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Final Report
Empty Pesticides Container Testing and Mini-Survey for USAID/Agro-Inputs Project (AIP) in Bangladesh
November 26, 2016
WASTE CONCERN CONSULTANTS House-21 (side B), Road-7, Block-G,
BananiModelTown, Dhaka 1213 Phone: 88-02-9873002, 9873067, 9873110
Fax:+88-02-550-42209 Email: [email protected],
web: www.wasteconcern.org
TABLE OF CONTENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Background 1 1.2 Objective of the Study 1 1.2 Methodology of the Study 1
2 Overview of Pesticide Sector 7
2.1 Total Pesticide Consumption 7 2.2 Per Hectare Pesticide Consumption 8
3 Existing Condition of Used Pesticide Bottle Management in Jessore,Jhenaidah andMagura
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3.1 Key Findings from Survey of Distributors 9 3.1.1 Pesticide Channels in the Survey Area 3.1.2 Type of Pesticide Containers Sold by Distributors 10 3.1.3 Amount of Pesticide Distributed Per Year 11 3.1.4 Instruction Provided to Farmers about Used Pesticide Bottle Management 11 3.2 Key Findings from Survey of Farmers 12 3.2.1 Type of Pesticide Containers/Packaging Material Used by Farmers 12 3.2.2 Sizes of Pesticide Bottles and Packets Used by Farmers 12 3.2.3 Amount of Pesticide Used by the Farmers 13 3.2.4 Disposal of Used Pesticide Bottles by Farmers 14 3.2.5 Use of Personal Protection Equipment During Application of Pesticides 15 3.3 Key Findings from Surveyof Sprayers 16 3.3.1 Pesticide Application by Sprayers 16 3.3.2 Application Dose and Area Covered by Sprayer 16
4 Conclusion and Recommendations 18
4.1Key Findings 18 4.2 Options for Pesticide Bottle Management 20 4.3 Recommendations 22
References 24 Annexes (Questionnaires) 25
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1-1 Sample Size for the Survey 2 Table 1-2 Survey Time and Location 2 Table 2-1 Yearly Pesticides Consumption Statistics (MT/KL) 7 Table 3-1 Type of Pesticide Containers Sold by Distributers 11 Table 3-2 Yearly Pesticide Distribution and Average Size of Bottles Sold by
Distributors 11
Table 3-3 Instruction Provided by Distributors for Used Pesticide Bottle Disposal 11 Table3-4 Type of Pesticide Containers Used by Farmers 12 Table 3-5 Sizes of Pesticide Bottles Used by the Farmers 12 Table 3-6 Sizes of Pesticide Packets Used by the Farmers 12 Table 3-7 Pesticide Consumption Per Hectare (in liters) 12 Table 3-8 Pesticide Consumption Per Hectare (in kg) 13 Table 3-9 Reuse of Used Pesticide Bottles 14 Table 3-10 Disposal of Used Pesticide Bottles 15 Table 3-11 Farmers’ Perception About Toxicity Level in Pesticides 15 Table 3-12 Use of Personal Protection Equipment by Farmers During Application of
Pesticides 15
Table 3-13 Duration of Pesticide Use 16 Table 3-14 Duration in the Spraying Profession 16 Table 3-15 Average Quantity of Pesticide Applied and Area Covered by Sprayer 16 Table 3-16 Use of Personal Protection Equipment During Application of Pesticides 17 Table 3-17 Reuse of Used Pesticide Bottles by Sprayers 17
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1-1 Methodology of the Study 3 Figure 1-2 Location Map Showing the Study Area 4 Figure 2-1 Pesticide Consumption in Bangladesh 7 Figure 3-1 Pesticide Distribution Channel of Jessore 9 Figure 3-2 Pesticide Distribution Channel of Jhenaidah 10 Figure 3-3 Pesticide Distribution Channel of Magura 10 Figure 4-1 Used Pesticide Bottle Flow Diagram of Jessore 18 Figure 4-2 Used Pesticide Bottle Flow Diagram of Jhenaidah 19 Figure 4-3 Used Pesticide Bottle Flow Diagram of Magura 19
LIST OF PLATES
Plate 1-1 In SalikhaUpazilla Field Surveyors are Carrying Out Their Questionnaire Survey with the Farmers Using Pesticides for Their Crops.
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Plate 1-2 Field Surveyors Carrying Out Their Questionnaire Survey with the Farmers Using Pesticides for Their Crops in SalikhaUpazilla
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Plate 1-3 In Salikha Upazila Field Surveyors are Carrying Out Their Questionnaire Survey with the Farmers Using Pesticides for Their Crops
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Plate 1-4 Field Surveyors Carrying Out Their Questionnaire Survey with the Farmers Using Pesticides for Their Crops in SalikhaUpazilla
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Plate 1-5 Field Surveyors Carrying Out Their Questionnaire Survey with the Wholesalers and Retailers of Pesticides in SalikhaUpazilla.
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Plate 1-6 Field surveyors carrying out their questionnaire survey with the Wholesalers and Retailers of Pesticides in JessoreSadarUpazilla
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Plate 1-7 Pesticides are Sold in Small Plastic Bottles of Different Sizes. 6 Plate 1-8 Plastic Containers Also Used to Refill Smaller bottles by the
Wholesalers and Retailers to Satisfy the Sprayers. 6
Plate 1-8 Pesticides are Sold Using Mini Packets also Along With Other Bottles 6 Plate 1-9 Wholesalers and Retailers of Pesticides in JessoreSadarUpazilla. 6 Plate 1-10 Pesticides are Sold in Plastic Bottles in KaligangUpazilla. 6 Plate 1-11 Wholesalers and Retailers Pesticides Shop in JessoreSadarUpazilla 6
ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
AIP Agro Inputs Project
BBS Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics
BCPA Bangladesh Crop Protection Association
BPGMEA Bangladesh Plastic Good Manufacturer and Exporters Association
DAE Department of Agriculture Extension
DOE Department of Environment
GOB Government of Bangladesh
KL Kilo Liters
MT Metric Tons
MDG Millennium Development Goal
MLGRDC Ministry of Local Government, Rural Development, and Co-operatives
MoEF Ministry of Environment and Forest
3R Reduce, Reuse and Recycle
RDF Refuse Derived Fuel
USAID United States Agency for International Development
WCC Waste Concern Consultants
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1. Introduction
1.1 Background
The agricultural sector in Bangladesh faces many challenges over the coming years. Owing to its rapid population growth and food security needs, the issues of land scarcity and agricultural intensification are quickly gaining pressing importance. Combined with the severe agro-climatic conditions (for example annual flooding), agricultural production will face enhanced difficulties in meeting future demands. As a direct consequence of these challenging conditions, agriculture has been highly susceptible to crop pest attacks and diseases. Conservative estimates of annual crop losses are in the range of 10-15% without any direct intervention. In their defense, farmers have begun to use more toxic chemicals for pest control. These chemicals have a reputation for speed and effectiveness. The Government of Bangladesh also promotes the use of pesticides to expand its agricultural frontiers and increase output per acre of land. As a result, pesticide use in general in Bangladesh is increasing. Pesticides are highly hazardous if not used in the proper manner or in proper amounts. The risk of health hazards from pesticide containers is also high. Therefore, the proper management of pesticide containers has become a serious health issue.
In this backdrop, United States Agency for International Development (USAID) Agricultural Inputs Project (AIP) engaged Waste Concern Consultants (WCC) as a consultant to carry out the assignment entitled, ‘Empty Pesticides Container Testing and Mini-Survey for USAID/Agro-Inputs Project (AIP) in Bangladesh’.
1.2 Objective of the Study
The objective of this study is to perform laboratory testing and data collection regarding the use and disposal of empty pesticide containers for 4 types of pesticides (insecticides, miticides, fungicides, and herbicides). Information derived from this research will inform the future viability of investment in a larger pesticide container management pilot with the Bangladesh Crop Protection Association (BCPA).
1.3 Methodology of the Study
This report is based on both primary and secondary data. Primary data is mainly collected through questionnaire surveys. Secondary data for preparation of this report has been collected from the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS), BCPA annual reports, field observations, meetings, informal interviews, and other relevant studies. Furthermore, all government policies and strategies regarding waste management were reviewed and analysed.
Data collection was carried out in 3 (three) locations of 3 (three) districts by a team of surveyors from WCC. After analyzing the secondary information, questionnaires were developed for 3(three) groups of actors involved in the pesticide trade. They are pesticide distributors, farmers,and sprayers.Questionnaires were designed to obtain field information mainly regarding the volume and type of containers being used and discarded in the districts in which AIP works.
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The sample size of each group was scientifically determined. Altogether, 162 samples were taken for the survey. From each district, 32, 10, and 12 samples were taken from the 3 (three) districts. This means 54 samples were taken from each district. The sample sizes are shown below:
Table 1-1 Sample Size for the Survey District Group Sample Size Jessore Farmer 32
Sprayer 10 Distributor 12
Jhenaidah Farmer 32 Sprayer 10 Distributor 12
Magura Farmer 32 Sprayer 10 Distributor 12
After mobilization of survey team, the field survey was started on 18.10.16.These surveys were carried out in Nurpur, Dudrajpur, Elangi, and Talkuri locations within the district boundaries of Jessore, Jhenaidah and Magura. Figure 1-2 shows the location of the surveyed areas. The locations of these surveys were chosen after consultation with the Bangladesh Crop Protection Association (BCPA).
