• ejABh HAA"AA gh egAjA"V!Aph jAtHAA"AA vAgs-

• ejABh HAA"AA gh laLd@rAsn@HAo vAgs-

• ejABh HAA"AA gh vA;Z HAA"AA vAgs-

• txAfry loAZr izAph.A HAA"AA laLd@r vAgs-

• ejABh HAA"AA gh laLd=@r iAlwu r;Aj >AAyh vAgs-

• ejABh HAA"Aps iA.Ah.Ah O;Adj.AdAj nAnAscA iAMwjax r[AZGdj vAgs-

भाषा •भाषा हह ध्वनननी बनऱेऱी आहे -

•भाषा हा शब्द “भाष” या संस्कृत धातू ऩासून बनऱेऱा आहे.

भाषेचे दोन प्रकार पडतात

1. नैसर्गिक /स्वभाववक भाषा 2. कृत्रिम /सांकेनतक भाषा आधी भाषा बनते मग नतचे व्याकरण तयार होते.भाषा हह प्रवाहहनी आहे

•T;A lAadsfrd [Aq.AAaUAh vAi.A ys[Au djrAs R;Al fyih Eg.ArAr

•fyihrhy izR;sd [Aq.AsyA vAi.A v{Aj vls Eg.ArAr-

•fyih gA 'ACn fyi o fy[A ;A /AArqiAlqu cuysyA vAgs-

•/AArq Eg.Ats eqG'ACn

•fyih ^ LAA[A.As& eA[A.As& fyai.As

•ejABh HAA"AA T;A fyihe/;s fyghrAr R;Al ejABh cAycAs/Afyih Eg.ArAr- •cAycAs/AfyihyAp ^ nsouAxjh fyih Eg.ArAr- •laLd=@r]ejABh]xqtjArh]fganh]dUuM]caxAyh]rAfeG]rsyxq]bR;Anh HAA"AA ;AauA nsouAxjh fyih Eg.ArAr- •ejABhe/As /ouhauA Lora_A o.AZ vlrAr-vAMO;A]frjI;A]xAsyAdAj]v'AA js'AaaAuh ejABh HAA"AA cuysyh vAgs- ejABh fygh.;Aph i/nr MAohdMwu mtfodMs vAgs-

•f'ALr^fu;e^dA;nA^lafgrA^vuq'AAlu 'AAL_A

( fo + vA + dj.A) fdaoA (fo +vA +d=)

•ejABh HAA"Asps ighys iqLrd JhjAeiqj i-caxAy ;sFAs r;Aj dj.;Ar vAys-

•1836 e/;s (egAjA"V! HAA"Asps O;Adj.A ) xaxA/Aj 'AAL_Ah iQMds dMwu-

•oAD;^ iq.AZ vFAAZps cAsy.As] oAD; gs inAps cuysys vlrAr-

•in^ 'ACn

jAe fp_A dA<rAs-

'ACn 'ACn 'ACn

in in in

•BjAfodi.As vAysY;A v{AjAP;A leqgAyA dAgh vFAZ izAIr vAyA rjp R:AAyA 'ACn Eg.ArAr-

