Behavior in ArchitectureAnalytic standpoint

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Deal with humankind as biological organism Explain human behavior in response to

experimental researches on animals and based on observable behaviors in the test of the subjects

Avoid the description of mental process since mental events are not publicly observable

Edward Hall

Behaviorism was largely declined as a result of cognitive revolution which is based on the testable inferences about human mental process

Appraisal theory of Richard Lazarus provides a pioneering change in the attempts to explain all human behavior by looking at the structure of the brain

Richard Lazarus

A territory must have its boundaries, and an inevitable consequence of this is that beyond them reside the neighbors.

Trouble with the

neighbors!In fact mostbirds only sing when inside their own territorial borders. The song is a defiant message to neighbors that dreadful things will become of Them if they dare to cross the invisible borders of the avian territories.

the very game of football itself,

like many others, is basically

territorial.

Defending the territory and beyond

The defense of territory is a natural tendency that designers can both support and develop.

Equally, designers can make the defense of territory a veritable nightmare for the occupants by the careless arrangement of boundaries.

A dreadful misunderstanding of territory leads to this silly notice. It has no deterrent effect on children, of course, and actually encourages them to try to hit it with their ball! The trees that it is meant to protect provide convenient goalposts for a game!

The territory invaded

there are three types of territorial trespass, which are:› ‘Contamination’تدنيس :The knowledge that someone unknown has been in the territory can even

result in the owner feeling the need to move house

› ‘Violation’االنتهاك :If the burglars actually damage property during their illegal occupation, this can

seriously heighten the sense of violation people may feel. The interruption to your sleep resulting from the noise of the neighbors' children having a late night party might be an example.

› ‘Invasion’ الغزو:Invasion is the attempt by others to take over a territory on a more or less

permanent basis.

Benefits of territorial design

Security Maintenance of spaces promotion of community spirit

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RY Space and distance

Proxemic theory

Space and distance

Abstract and meaningful distanceToo close for comfort!Flight and fight‘I need my space’‘Keep in touch’Human distancesIntimate distancePersonal distanceSocial distancePublic distanceMultiple distances in a spacePersonality and context variationCultural variation

Abstract and meaningful distance

Our concern is not the purely geometrical but rather the way that geometry organizes our relationships.

The phrase ‘personal space’

It is as if we are surrounded by a series of invisible bubbles of space nested like Russian dolls.

ignore physical contact between members of their own species

‘non-contact’, and do notnormally touch other members of their species except under exceptional or accidental circumstances

Contact species

Non- Contact species

bats, pigs and rhinoceroses

horses and dogs

Human distances

Scenario -1

Waiting for a visitor at an airport , a rail station, or a mall demands a certain kind of spatialbehavior. We need to arrange ourselves distinctly away from others in order to stand out and be obvious to the arriving stranger

Scenario -2 A delicate arrangement of human distances. The distance between thereceptionist and seats for waiting must be large enough to allow the receptionistto continue to work without rudely ignoring the waiting visitors.However, it should not be so great that the occasional conversational interchangeis not possible in order to ‘keep in touch’

Scenario -3Here the lunchtime break in the business meeting moves the participants to a different behavioral setting and allows them to engage in more social conversationand to develop more personal relationships. Business will be resumed laterback in the office, and is likely to proceed quite differently as a result

The most agreed classification of human distances in space.

• The challenge of spatial design is to facilitate rather than inhibit the behavioral settings appropriate to the social purposes of behavior in space

Human distances

Different writers have tended to use a variety of terms for these distances, but by far the most authoritative exploration of them is that by Edward T. Hall.

Intimate distancePersonal distanceSocial distancePublic distance

Intimate distance

Inside the distance of half a meter or so, We can touch another person. We may feel body heat. We may smell body odor We may smell breath and perfume. If facing one another, we can see the face in sufficient

detail to appreciate emotion accurately unless very skillfully concealed

Communication at this distance can be by whispering, and thus can remain private from all other people in the same space.