Table 1-2: Survey Time and Location Date District Upazilla Location 18.10.16 – 22.10.16 Jessore JessoreShadarUpazilla Nurpur 18.10.16 – 22.10.16 Jhenaidah Kaligonj Dudrajpur and Elangi 18.10.16 – 22.10.16 Magura Salikha Talkuri
All the collected data has been analyzed using SPSS software. The methodology used for the study is shown in Figure 1-1.
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Figure 1-1: Methodology of the Study
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Figure 1-2: Location Map Showing the Study Area
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Plate 1-1: In Salikha Upazilla, field surveyorsare carrying out their questionnaire survey with farmers who are using pesticides for their crops.
Plate 1-2: Field surveyors carrying out their questionnaire survey with farmers who are using pesticides for their crops in Salikha Upazilla.
Plate 1-3: In Salikha Upazila, field surveyors are carrying out their questionnaire survey with farmers who are using pesticides for their crops.
Plate 1-4: Field surveyors carrying out their questionnaire survey with farmers who are using pesticides for their crops in Salikha Upazilla.
Plate 1-5: Field surveyors carrying out their questionnaire survey with the Wholesalers and Retailers of Pesticides in Salikha Upazilla.
Plate 1-6: Field surveyors carrying out their questionnaire survey with the Wholesalers and Retailers of Pesticides in Jessore Sadar Upazilla.
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Plate 1-7 Pesticides are sold in small plastic bottles of different sizes.
Plate 1-8: Plastic containers are also used to refill smaller bottles by the wholesalers and retailers to satisfy the sprayers.
Plate 1-8: Pesticides are sold using mini packets along with other bottles.
Plate 1-9: Wholesalers and Retailers of Pesticides in Jessore Sadar Upazilla.
Plate 1-10: Pesticides are sold in plastic bottles in KaligangUpazilla.
Plate 1-11: Wholesalers and Retailers Pesticides shop in Jessore Sadar Upazilla.
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2. Overview of Pesticide Sector 2.1 Total Pesticide Consumption From the desk review, it is found that during the year 2015, a total of 33371.60 metric tons of pesticides were formulated by 16 pesticides formulators in the country. Table 2-1 shows the statistics regarding yearly pesticide consumption in Bangladesh. Table2-1: Yearly Pesticides Consumption Statistics (MT/KL)
Source: BBS (2016) and BCPA(2016) Since 2008, there has been a gradual decline in the total consumption of pesticides. There was an increase in the pesticide consumption in 2011. From 2012, there has once again been a decline in the consumption of pesticides.
Figure 2-1: Pesticide Consumption in Bangladesh
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Between 2008-2015, pesticide consumption has declined by 31.45%, representing an annual decline of 3.93% per annum. However, between 2014 - 2015, there has been a decrease in the total consumption by 6.79%. Although total pesticide consumption has decreased during 2014-2015, there has been increase in consumption of herbicide and general fungicide. Figure 2-1 shows pesticide consumption data of Bangladesh. 2.2 Per Hectare Pesticide Consumption According to BBS (2016), the total cultivated land in Bangladesh is 7.61 million hectares. The total pesticide consumption in Bangladesh for the year 2015 stands at 33,371.60 MT. Based on this, per hectare pesticide consumption is estimated at 4.39 kg/ha.
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3. Existing Condition of Used Pesticide Bottle Management in Jessore, Jhenaidah and Magura
In order to assess the existing situation regarding the use and disposal of empty pesticide containers for 4 types of pesticides (insecticides, matricides, fungicides, and herbicides), a questionnaire survey was conducted amongst distributors, farmers, and sprayers. The following section describes the key findings from this survey. 3.1 Key Findings from Survey of Distributors The following section describes the key survey findings from the survey of distributors. 3.1.1 Pesticide Channels in the Survey Area
The marketing channel of pesticides in the survey area consists of pesticide companies (formulators), distributors, wholesalers, retailers, and farmers. At the top, there are 16 pesticide companies (formulators). Distributors buy almost all products from pesticide companies. Distributors sell their products to the wholesaler cum retailers, retailers, and farmers. Wholesalers sell to retailers as well as to farmers. Retailers mainly sell it to the farmers. However, in some cases, farmers directly buy from the distributors. The following figure shows the distribution channel of pesticides currently followed in the project area.
Figure 3-1: Pesticide Distribution Channel of Jessore
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Figure 3-2: Pesticide Distribution Channel of Jhenaidah
Figure 3-3: Pesticide Distribution Channel of Magura 3.1.2 Type of Pesticide Containers Sold by Distributors From the field survey, it has been found that a major portion of pesticides in the surveyed area are distributed using bottles and then packets. Amongst the three districts, the use of packets is higher in
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Magura compared to the other two districts. The following Table shows the district-wise use of different types of containers. Table: 3-1: Type of Pesticide Containers Sold by Distributors
Sl. No Type of Container Jessore (%) Jhenaidah (%)
Magura (%)
1 Bottles 78.33 72.47 61.67 2 Packets 21.67 27.53 38.33
Source: Field Survey 3.1.3 Amount of Pesticide Distributed Per Year An attempt was made to investigate number of bottles sold per year by the distributors and average size of the bottles sold by them. Table 3-2shows the findings of the survey. Table 3-2: Yearly Pesticide Distribution and Average Size of Bottles Sold by Distributors
Sl. No District
Yearly Avg. Pesticide
Distributed by Each Distributor
(Liter)
Avg. Size of Bottle
(ml)
Number of Bottles
Sold by Each Distributor Per Year
Total No. of Distributor*
1 Jessore 488.5 270 1809 2000 2 Jhenaidah 398.13 392 1016 1600 3 Magura 286.59 184 1577 1200
Source: Field Survey; * Data provided by local sources in the survey area It has been found from the field survey that yearly pesticide distribution per distributor is higher in Jessore followed by Magura and then Jhenaidah. 3.1.4 Instruction Provided to Farmers regarding Used Pesticide Bottle Management In the cases of Jhenaidah and Magura, field surveys have shown that the instructions provided by the distributor to the pesticide users are mainly focusing on burying the used pesticide bottles underground. In the case of Jessore, in addition to burying underground, they are also recommending disposing it in the nearest garbage containers. It may be worth mentioning here that the bulk portion of the pesticide bottles are made of plastic which is non-biodegradable. As such, burying of used pesticide bottles may not be the ideal solution since it can have negative impacts on soil fertility. Table 3-3: Instruction Provided by Distributors for Used Pesticide Bottle Disposal
Sl. No Instructions Jessore (%) Jhenaidah (%)
Magura (%)
1 Bury under ground 83.3 100 100
2 Dispose in the nearest garbage container 16.7 0 0
Source: Field Survey
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3.2 Key Findings from Survey of Farmers The following section describes the key survey findings from the survey of farmers. 3.2.1 Type of Pesticide Containers/Packaging Material Used by Farmers Table 3-4 shows that the majority of the farmers are buying pesticides packed in bottles. It is further revealed that 61.19 % of the farmers are using liquid pesticides in bottles. Table3-4: Type of Pesticide Containers Used by Farmers
Sl. No Type of Container Jessore (%) Jhenaidah (%) Magura (%)
1 Plastic /paper packet 21.1 54.29 40.91 2 Bottles 78.79 45.71 59.09
Source: Field Survey
3.2.2 Sizes of Pesticide Bottles and Packets Used by Farmers The field survey has revealed that, interms of sizes of pesticide bottles, the 100 ml size of pesticide bottle is the most frequently purchased size by the farmers in the three districts. This isfollowed by the 40 ml size. The use of 250-500 ml size pesticide bottles has also been found in Jessore and Jhenaidah districts. Table 3-5: Sizes of Pesticide Bottles Used by the Farmers
Sl. No Sizes of Pesticide Plastic Bottles (ml)
Jessore (%) Jhenaidah (%) Magura (%)
1 40 15.38 6.25 6.0 2 50 0 0 16.0 3 100 80.77 75.0 78.0 4 250 0 6.25 0 5 500 3.85 12.5 0
Source: Field Survey Table 3-6: Sizes of Pesticide Packets Used by the Farmers
Sl. No Sizes of Pesticide Packet (gm) Jessore (%) Jhenaidah (%) Magura (%)
1 10 85.71 89.47 58.33 2 100 14.29 0 0 3 500 0 0 16.67 4 1000 0 10.53 25.0
Source: Field Survey In terms of pesticides packed in packets, it was found that the 10 gm packet is the most commonly used by farmers in all the three districts. 100 gm packet was found to be used in Jessore, and500 gm packet was found to be used in Magura. It isinteresting to note that amongst the farmers who are using pesticide packets in Magura, 25% are using 1000 gm packets; in the case of Jhenaidah, it was found to be 11%.