•'ACn gs v{AjAps cuysys vlrAr

• v{AjApA leqg Eg.Ats 'ACn gAs;-

•v{Aj ^ iq.AZ fopAjys tA.AAjs o.AZ

•v{Aj^ u"V u gAs.Aajs

•v{AjAauA^ /ouh fpaUg vlsgh Eg.ARAAr

rAsaMAoAVs fu?AAysY;A ewG /OAfuauA o.AZ Eg.ArAr-

ejABh HAA"Asr ,dq.A 48 (50) o.AZ vAgsr-

;AuAp o.AZ v{Ajs Eg.ArAr-;AuAp o.AZeAyA Eg.ArAr-

;A e/;s 12 Loj nAsu LojAanh o 34 O;atus vAgsr-

12 Loj --- 2 Loj (vW&&& vAW)

02 LojAanh

34 O;atus

----------------------------

48--------------50

•T;A o.AAZpA Loar_Ai.As mPpAj gAsrAs R;Al Loj Eg.ArAr-

•T;A o.AZAP;A mPpAjAyA o.AZAP;A o.AZAph xjt yAxr uAgh R;Al Loj Eg.ARAAr-

• Loj^ LAqj

•LojAapA mPpAj djr vlrAauA rAsaM m?AMs vlrs

• ,dq.A Loj 14 vAgsr-

• v vA bZ b m mQ + YA= , ,s vAs vAS vW vAW

T;A LojAapA mPpAj djrAauA deh osG yAxrAs-

`gLo^ y?Aw

`gLo Loj iAp vAgsr

v b m + y =

T;A LojAapA mPpAj djrAauA vf/Ad osG YAAxrAs R;Al nh?AZ

Loj Eg.ArAr-

nh?AZ ^ eAsBA

nh?AZ Loj fru vAgsr-

vA bZ mQ

T;A LojAapA mPpAj ,dAp LFAAuArqu gAsrAs-R;Al ltAfr; Loj Eg.ArAr-

v vA b bZ m mQ

T;A LojAapA mPpAj fHAUu LFAAuArqu gAsrAs-R;Al fotAfr; Loj Eg.ArAr-

v&b] vA & mQ] ,&m

LojAaP;A TAAxh O;atu vAf.A O;atuAP;A tAxh Loj vAYlAl R;Al v/AZ Loj vls Eg.ARAAr-

mnA- ; ] o ] j ] y

; o j y

b m + YA=

Loj la/Ah&&& bR;Anh

bR;Anh^ bfr ~ vAnh

RA~; ^R:A b~fr~vA~nh

R;~vA^R:AA b~r~b~vA~nh

n~bZ^nh b~r~;~vA~nh

r~b^fr b~R:A~vA~nh

bR;Anh

O;atuAP;A tAxh

Loj LojAP;A

TAAxh O;atu

LoYi^ lq~vYi

l~o ^Lo l ~ m~ v ~ y~ i

y~i^Yi l ~ o ~v ~ Yi

l~m^lq LoYi

o~v^o mnA- lAs;h]uo]xAbZ

LojAa/Ah T;A o.AAZpA mPpAj djrAauA LojAaph vA/Ah enr ?;Aoh yAxrs

R;Al LojAa/Ah Eg.ArAr-

LojAa/Ah Eg.Ats Loj vAgs vA/Ah vlA o.AZ

LojAa/Ah ps nAsu izdAj iMrAr-

nAsu LojAa/Ah%%%% va]v% LojAa/Ah e/;s vuqLoAj

foLAxZ

vuqLoAj

vuqLoAj ;ApA vFAZ eAxAoqu fdaoA ,dA mPpAjAoj LoAj

gAs.AAjA nqljA mPpAj gAs;-

mnA- ?AaVA]ia[AA]iadt]xaxA]vacj]vaxBA]maB]ia<jh]iAaMqjax]vAa?AAsG]banz

papy]dAap.A]ladsr]eanhj]dAnaCAjh b-

folxZ

folxZ Eg.Ats 'oAl lAsM.As folxZ gA eAxhy LojAizeA.As

cnyrAs-folxAZpA mPpAj g lAj[AA gAsRAAs- mnA- nq%[A]izA;%]dze'A%

fu%lnsg]fu%LojA;]nq'AAlu]prq%lq_Ah]iqj%lj]eq[Ar%]fo'As"Ar%

O;tau %&

T;A o.AAZpA mPpAj djRAAauA LojAph vAo'AdrA vlrs R;Al

O;atu Eg.ArAr-O;atuApA mPpAj iq.AZ dj.;Al v ;A LojAaph enr

?;Aoh yAxrs- fo ~ Tt ~ u

O;atu Eg.Ats izxr dj.As $ O;Dr dj.As

O;atu gh viq.AZ mPpAjAph o yaxMh vlrAr-

O;atu mPPAAj djrAauA rAsaM can vlrs-,dq.A O;atus 34 vAgsr-

d@ [A@ XA@ ?A@ M@ p@ N@ TA@ >A@ _A@ V@ B@ M@ <@ .A@ r@ FA@ n@ /A@ u@ i@ iQ@ c@ HA@ EA@ ;@ o@ j@ y@

'A@ "A@ l@ g@ G@

O;atuAps [AAfyy izdAj iMrAr 1)

2)

3)

4)

5)

6)

7)

8)

%

;@ ] o@ ]j@] y@

'A@ "A@ l@

[A@ ]?A@] N@] >A]B]<]FA]/A]IAQ] 'A@ "A@ l@ g@

G@

fnRr O;atu% ,dp O;atu nAsunA tAsMys xsys vlrA R;AiAlqu r;Aj

gAs.AA`;A O;at.AAl-mnA- Ii ] Rr ]Ee] Cc

j tAsMA{Aj O;atu% ,dq.A pAj izdAj iMrAr 1)mH;A js"AsP;A MAO;A CAAtql ,d frjih js"A mnA- xzg] izdAj z

2)mHAh js"A ulysY;A O;atuAP;A v{AjA[AaAyh dAdinAlAj[As fpUg oAijrAr- mnA- M!e] M!sl] V!ad] esV!As !

