ELE101_L2

1

ELE 101/102Dept. of E&E, MIT Manipal L2-1

Lecture #2Lecture #2

Outline• Generation Subsystem

Sources of EnergyTypes of Generating Stations

– Hydel– Thermal– Nuclear– Non-conventional options

Additional Resources• http://www.powermin.nic.in


Power Sector at a GlancePower Sector at a Glance

Total Installed Capacity (All India):Sector MVA %

State Sector 70,224 56.2Central Sector 40,464 32.4Private Sector 14,139 11.4

Total 1, 24,827 MVA

2


Generating StationsGenerating Stations

Type Capacity (MVA) %Thermal 82,410 66.0

Coal 68,519 54.8Gas 12,690 10.2Oil 1,201 1.0

Hydro 32,326 25.9Nuclear 3,900 3.1Renewable 6,191 5.0Total 1, 24,827 MVA


Primary Sources of EnergyPrimary Sources of Energy

Fossil Fuel• Coal, Oil, and Natural Gas

Renewable Energy• Water, Solar, Wind, Wave, Tidal,

Geo-thermal etcNuclear Energy

3


Coal Fired Power PlantCoal Fired Power Plant


Indian Coal QualityIndian Coal Quality

Coal67166

Gas11840

Diesel1196

Hydro30135

Nuclear2720

Wind2488

•Coal reserves: > 250 years at present levels of consumption

•High ash: 25%-45%•Low sulfur < 0.5%•Low energy content•CO2 emissions > 1 kg per kWh•Issues:

Ash generation > 200 Million TonsCO2 emissions > 850 Million Tons

4


Thermal Power StationsThermal Power Stations

Coal Fired• Turbo alternators driven by steam turbine

Oil Fired• Crude oil OR Residual oil

Gas Fired• Fastest growing primary fuel, worldwide• Combined cycle • First stage - Gas turbine & Second stage - Steam Turbine

Diesel Fired• IC Engine as prime mover• Standby power plants


Coal Fired Power Plant Coal Fired Power Plant -- SchematicSchematic

5


Combined cycle gas fired Combined cycle gas fired Power Station Power Station -- SchematicSchematic


Hydroelectric Generating StationsHydroelectric Generating Stations

6


Hydro PowerHydro Power

7750077500FRANCE2208382237INDIA2722984500JAPAN27528121824NORWAY44000160500RUSSIA65000204300CHINA57517285603BRAZIL79511319484USA66954341312CANADA4000527000TAJIKISTAN

INSTALLED CAPACITY (GW)

POWER CAPACITY (GW)

COUNTRY


Major Generating UnitsMajor Generating Units

770ANDHRA PRADESHSRISAILAM

810KARNATAKAKALINADI

891KARNATAKASHARAVATHY

990HIMACHAL PRADESHDEHAR

920MAHARASHTRAKOYNA

960ANDHRA PRADESHNAGARJUNA

1100PUNJABBHAKRA

CAPACITY (MW)STATENAME

Three Gorges Project, China: 26 * 700 MW = 18.2 GW

7


Hydroelectric Power StationsHydroelectric Power Stations

Salient pole alternators driven by turbines• Low speed

Turbines• Impulse turbine & Reaction turbine

Pumped Storage Plants


Hydroelectric Generating StationHydroelectric Generating Station

8


Pumped Storage PlantPumped Storage Plant


ItaipuItaipu DamDam (12,600 MVA)(12,600 MVA)Brazil & Paraguay Brazil & Paraguay

9


Nuclear Power StationNuclear Power Station


Nuclear FissionNuclear FissionNatural Uranium: with 0.72%

Enriched Uranium: 2-3 %

238 235 23492 92 92, ,U U U

140 93 156 36 0

235 1 236 144 90 192 0 92 54 38 0

144 90 155 37 0

3

2

2

Ba Kr n

U n U Xe Sr n

Cs Rb n

⎡ ⎤+ +⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥+ → → + +⎢ ⎥

+ +⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

23592 U

23592 U

10


Nuclear ReactorsNuclear ReactorsFissile MaterialModerator• D2O, Graphite

Control rods• Boron OR Cadmium

Fast Breeder Reactors • Liquid metal (alloy of Na & K) is coolant

235 23992 94,U Pu

238 1 239 238 23992 0 92 93 94U n U Np Puβ β+ → − → − →


Nuclear Power Station Nuclear Power Station -- SchematicSchematic

11


220 MW 220 MW CalandriaCalandria


Fuel BundlesFuel Bundles

Produces energy equivalent to burning coal by weight 2 million times

12



NonNon--conventional Power Stationsconventional Power Stations

Wind power stationsSolar power plantsMicro hydel power plantsGeothermal power stationsTidal power stationsBio-mass power plant

13


BiomassBiomass

Rice husk, sugarcane bagasse

Wood chips, mulberry, coconut shells

Examples

1000 MW5,000 MWProcessing residues

50 MW17,000 MWAgro-forest residues

InstalledPotentialFeedstock

Decentralized generation


Wind PowerWind Power

14


Wind Power GenerationWind Power Generation

Wind Turbine operates at 30 to 60 rpmIndia 5th in the world


Wind map IndiaWind map India

15


Off Shore Wind Power PlantOff Shore Wind Power Plant


Solar PowerSolar Power

20 MW/ sq. km.Cost per watt - Rs. 150-200Basic Element - 0.496 V, 1 WPanel rating - 36 W;70 W etcOutput voltage - 18 V/12 V/6 V

16


200 kW Grid Interactive 200 kW Grid Interactive Solar Power PlantSolar Power Plant


Solar Thermal Power PlantSolar Thermal Power Plant

10 MW Solar Thermal Electric Power Plant. Daggett, CA

17


Small Hydro Power StationsSmall Hydro Power Stations

Total estimated global potential of 180000 MWChina has 43000 small hydro-electric power stations3000 MW of small hydro capacity in operation in the USATechnical potential in India is 6800 MWDecentralized Generation


Small Hydro in IndiaSmall Hydro in India

599.47MAHARASHTRA

652.51KARNATAKA

1207.27JAMMU & KASHMIR

1472.93UTTAR PRADESH & UTTARANCHAL

1624.78HIMACHAL PRADESH

1059.03ARUNACHAL PRADESH

TOTAL CAPACITY (MW)STATE

18


Case Study Case Study –– Micro Micro HydelHydel

Irrigation canals in PunjabLow head water fallsTotal Power Potential 130 MW



19





20


Indian Energy Scenario byIndian Energy Scenario by 20152015

Gas14.49%

Diesel0.48%

Nuclear14.60%

Hydro15.96%

Solar thermal0.40%

Biomass1.19%

Wind1.99%

Coal50.90%


SummarySummary

Conventional Power Plants are:• Thermal – Finite Fossil Fuels, Pollution• Large Hydro – Ecological & Displacement Issues• Nuclear – Radio active waste disposal

Use of Non-conventional/ Renewable energy• Micro-hydel, Wind, Biomass

Economical viability More Nuclear Power Plants Conservation of powerControlled Fusion Reaction – Is it the solution?

Documents

ELE101_L2