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3.2.3 Amount of Pesticide Used by the Farmers As mentioned in section 3.2.1, farmers in the study area are using two types of pesticides packed in bottles and plastic or paper packets. Pesticides in bottles are sold in milliliters (ml). Pesticides in packets are sold in grams (gm). Pesticide bottles used per hectare in Jessore is calculated at 11.42, while the figures for Jhenaidah and Magura are 11.4 and 6.77 respectively. In terms of pesticide consumption (liter per hectare), it was found from the field survey that the consumption in Jessore is 3.09 liter/ha while the figures are 4.47 liter/ha and 0.46 liter/ha for Jhenaidah and Magura respectively. Other studies have found that, in Bangladesh, liquid pesticide use on vegetables is 5.02 liter/ha, and for cereal it is 0.42 liters/ha (Ali, M et.al 2001). Another study by Hasan, M.K, et.al (2003) has found liquid pesticide consumption in Bangladesh is around 8.3 liters/ha for vegetables.
Apart from liquid pesticide, it has been discovered from the field survey that farmers are also using pesticides sold in packets (powder or granular form). Farmers in Jhenaidah and Magura are using higher amounts of pesticides in packets compared to in bottles.
Table 3-7: Pesticide Consumption Per Hectare (in liters)
District
Net Cultivated
Land (Hectare)*
Farm Holding*
Avg. No. of Bottle used per farm
holding/year
Total No. of Bottle Used**
Pesticide Bottle Used
Per Hectare**
Pesticide Used
liter/ha**
Jessore 1,74,612 40 ml = 1.0 295,165 1.69
3.09 374,623 100 ml = 2.71 809,949 4.60 500 ml = 3.0 896,622 5.13
Jhenaidah 1,38,805 40 ml = 1.0 117,289 0.85
4.47 256,594 100 ml = 2.5 293,222 2.11 500 ml = 10.0 11,72,891 8.44
Magura 76,385 40 ml = 1.0 82,843 1.08 0.46
140,199 50 ml = 2.75 227,820 2.98 100 ml = 2.50 207,109 2.71
Source: Field Survey; * BBS (2016) ** Calculated by Waste Concern Consultants based on fieldsurvey data
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Table 3-8: Pesticide Consumption Per Hectare (in kg)
District
Net Cultivated Land(Hectare)*
Avg. No. of Packet Used
Per farm holding /year
Total No. of Packets
Used**
Packets Used Per
Hectare**
Pesticides Used
kg/ha**
Jessore 1,74,612 10 gm = 4.0 317,830 1.82 0.20 100 gm = 4.0 317,830 1.82
Jhenaidah 1,38,805 10 gm = 8.71 12,13,345 8.74 5.10 1000 gm = 5.0 696,524 5.01
Magura 76,385
10 gm = 8.81 505,301 6.61
5.76 500 gm = 2.33 132,004 1.72
1000 gm = 6.44 369,368 4.83
Source: Field Survey; * BBS (2016) ** Calculated by Waste Concern Consultants based on fieldsurvey data
Pesticide consumption has been found in Jessoreto be at 0.20 kg/ha, while in Jhenaidah and Magura it has been found substantially higher: at 5.10 kg/ha and 5.76 kg/ha. A study by Hasan, M.K, et.al (2003) has found solid pesticide consumption in Bangladesh is 2.6 kg/ha.
Over all, the current survey findings show that liquid pesticide consumption in thethree districts (Jessore, Jhenaidah and Magura) varies between 0.46 liters/ha to 4.47 liters/ha, while for solid pesticides it varies between 0.20 kg/ha to 5.76 kg/ha.Based on the field survey findings, an attempt has been made to estimate the number of pesticide bottles used in the three districts. The bottles are eventually disposed after the use of the pesticides. Table 3-7 shows the number of bottles used by farmers per year in the three districts along with per hectare consumption. 3.2.4 Disposal of Used Pesticide Bottles by Farmers The field survey has revealed that, in terms of reusing used pesticide bottles, a substantial number of farmers are reusing it for different purposes. Table 3-9 shows that, in Jessore, 24.2% of the farmers are reusing it; in the case of Jhenaidah and Magura, the figures are 34.4% and 3.1% respectively. The practice of reusing used pesticide bottles is not safe. The high rate of reusing indicates low level awareness about health hazards related to this practice. This is evident from the field survey that showed that the majority of farmers in Jhenaidah and Magura consider pesticides as slightly hazardous, while the majority of the farmers in Jessore consider pesticides as moderately hazardous. Table 3-11 shows the perception of farmers regarding toxicity of the pesticides they use. Table 3-10 shows the current used pesticide bottle disposal practice of those farmers in the three districts who are not reusing the used bottles. With regards to Jessore and Jhenaidah, the majority of the farmers are burying underground, and the remaining farmers are disposing it with other garbage containers or discarding it in the open fields. In Magura’scase, the majority of the farmers are disposing it with other garbage, and the rest are burying it or throwing it in the open field. It is alarming to note that none of the current practices followed by the farmers are environmentally
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sound, and the farmers’ current practices demonstrate lack of availability of proper information regarding management of used bottles. Table 3-9: Reuse of Used Pesticide Bottles
Sl. No Jessore (%) Jhenaidah (%) Magura (%)
1 Yes 24.2 34.4 3.1 2 No 75.8 65.6 96.9
Source: Field Survey Table 3-10: Disposal of Used Pesticide Bottles
Sl. No Disposal Practice Jessore (%) Jhenaidah (%)
Magura (%)
1 Discarded in open field 15.2 21.9 16.67 2 Disposed with household
garbage 33.3 9.4 61.11
3 Buried underground 51.5 68.7 22.22 Source: Field Survey Table 3-11: Farmers’ Perception About Toxicity Level in Pesticides
Sl. No Perceived Toxicity Jessore (%) Jhenaidah (%) Magura (%)
1 Slightly hazardous 9.1 62.86 60.65 2 Moderately hazardous 66.7 20.0 27.87 3 Highly hazardous 12.1 11.43 10.66 4 Extremely hazardous 12.1 5.71 0.82
Source: Field Survey 3.2.5 Use of Personal Protection Equipment During Application of Pesticides The field survey has revealed that the majority of the farmers are not using proper protective gear while applying pesticides in their agricultural land. It is very alarming to note that an insignificant percentage of farmers are using eye glasses, wearing boots/shoes,and wearing trousers while applying pesticides. With regards toMagura, only 1.10% of the farmers are using gloves while applying pesticides. With regards to Jessore and Jhenaidah, this figure is around 44%. Table 3-12 shows personal protection equipment used by the farmers in the study area. Table 3-12: Use of Personal Protection Equipment by Farmers During Application of Pesticides
Sl. No Protective measures Jessore (%) Jhenaidah (%) Magura (%)
1 Gloves 43.59 43.76 1.10 2 Face mask 41.03 52.08 30.76 3 Boots/shoes 0 2.08 0 4 Eye glasses 7.69 0 2.10 5 Long-sleeve shirt 5.13 2.08 32.97 6 Long pants 0 0 32.97 7 Coveralls 2.56 0 0
Source: Field Survey The following Table shows duration of pesticide use by farmers.
