ENERGY AND COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS OF THE - … · Model input data for two types of ... 1A1 VAV with Reheat Atmospheric Nat. Gas Air Cooled ... Energy and Cost Benefit Analyses of

ENERGY AND COST BENEFIT ANALYSES OF HEATING, VENTILATIONAND AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS AVAILABLE FOR OHIO SCHOOLS

Final Report

Prepared for:

Mr. William ManzOhio Department of Development

Office of Energy Efficiency77 South High Street, 26th Floor

Columbus, OH 43215-6108

and

Mr. Franklin BrownOhio School Facilities Commission

88 East Broad Street, Suite 1400Columbus, OH 43215

Prepared by:

Mr. Stephen PettyMr. Greg Hochstetler

Now at: Energy & Environmental Solutions, Inc84 N. High Street, Suite 2B

Dublin, Ohio 43017(614) 798-4123

November 10, 2000

.

ENERGY AND COST BENEFIT ANALYSES OF HEATING, VENTILATION

AND AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS AVAILABLE FOR OHIO SCHOOLS

Volume I: Final Report

Prepared for:

Mr. William ManzOhio Department of Development

Office of Energy Efficiency77 South High Street, 26th Floor

Columbus, OH 43215-6108

and

Mr. Franklin BrownOhio School Facilities Commission88 East Broad Street, Suite 1400

Columbus, OH 43215

Prepared by:

Mr. Stephen PettyMr. Greg Hochstetler

Energy and Envrionmental Solutions, Inc.84 N. High Street, Suite 2B

Dublin, Ohio 43017(614) 798-4123

November 10, 2000

Energy and Cost Benefit Analyses of HVAC Systems Available to Ohio Schools

ii

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors wish to thank Bill Manz of the Ohio Department of Development’s Office of EnergyEfficiency and Franklin Brown of the Ohio School Facilities Commission. for their support andguidance throughout this project. The authors also wish to thank Mr. John Fetters, EffectiveLighting Solutions, Inc. for his significant contributions to Chapter 10 on daylighting and Mr.Mark Taylor, Limbach Company for his work and insights into building zoning and modeling.


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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The authors prepared energy analyses of the design options available (Ohio School DesignManual) to architects and engineers (A&Es) for mechanical systems in State of Ohio Schoolbuildings for the Ohio Department of Development’s Office of Energy Efficiency (ODOD-OEE). The objectives of this project were to: 1) model energy costs, by mechanical system, foran elementary school and a high school in three representative locations in the State of Ohio, and2) evaluate three sustaining energy alternatives for their cost-effectiveness for consideration infuture school designs. These two objectives were called Phase 1 and Phase 2, respectively.

Carrier’s Hourly Analysis Program (HAP) energy analysis model was selected to perform theseanalyses. HAP was selected and used because it: 1) is an 8,760 hour per year code (models abuilding every hour of every day for one calendar year), 2) provides a good compromise betweencomplexity and accuracy of available models, and 3) it is widely used and accepted by industry.Model input data for two types of schools (i.e., an elementary school and a high school) weretaken directly from drawings and specifications for the first two types of these buildingsdesigned under the new Ohio School Design Manual. The elementary schooldrawings/specifications used were for the planned Katherine Thomas Elementary School in theWindham Exempted Village School District located in Windham, OH; the high schooldrawings/specifications used were for the new Uhrichsville High School in the Claymont CitySchool District located in Dennison, OH. Actual architectural details from each building wereloaded into HAP. Each of the 40 potential mechanical system combinations available to an A&E(from the Ohio School Design Manual) were evaluated for three separate weather locations (i.e.,Cleveland, Cincinnati and Columbus, OH). Mechanical configurations evaluated are listed inTable S-1. The left column in Table S-1 provides an identifier code that is used throughout thereport to summarize a specific HVAC System Option