This then is a distance of trust and intimate activity

Intimate distance

In some settings we find ourselves compulsorily at such close quarters; for example;› Students sitting in a lecture theatre,› The audience at the cinema or theatre: the lighting

level is low and events focus our attention on the stage or screen.

In any event, the performance should so dominate attention that ignoring your

immediate neighbor is clearly excusable!› The lift or elevator; stare to space (floor or up), people

arms kept down by their sides to avoid the accidental touching of their temporarily intimately spaced companions, stop talking (people show puzzlement in their facial expressions if someone continue talking)

Intimate distance

Intimate distance is one of Romance. To engineer such a close distance

artificially:› reduce the lighting› increase the background levels of noise

Places for parties

you simply have to get up close in order to continue a

conversation.

On the other hand!

Intimate distance

Intimate distance is one of Fight(It can also be used as a threat rather

than an action.) The two boxers who stare into each

other’s eyes from very close range

Intimate distance

so this distance is related to different types of emotions› Embracement (االحراج).› Pride (الفخر).› Fear (الخوف).

Personal distance

Hall’s Personal distance is different than Hediger’s Personal Space.

Personal Space refers to the minimum spacing between members of a particular species.

Personal distance is part of the human distances which all of them are considered as minimum distances and therefore are part of the personal space.

Personal distance: definition

This distance runs out from intimate distance (0.50 m) to about 1.2 meters.

The meaning of this distance:› It is the absolute minimal normally

acceptable distance to separate individuals in most common settings.

› At this distance, it is still likely to be very familiar with people with whom we use this distance in public.

Sociofugal and sociopetal space

Sociofual space:It tends to throw people apart just as

centrifugal force throws objects away from the centre of a spinning axis

اجتماعيا الطارد الفراغ

Socialpetal space:It tends to draw people together

اجتماعيا الجاذب الفراغ

Non-reciprocal relationshipsA deliberate

breaking of the ‘co-existing’ spatial convention that is likely to drive away the original occupant of the table sitting at ‘X’. The newcomer choosing to sit at ‘A’ obtains an unfair

advantage of non-reciprocal vision, which often makes us feel uncomfortable

Waiting spaces

Waiting spaces do not have to be designed always to remind their occupants that waiting is what they must do!

Dental clinic

Furniture

The scenario of Michael Argyle; The setting is an office. It is occupied by one

individual and is a space of the kind we might find in businesses and public authorities in cities all over the world. The room contains four chairs as follows;› The occupant of this office works at a desk, which he or

she sits behind more or less facing the door.› There is a chair by the door.› In front of the desk, there is another chair for visitors

who come to discuss matters. › Another chair is located alongside the desk.

In the scenario a visitor arrives. We shall explore several alternatives

Furniture

Alternative A of Michael Argyle scenario

The visitor is more or less left standing just inside the door.

This clearly implies an assumed or real dominance on the part of the office occupant.

Furniture Alternative B of

Michael Argyle scenario

the office occupant may indicate that the visitor should use the seat near the door.

This removes one element of the dominance in the previous version, but still leaves the visitor fully exposed to the stare of the occupant, who is partly concealed by the desk.

Furniture Alternative C of Michael

Argyle scenario The occupant beckons

the visitor to sit on the chair in front of the desk.

The positions established then represent ones in which competition,

confrontation or conversations are all possible.

This is thus a neutral rather than dominating scenario.

Furniture Alternative D of Michael

Argyle scenario the office occupant gets

up from behind the desk to meet the visitor half way across the room, who is brought round to sit on the chair at the side of the desk.

This implies: a degree of respect in

the rising from the seat and the leaving behind of the personal territory

The arrangement suggests a common viewpoint and collaboration as the intended mode of interaction.

FurnitureDuncan Joiner and this author have found that the way people arrange the furniture in their office is not just formal, but helps to organize and structure the behavioral setting. Joiner showed a correlation between spatial layout and job description that relates to spatial roles we have already discussed.

Note the ‘confrontational’ arrangement of the tax inspector,

the ‘collaborative’ arrangement of the junior university lecturer,

the ‘collaboration’, confrontation’, and ‘sociopetal’ meeting arrangements of the university professor office