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Table 3-13: Duration of Pesticide Use
Sl. No Duration of Use Jessore (%) Jhenaidah (%) Magura (%)
1 1-3 years 27.3 43.8 6.3 2 4-6 years 27.3 25.0 0 3 7-9 years 27.3 6.3 12.5 4 10 years and above 18.2 25.0 81.3
Source: Field Survey 3.3 Key Findings from Survey of Sprayers The following section describes the key survey findings from the survey of farmers. 3.3.1 Pesticide Application by Sprayers In some instances, farmers hire individuals to spray pesticides. The following section describes the survey’s related findings in this regard. Table 3-14 shows the number of yearssprayers have been involved with such work. Table 3-14: Duration in the Spraying Profession
Sl. No Duration of Use Jessore (%) Jhenaidah (%) Magura (%)
1 1-3 years - 60 - 2 4-6 years 81.8 30 80 3 7-9 years 18.2 10 20 4 10 years and above - - -
Source: Field Survey 3.3.2 Application Dose and Area Covered by Sprayer Table 3-15 shows the application dose and area covered by each sprayer in the project area and use of personal protection equipment. Table 3-15: Average Quantity of Pesticide Applied and Area Covered by Sprayer
Sl. No District Average Quantity
Sprayed (liter) Average Land Area
Covered (acre)
Application Rate (liter/ha)
1 Jessore 10 3.9 6.3 2 Jhenaidah 7 2.6 6.6 3 Magura 4 2.2 4.4
Source: Field Survey
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Table 3-16: Use of Personal Protection Equipment During Application of Pesticides
Sl. No Protective Measures Jessore (%) Jhenaidah (%) Magura (%)
1 Gloves 6.45 6.67 0 2 Face mask 35.48 66.66 33.33 3 Boots/shoes 3.23 0 0 4 Eye glasses 12.91 6.67 6.67 5 Long-sleeve shirt 35.48 20 33.33 6 Long pants 6.45 0.02 26.67 7 Coveralls 0 0 0
Source: Field Survey It is evident from Tables 3-15 and 3-16 that sprayers apply high volumes of pesticides, and they cover between 2.2 to 3.9 acres of land. In terms of personal protection equipment, it is alarming to note that sprayers are not using the necessary protective equipment. There is a need for awareness raising on this issue. Without proper protection gear, application of pesticides can be very harmful for the person applying it.It is also very important to note that all the surveyed districts showed that sprayers worked in this profession for a maximum duration of 9 years. Table 3-17 shows that,subsequent to 6 years of work as a sprayer, the numbers are declining. This may be due to health reasons since the sprayers are not using proper protection gear. Table 3-17 shows thesprayers’ reuse percentage of used pesticide bottles or containers. The majority of sprayers are not reusing these items.Approximately 13% of sprayers are reusing pesticide bottles. Table 3-17: Reuse of Used Pesticide Bottles by Sprayers
Sl. No Jessore (%) Jhenaidah (%) Magura (%)
1 Yes 9.1 10 20 2 No 90.9 90 80
Source: Field Survey
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4. Conclusion and Recommendations 4.1 Key Findings It is evident from the field survey that the pesticide bottles that are currently used are not managed properly. This is borne out by the fact that only 47.74% of the farmers have reported that they bury the used pesticide bottles. The remaining farmers either throw the bottles on the open field or discard it with other waste. The practice of burying used plastic bottles is not environmentally sound since the majority of the bottles are made of plastic, hence rendering the bottles non-bio degradable. Based on the field survey, it is estimated that per farm holding use of pesticides (liquid) in the three districts of Jessore, Jhenaidah, and Magura are 6.7 bottles/holding, 13.5 bottles/holding, and 6.2 bottles/holding respectively. Farm holding in the three districts are 374,623, 256,594, and 140,199 respectively. Based on the per farm holding use of pesticide in bottles, it is estimated that in Jessore district, a total of 2.01 million pesticide bottles are used on an annual basis. In Jhenaidah’s case, 1.58 million pesticide bottles are used on an annual basis, and 0.52 million pesticide bottles are used annually in Magura. Following figure shows the used pesticide bottle flow diagrams for Jessore, Jhenaidah and Magura. Figure 4-1: Used Pesticide Bottle Flow Diagram of Jessore
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Figure 4-2: Used Pesticide Bottle Flow Diagram of Jhenaidah Figure 4-2: Used Pesticide Bottle Flow Diagram of Magura Considering the huge quantity of used pesticide bottles disposed of in an indiscriminate manner, there is a need for guidelines and rules in Bangladesh regarding the management of used pesticide
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bottles. At present, there are no such guidelines or rules available in the country. The Department of Environment may initiate preparation of such guidelines in consultation with DAE and BCPA. Without any regulatory framework regarding used pesticide bottle management, it will be difficult to implement any project on this issue. 4.2 Options for Pesticide Bottle Management In order to effectively manage the huge quantity of used pesticide bottles, the following options may be considered: Option-1: Washing the pesticide bottles (minimum 4 rinses), then shredding, and then delivering to plastic waste recycling factories that are manufacturing sewage pipes; Option-2: Washing the pesticide bottles (minimum 4 rinses), then shredding, and then delivering to incinerators located in the pesticide formulation factories; Option-3: Washing the pesticide bottles (minimum 4 rinses), then shredding, and then delivering to cement factories for high temperature burning; Option-4: Washing the pesticide bottles (minimum 4 rinses), then shredding, and then manufacturing refuse derived fuel (RDF) and use of RDF in brick kilns. The following section describes the options in detail. Option -1: Washing the pesticide bottles (minimum 4 rinses), then shredding, and then delivering to plastic waste recycling factories manufacturing sewage pipes. The most important issue for used pesticide bottle management is getting the bottles back for proper recycling or proper disposal. Section 3.1 of this report describes the distribution chain of pesticide in the three surveyed districts of Bangladesh. In orderto retrieve the used pesticide bottles for proper management, a reverse distribution chain can be followed. A reverse distribution chain uses the infrastructure that has been established to distribute products to users as a mechanism to receive material back from them. This is efficient because:
• The user has a relationship with a single organization for both the supply of new products and the return of empty bottles. When the user returns empty bottles at the same time as purchasing new products, their time and transport costs are minimized. However, the Department of Environment (DOE) can devise a new regulation regarding the sale of pesticides to the effect that used bottles must be returned to retailers, wholesalers, or distributors while selling new bottles. Along with the return of old bottles for management, the pesticide companies can also offer a discount to users, such as 10% of the price. The DOE has similar rules in place for used lead acid battery;
• The vehicles that delivered products to the retailer can be used to return empty containers.
These vehicles would normally return empty to the wholesaler. Similarly, the bottles can flow back up the supply chain. Reverse distribution does have some issues in that the
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participants in the supply chain will require additional storage to be able to hold both stocks of products and empty containers.
At some point in the reverse distribution chain, the empty bottles need to be sent to pesticide formulation companies who will operate rinsing and shredding facility. The companies would also be responsible for proper recycling or disposal of the bottle as per regulations to be set by DOE. DOE can easily enforce the regulation by adding a clause in the environmental clearance certificates for the pesticide formulation companies. The environmental clearance certificate has to be renewed every year. In option-1, it is considered that after rinsing and then shredding, the formulation company will send the shredded bottles to plasticrecycling factories manufacturing sewage pipes. Option-2: Washing the pesticide bottles (minimum 4 rinses), then shredding, and then delivering to incinerators located in the pesticide formulation factories This option also considers that, for collection of used pesticide bottles, a reverse distribution chain shall be followed using the process mentioned in option -1. However, in this option, it is considered that disposal of used pesticide bottles should be the responsibility of the formulator of pesticide. Since most of the large pesticide formulators have incinerators, after rinsing and then shredding, the used pesticide bottles can be incinerated at these factories. The National 3R Strategy of GoB has also mentioned that discarded pesticides should be incinerated at the industry producing the material. Option-3: Washing the pesticide bottles (minimum 4 rinses), then shredding, and then delivering to cement factories for high temperature burning This option also considers that, for collection of used pesticide bottles, a reverse distribution chain shall be followed using the process mentioned in option -1. However, in this option, it is considered that disposal of used pesticide bottles should be the responsibility of the formulator of pesticide. Pesticide formulators shall have agreement with cement factories for high temperature burning in the cement factories. After rinsing and then shredding by formulators, the used pesticide bottles can be incinerated at the cement factories. National 3R strategy of the GoB has also recommended use of cement factories for high temperature incineration of hazardous waste. Option-4: Washing the pesticide bottles (minimum 4 rinses), then shredding, and then manufacturing refuse derived fuel (RDF) and use of RDF in brick kilns This option also considers that, for collection of used pesticide bottles, a reverse distribution chain shall be followed using the process mentioned in option -1. However, in this option, it is considered that disposal of used pesticide bottles should be the responsibility of the formulator of pesticide. Pesticide formulators shall have a common facility for conversion of used bottles into RDF. After rinsing and then shredding by formulators, the used pesticide bottles can be taken to the common facility owned by BCPA for conversion into RDF. The RDF can be sold to the brick kilns as a fuel.
22
4.3 Recommendations The following recommendations are made based on the findings of the mini-survey conducted in the three districts of Jessore, Jhenaidah, and Magura:
• There is an urgent need to frame used pesticide container/bottle management rules in the country. These guidelines should describe the collection process and recycling or disposal system. The guidelines must provide a framework for economic incentives for collection of the used bottles or containers. The guidelines shouldalso provide regulatory measures for pesticide formulation companies to manage the used containers or bottles. Undertaking the latter would constitute part of the extended producer responsibility (EPR) as mentioned in the National 3R strategy for waste management.
• The Department of Environment can prepare such rules in consultation with DAE and
relevant stakeholders. The DOE has earlier issued Statutory Regulatory Order (SRO) for used lead acid battery. This may be followed for the management of used pesticide containers/bottles.
• It is extremely important that BCPA in partnership with DAE and media should raise awareness regarding use of PPEs, application of pesticides, and prohibition of reuse of pesticide containers/bottles.
• It is estimated that in the three districts of Jessore, Jhenaidah, and Magura, about 4.11 million bottles are disposed indiscriminately. This is of great concern. It has been that roughly an empty 100 ml plastic bottle weighs around 20 gms. Considering this weight, the total weight of empty pesticide bottles is estimated at 82.2 tons.
• Using the data obtained from the field survey, it is extrapolated that, in total, about 1,754 tons of used pesticide plastic bottles/containers are disposed every year in the country. This translates to roughly 150 tons per month.
• Although the number of used pesticide bottles in the three districtsis substantial (4.11 million), the total weight of the bottles is only around 82.2 tons. Considering the weight of the bottles, it is recommended that either of the following management options for used pesticide bottles be followed: Option -1: Washing the pesticide bottles (minimum 4 rinses), then shredding, and then delivering to plastic waste recycling factories that are manufacturing sewage pipes; Option-2: Washing the pesticide bottles (minimum 4 rinses), then shredding, and then delivering to incinerators located in the pesticide formulation factories; Option-3: Washing the pesticide bottles (minimum 4 rinses), then shredding, and then delivering to cement factories for high temperature burning.
23
• In order to implement option-1, partnership with Bangladesh Plastic Goods Manufacturing Association (BPGMEA) is required for reuse of used cleaned and shredded plastic bottles in manufacturing of sewage pipes. In this option, BCPA should invest in buying shredding machines and small waste water treatment units. These would be for treatment of rinsed water after rinsing the used bottles or containers. These types of units (shredder and waste water treatment units) can be established strategically at different districts of Bangladesh.