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HVACSystemOption

Air System Boiler HeatingFuel

Cooling Plant

1A1 VAV with Reheat Atmospheric Nat. Gas Air Cooled Screw Chiller

1A2 VAV with Reheat Atmospheric Nat. Gas Water Cooled Screw Chiller

1A3 VAV with Reheat Atmospheric Nat. Gas Water Cooled Centrifugal Chiller

1B1 VAV with Reheat Power Nat. Gas Air Cooled Screw Chiller

1B2 VAV with Reheat Power Nat. Gas Water Cooled Screw Chiller

1B3 VAV with Reheat Power Nat. Gas Water Cooled Centrifugal Chiller

1C1 VAV with Reheat Electric Electric Air Cooled Screw Chiller

1C2 VAV with Reheat Electric Electric Water Cooled Screw Chiller

1C3 VAV with Reheat Electric Electric Water Cooled Centrifugal Chiller

1D1 VAV with Reheat Power Oil Air Cooled Screw Chiller

1D2 VAV with Reheat Power Oil Water Cooled Screw Chiller

1D3 VAV with Reheat Power Oil Water Cooled Centrifugal Chiller

2A1 Series Fan Powered VAV Box Atmospheric Nat. Gas Air Cooled Screw Chiller

2A2 Series Fan Powered VAV Box Atmospheric Nat. Gas Water Cooled Screw Chiller

2A3 Series Fan Powered VAV Box Atmospheric Nat. Gas Water Cooled Centrifugal Chiller

2B1 Series Fan Powered VAV Box Power Nat. Gas Air Cooled Screw Chiller

2B2 Series Fan Powered VAV Box Power Nat. Gas Water Cooled Screw Chiller

2B3 Series Fan Powered VAV Box Power Nat. Gas Water Cooled Centrifugal Chiller

2C1 Series Fan Powered VAV Box Electric Electric Air Cooled Screw Chiller

2C2 Series Fan Powered VAV Box Electric Electric Water Cooled Screw Chiller

2C3 Series Fan Powered VAV Box Electric Electric Water Cooled Centrifugal Chiller

2D1 Series Fan Powered VAV Box Power Oil Air Cooled Screw Chiller

2D2 Series Fan Powered VAV Box Power Oil Water Cooled Screw Chiller

2D3 Series Fan Powered VAV Box Power Oil Water Cooled Centrifugal Chiller

3A1 Water Source Heat Pump Atmospheric Nat. Gas

3B1 Water Source Heat Pump Power Nat. Gas

3C1 Water Source Heat Pump Electric Electric

3D1 Water Source Heat Pump Power Oil

4A1 Dual Duct VAV Atmospheric Nat. Gas Air Cooled Screw Chiller

4A2 Dual Duct VAV Atmospheric Nat. Gas Water Cooled Screw Chiller

4A3 Dual Duct VAV Atmospheric Nat. Gas Water Cooled Centrifugal Chiller

4B1 Dual Duct VAV Power Nat. Gas Air Cooled Screw Chiller

4B2 Dual Duct VAV Power Nat. Gas Water Cooled Screw Chiller

4B3 Dual Duct VAV Power Nat. Gas Water Cooled Centrifugal Chiller

4C1 Dual Duct VAV Electric Electric Air Cooled Screw Chiller

4C2 Dual Duct VAV Electric Electric Water Cooled Screw Chiller

4C3 Dual Duct VAV Electric Electric Water Cooled Centrifugal Chiller

4D1 Dual Duct VAV Power Oil Air Cooled Screw Chiller

4D2 Dual Duct VAV Power Oil Water Cooled Screw Chiller

4D3 Dual Duct VAV Power Oil Water Cooled Centrifugal Chiller

Table S-1: Summary of Plant Design Options


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HAP was then run to determine building energy loads. Then HAP was loaded/matched withmechanical systems to determine hourly energy (electrical – demand/total, natural gas andheating oil) needs. Finally, this output information was imported into a MicroSoft® Excel®

spreadsheet and combined with local rate tariffs to determine annual energy costs by equipmentoption, location and type of building.

For Phase 1, HAP was operated 240 times (two building types times three cities times 40mechanical system variations). Output (Tables S-2 to S-4) from Phase 1 consisted of six sets ofannual energy consumption (site and source) and cost data (two types of buildings in three cities)for 40 different mechanical systems. This tables provided a baseline comparison of the annualenergy (site and source) and energy cost differences of one mechanical system over the other,including how energy costs for the same mechanical systems compare across the range ofweather conditions (or locations) seen across Ohio. All 240 baseline cases were used as a basisfor comparison against other alternative completed during this work and described later in thesummary. In general, all-electric systems were more expensive than other equipment options.Baseline results show the VAV reheat system utilizing a natural gas fired boiler and water cooledcentrifugal chiller have the lowest annual energy cost. The lowest cost systems in Columbus andCincinnati use a natural gas fired boiler with a power burner whereas, in Cleveland, the naturalgas boiler employs an atmospheric burner. The Cleveland data shows that area to have higherannual energy costs than Cincinnati and Columbus for similar HVAC systems; Columbus has thelowest annual energy costs.

