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Seismic Behavior
of Wind Turbines
Ian Prowell (Graduate Student)
Ahmed Elgamal (Professor)
University of California, San Diego
Professor of Structural Engineering
Industry Partners: Hal Romanowitz & Ed DugganOak Creek Energy Systems, Tahachapi, CA
May 10, 2010
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California
Seismic Map (from USGS)
Wind Turbines in California may be located in Seismically Active Regions
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Shake Table Seismic Research PIs at UCSD
Prof. Ahmed Elgamal
Prof. Chia-Ming Uang
Prof. Enrique LucoProf. Joel Conte
Wind Turbine donated by:
Oak Creek Energy Systems
(Hal Romanowitz and Ed Duggan)
http://www.oces.com
http://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward.d
o?AwardNumber=0830422
Research Sponsored by
US National Science Foundation
(Dr. Joy Pauschke, Program Manager)
Wind turbine Test on the outdoor University
of California, San Diego, George E Brown Jr.
Network for Earthquake Engineering Research
NEES Shake-Table (http://nees.ucsd.edu)
Photography by Alan Decker. Courtesy of UCSD Jacobs School of Engineering. 2004 Copyright UCSD Publications Office. All rights reserved.
http://www.oces.com/http://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward.do?AwardNumber=0830422http://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward.do?AwardNumber=0830422http://nees.ucsd.edu/http://nees.ucsd.edu/http://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward.do?AwardNumber=0830422http://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward.do?AwardNumber=0830422http://www.oces.com/7/29/2019 Elgamal_CWEC2010
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Acknowledgements & Organizations
Organizations
NSF - Grant No. CMMI 0830422 (Dr. Joy Pauschke)
Oak Creek Energy Systems (Mr. Hal Romanowitz, Mr. Ed Duggan, Mr.M. Burns, Mr. V. Johnson)
NEES@UCSD & NEES@UCLA (Prof. J.E. Luco and Dr. R. Nigbor)
Sandia National Laboratories (Dr. P. Veers) NREL (Dr. J. Jonkman)
People Prof. C.-M. Uang, Prof. J.P. Conte, Prof. J. Restrepo, Ms. Jennie Lee, Mr. V.
Diep, Dr. J. Lu, Dr. Z. Zhen, Mr. A. Gunthardt, Mr. D. Radulescu, Mr. A.
Sherman, Mr. L. Rodriguez, Mr. M. Tyson, Mr. R. Whalen, Mr. D. Mckay, Mr. R.Beckley (UCSD), Mr. Marc Veletsoz (Merrimack College), Dr. A. Salamanca,Mr. R. Kang, Mr. B. Ferrero, Mr. S. Keowen (UCLA), Prof. B. Moaveni (Tufts),Dr. X. He (AECOM Transportation), Dr. P. Wilson (Earth Mechanics), Dr. M.Fraser (NAVFAC, San Diego), Prof. R. Rolfes (Leibniz University, Hannover,Germany), Prof. J. Lynch, Dr. A. Zimmerman (Univ. of Michigan), and many
others.
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On-Site Dynamic Behavior
NSF NEES@UCLA
Mobile Testing Laboratory
High quality accelerometers
& data acquisition system
Frequency range: 0-200 Hz
Dynamic range: 155 dB
Resolution: 10-8 g
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On-site Measurement of Dynamic Response During Operation (NEES@UCLA)
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Testing at Oak Creek Energy Systems, Tahachapi, CA
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900 kW Blade 8 accelerometers along the blade Oriented for flap and edge bending
Testing at Oak Creek Energy Systems, Tahachapi, CA
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900 kW NEG Micon
2 hours of data while operating
46 hours of parked data Tower and surrounding soil
instrumented
Forced vibration up to 15 Hz
Data recorded while rotor and gearboxwere removed
Wind speed and operational data
recorded simultaneously with
vibration data
Testing at Oak Creek Energy Systems, Tahachapi, CA
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1.5 MW NEG Micon
45 hours of data while operating
1 hour of parked data
Tower and surrounding soil
instrumented
Wind speed and operationaldata recorded simultaneously
with vibration data
Testing at Oak Creek Energy Systems, Tahachapi, CA
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Sample Data from In-situ testing
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Frequency domain representation of data
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900 kW turbine
Frequency = 0.55 Hz
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900 kW turbine
Frequency = 0.56 Hz
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900 kW turbine
Frequency = 3.95 Hz
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900 kW turbine
Frequency= 3.96 Hz
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900 kW Turbine
Frequency = 11 Hz
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Data Analysis Sample Results
10 minutes of data
Fore-aft
Parked
0.55 Hz
2.1% Damping
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Shake Table Testing at UCSD
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Outdoor Shake Table Testing -- Sky is the limit!