• If option-1 cannot be implemented, then the next best option is to use option-2 or option-3. In
this scenario, after rinsing and shredding of the used plastic bottles, the bottles can be sent to the pesticide formulation units for burning in the incinerators, or,the bottles can be sent to cement factories for incineration. In case of high temperature burning in the cement factories, agreement with cement factories shall be required. This option is in line with National 3R strategy of the Government.
24
References
1. Ali, M. and Hau, V.T.B. (2001). Vegetables in Bangladesh: Economic and Nutritional Impact of New Varieties and Technology. AVRDC Technical Bulletin No 25, Tainan, Taiwan.
2. BBS (2016). Statistical Year Book of Bangladesh 2015. Dhaka: Statistical Division, Ministry of Planning.
3. BBS (2016). Year Book of Agricultural Statistics 2015. Dhaka: Statistical Division, Ministry
of Planning
4. BCPA (2016). Annual Report 2015. Dhaka.
5. GoB (2000). National 3R Strategy. Ministry of Environment and Forest.
6. GoB (1997). Environmental Conservation Rules. Ministry of Environment and Forest.
7. GoB (1995). Environmental Conservation Act. Ministry of Environment and Forest.
8. GoB and UNDP (2006). Used Lead Acid Battery Recycling in Bangladesh. A report prepared by Waste Concern for the Sustainable Environment Management Programme, MoEF, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
9. Hasan, M.K, Hussain, M.A. Kundu, B.C, Chowdhury, D.A and Nazimuddin, M. (2003). Profitability of Cabbage Cultivation in Different Growing Periods at Jessore Area. Asian Journal of Plant Sciences 2(1): 97-101, 2003.
25
Annexes ( Questionnaires)
26
Name of the interviewer: _____________________________Date: _________________
5 1. Name of the
pesticide
2.Container type 3. Distributed
to
4. Distributed
amount/month
(Volume/Liter/Kg)
5.
Container/bottle
Size
Get from
producer
To be
supplied
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Assalamualaikum / Adab. We are from Waste Concern Consultants The purpose of this questionnaire is to investigate the distribution of pesticides. It is for research purposes only. Please answer the questions to be best of your knowledge. Answers will be kept completely confidential and will only be presented in a summary format.
ID
A Questionnaire on Pesticide Distributor
1. Name of the respondent………………………………………………. 2. Name of the distributor organization…………………………………. 3. Location/Address of the organization………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………. 4. Distribution level (select more than one if required)
Regional National International
Code for 2 no column: 1 = Plastic bottle; 2 = Glass bottle; 3 = Plastic bag Code for 3 no column: 1 = Wholesaler; 2 = Retailer; 3 = Farmers
7. Do you collect used bottles from farmers? � Yes � No
8. If yes, what do you do with those bottles?
� Recycle � Reuse after washing � Return to manufacturers
9. If No, what instructions you give farmers/retailer/wholesaler for used pesticide bottle management?
� Wash several time � To bury under ground � Throw at the nearest garbage container � No instruction � Other (specify)__________________
6. If you distribute other than the container you get from producer, what do you do the container get from producer?
i) Return back ii) Sell iii) Reuse for other purpose iv) Other (specify)__________________
27
Name of the interviewer: _____________________________Date: _________________
1. Name of the Respondent ______________________________
2. Location: __________________________________________
Socio-economical Information:
3 4 5 6 Gender Age Educational Qualification Household size
• Male • Female
• 18-30 • 31-45 • 46 and
above
• Below Primary • Below SSC • SSC • HSC • Above HSC • Other(please
specify)____
ID
A Questionnaire on Pesticide Users or Farmers
Assalamualaikum /Adab. We are from Waste Concern, a Social Business Enterprise (SBE). The purpose of this questionnaire is to investigate the uses of pesticides by the farmers, and the health & environmental effects of pesticide use. It is for research purposes only. Please answer the questions to be best of your knowledge. Answers will be kept completely confidential and will only be presented in a summary format.
28
Information regarding pesticide usage 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Crop name Area of
application
Name of
pesticides
Perceived
toxicity
Price/ unit
(tk/kg)
Quantity of
application
Characteristics
of pesticide
Method of
application
Container
type
Frequency of
application
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Options for 10: i. Slightly hazardous ii. Moderately hazardous iii. Highly hazardous iv. Extremely hazardous
Options for 13: i. Ultra-Low Volume (ULV) ii. Dust iii. Granule iv. Wettable powder v. ec
Options for 14: i. seed treatment ii. Spraying application iii. Granule application iv. Dust application
Options for 15: i. Plastic containers ii. Tin containers iii. Gallon iv. Sack/paper packet v. Drum vi. Bottles
29
17. For how many years have you been using pesticides?
� 1-3 years
� 4-6 years
� 7-9 years
� 10 years and above
18. Do you wear any protective clothing while applying pesticides?
� Yes
� No
19. If yes, specify one or more from the following: � Gloves � Face mask � Overalls � Boots/shoes � Eye glasses � Long-sleeve shirt � Face mask � Long pants � Others (please specify)
20. Are the pesticide containers used for any other purpose afterwards?
� Yes � No
21. How are the containers or packages disposed of?
� Returned to the distributor
� Thrown in open field
� Kept with other garbage
� Buried
� Incinerated
� Others (please specify)
If the pesticides using in your land, are applied by you then fill the spray man questionnaire.
Thank you for your co-operation
If no, how many times do you wash the bottle before use?
� One time
� Two times
� Three times
� Others (please specify)
If yes, are you aware that you
should not do that?
� Yes
� No
30
A Questionnaire on Pesticide Sprayers
Name of the interviewer: _____________________________Date: _________________
1. Name of the Respondent ______________________________
2. Location: __________________________________________
3. If you are not the land owner, then by whom you are employed?
� Public (please specify the organizations name_______________________________)
� Private
Socio-economical Information:
4 5 6 Gender Age Educational Qualification • Male • Female
• 18-30 • 31-45 • 46 and above
• Below Primary • Below SSC • SSC • HSC • Above HSC • Other(please specify)____
7. For how many years have you been appling pesticides? � 1-3 years � 4-6 years � 7-9 years � 10 years and above
(i) Quantity of pesticide applied in a year ……………………………………
(ii) Please specify the size of used pesticide container ………………………
ID
Assalamualaikum / Adab. We are from Waste Concern Consultants, The purpose of this questionnaire is to investigate the uses of pesticides by the spray man, and the health & environmental effects of pesticide use. It is for research purposes only. Please answer the questions to be best of your knowledge. Answers will be kept completely confidential and will only be presented in a summary format.
31
8. Do you wear any protective clothing while applying pesticides?
� Yes � No
9. If yes, specify one or more from the following:
� Gloves � Face mask � Overalls � Boots/shoes � Eye glasses � Long-sleeve shirt � Face mask � Long pants � Others (please specify)
10. Are the pesticide containers used for any other purpose afterwards?
� Yes
� No
If yes, are you aware that you should not do that?
� Yes
� No
If no, how many times do you wash the bottle before use?
� One time
� Two times
� Three times
� Others (please specify)
11. How are the containers or packages disposed of?
� Returned to the distributor
� Thrown in open field
� Kept with other garbage
� Buried
� Incinerated
� Others (please specify)
12. If there is pesticide leftover, what do you do?
� Dispose in yard
� Dispose in canalization
� Dispose at solid waste disposal
� Use for another crop
� Others (please specify)
32
13. Where is the equipment washed
� Tubewell
� Pond
� River
� Bathroom
� Others (please specify)
14. What are the diseases you and your family suffering in last one year?
________________________________________________________________
15. Is any voluntary campaign held in this area about using manual of pesticides or health issues? � Yes. Please specify with the organization
name__________________________________________________________ � No
16.Who gives you work/order?
17. Who pays for the service?
18. What is the commission structure if work comes through a retailer/company?
19. What is your monthly income?
20. How many orders to you get monthly?
21. Which type of pesticides are in high demand for spraying?
22. What is the maximum area covered in each assignment?
23. When do you spray?
24. Did you receive any training/course to become spray-men?
If yes
From who?
