuraltransformations during welding

• high-alloy steels: heat to hardening temperature (austenitizing), cool to abovemartensite start temperature

• weld (with intermediate heating if necessary)

• use electrodes correspondingto the base material

• the TIG welding method has the advantage of a finer microstructure, as it involves less heating and a higher cooling rate than coveredwelding electrodes

• in order to minimize deformation, relatively largeareas should be welded in fields during deposition and these fields subsequently

treatment today are primarilyinert gas, chamber, fluidised-bed and vacuum furnaces.Despite their high flexibility,salt-bath systems are no longervery significant due to stricterenvironmental protectionregulations. The material datasheets contain time-temperature-transformation diagrams (TTTdiagrams) for continuouscooling, in order to improveunderstanding of the transformation processes occurring during hardening.

Stress-relief annealingMachining stresses occurduring metal-cutting and non-cutting shaping. These canresult in deformation and possiblyin expensive reworking in thecourse of subsequent heattreatment. Stress-relief annealingshould be performed at a temperature of 600 to 650 °Cafter initial machining,particularly for tools of complexgeometry. The holding time atthis temperature should be atleast two hours, or at least onehour per 50 mm wall thicknessfor larger tools. The tool mustthen be slowly cooled in thefurnace. This stress-reliefannealing should also be

diagram gives reference data for selection of the time after reaching the hardeningtemperature on the tool surfaceas a function of the wall thickness. The immersion timesin the salt bath can also bedetermined using the diagram.

QuenchingQuenching the tools is the most critical phase of the heattreatment process. There is arisk of heat treatment cracksdue to the coinciding of thermal and microstructuraltransformation stress. Design-related factors promotingcracking are abrupt materialtransitions, different wallthicknesses (webs) and largehardening cross-sections.From the point of view of thematerial, cooling should beas quick as possible, in order to achieve purely martensitictransformation. However,as regards the risk of heattreatment cracking described,compromises must be madeand agreed on by the steelmanufacturer, heat treatment

SystemProperties

Saltbath Chamberfurnace

Fluidisedbed furnace

Inert-gasfurnace

Vacuum-furnace

Heat transfer +++ ++ +++ ++ +Flexibility +++ ++ +++ ++ +Deformation problems ++ +++ ++ + +Surface treatment + + + + oPartial hardening/tempering

+ + o o o

Environmental pollution +++ + ++ ++ +Avoidance of undesirable surface effects

++ o ++ ++ +++

Cleaning of tools o o + ++ +++

Notes on processing

Advantages and disadvantages of various heat treatment systems

company and toolmaker in eachindividual case. The quenching medium for every grade is givenin the material data sheets. Inhot-bath hardening, theworkpieces remain in the hotbath until the temperature isequalised and are then cooledfurther in air. Owing to the riskof stress cracking, quenching toroom temperature shouldalways be avoided. The tools are expediently cooled to around80 °C and immediately transferred to an equalizationfurnace, possibly after hotwashing.

a

a

a

a = Wall thickness aTim

e in

min

Wall thickness in mm (hardening cross-section)

High-alloy steels (ledeburitic, 12 % chromium steels) Carbon, low and medium-alloy tool steels

020 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280

200

180

160

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

Reference values for the holding time at hardening temperature

Sharp-edged transitions

Plasma nitridingPlasma nitriding is a thermo-chemical process. Treatment iscarried out in vacuum plants,into which treatment gasescontaining nitrogen are fed. Aplasma state is built up by anelectrical field. The electricallycharged nitrogen ions generatedin this context are acceleratedtowards the workpiece and candiffuse into the surface. The treatment temperature rangefor this process is between 400and 600 °C.

66 67

EqualizationOnce the tools have beenquenched to 80 °C, they aretransferred directly to a furnacewith a temperature of 100 to150 °C. In particular, relativelylarge tools are held at this temperature in order to equalizethe temperature across the entire cross-section and achieveoptimum transformation in thecore as well.

TemperingTempering is necessary in orderto achieve an appropriatehardness and toughness for therespective service requirement.Tempering must be performedimmediately after quenchingand equalization in order toavoid heat treatment cracks.The tools are slowly heated to the prescribed temperingtemperature. This can be takenfrom the tempering diagram ofthe relevant material data sheetand is governed by the desired working hardness. The holdingtime at tempering temperatureis 1 hour per 20 mm wall thickness, or at least two hours.The tools are then cooled in airand their hardness is tested.