3) O;atuAyA nqljs v{Aj TAAsMys vlRAAauA eAfxy v{AjAoj vA?AAr ;sr vlsy rj

mnA- lq:AZ ] niZ.A] eq[AZ Z

4) j ;A O;atuAyA nqljs v{Aj tAsMrAauA eAxP;A v{AjAoj vA?Aar gAsr vlsy rj (&) fpUg oAijrARA-mnA- p`gAV] dq`gAM] o`gAM

mPpAjLF A Au s

1)ftHA

2)rAyw

3)uAdAph iAsdGh

4) dAsey rAyw

6)daB o.AZ

7)nar rAyO;A

nar

dB A s j o . A Z ts o.AZ mPpAj.;Al dBh.A vlrAr-

dBAsj o.AAZuA 'oAl$v?AAs"A o.AZ vls Eg.ArARA-

izR;sd o.AAZfry 2 O;at.As dBAsj O;atus vAgsr-

mnA-d@ [A@ ]p@ N@] r@ FA@] IA@ IAQ@] V@ B@] 'A@ "A@ l@

e=nq o.AZ

T;A o.AAZpA mPpAj dj.;Al deh osG yAxrAs fdaoA

mPpAjrAauA ljyrA dAseyrA oAVrs-

e=nq o.AAZuA uAn $ ?AAs"A o.AZ Eg.ArAr

izR;sd o.AAZr 3 o 4 ;AauA e=nq o.AZ Eg.ArAr-

e=nq o.AAZr vuquAfldApA leAos'A gAsrAs-

x@ ?A@ TA@ >A@ M@ <@ n@ /A@ CA@ HA@ ~ 5vuquAfld~12 Loj~2

LojAanh~;@ o@ j@ y@ g@ G@

daB O;atu$o.AZ

ftHAspA eAfxy HAAx daBAyA Li'AZ djQ.A T;A o.AAZpA mPpAj

gAsrAs-

d@ [A@ x@ ?A@ M@ v@ vA@ g@

[AAfyyiSdh daB o.AZ vAsG[AA ?

1) p 2) 'A 3) M 4) d [A x ?A M v vA g

rAyO;A o.AZ

ftHAsps iArs dBAsj fdaoA EA=nw rAyqyA yAowu T;A o.AAZpA mPpAj

gAsrAs-

PA@ N@ t@ >A@ b bZ ;@ 'A@

e=/AZ.; o.AZ •dBAsj rAyq o dAsey rAyq ;AaP;A ef/Ay HAAxAyA e=/AAZ

Eg.ArAr o R;AiAlwu r;Aj gAs.AA`;A mPpAjAyA e=/AZ.; o.AZ

Eg.ArAr-

• B@ V@ M@ <@ .A@ + j@ "A@ G@

nar o.AZ TAs o.AZ mPpAjrAauA ftHAsps iArs lEAAsfjy nArAaP;A

eAfxy CAAtwl Li'AZ djrs R;Al nar o.AZ Eg.ArAr-

RA@ FA@ n@ /A@ u@ y@ y= l@

vAS"B; o.AZ ojP:AA o [AAyP;A vAsBAapA mi;Asx djQ.A T;A

o.AAZpA mPpAj gAsrAs R;Al vAS"B; o.AZ Eg.ARAAr-

i@ IAQ@ c@ HA@ e@ m@ mQ@

nar RAAyO;A o.AZ ftHAsps 'AsaMs fdaoA iArs nArAyA$rAyqyA ,dAp osGh Li'AZ djQ.A

T;A o.AAZpA mPPAAj gAsrAs-

p@ ] N@ t@ >A@

pepA]pAanAscA]pAjA]pAdj]tAobZ]>AAM]>AjA

teAo

daB RAAyO;A o.AZ T;A o.AAZpA mPpAj daB fdaoA rAyq ;AauA Li'AZ djQu gAsrAs R;A

o.AAZl daB RAAyO;A o.AZ vls Eg.ArAr-

, ] ,s

daBAS"B`;A o.AZ T;A o.AAZpA mPpAj daBAyA o vAsBAauA Li'AZ djQu gAsrAs R;Al-

vAs vAS

narAS"B`; o.AZ T;A o.AAZpA mPpAj djrAauA nar vAf.A vAS"B ;AapA Li'AZ ,dAp

osGh gAsrAs-

o@