Thank you for your co-operation
Environmental Checklist for Empty Pesticides Container Testing for USAID/Agro-Inputs Project (AIP) in Bangladesh
November 26, 2016
WASTE CONCERN CONSULTANTS House-21 (side B), Road-7, Block-G,
Banani ModelTown, Dhaka 1213 Phone: 88-02-9873002, 9873067, 9873110
email: [email protected], web: www.wasteconcern.org
TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Background 1 1.2 Objective of the Study 1 1.3 Methodology for Laboratory Testing 1 2 Method of Container Collection, Transportation and Analysis 3
2.1 Collection of Pesticide Samples 3 2.2 Procedure Followed for Collection of Samples 3 2.3 Procedure Followed for Transportation of Samples to Waste Concern
Consultant’s (WCC) Laboratory 4
2.4 Methods of Analysis
4
3 Safeguard Procedure and Disposal Method of Containers After Testing 7
3.1 Safeguard Procedure 7 3.2 Disposal Procedure
ANNEX 1: Laboratory Analysis Report from BCSIR
8
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1-1 List of Tested Pesticides Packets and Bottles 3
LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1-1 Steps Followed in Testing of Pesticide Containers 2
LIST OF PLATES
Plate 1 Collection of samples from BCPA office in Dhaka 4 Plate 2 Samples are collected carefully using protective gloves and masks 4 Plate 3 Samples are collected carefully in the leak proof plastic containers 4 Plate 4 Plastic containers are covered and sealed during transportation 4 Plate 5 Pesticide container samples are secured in leak proof containers with covers and
transported to the BCSIR Laboratory 5
Plate 6 Handing over pesticide bottle & packet to BCSIR 5 Plate 7 Samples are carefully delivered to BCSIR 6 Plate 8 Special care taken for each samples with necessary protection 6 Plate 9 Protective measures for handling the pesticides container samples was carried out 7 Plate 10 Protective gears (gloves and masks) were used during the collection,
transportation and handover process. 7
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1. Introduction 1.1 Background The agricultural sector in Bangladesh faces many challenges over the coming years. Owing to its rapid population growth and food security needs, the issues of land scarcity and agricultural intensification are quickly gaining pressing importance. Combined with the severe agro-climatic conditions (for example, annual flooding), agricultural production will face enhanced difficulties in meeting future demands. As a direct consequence of these challenging conditions, agriculture has been highly susceptible to crop pest attacks and diseases. Conservative estimates of annual crop losses are in the range of 10-15% in the absence of any direct intervention. In their defence, farmers have begun to use more toxic chemicals for pest control. These chemicals have a reputation for speed and effectiveness. The Government of Bangladesh also promotes the use of pesticides to expand its agricultural frontiers and increase output per acre of land. As a result, pesticide use in general in Bangladesh is increasing. Pesticides are highly hazardous if not used in the proper manner or in proper amounts. The risk of health hazards from pesticide containers is also high. Therefore, the proper management of pesticide containers has become a serious health issue. Against this backdrop, the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) Agricultural Inputs Project (AIP) engaged Waste Concern Consultants (WCC) as a consultant to carry out the assignment entitled, ‘Empty Pesticides Container Testing and Mini-Survey for USAID/Agro-Inputs Project (AIP) in Bangladesh’. 1.2 Objective of the Study
The objective of this study is to perform laboratory testing and data collection regarding the use and disposal of empty pesticide containers for 4 types of pesticides (insecticides, miticides, fungicides, and herbicides). Information derived from this research will inform the future viability of investment in a larger pesticide container management pilot with the Bangladesh Crop Protection Association (BCPA). 1.3 Methodology for Laboratory Testing Figure 1-1 shows the steps followed by Waste Concern Consultants in the laboratory analysis of pesticide containers. The results of the lab test of pesticide containers is described in Annex-1.
2 | P a g e
Figure 1-1: Steps Followed in Testing of Pesticide Containers
3 | P a g e
2. Method of Container Collection & Transportation 2.1 Collection of Pesticide Samples Waste Concern Consultants collected 36 pesticide samples in total (12 pesticides each having 3 samples). Out of 12 samples, 5 samples were in plastic packets, 5 samples in plastic bottles, 1 sample in glass bottle, and 1 sample in aluminium bottle. The samples were collected on August 21, 2016 from the office of BCPA located at Centre Point Concord, 11th Floor, Unit-D, 14/A and 31/A Tejkunipara, Dhaka-1215. Table 2-1 shows the list of pesticides collected from the BCPA office. Table 2-1: List of Tested Pesticides Packets and Bottles
2.2 Procedure Followed for Collection of Samples Before receiving the samples from BCPA for laboratory analysis, a written inventory of all the samples was jointly made by the representatives of BCPA and WCC. In the presence of a BCPA representative, the pesticide samples (36) were checked by a WCC representative for any leakage or damage in the bottles and packets. It was ensured that all the bottles and the packets were sealed. Subsequent to checking that there was no leakage or damage in bottles and packets, and after checking that the samples were sealed, the samples were packed in cartons. The cartons were tightly tapped. Cartons containing bottles were wrapped with polythene packets. In order to avoid spillage or leakage from the packed carton, the closed cartons were then placed in plastic containers with lids. In case there was a leakage from the pesticide bottles, the leakage would then be contained in the plastic container. Plastic containers were earlier tested with water to check that the containers were fully leak proof. The following photographs show the collection process of pesticide samples from BCPA.
No Type of Pesticide
Name of Pesticides Type of Empty Pesticides Container
Total Number of
Bottles/Packets 1 Insecticide 1 Virtako 40 W/G (Syngenta) Plastic Packet 3 2 Insecticide 2 Sumithion 50 EC (Setu) Plastic Bottle 3 3 Insecticide 3 Premier 20 SL (Haychem) Plastic Bottle 3 4 Fungicide 1 Nativo 75 WP (Bayer) Plastic Packet 3 5 Fungicide 2 Ridomil Gold MZ 68 WG (Syngenta) Plastic Packet 3 6 Fungicide 3 Xtra Care 300 EC (Haychem) Plastic Bottle 3 7 Miticide 1 Thiovit 80 WG (Syngenta) Plastic Packet 3 8 Miticide 2 Kumulus 80 DF (Auto Crop) Plastic Packet 3 9 Miticide 3 Vertimec 018 EC (Syngenta) Plastic Bottle 3
10 Herbicide 1 Whip Super 500 EC (Bayer) Aluminium Bottle 3 11 Herbicide 2 Rifit 500 EC (Syngenta) Plastic Bottle 3 12 Herbicide 3 Panida 33EC (Auto Crop) Glass Bottle 3 Total Samples 36
4 | P a g e
Plate 1: Collection of Samples from BCPA Office in Dhaka
Plate 2: Samples are collected carefully using protective gloves and masks
Plate 3: Samples are collected carefully in the leak proof plastic container
Plate 4: Plastic containers are covered and sealed during transportation
2.3 Procedure Followed for Transportation of Samples to Waste Concern Consultant’s (WCC) Laboratory The samples collected from the BCPA office using the procedure mentioned in section 2.2 was transported using WCC’s own vehicle (station wagon) to WCC’s office located at House No, 21 (Side-B), Road-7, Block-G, Banani, Dhaka-1213. For transportation, the samples where packed in the plastic containers as mentioned in section 2.1. The collected samples were stored from August 21 to August 22 in WCC’s environmental laboratory. After the samples reached WCC’s laboratory, the lid of the plastic bucket was opened to check for any leakage or damage of the plastic packets. No leakage and damage was found at WCC’s office after opening the plastic container’s lid.
5 | P a g e
2.4 Procedure Followed for Transportation of Samples from Waste Concern Consultant’s Office to BCSIR
The samples collected from the BCPA office using the procedure mentioned in section 2.2 was transported using WCC’s own vehicle (station wagon) to the BCSIR laboratory located at Dr. Qudrat-I-Khuda Road, New Elephant Road, Dhaka-1205. For transportation, the samples where packed in the plastic containers as mentioned in section 2.1. The collected samples were stored in WCC’s environmental laboratory from August 21 to August 22. They were transported to the BCSIR lab on August 23, 2016. After the samples reached the BCSIR laboratory, the lid of the plastic containers were opened to check for any leakage or damage of the plastic packets. No leakage and damage was found at the BCSIR laboratory after opening the plastic container’s lid. The containers were opened in the presence of BCSIR and WCC representatives. After opening the container, an inventory of the samples was made and cross checked with the inventory of samples received from BCPA. The following photographs show the transfer of the samples to BCSIR after proper documentation and inventory for laboratory analysis.
Plate 5: Pesticide container samples are secured in leak proof containers with covers and transported to the BCSIR Laboratory
Plate 6: Handing over pesticide bottles & packets to BCSIR
6 | P a g e
Plate 7: Samples are carefully delivered to BCSIR
Plate 8: Special care taken for each samples with necessary protection
2.4 Methods of Analysis
Samples were analyzed using GCMS (Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometer).
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3. Safeguard Procedure and Disposal Method of Containers After Testing 3.1 Safeguard Procedure For collecting, transporting, and transferring the pesticide samples to BCSIR laboratory, the WCC representative used all the recommended personal protective gear. This included wearing impermeable gloves, mask, long pants, long-sleeve shirts, and an apron. After each instance that the WCC representative handled the pesticides, the clothes were sent for laundering purposes. The WCC representative washed hands immediately after handling pesticides and also took a shower.
Plate 9: Protective measures for handling the pesticides container samples was carried out
Plate 10: Protective gears (gloves and mask) was used during the collection, transportation and handover process.
3.2 Disposal Procedure After analysis of samples, all the rinsed containers shall be buried at a depth of 5 -7 feet underground within the premises of BCSIR. BSCIR has also reported that they will also bury the unused pesticide samples after enclosing it in covered aluminium containers at a depth of 5-7 feet. BCSIR is following this as a standard operating procedure for disposal of hazardous waste.