Since annual energy costs only represent a portion of the overall cost of providing spaceconditioning to school buildings, detailed life-cycle costs were prepared for each of the 240HVAC system options modeled. Components of the life cycle analyses included:

• Equipment first costs• Annual energy costs• Annualized service and maintenance costs.

To maintain consistency in the analyses, major cost data bases were reviewed as part of thiswork. Ultimately, the 2000 edition of RSMeans CostWorks® (RSMeans 2000®) was selectedand used as a database engine for our cost estimates for equipment plant and terminal unit firstcosts and annualized service and maintenance costs. Ductwork costs were obtained fromarchitects and engineers specializing in the design of schools. All national costs were correctedby RSMeans 2000® city cost corrections for each of the three cities considered in this work.These factors were 0.958, 1.044 and 0.977 for Cincinnati, Cleveland and Columbus respectively.


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Elementary School High SchoolHVACSystemOption Cincinnati Cleveland Columbus Cincinnati Cleveland Columbus

1A1 2,430 2,762 2,568 7,481 8,433 7,829

1A2 2,249 2,624 2,412 7,253 8,255 7,632

1A3 2,290 2,656 2,456 7,430 8,403 7,801

1B1 2,424 2,758 2,562 7,415 8,358 7,757

1B2 2,244 2,620 2,406 7,187 8,180 7,559

1B3 2,285 2,652 2,451 7,364 8,328 7,728

1C1 2,270 2,519 2,368 6,675 7,407 6,929

1C2 2,090 2,381 2,212 6,447 7,228 6,731

1C3 2,131 2,413 2,256 6,624 7,376 6,900

1D1 2,419 2,744 2,554 7,403 8,331 7,740

1D2 2,238 2,606 2,398 7,175 8,152 7,543

1D3 2,279 2,638 2,442 7,352 8,301 7,712

2A1 2,622 2,931 2,671 7,412 8,361 7,735

2A2 2,414 2,773 2,498 7,170 8,174 7,533

2A3 2,471 2,814 2,550 7,360 8,331 7,711

2B1 2,618 2,927 2,667 7,345 8,286 7,663

2B2 2,410 2,769 2,494 7,103 7,821 7,461

2B3 2,466 2,811 2,547 7,294 7,977 7,639

2C1 2,448 2,673 2,470 6,635 7,359 6,865

2C2 2,239 2,515 2,297 6,392 7,172 6,663

2C3 2,296 2,557 2,349 6,583 7,329 6,840

2D1 2,609 2,909 2,656 7,336 8,263 7,650

2D2 2,401 2,751 2,482 7,094 8,076 7,448

2D3 2,457 2,792 2,535 7,285 8,233 7,626

3A1 4,124 4,820 4,378 6,622 7,605 7,000

3B1 4,084 4,771 4,334 6,564 7,533 6,935

3C1 3,741 4,307 3,942 6,086 6,891 6,389

3D1 4,087 4,772 4,337 6,569 7,537 6,941

4A1 3,245 3,805 3,399 7,770 8,829 8,150

4A2 3,071 3,671 3,248 7,545 8,653 7,955

4A3 3,115 3,704 3,294 7,721 8,801 8,123

4B1 3,210 3,761 3,361 7,705 8,754 8,078

4B2 3,037 3,627 3,210 7,479 8,578 7,882

4B3 3,081 3,660 3,256 7,656 8,726 8,050

4C1 2,908 3,328 3,014 6,920 7,741 7,201

4C2 2,734 3,194 2,863 6,695 7,565 7,005

4C3 2,778 3,227 2,909 6,871 7,713 7,173

4D1 3,212 3,759 3,363 7,687 8,718 8,055

4D2 3,038 3,625 3,212 7,462 8,542 7,859

4D3 3,082 3,658 3,235 7,638 8,690 8,028

Table S-2: Baseline Site Energy Consumption (MMBTU/Year) by HVACSystem Option, School Type and Location