Gas nitridingGas nitriding is performed at480 to 540 °C. The necessarynitriding time for tools in thisprocess is 15 to 30 hours. By partially covering areas with a coating of copper, nickel orpastes, these areas can beexcluded from the nitridingtreatment, thus achieving partial nitriding.

Bath nitridingThe following points must beobserved in bath nitriding orTenifer treatment: the toolsmust first be pre-heated to atemperature of 400 °C. Bathnitriding is performed at a temperature of 520 to 570 °C.The holding time is governed bythe desired depth of nitridingand is generally two hours.

Notes on processing

Overheated during hardening, different cross-sections

Pre-maching

Finish-maching

600 – 650 °C

3rd pre-heating stage**1 min/mm ��900 °C

2nd pre-heatingstage 30s/mm��650 °C

Stress-reliefannealing

Heating – Austenitizing – Quenching Tempering

Air Air Air

��100 °C

1st pre-heating stage30 s/mm ��400 °C

Hot bath*

Air/Oil

1st 2nd Furthertempering* tempering* tempering*

Hardening temperature*

Equalizationtemperature1h/100 mm

* Temperatures according to material data sheets

Slowfurnancecooling

** Steels with austenitizing temperature > 900 °C

Time-temperature sequence diagram for the heat treatment of hot-work tool steels

Heat treatment

Time

Tem

pera

ture

Surface treatment

ProcessesThe properties of the surfacezones of tool steels can bechanged, and the tool servicelives thus extended, with thehelp of surface treatmentprocesses. The processes can bebroken down into coating anddiffusion processes.

NitridingNitriding has become the mostimportant of all known surfacetreatment processes for tools.Before nitriding, the tools mustbe heat-treated and temperedto a temperature above the subsequent nitriding temperature. Steel grades whichare supplied in quenched-and-tempered condition must bestress-relief annealed at600 to 650 °C after initialmachining in order to avoiddeformation during subsequentnitriding. Owing to the thinnessof the nitrided layer, the toolscannot usually be reground. Thetools must be cleaned anddegreased before nitriding.Nitriding can be performed in asalt bath, gas or plasma. Layerthicknesses of up to 0.5 mm areachieved. The hardness of nitrided surfaces is up to 1100HV (approx. 70 HRC), dependingon the steel composition.

Process Treatment temperature in °C

Required propertiesof the tool steels orprerequisites

Layer thickness Surface hardness in HV

Nitriding 470 – 570 tempering resistance,hardened or QT condi-tion,de-passivated surface

up to 0.5 mm max. 1100

Boriding 800 – 1050 insensitivity to overheating, minimumpossible Si content

up to 0.4 mm max. 2000

Oxidizing

Spark deposition

300 – 550

several 1000

tempering resistance,degreased surfaces

none

up to 0.01 mm

up to 0.1 mm

–

approx. 950Titanium carbidecoating (CVD)

> 900 insensitivity to overheating, bright,metallic surface

6 – 9 μm max. 4800

Titanium carbidecoating (PVD)Hard nickel plating

approx. 500 tempering resistance,high basic hardness

2 – 5 μm 2000 – 2500

Hard chromiumplating

50 – 70 minimum possible C content, de-passivatedsurface, heat treatmentin neutral environment