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ANNEX 1: Laboratory Analysis Report from BCSIR
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Waste Concern Consultants
1
DESK REVIEW OF PESTICIDE SECTOR OF BANGLADESH
November, 2016
Waste Concern Consultants House No.21 (Side B), Road-7, Block-G
Banani, Dhaka-1213 Web: www.wasteconcern.org
Waste Concern Consultants
2
TABLE OF CONTENT
Sl. No. Title Page
Overview of Pesticide Sector 3 Pesticides Consumption Statistics 3 Pesticides Formulation 4 Wastewater generation from pesticide formulation units 9
LIST OF TABLE
Table 1 Statistics of Pesticides Consumption 3 Table 2 Yearly Pesticides Consumption Statistics 4 Table 3 List of Pesticide Formulation Companies in Bangladesh 5 Table 4 Commonly Used Pesticides and their Common & Trade Name 5 Table 5 Classification of Pesticide Products by Hazards 8 Table 6 Wastewater Statistics of Pesticides Formulation Factories 9 Table 7 Solid Waste Generation by Pesticide Formulation Factories 10
LIST OF FIGURE
Figure 1 Percentage Distribution of the Pesticide Sector in Bangladesh by Type of Business
3
Figure 2 Percentage of Pesticides Production Source 4 Figure 3 Imports of Pesticides from 1999-00 to 2011-12 6 Figure 4 Consumption of Pesticides from 2010 to 2015 6
LIST OF MAP
Map 1 Location of Pesticides Formulation Units in Bangladesh map 7
Waste Concern Consultants
3
Overview of Pesticide Sector From the review of available literature as well as other secondary sources it is found that 417 organizations/companies are engaged in the pesticides sector. However, among these 417, only 16 are involved with pesticide formulation and the rest deal with only pesticide distribution. Figure 1 shows 96% of the businesses in this sector are engaged in pesticide distribution whereas only 4% in formulations.
Figure 1: Percentage Distribution of the Pesticide Sector in Bangladesh by Type of Business
According to Bangladesh Crop Protection Association (BCPA), as of 2015, it has 96 registered
members.
Pesticides Consumption Statistics It may be seen from Table 1, 44.64% of pesticides use is of fungicides. The next most important group is insecticides (42.75%). The other major group is herbicide (12.14%). The rest is accounted as others. Table 1: Statistics of Pesticides Consumption
Pesticide Type/Group Consumption (metric tons) % of Total Insecticides 14266.14 42.75 Miticide 83.28 0.25 Fungicides 14896.06 44.64 Herbicide 4051.33 12.14 Others (Rodenticides, Acaricide, Public Health Pesticides etc,)
74.79 0.22
Total 33,371.60 100.0 Source: BBS, 2014
Waste Concern Consultants
4
Pesticides Formulation
From the desk study, it is found that during the year 2011-2012, a total of 22497.67 metric tons of pesticides were formulated by 12 pesticides formulators. This meets about 44.21% of total pesticides requirements. More thanfifty percent (55.79%) of the need is met by import.
Figure 2: Percentage of Pesticides Production Source Table 2 shows the pesticides formulation statistics of 12 pesticides formulation companies and location of the pesticide formulation factories are presented in map 1. The locational pattern is of following order: Gazipur (6), Dhaka (3), Chittagong(2) and Pabna (1).
Table 2: Yearly Pesticides Consumption Statistics
Year
Insecticide Miticide Fungicide Herbicide Rodenticide
Total (Metric Tons)
2010 25794.56 50.71 13269.43 3346.12 80.41 42541.23 2011 24481.02 73.79 15648.42 3859.60 58.50 44121.33 2012 20636.18 55.20 26478.54 3623.94 89.81 50883.67 2013 17597.43 71.54 17054.39 2949.06 108.44 37780.86 2014 15296.98 79.32 17037.36 3400.29 79.73 35893.68 2015 14266.14 83.28 14896.06 4051.33 74.79 33371.60
Source: BBS 2015 and BCPA data
Waste Concern Consultants
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Table 3: List of Pesticide Formulation Companies in Bangladesh
Sl. No. Name of Company
1 ACI Limited 2 Rahman Pesticide Limited 3 Syngenta Limited 4 Alpha Agro Limited 5 MAP Agro Limited 6 Bangladesh Agro Industries 7 Marshal Agrovet Limited 8 Limit Agro Chemicals 9 Shetu Corporation 10 Shetu Pesticides’ Limited 11 Reximco Limited 12 Rajib Agro Chemicals 13 MacDonald Limited 14 Sea Trade Fertilizer 15 Auto Crop Care 16 Padma Limited Company
Table 4: Commonly Used Pesticides and their Common & Trade Name Sl. No Name of Pesticide No. of Common Name No. of Trade Name 1 Miticide 8 228 2 Fungicide 79 1015 3 Insecticides 117 2588 4 Herbicide 51 691 5 Bio Pesticide 10 18 6 Stored Grain Pesticide 4 89 7 Ridenticide 2 13 8 Public Health Pesticide 88 717 Total 359 5359
Waste Concern Consultants
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Figure 3: Imports of Pesticides from 1999-00 to 2011-12
Figure 4: Consumption of Pesticides from 2010 to 2015
Waste Concern Consultants
7
N
SCALE
100 20 40 Miles
RAJBARIMEHERPUR
COX'S BAZAR
KHAGRACHARI
PATUAKHALI
BARGUNA
PIROJPURBAGERHAT
JHALAKATI
BHOLA CHITTAGONG
SHARIATPUR
MUNSHIGANJ
BARISAL
NARAIL
KHULNA
SATKHIRA
JESSOREGOPALGANJ
MADARIPUR
MAGURA
JHENAIDAHCHUADANGA
FARIDPUR
NOAKHALILUXMIPUR FENI
CHANDPURCOMILLA
BANDARBAN
RANGAMATI
RAJSHAHI
PANCHAGAR
NAWABGANJ
THAKURGAON
MYMENSINGH
GAZIPUR
DHAKA
PABNA
KUSHTIA
MANIKGANJ
SIRAJGANJNATORETANGAIL
BRAHMANBARIA
N. GANJ
NARSHINGDI
KISHOREGANJHABIGANJ
MULVIBAZAR
GAIBANDHA
NAOGAON
BOGRA
JOYPURHAT
JAMALPUR
SHERPUR
DINAJPUR RANGPUR
SUNAMGANJNETROKONA
SYLHET
LALMONIRHATNILPHAMARI
KURIGRAM
KAPTAILAKE
MEGHNAR.
PADMA R.JAM
UN
AR
.
I N D I A
I N D I A
I N D I A
I N D I A
I N D I A
MYAN
MAR
LOCATION OFPESTICIDE FORMULATION
INDUSTRIESIN BANGLADESH MAP
L E G E N D :
International Boundary
District Boundary
Division Boundary
River
= 12Pesticide Formulation Industries B A Y O F B E N G A L
2
6
3
1
Map 1: Location of Pesticides Formulation Units in Bangladesh map
Waste Concern Consultants
8
Table 5 presents classification of hazardous waste in pesticide formulation as per WHO categorization. Table 5: Classification of Pesticide Products by Hazards
Sl. No. Company Name Trade Name Formulation
Type
Quantity of Production
(kg)
Classification (As per WHO)
1 M/S. Shetu Pesticides Ltd.
Malathion Liquid 24,000 Class III Carbofuran Powder 40,320 Class IB Diazinon Powder 29,040
Dimethoate Liquid 6,960 Ethion Liquid 3,000
2 M/S, Rahman Pesticides
Diazinon 18,000 Butachlor 16,000
Carbofuran 40,800 Class IB
3 M/S, Padma Oil Co.
Carbofuran -85DB- Power 1,21,000 Class IB
4 M/S, Nokon Ltd. Carbofuran 98% Tech. 19,830 Class IB
5 M/S, ACI Formulations Ltd.
Carbofuran – 98% Tech.
Powder
195,000
Class IB
Cartap Hydrochloride
Powder
10,000
Class II
Diazinon Tech. Liquid 50,000
Phenthoate Tech.
Liquid 20,000
Butachlor Tech. Liquid 105,000
6 M/S, Bayer Crops Ltd. Oxadiazon 6000
7 M/S, Shetu Agro Industries Ltd.
Carbofuran – 98% Tach. Powder 24,000 Class IB
8 M/S, Sea Trade Fertilizer Ltd.
Butachlor Tech. Liquid 28,000
Carbofuran-75DB Powder 50,000 Class IB
9 M/S, The Limit Agro Products
Diazinon – 109 Liquid 10,000
Malathion Liquid 16,000 Class III
10 M/S, Alpha Agro Ltd.
Carbofuran – 75DB Powder 8,800 Class IB
11 M/S, Syngenta Bangladesh Ltd.
Diazinon Tech. Liquid 2,94,000
12 M/S, MAP Agro Industries Ltd.
Carbofuran – 98% Tech. Powder 5,000 Class IB
Source: ADB, 2009 Note: Class IB Highly Hazardous; Class II Moderately Hazardous, Class III Slightly Hazardous
Waste Concern Consultants
9
Wastewater generation from pesticide formulation units The wastewater sources from the pesticides units are:
• Washing of equipment, buildings, premises and empty package material; • Spillage and leakage during transport, production and unpacking; • Wet air scrubbers for treatment of ventilation air and process air; • Discharge of rainwater from uncovered storage areas and from uncovered loading and
unloading areas; • Water used in case of calamities, e.g.; fires or accidental spillage of active ingredients or
final product; • Water used for personal purposes.
