Emission & Alternate Fuels

8/2/2019 Emission & Alternate Fuels

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Alternate Fuels and Emissions in

Internal Combustion Engines

By

Dr. Dilip SharmaMechanical Engineering Department

M.N.I.T., Jaipur


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Daily Per-capita Energy Consumption

(in 1000 kcal)

Stage in Development

Food Residential

and

Commercial

Industrial

and

Agriculture

Transport Total

Primitive man

(106 years ago)

2 - - - 2

Hunting man

(105 years ago)

3 2 - - 5

Primitive Agriculture

(5000 BC)

4 4 4 - 12

Ado Agriculture

(1400 AD)

6 12 7 1 26

Industrial man

(Late 19th Century)

7 32 24 14 77

Technological man

(present)

10 66 91 63 230


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Energy demand and crisis

Energy demand of early man.

Development of Internal combustion engine (1897).

Application in agriculture sector, power sector and

transportation sector.

Scarcity of Petroleum (1970s).

Air pollution (1990s).

Need to search out alternate clean burning fuels.

Diesel fueled engines consistently outstripped their

gasoline fueled counterparts (late 1990s).


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By year 2008, average oil production will be

highest in the world.

After that production will fall 2-3% each year.

Fuels may wind up by the year 2050.

95% of transportation needs are met by fossiloil.


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Country Consumption(Million barrels/day)

USA 20.7

China 6.5

Japan 5.4

Germany 2.6

Russia 2.6

India 2.3

Canada 2.3

Brazil 2.2

South Korea 2.1

France 2.0

Mexico 2.0

Country Production(Million barrels/day)

Saudi Arabia 10.37Russia 9.27

USA 8.69

Iran 4.09

Mexico 3.83China 3.62

Norway 3.18

Canada 3.14

Venezuela 2.86

UAE 2.76

Kuwait 2.51

Nigeria 2.51

Britain 2.08

Iraq 2.03

Largest oil consuming countries Largest oil producing countries


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Year

OPEC Others

1970

23000 25000

1980

28000 36000

1990

23000 41000

2000

31000 43000

2004

32000 44000

Country % Reserve

U.S.A. 6

LatinAmerica

9

Europe 2

Asia-Pacific 4

Africa 7

Former USSR

6

Saudi Arabia

25

Iraq

11Iran

8

UAE

9

Kuwait

9

Libya

2

Year wise oil production (thousandbarrels per day)

Oil reserves in the world


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Year wise oil imports by India

33.90 34.49 39.8157.80 74.10

78.71 81.99 90.43 95.86

199.0

7

400.28

603.97

761.95

835.28

1025

158.72183.37

659.32

1996-1997 1997-1998 1998-1999 1999-2000 2000-2001 2001-2002 2002-2003 2003-2004 2004-2005

Import (MMT)

Price (Rs. Billion)


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Energy consumption by different countries of the world

Country Primary Energy Consumption(Million tonnes oil equivalent)

Population (millions)Per Capita Energy

Consump. (Kg of energy)

USA 2298.7 292.6 7856China 1204.2 1,300.0 926Russian

Federation 656.9 144.6 4543Japan 504.9 127.7 3954India 350.4 1,070.8 327Germany 332.1 82.6 4021Canada 302.3 31.6 9566France 259.6 60 4327United Kingdom

225.4

59.3

3801

South Korea 211.8 47.5 4459Italy 181.0 58 3121Brazil 180.0 181.4 992


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Sources of Energy in India

Liquid Hydrocarbons (70% Import) Natural Gas (approx. 70% Import)

Biomass (Plentiful)

Coal

Hydel

Nuclear

Solar

Wind


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Alternate Fuels

Fuel Advantages Problems

Alcohol Most of the engine related

problems have beensorted out

Technology of production needs further

improvement Used for other purposes also

Hydrogen Clean burning Highly combustible

Low energy content fuel

Production, storage and handling is

expensive, complex and still needsfurther development

LPG Reduced emissions, noiseand lubricating oil

deterioration

Improved engine life

Heavier then air, thus settles down when

exposed, forming an explosive mixture

Risky to handle

CNG Clean burning

Improved combustion

characteristics

Costly operating systems involving

high pressure storage (app. 200 bar)

Being lighter can collect in overhead

areas, creating an explosion hazard.

