Emissions from Aircraft and Handling Equipment in Copenhagen Airport

DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCEAARHUS UNIVERSITY

Emissions from Aircraft and Handling Equipment in Copenhagen Airport

19th International Transport and Air Pollution conference

November 26-27, 2012

Thessaloniki, Greece

M. Winther, U. Kousgaard, T. Ellermann, M. Ketzel, P. Løfstrøm, A. Massling, J.K. Nøjgaard Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University

NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH INSTITUTEAARHUS UNIVERSITY 27. november 2012Morten Winther Senior adviser

Introduction

› Arising from the concern of airport workers health, a

detailed investigation of the air pollution in

Copenhagen Airport has been conducted in 2009-2011.

› Main focus was the airport apron area where handling

occurs.

› The airport study as such comprises a detailed baseline

emission inventory as well as subsequent dispersion

modeling of the air quality (Ellermann et al., 2011).


Introduction

› This presentation explains the detailed baseline emission

inventory for aircraft main engines, auxiliary power units

(APU) and handling equipment.

› Total emission results of CO, HC, NOx and PM will shown for the

apron area in focus and the airport as a whole.

› PM results for the apron (5m x 5m) will also be shown suited

for the further dispersion modelling work.


Disposition

› Activity data - and digitization› Aircraft movements› APU (Auxiliary Power Unit)› Main engine start-up› Handling equipment› Road transport vehicles

› Emission factors

› Calculation method

› Results

› Conclusions

NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH INSTITUTEAARHUS UNIVERSITY 27. november 2012Morten Winther Senior adviserDigitization – aircraft movements

Aircraft movements digitized from airport data: Flight operation (Start/landing) and time,

lane (04L+04R, 22L+22R, 12, 30), taxi way, gate no., on/off-block time

NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH INSTITUTEAARHUS UNIVERSITY 27. november 2012Morten Winther Senior adviserDigitization – APU, push-back and main engine start-

up

• APU (arrival, start-up, boarding):

Gate no., On/Off-block time.

• APU and push-back along the

green/red lines (5 km/h).

• APU and main engine start-up by

the start-up mark (red dot; e.g.

P).

APU condition → Arrival APU Start Boarding During push-back Main engine start

APU load → Normal Start-up Normal Normal High

2 engine aircraft 300 s 180 s 216 s Calculated 35 s

4 engine aircraft 300 s 180 s 318 s Calculated 140 s Source: ICAO Airport Air Quality Guidance Manual (doc. 9889)


•Aircraft are grouped into four size categories (B-E).

•Arrival: Handling starts immediately after on-block at the gate.

•Departure: Handling ends immediately before off-block at the gate.

•Handling equipment list from the handling companies: Fuel type, engine size, emission stage/year.

Arrival Departure

Aircraft category → B C D E B C D E

Handling period (min) → 15 20 30 40 15 20 30 40

Equipment type Working time (min) Working time (min) Load factor

Baggage truck 9 10 15 25 9 10 15 25 0.15

Conveyor belt 10 20 20 20 10 20 20 20 0.15

Push-back at gate 0 0 0 0 10 10 10 10 0.15

Push-back moving 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.75

Container loader 0 15 27.5 35 0 15 27.5 35 0.45

Container transporter 0 15 27.5 35 0 15 27.5 35 0.35

Fuel (dispenser truck) 10 15 30 50a 0 0 0 0 0.1

Fuel (refuelling truck) 10 15 30 50a 0 0 0 0 0.1

Cleaning highloader 0 0 10 15 0 0 10 15 0.45

Cargo/Post tractor 0 5 5 5 0 5 5 5 0.15

Toilet truck 0 0 0 0 0 10 20 20 0.25

Catering B/C/D/E 1 3 5 5 0 0 0 0 0.1/0.2/0.22/0.22

Water truck 0 0 0 0 0 7,5 15 15 0,25


Digitization - handling

› Handling occur on the right side of the aircraft. Area: Aircraft x

wing length

› The working time is increased to cover the full handling period

(handling table); emission rates are decreased correspondingly

› An exception for push-back; 10 mins before off-block, and

movement towards the engine start up mark

NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH INSTITUTEAARHUS UNIVERSITY 27. november 2012Morten Winther Senior adviserEmission factors – aircraft main

engines

› Main engines: flyID (airport) → engineID (global database)

› NOx, CO, HC (g/kg fuel), smoke no., fuel (kg/s):

Idle, take off› Jet engines: ICAO engine exhaust emission database› Turbo props (TP): FOI Sweden emission database

› Particulate matter (PM): ICAO’s FOA3.0 method (jets), and from a Swiss survey (TP)› PM mass depends on smoke number, fuel sulphur and HC

NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH INSTITUTEAARHUS UNIVERSITY 27. november 2012Morten Winther Senior adviserEmission factors – aircraft

APU

› APU› NOx, CO, HC and PM (kg/h): ICAO (air quality manual,

doc. 9889)› Fuel (kg/h): Lasport (German air quality model for

airports)› New/older aircraft types and seating capacity

NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH INSTITUTEAARHUS UNIVERSITY 27. november 2012Morten Winther Senior adviserEmission factors – handling

equipment

Fuel type Legislation Emission level Diesel Non road <1981 Diesel Non road 1981-1990 Diesel Non road 1991-Stage I Diesel Non road Stage I Diesel Non road Stage II Diesel Non road Stage IIIA Diesel Non road Stage IIIB Diesel Non road Stage IV Diesel Road Euro 0 Diesel Road Euro I Diesel Road Euro II Diesel Road Euro III Diesel Road Euro IV Diesel Road Euro V Gasoline Road ECE 15/00-01 (> 2l.) Gasoline Road Euro 1 (> 2l.)