up to 1 mm 1000 – 1200

69

Tensile strength

RmMPa

Brinell hardness

Ball indentation mmd HB

Vickers hardness

HV

Rockwell hardness

HRB HRC HR 30 N

785 3.97 233 245 – 21.3 42.5

800 3.92 238 250 99.5 22.2 43.4

820 3.89 242 255 – 23.1 44.2

835 3.86 247 260 (101) 24.0 45.0

850 3.82 252 265 – 24.8 45.7

865 3.78 257 270 (102) 25.6 46.4

880 3.75 261 275 – 26.4 47.2

900 3.72 266 280 (104) 27.1 47.8

915 3.69 271 285 – 27.8 48.4

930 3.66 276 290 (105) 28.5 49.0

950 3.63 280 295 – 29.2 49.7

965 3.60 285 300 – 29.8 50.2

995 3.54 295 310 – 31.0 51.3

1030 3.49 304 320 – 32.2 52.3

1060 3.43 314 330 – 33.3 53.6

1095 3.39 323 340 – 34.4 54.4

1125 3.34 333 350 – 35.5 55.4

1155 3.29 342 360 – 36.6 56.4

1190 3.25 352 370 – 37.7 57.4

1220 3.21 361 380 – 38.8 58.4

1255 3.17 371 390 – 39.8 59.3

1290 3.13 380 400 – 40.8 60.2

1320 3.09 390 410 – 41.8 61.1

1350 3.06 399 420 – 42.7 61.9

1385 3.02 409 430 – 43.6 62.7

1420 2.99 418 440 – 44.5 63.5

1455 2.95 428 450 – 45.3 64.3

1485 2.92 437 460 – 46.1 64.9

1520 2.89 447 470 – 46.9 65.7

1555 2.86 (456) 480 – 47.7 66.4

1595 2.83 (466) 490 – 48.4 67.1

1630 2.81 (475) 500 – 49.1 67.7

1665 2.78 (485) 510 – 49.8 68.3

68

Tensile strength

RmMPa

Brinell hardness


Vickers hardness

HV

Rockwell hardness

HRB HRC HR 30 N

255 6.63 76.0 80 – – –

270 6.45 80.7 85 41.0 – –

285 6.30 85.5 90 48.0 – –

305 6.16 90.2 95 52.0 – –

320 6.01 95.0 100 56.2 – –

335 5.90 99.8 105 – – –

350 5.75 105 110 62.3 – –

370 5.65 109 115 – – –

385 5.54 114 120 66.7 – –

400 5.43 119 125 – – –

415 5.33 124 130 71.2 – –

430 5.26 128 135 – – –

450 5.16 133 140 75.0 – –

465 5.08 138 145 – – –

480 4.99 143 150 78.7 – –

495 4.93 147 155 – – –

510 4.85 152 160 81.7 – –

530 4.79 156 165 – – –

545 4.71 162 170 85.0 – –

560 4.66 166 175 – – –

575 4.59 171 180 87.1 – –

595 4.53 176 185 – – –

610 4.47 181 190 89.5 – –

625 4.43 185 195 – – –

640 4.37 190 200 91.5 – –

660 4.32 195 205 92.5 – –

675 4.27 199 210 93.5 – –

690 4.22 204 215 94.0 – –

705 4.18 209 220 95.0 – –

720 4.13 214 225 96.0 – –

740 4.08 219 230 96.7 – –

755 4.05 223 235 – – –

770 4.01 228 240 98.1 20.3 41.7


70 71

Tensile strength

RmMPa

Brinell hardness


Vickers hardness

HV

Rockwell hardness

HRB HRC HR 30 N

1700 2.75 (494) 520 – 50.5 69.0

1740 2.73 (504) 530 – 51.1 69.5

1775 2.70 (513) 540 – 51.7 70.0

1810 2.68 (523) 550 – 52.3 70.5

1845 2.66 (532) 560 – 53.0 71.2

1880 2.63 (542) 570 – 53.6 71.7

1920 2.60 (551) 580 – 54.1 72.1

1955 2.59 (561) 590 – 54.7 72.7

1995 2.57 (570) 600 – 55.2 73.2

2030 2.54 (580) 610 – 55.7 73.7

2070 2.52 (589) 620 – 56.3 74.2

2105 2.51 (599) 630 – 56.8 74.6

2145 2.49 (608) 640 – 57.3 75.1

2180 2.47 (618) 650 – 57.8 75.5

– – – 660 – 58.3 75.9

– – – 670 – 58.8 76.4

– – – 680 – 59.2 76.8

– – – 690 – 59.7 77.2

– – – 700 – 60.1 77.6

– – – 720 – 61.0 78.4

– – – 740 – 61.8 79.1

– – – 760 – 62.5 79.7

– – – 780 – 63.3 80.4

– – – 800 – 64.0 81.1

– – – 820 – 64.7 81.7

– – – 840 – 65.3 82.2

– – – 860 – 65.9 82.7

– – – 880 – 66.4 83.1

– – – 900 – 67.0 83.6

– – – 920 – 67.5 84.0

– – – 940 – 68.0 84.4

Conversion of hardness values using this table are only approximate. See DIN 50 150, December 1976.


Process and process parameters

Brinell hardness1)

1) calculated from:HB = 0.95 . HV

(0.102 F/D2 = 30)D = 10

Diameter of ball indentation in mm

Hardness value =

d

HB

Vickers hardness Diamond pyramidTest forces ≥ 50 N

HV

Rockwell hardness Ball 1.588 mm (1/16“)Total test force = 98 N

Diamond coneTotal test force = 1471 N

Diamond coneTotal test force = 294 N

HRB

HRC

HR 30 N

0.102 . 2 Fπ D(D – √D2 – d2)

General note (liability)All statements regarding the properties or utilization of the materials or products mentioned are for the purposes of description only.Guarantees regarding the existence of certain properties or a certain utilization are only ever valid if agreed upon in writing.

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