Sudden releases due to collision damage

or equipment failure can be dangerous


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Producer

gas

Great potential in the

agriculture sector

Increased CO and smoke

emissions.

Biogas Lean burn engine

Reduced HC and CO emissions.

Easy starting, reliable idling and

stumble free acceleration.

Lighter than air and low density

makes it an inherently safe fuel

Storage problem

Large size of plants

Can be used for stationary

engines

Biodiesel Domestically produced, safe

and renewable fuel

Reduced air pollutants such as

particulates, CO, HC and air

toxics.

No engine modification

required.

Similarity in performance

In some cases long term

operational problems persist.

Stability, solvency and

material compatibility

problems are there


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BIODIESEL SUITABILITY AS ALTERNATE

FUEL

Vegetable oils and their derivatives (especially methyl esters)

commonly referred as Biodiesel, are prominent candidates as

alternate Diesel fuel.

Advancement from experimental fuels to initial stages of

commercialization.

By-product of the process of distilling out glycerin from vegetable

oils.

Technique of production (Transesterification).

Biodiesels are composed of Ethyl esters (grain based) or Methylesters (wood based).

Neat vegetable oils as fuel.

Blending of Biodiesels with Petroleum Diesel.


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Selection of oil for use as biodiesel

Availability of oil

United States - Soybean oil, European countries - Rapeseed oil,

Tropical Countries - Coconut or Palm oil

Non-preference to edible oils

Non-edible oilseed bearing trees in India

80 different types of oilseed bearing potential trees

Estimated potential and oil percentage of oil in oilseeds of tree

origin


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Species Annual Production (Thousand tones) Oil Percentage

Neem 500 30

Karanj 200 27-39

Kusum 80 34Pilu 50 33

Ratanjot --- 30-40

Jaoba --- 50

Bhikal --- 37

Wild Walnut --- 60-70

Undi 04 50-73

Thumba 100 21

Castor 250 45-50

Jatopha 200 50-60

Mohua 200 35-40

Sal 200 10-12

Linseed 150 35-45

Pongomia 60 30-40


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Significant Problems with Biodiesels

Stability

Solvency

Material Compatibility

Significant Advantages Over Petroleum Emission Reduction

Biodiesel Helps Reduced Greenhouse Gases

Positive Energy Balance for Solar Energy inBiodiesel

Similarity in Performance

Compatibility of Biodiesels with Engine Components


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Tranesterification

The process of converting Triacylglycerols in oils, to mono alkyl esters is known

as tranesterfication. This is mainly done to reduce the viscosity of the oil while

keeping the heating value same. Transesterification of these oils can be done either

by methanol or ethanol.

Methyl esters are produced using potassium hydroxide as catalyst in batch type

reactor.

MeOH = 0.225*Oil

and KOH = Oil/100

Where, Oil = desired amount of oil in liters, MeOH = amount of methanol in liters.

and KOH = amount of potassium hydroxide required in kg.

Ethyl esters are produced using potassium hydroxide as catalyst in batch typereactor. EtOH = 0.2738*Oil

and KOH = Oil/85

Where, Oil = desired amount of oil in liters, EtOH = amount of methanol in liters

and KOH = amount of potassium hydroxide required in kg.


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Glycerin

Methyl Ester

Diesel Karanj oil Karanj methyl ester

Separation of karanj methyl ester and free fatty acids (Glycerin)

Visual comparison of diesel, karanj oil and karanj methyl ester


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Waste vegetable oil as source of Biodiesel(i) 40000 liters of biodiesel from Waste Vegetable oil can be

produced per year from Jaipur.(ii) Taking 200 cities with same production capacity in India.

(iii) Saving of 8 million lit. of Conventional Diesel and of 120

million Rs in India per year.

