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Effect of an enzyme-treated soy protein on the performance of broiler chickens infected or uninfected with Clostridium perfringens
Rasmussen, S.H.1, Blanch, A.1, Lumpkins, B.S.2, Mathis, G.F.2, Brøkner, C.1
1Hamlet Protein A/S, Saturnvej 51, 8700 Horsens, Denmark2Southern Poultry Feed and Research, Inc. 30607-3153 Athens, Georgia, United States
2
• Intestinal microbiome and immune system in symbiotic homeostasis
Physiological Inflammation
• Acute response to infections or toxins
Pathological Inflammation
• Low-grade chronic inflammation
• Response to a chemical, physical and metabolic stimuli (e.g. ANF from dietary components)
Sterile Inflammation
• Chronic low-grade inflammation generated by excessive nutrient intake
Metabolic Inflammation
Source: Kogut et al., 2018
Background: gut inflammations in poultry
3
Background: main anti nutritional factors (ANF) in soy
• Trypsin inhibitors
•Oligosaccharides
• Antigens (β-conglycinin)
4
Background: TIA and oligosaccharides content in SBM by origin
USA (n=180) BRA (n=165) ARG (n=170)
Determined Range CV (%) Range CV (%) Range CV (%)
TIA(mg/g DM)
1.4-5.5 22.1 1.8-4.7 18.9 1.4-4.6 20.2
Stachyose(%)
4.32-8.26 8.4 3.65-7.34 10.1 3.73-7.10 9.5
Raffinose(%)
0.6-1.86 25.9 0.9-2.57 17.2 0.9-2.01 14.2
Source: García-Rebollar et al., 2016
5
65.3
56.1 54.4
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
1.9 6.21 8.46
Dietary TIA content
Protein digestibility (%)
Background: effect of dietary TIA content on protein digestibility and Clostridium perfringens lesion scores in chickens
1.65
1.882.02
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
1.9 6.21 8.46
Dietary TIA content
NE lesion score in ileum
Source: Palliyeguru et al., 2011
6
Background: oligosaccharides content in SBM
Source: Perryman et al., 2013
Incidence of pododermatitis in broilers fed diets containing control SBM (CSBM), low oligosaccharidesoybean meal (LOSBM), or ultra-low oligosaccharide soybean meal (ULSBM) at 42 d of age
7
Background: effect of β-conglycinin on morphological structure of duodenum in rats
a Control groupb 5 mg β-conglycinin/animal
Source: Guo et al., 2008
Focal necrosis andexfoliation appeared in the intestinal villus
8
Background: effect of protein source (SBM or SBP isolate), type of fiber and coccidian challenge on pro-inflammatory cytokines in duodenum of chickens
White bars: SBMBlack bars: SP Isolate
Source: Faber et al., 2012
9
To assess the effect of the inclusion of an enzyme-treated soy protein (ESP)* in starter feed, with or without antibiotic growth promoter, on the performance of Clostridium perfringens infected/uninfected chickens.
Objective
*HP AviStart, Hamlet Protein A/S, Denmark
10
Materials and methods: experimental treatments
Treatment ESP (0-14 days)5%
BMD (0-42 days)55 ppm
C. perfringens challenge
T1 NO NO NO
T2 NO NO YES
T3 YES NO NO
T4 YES NO YES
T5 NO YES NO
T6 NO YES YES
T7 YES YES NO
T8 YES YES YES
11
Materials and methods: animals and housing
Experimental facility: floor pen unit, Southern Poultry Feed & Research, Inc., 96
Roquemore Rd., Athens, GA
1600 day-of-hatch Cobb 500 male chickens
64 pens of 25 broilers per pen (8 treatments x 8 pens x 25 birds)
Only healthy appearing chickens. No bird replacement. No concomitant drug therapy
Commercial coccidia vaccine (day 0).
Built up litter (four inches) with a coating of fresh pine shavings
12
Materials and methods: feed compositionStarter feed
T1, T2, T5, T6 T3, T4, T7, T8
Corn 53.74 54.99
SBM 38.83 32.45
ESP 5.00
Vegetable oil 3.21 3.39
Dicalcium phosphate 2.04 1.92
Calcium carbonate 0.95 1.02
Salt (NaCl) 0.39 0.39
Methionine (MHA) 0.38 0.37
L-Lysine 0.22 0.23
L-Threonine 98.5 0.10 0.10
Trace mineral 0.08 0.08
Vitamin premix 0.07 0.07Nutrient composition, % as-is
Crude protein 22.00 22.00
Calcium 0.90 0.90
Phosphor, total 0.76 0.74
ME, Mcal/kg 3008.00 3008.00
Diets were fed ad libitum. During the grower (days 15-28) and finisher period (days 29-42) the birds were all fed the same diet, except for treatments 1, 2, 3 and 4 where no AGP (BMD) was used throughout the study.