UCSD NSF NEES Englekirk
Structural Engineering
Center
The only facility in the worldcapable of testing a full scale
wind turbine
Shake Table data to documentand analyze non-linear
earthquake response
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2010 Shake Table Testing Program
Wide variety of input
motions - included near
and far field earthquakes
Multiple scale factors
Band limited white noise
(0.25 25.0 Hz) excitation
to monitor variation inturbine characteristics
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2010 Shake Table Test
Over 90 Shaking Events
Input motions in two
perpendicular orientations
relative to nacelle
Input motions in operational
and parked conditions
Impact tests to characterize
blades
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Preliminary study: Observed Mode Shapes (black) and Calibrated Simple FE Model
Results (red) (1st lateral, 1st longitudinal and 2nd lateral respectively).
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Computer model Calibration:Comparison between recorded and computed acceleration
1940 El Centro 180
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0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50-0.5
0
0.5
Accel.(g)
1940 El Centro 180
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
-1
0
1
Accel.(g)
0.5% Damped
5.0% Damped
0 5 10 15 20 25-0.5
0
0.5
Accel.(g)
1979 Coyote Lake 230
0 5 10 15 20 25
-1
0
1
Accel.(g)
0 10 20 30 40 50-0.5
0
0.5
Accel.(g)
1986 Palm Springs 0
0 10 20 30 40 50
-1
0
1
Accel.(g)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70-0.5
0
0.5
Accel.(g)
2000 Yountville 90
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
-1
0
1
Time (seconds)
Accel.(g)
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Numerical Modeling -- FAST (NREL)
Maintained by the National Renewable Energy
Laboratory (NREL, Dr. Jason Jonkman)
Free and open
Used extensively by wind researchers
Certified by Germanischer Lloyd for calculatingturbine design loads
Simulates two and three bladed horizontal-axis
wind turbine Wind field, rotation, gearbox, generator, control
system, blade pitch
Multi-modal solution
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Numerical Modeling FAST
FAST was updated at UCSD tosimulate base shaking
Input time histories as
displacement, velocity, or
acceleration
Assumes fixed base
3 translational axis for loading(2 Horizontal and 1 Vertical)
N i l M d li B d d C i
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Numerical Modeling: Base moment demand Comparison
Side-side Moment Demand
Fore-aft Moment Demand
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Small Wind
& Outreach
Seismic Shake-Table Testing
Jennie Lee
Vinh DiepUCSD
Undergraduate students
Elementary school students visiting the
UCSD live shake table experimental facility
http://webshaker.ucsd.edu
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Research on Wind Turbine Foundations and Soil-Structure Interaction
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3-D Finite Element Analysis of
Monopile Wind Turbine Foundations
http://cyclic.ucsd.edu/openseespl
(using UC Berkeley OpenSees
http://opensees.berkeley.edu )
http://cyclic.ucsd.edu/openseesplhttp://opensees.berkeley.edu/http://opensees.berkeley.edu/http://cyclic.ucsd.edu/openseespl7/29/2019 Elgamal_CWEC2010
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Conceptual designs of mooring systems of floating wind turbines (from Jonkman and Buhl 2007): (left) spar
buoy, (middle) TLP, (right) barge.
UCSD new NSF Grant, PIs, Q. Zhu and A. Elgamal
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Potential Future Research:
UCSD operating wind turbine (Live Lab) for Health Monitoring Research
Control of Bolt
Torque at joints
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Today(23 m height)
Tomorrow
(> 55 m height)
Thank you!
Ahmed Elgamal
Potential Future Research
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]