An ADB study in 2009 has found that on average about 0.85 m3 of wastewater is being generated from one metric ton of finished product. Assuming that 0.85 m3 of wastewater is being generated from one metric ton of pesticide processing, the total volume of wastewater from 12 pesticides formulation factories shown in Table 5 is about 10919.5 m3 /year. Table 6 shows the wastewater statistics of 12 pesticides formulation factories. Table 6: Wastewater Statistics of Pesticides Formulation Factories
Sl. Company Name Total
Production Waste Water
(metric tons) (cu.m/ year) 1 Syngenta Bangladesh Ltd 2320 1972 2 Padma Oil Company Ltd 3000 2550 3 Shetu Agro Industries Ltd 1500 1275 4 Shetu Pesticides Ltd. 740 629 5 Rhone-Poulenc Agrovet BD. Ltd. 10 8.5 6 ACI Formulations Ltd. 2025 1721 7 Limit Agro Product Limited 300 331.5 8 Bayer Crop Science Ltd. 37.5 32 9 Rahman Pesticides Ltd. 462.5 393 10 Sea Trade Fertilizer Ltd 437.5 372 11 Alpha Agro Ltd 1892.5 1609 12 MAP Agro Industries Ltd. 31.25 26.5
Total 12756.25 10919.5 Source: ADB (2009)
Solid wastes generated from pesticides factories mainly include discarded package materials such as: cartons, paper bags, plastics. In addition, solid wastes also contain saw dust which is used to absorb chemicals from the accidental spillage.
From literature review it has been found that on average about 25 to 30 kilogram of solid waste is being generated from one metric ton of pesticide production. Assuming that 28 kilogram of solid waste is being generated from one metric ton of pesticide production, the total quantity of solid waste from 12 pesticides formulation factories is about 357.18 metric tons.
Waste Concern Consultants
10
Table 7: Solid Waste Generation by Pesticide Formulation Factories
Sl. Company Name Total
Production (metric tons)
Solid Waste
(metric tons) 1 Syngenta Bangladesh Ltd 2320 64.96 2 Padma Oil Company Ltd 3000 84.0 3 Shetu Agro Industries Ltd 1500 42.0 4 Shetu Pesticides Ltd. 740 20.72 5 Rhone-PoulencAgrovet BD. Ltd. 10 0.28 6 ACI Formulations Ltd. 2025 56.7 7 Limit Agro Product Limited 300 8.4 8 Bayer Crop Science Ltd. 37.5 1.05 9 Rahman Pesticides Ltd. 462.5 12.95 10 Sea Trade Fertilizer Ltd 437.5 12.25 11 Alpha Agro Ltd 1892.5 52.99 12 MAP Agro Industries Ltd. 31.25 0.875
Total 12,756.25 357.18 Source: ADB (2009)
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Table: 1. Pesticide Residue Analysis Report Sl No
Brand Name Compound Name
Control (Area)
3rd Wash (Area)
3rd Wash (% Removed)
3rd Wash Mean
(% Removed)
4th Wash (Area)
4th Wash (% Removed)
4th Wash Mean
(% Removed)
Insecticide
1 Virtako 40 W/G Simetryn 6,78,670 3,22,450 52.48 55.45 3,08,784 54.50 60.10
2 Virtako 40 W/G Simetryn 10,27,538 4,27,084 58.43 3,52,409 65.70
3 Sumithion 50 EC Fenitrothion 7,59,65,065 3,01,50,912 60.30 58.78 1,65,25,416 78.24 75.80
4 Sumithion 50 EC Fenitrothion 6,51,97,106 2,78,56,224 57.27 1,73,58,950 73.37
5 Premier 20 SL Cypermethrin 50,96,476 50,280 99.01 98.24 19,880 99.60 99.62
6 Premier 20 SL Cypermethrin 57,59,892 1,44,721 97.48 19,880 99.65
Table: 2. Pesticide Residue Analysis Report Sl No
Brand Name Compound Name
Control (Area)
3rd Wash (Area)
3rd Wash (% Removed)
3rd Wash Mean
(% Removed)
4th Wash (Area)
4th Wash (% Removed)
4th Wash Mean
(% Removed)
Fungicide
1 Nativo 75 WP Tebuconazole 5,95,35,474 4,40,270 99.26 99.28 2,87,606 99.51 99.53
2 Nativo 75 WP Tebuconazole 5,79,59,249 3,98,204 99.31 2,57,192 99.55
3 Ridomil Gold MZ 68 WG
Metalaxyl 1,12,00,412 63,078 99.43 99.41 41,551 99.62 99.62
4 Ridomil Gold MZ 68 WG
Metalaxyl 1,18.65,893 70,045 99.40 43,459 99.63
5
XtraCare-300EC Propiconazole 9,45,32,528 66,53,742 92.95 91.02
(Propiconazole)
90.77 (Difenoconazole)
9,31,552 99.01 99.07 (Propiconazole)
99.47 (Difenoconazole)
Difenoconazole 7,85,34,683 47,74,398 93.92 2,94,381 99.62
6 XtraCare-300EC Propiconazole 8,46,06,349 92,21,080 89.10 7,21,376 99.14
Difenoconazole
Table: 3 Pesticide Residue Analysis Report Sl No
Brand Name Compound Name Control (Area)
3rd Wash (Area)
3rd Wash (% Removed)
3rd Wash Mean
(% Removed)
4th Wash (Area)
4th Wash (% Removed)
4th Wash Mean
(% Removed)
Miticide
1 Thiovit 80 WG Cadusafos 8,40,822 4,16,573 50.45 51.46
4,10,697 51.15 53.10
2 Thiovit 80 WG Cadusafos 9,15,720 4,35,210 52.47 4,11,450 55.06
3 Kumulus 80 DF Dichlofenthion 1,82,54,604 2,11,984 98.83 98.39 1,66,291 99.08 98.95
4 Kumulus 80 DF Dichlofenthion 1,72,50,510 3,52,654 97.95 2,01,312 98.83
5 Vertimec 018 EC BHT
Phenol, 2,6-bis(1,1-dimethyleyhyl)-4-methyl
1,61,52,987 1,06,78,817 33.88 27.03
10,10,502 93.74 93.02
6 Vertimec 018 EC BHT
Phenol, 2,6-bis(1,1-dimethyleyhyl)-4-methyl
1,64,90,378 1,31,60,530 20.19 12,69,472 92.30
Table: 4. Pesticide Residue Analysis Report Sl No
Brand Name Compound Name Control (Area)
3rd Wash (Area)
3rd Wash (% Removed)
3rd Wash Mean
(% Removed)
4th Wash (Area)
4th Wash (% Removed)
4th Wash Mean
(% Removed)
Herbicide
1 Whip Super-500 EC Fenoxaprop-ethyl 2,48,18,415 2,30,46,928 7.13 9.04 62,01,242 75.01 72.83
2 Whip Super-500 EC Fenoxaprop-ethyl 2,48,82,040 2,21,53,903 10.96 73,00,198 70.66
3 Rifit 500 EC Pretilachlor 17,98,63,257 5,81,69,084 67.65 69.60 53,33,044 97.03 97.38
4 Rifit 500 EC Pretilachlor 17,63,83,952 5,01,73,346 71.55 39,95,040 97.73
5 Panida33 EC Pendimethalin 55,54,298 22,32,203 59.81 63.22 4,95,766 91.07 91.75
6 Panida33 EC Pendimethalin 79,65,539 26,57,639 66.63 6,02,953 92.43
Pesticide Residue Analysis Report Sl No Brand Name of
the Pesticides Compound Name Control(Peak
Area) 3rd Wash 4th Wash
Peak Area % removed
Peak Area % removed
First Data Panida-33EC Pendimethalin 79,65,539 26,57,639 66.63 6,02,953 92.43 Repeat Data Panida-33EC Pendimethalin 55,54,298 22,32,203 59.81 4,95,766 91.07 First Data Sumithion 50 EC Fenitrothion 7,59,65,066 3,01,50,912 60.30 1,65,25,416 78.24 RepeatData Sumithion 50 EC Fenitrothion 6,51,97,106 2,78,56,224 57.27 1,73,58,950 73.37 First Data RIFIT500EC Pretilachlor 17,98,63,257 5,81,69,084 67.65 53,33,044 97.03 RepeatData RIFIT500EC Pretilachlor 17,63,83,952 5,01,73,346 71.55 39,95,040 97.73 First Data Whip Super-9EC Fenoxaprop-ethyl 2,48,18,415 2,30,46,928 7.13 62,01,242 75.01 RepeatData Whip Super-9EC Fenoxaprop-ethyl 2,48,82,040 2,21,53,903 10.96 73,00,198 70.66 First Data Navita 75 WG Tebuconazole 5,95,35,474 4,40,270 99.26 2,87,606 99.51 RepeatData Navita 75 WG Tebuconazole 5,79,59,249 3,98,204 99.31 2,57,192 99.55 First Data Vertimec 018EC BHT(GCMS found) 1,61,52,987 1,06,78,817 33.88 5,05,251 96.87 First Data Premiere 200 SL Imidachloprid
(level) Cypermethion (GCMS found)
66,64,152 5,77,481 94.33 - 100