13
Materials and methods: challenge model
On days 19, 20 and 21, T2, T4, T6 and T8 birds were challenged with a C.
perfringens inoculum by mixing it with feed in the base of the tube feeders
Titration levels were approx. 1.0 X 108-9 cfu/chicken
14
Materials and methods: assessments
Soy ANFs were analyzed in SBM and ESP by Hamlet Protein Inc. Findlay (Ohio)
Body weight (BW) and feed intake (FI) were recorded at study initiation (day
0) and days 14, 28 and 42.
BW gain and feed conversion ratio (FCR) calculated for each phase and for the
entire experimental period
15
Materials and methods: assessments
Mortality checked every day and necropsy performed on all dead or culled
chickens
ANOVA for completely randomized design and LSD comparison test by using
the general linear model procedures. Significance p<0.05
16
Results: ANF in SBM and ESP
17
Results: ANF in basal diets
18
Results: 0-14 days
Treatments Adj. FCR
BW gain
(kg/bird)
CONTROLS (T1 and T2) 1.382a±0.062 0.216b±0.029
ESP 5% (T3 and T4) 1.323b±0.098 0.241a±0.032
BMD 55ppm (T5 and T6) 1.325b±0.067 0.243a±0.028
ESP 5% + BMD 55ppm (T7 and T8) 1.289b±0.058 0.243a±0.027
19
Results: 0-28 daysTreatment Adj. FCR BW gain (kg/bird)
T1 1.571b ± 0.062 1.078ab ± 0.089
T2 Control + challenge 1.704a ± 0.066 0.830d ± 0.157
T3 ESP 5% 1.509bc ± 0.038 1.077ab ± 0.159
T4 ESP 5% + challenge 1.663a ± 0.174 0.998bc ± 0.118
T5 BMD 55 ppm 1.544bc ± 0.066 1.135a ± 0.086
T6 BMD 55 ppm +
challenge1.552b ± 0.069 1.005bc ± 0.082
T7 ESP 5% + BMD 55 ppm 1.460c ± 0.055 1.111ab ± 0.141
T8 ESP 5% + BMD 55 ppm
+ challenge1.524bc ± 0.070 0.949c ± 0.096
20
Results: 0-42 daysTreatment Adj. FCR BW gain
T1 Control 1.790bc ± 0.032 2.306a ± 0.087
T2 1.858a ± 0.046 2.089b ± 0.150
T3 ESP 5% 1.753d ± 0.027 2.297a ± 0.123
T4 ESP 5% + challenge 1.803b ± 0.049 2.295a ± 0.138
T5 BMD 55 ppm 1.746d ± 0.019 2.350a ± 0.144
T6 BMD 55 ppm + challenge 1.763cd ± 0.026 2.307a ± 0.066
T7 ESP 5% + BMD 55 ppm 1.709e ± 0.011 2.360a ± 0.158
T8 ESP 5% + BMD 55 ppm +
challenge1.762cd ± 0.021 2.336a ± 0.204
21
Results: 0-42 days (uninfected birds)
2306a 2297a2350a 2360a
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
2200
2400
2600
Control(uninfected)
ESP(uninfected)
BMD(uninfected)
ESP + BMD(uninfected)
(g)
Weight Gain (42 days)
1.79a
1.75b 1.75b
1.71c
1.66
1.68
1.7
1.72
1.74
1.76
1.78
1.8
Control(uninfected)
ESP(uninfected)
BMD(uninfected)
ESP + BMD(uninfected)
FCR (42 days)
22
Results: 0-42 days (infected birds)
2306a
2089b
2295a2307a
2336a
1950
2000
2050
2100
2150
2200
2250
2300
2350
2400
Control(uninfected)
Control(infected)
ESP(infected)
BMD(infected)
ESP + BMD(infected)
(g)
Weight Gain (42 days)
1.79bc
1.86a
1.8b
1.76c 1.76c
1.7
1.72
1.74
1.76
1.78
1.8
1.82
1.84
1.86
1.88
Control(uninfected)
Control(infected)
ESP(infected)
BMD(infected)
ESP + BMD(infected)
FCR (42 days)
23
Results: NE mortality
Treatment
T1 Control 0.00b
T2 4.76a
T3 ESP 5% 0.00b
T4 ESP 5% + challenge
T5 BMD 55 ppm 0.00b
T6 BMD 55 ppm + challenge
T7 ESP 5% + BMD 55 ppm 0.00b
T8 ESP 5% + BMD 55 ppm +
challenge
24
The inclusion of ESP (5%) and/or BMD (55 ppm) in the starter feed significantly improved BW gain and FCR of coccidian-vaccinated chickens from 0 to 14 days of life
The addition of ESP (5%) in the starter feed and/or BMD (55 ppm) through the entire feeding period significantly improved FCR of coccidian-vaccinated chickens from 0 to 42 days of life (unchallenged birds)
ESP (5%) in the starter feed, with or without BMD (55 ppm) through the entire feeding period, equals the performance of Clostridium perfringens-infected broiler chickens to that of uninfected chickens
Conclusions
25
The inclusion of ESP, with a very low content of ANFs, in starter feed may be a suitable tool to maintain the performance of the birds when it comes to coccidia vaccine and/or ABF broiler production systems
Take-home message