•Non road diesel: Split into emission levels and kW sizes according to EU emission directives.

•Non road emission data: EMEP/EEA guidebook.

•Road diesel: EU emission limits for Euro 0-V are used directly (Test cycle, ESC).

•Gasoline (baggage truck): Old ones ~ gasoline cars from 1970’s. New ones ~ Euro 1 cars.


Calculation method

∆E = Emission/fuel consumption (g) for cell = i and time = tER = Emission/fuel consumption rate (g/s) for ME, APU, ME start up and handling gear∆t = Time duration for the activity in cell = it = Time of the day (sec.)

),(),( ittERitE

› The emissions are calculated as the product of the

emission rate (g/s) and time duration spend in cell i, for

the activity:


PM – handling activities

•The emission contributions from handling are clearly visible on the right side of the aircraft.

•The emission trails from push-back tractors are visible by the most inner part of the gates, and during the movement towards the main engine start-up marks.


PM – APU activities

•APU emissions are visible at the gates, during push-back to ME start-up marks, and during ME start-up.


PM – Main engines

•The map clearly depicts the ME emissions from the start-up marks, on the taxi ways towards the runways, and close to the gates moving into aircraft parking position.


PM – all sources


• Inner apron: NOx and PM emission shares are significantly high for handling and APU.

• Handling: High fuel related emission factors for the diesel fueled handling equipment.

• APU: Somewhat lower emission factors, but large fuel consumption.

• ME: NOx and PM emissions are small due to the very small emission factors during taxiing.

• ME: Large amounts of HC and CO while taxiing and during engine start-up due to poor combustion.

• Total airport: ME HC and CO emissions are high. During take off the emissions of NOx are high due to the high engine combustion temperature.

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

HC CO NOx PM Fuel

Apron emission distribution - Copenhagen Airport

Main engines

Handling

APU

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

HC CO NOx PM Fuel

Total emission distribution - Copenhagen Airport

Main engines

Handling

APU


•JP sulphur content = 942 ppm, according to information from airport refueling services.

•The calculated PM emissions from main engines decrease by more than 50 %, in the case of zero sulphur in the jet fuel.

•APU: Most likely the PM emissions will be significantly reduced in this case also.

•Emissions from road transport vehicles (traffic counts, five zones) are rather insignificant.

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

Road transport APU Handling Main enginesS: 942 ppm

Main enginesS: 0 ppm

kg

Total PM emissions/day - Copenhagen Airport


NOx

emissions/day

Predominantly

use of lane 22


Conclusions

› A detailed 5x5 m airport emission inventory has been made, and

emission results are explained by the size of emf. and fuel

consumption (activity data).

› On the airport apron, handling is the largest emission source of NOx

(63 %) and PM (51 %). APU emissions (NOx: 25 %, PM: 45 %) are also

considerable. ME emissions of NOx (11 %) and especially PM (4 %) are

small.

› Conversely, on the apron, ME is the largest source of HC (63 %) and

CO (44 %). For the whole airport, ME becomes the largest emission

source for all pollutants.


Conclusions

› The calculated PM emissions from main engines decrease by more than

50 %, in the case of zero sulphur in the jet fuel.

› APU: Most likely the PM emissions will be significantly reduced in this

case also.


References

› Ellermann, T., Massling, A., Løfstrøm, P, Winther, M., Nøjgaard, J. K. & Ketzel. M.. 2011: Investigation

of air pollution at the apron at Copenhagen airport in relation to working environment (Danish with

English summary) DCE - Danish Centre for Environment and Energy, Aarhus University. 148 p. – DCE

report no. 5. http://www.dmu.dk/Pub/TR5.pdf

› Løfstrøm, P., Ketzel, M., Winther, M., Kousgaard, U., Christensen, J., Geels, C., Massling, A.,

Nøjgaard, J.K., Ellerman, T. 2012: AIR POLLUTION LEVELS AT COPENHAGEN AIRPORT ESTIMATED BY

MEASUREMENTS AND NESTED REGIONAL EULERIAN, LOCAL GAUSSIAN PLUME AND CFD MODELS, 5 p.,

14th Conference on Harmonisation within Atmospheric Dispersion Modelling for Regulatory Purposes

– 2-6 October 2011, Kos, Greece.

›


Thank you for your attention!

NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH INSTITUTEAARHUS UNIVERSITY 27. november 2012Morten Winther Senior adviserAktivitetsdata – kørende

trafik

› Trafiktællinger/15 min intervaller fra CPH (kamera):› Hilton› Busterminal v. T2› Drop off v. T3› Finger B-C› Check Øst

› Køretøjskategorier› Personbiler, varebiler/minibus, busser

(rute/turist), bagagevogne

› Strækninger opmålt på kort

› Antagelser vedr. tomgang og kørehastighed

Documents

Emissions from Aircraft and Handling Equipment in Copenhagen Airport