Estimated cost of Biodiesel produced from waste vegetable oil

Rate (Rs/Liter) Quantity (Lit.) Cost (Rs)

Cost of Waste vegetable oil 15 1.5 22.50

Transesterification Cost 8.50 1.5 12.75

Cost of Glycerol produced 36 0.4 14.40

Cost of biodiesel/Liter 20.65 21.00


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Emissions from Internal combustion Engines

Evaporative losses from

fuel tank and carburetor

(15-25% of HC)

Crankcase blow by (20-

35% of HC)

Exhaust (50-60% of HC,

almost all of CO, NOx,

smoke, SPM, SO2 andLead)


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Action Taken

Evaporative losses: Use ofEvaporative losses control device

(ELCD). It aims at capturing the vapors andrecirculating them at the appropriate time.

Blow by Losses: Use ofPositive crankcase ventilation (PCV)

Exhaust Emissions: Engine Design Modification

Use of Leaner A/F mixture

Adoption of MPFi system

Retarding ignition timing

Modification in combustion chamber to reducequenching areas

Lowering the compression ratio

Reduced Valve overlap

Exhaust Gas TreatmentUse of after burners

Use of manifold reactors

Use of Catalytic converters

Fuel Modification


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Exhaust Pollutants Causes, Effects and Action taken

Carbon Monoxide (CO)

Causes:Carbon Monoxide (CO) occurs only in engine exhaust. It is aresult ofincomplete combustion. Instead of forming carbondioxide by oxidation results in carbon monoxide.

Effects:

Fatal in large doses Aggravates heart disorders

Affects central nervous system

Impairs oxygen carrying capacity of blood

Treatment:

Use of after burners

Use of manifold reactors



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Unburned Hydrocarbons (HC)

Causes:

Unburned hydrocarbon emissions are the direct result ofincomplete combustion.

Effects:

Drowsiness, eye irritation and coughing

Knowncarcinogen, also cause other life threatening diseases

Reacts with oxides of nitrogen and produces the highly toxic

ozone

Treatment:

Use of after burners Use of manifold reactors



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Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx)

Causes:NOx formation in an engine is primarily a function

of reaction temperature, available oxygen and duration of

availability.

Effects:

Irritation of respiratory tract

Increase in acute respiratory infections and bronchitis

Morbidity in children

Treatment:

Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) Water injection in the combustion chamber



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SmokeCauses:

Smoke is produced during acceleration, overloading or even

during full load operation of the engine. Because of high temperaturethere is thermal cracking of molecules rather than normal oxidation. This

thermal cracking is in the form of soot/carbon. This soot is a graphite

structure, jet black in colour and is called smoke.

Effects:

Irritation of respiratory tract

Increase in acute respiratory infections and bronchitis

Causes stunted babies

Treatment:

Running at low loads (Derating) Proper maintenance of injector and Combustion chamber geometry

Use of smoke suppression additives (Some barium compounds reduce

reaction temperature thus reduce thermal cracking)


Fumigation


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Sulphur dioxides (SO2)Causes:

Sulphur content in the fuel.Effects:

High doses can cause laryngo-tracheal and pulmonary oedema

Causes Cardiovascular deaths

Causes suffocation, irritation of throat and eyes

Combined with smoke, aggravates respiratory problems like

bronchitis and asthma

Combines with atmospheric water vapor to produce acid rain

Leads to acidification of lakes and soils. Corrodes buildings

Treatment:

Use of low sulphur fuel


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Lead (Pb)Causes:

Present in the fuel.

Effects:

Adversely affects blood and human nervous system and

causes hypertension

Causes anemia, brain dysfunction and kidney damage A major health threat to children under six, it severely

Retards mental growth and some times even death

Treatment:

Use of Lead free fuel


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Indian and EURO Norms for Petrol Driven Passenger Cars

1991-92 1996 1998 1996 2000 2005

INDIA EURO

I

INDIA INDIA EURO

II

INDIA EURO

III

EURO

IV

COg/km

14.3 -27.1

2.72 8.68 -12.4

4.34 -6.20

2.2 2.72 2.03 1.0

HC

g/km

2.0 -2.9 -- -- -- -- -- 0.20 0.1

NOx

g/km

-- -- -- -- -- -- 0.15 0.08

HC +

NOx

g/km

-- 0.97 3.4 -

4.36

1.5 -

2.18

0.57 0.97 -- --


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Thank you

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Emission & Alternate Fuels