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1A1 6,440 6,610 6,463 15,473 16,282 15,679

1A2 5,840 6,149 5,943 14,849 15,785 15,124

1A3 5,976 6,257 6,091 15,255 16,137 15,529

1B1 6,445 6,622 6,470 15,413 16,216 15,614

1B2 5,845 6,161 5,950 14,789 15,719 15,058

1B3 5,981 6,268 6,098 15,195 16,070 15,464

1C1 7,566 8,396 7,892 20,880 23,241 21,710

1C2 6,966 7,935 7,372 20,256 22,744 21,154

1C3 7,102 8,042 7,521 20,662 23,096 21,559

1D1 6,547 6,776 6,597 15,907 16,831 16,159

1D2 5,946 6,316 6,077 15,282 16,335 15,603

1D3 6,083 6,423 6,226 15,689 16,686 16,008

2A1 6,891 6,978 6,754 15,568 16,332 15,707

2A2 6,197 6,451 6,176 14,907 15,814 15,141

2A3 6,384 6,590 6,352 15,342 16,182 15,564

2B1 6,898 6,992 6,764 15,507 16,265 15,641

2B2 6,204 6,465 6,186 14,846 15,746 15,075

2B3 6,392 6,604 6,362 15,281 16,115 15,498

2C1 8,159 8,910 8,233 20,744 23,081 21,498

2C2 7,465 8,383 7,655 20,084 22,563 20,931

2C3 7,653 8,522 7,831 20,518 22,931 21,354

2D1 7,008 7,153 6,891 15,983 16,867 16,169

2D2 6,314 6,626 6,313 15,323 16,349 15,603

2D3 6,502 6,765 6,488 15,758 16,717 16,026

3A1 10,105 11,128 10,434 16,997 18,516 17,534

3B1 10,068 11,083 10,393 16,938 18,445 17,469

3C1 12,471 14,357 13,140 20,286 22,971 21,295

3D1 10,298 11,391 10,656 17,258 18,872 17,834

4A1 7,591 8,053 7,636 15,932 16,882 16,183

4A2 7,011 7,608 7,132 15,314 16,391 15,631

4A3 7,159 7,718 7,285 15,723 16,745 16,037

4B1 7,559 8,012 7,600 15,875 16,819 16,121

4B2 6,980 7,567 7,097 15,257 16,328 15,569

4B3 7,127 7,677 7,250 15,665 16,682 15,975

4C1 9,692 11,093 10,047 21,700 24,357 22,618

4C2 9,113 10,648 9,543 21,082 23,866 22,066

4C3 9,260 10,758 9,696 21,491 24,220 22,472

4D1 7,761 8,298 7,832 16,393 17,470 16,694

4D2 7,182 7,853 7,328 15,775 16,979 16,142

4D3 7,329 7,963 7,454 16,184 17,333 16,548

Table S-3: Baseline Source Energy Consumption (MMBTU/Year) byHVAC System Option, School Type and Location


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1A1 $87,169 $78,352 $65,656 $150,390 $161,542 $120,884

1A2 $66,349 $70,705 $57,092 $135,594 $154,039 $114,784

1A3 $65,195 $70,678 $54,783 $127,977 $155,961 $114,999

1B1 $87,166 $78,602 $65,634 $150,102 $161,370 $120,476

1B2 $66,347 $70,954 $57,071 $135,306 $153,866 $114,503

1B3 $65,192 $70,925 $54,763 $127,689 $155,788 $114,718

1C1 $89,427 $110,225 $77,472 $193,683 $281,848 $218,221

1C2 $74,708 $102,588 $73,858 $186,206 $275,502 $216,979

1C3 $74,086 $102,543 $73,174 $183,552 $277,801 $217,885

1D1 $87,884 $78,789 $65,659 $153,906 $161,767 $120,742

1D2 $67,066 $71,147 $57,095 $139,110 $154,263 $114,844

1D3 $65,911 $71,120 $54,789 $131,493 $156,184 $115,058

2A1 $89,457 $83,248 $68,928 $152,450 $163,705 $123,030

2A2 $68,656 $74,277 $58,520 $136,799 $156,075 $116,193

2A3 $67,265 $74,624 $57,690 $129,290 $157,890 $116,542

2B1 $89,461 $83,490 $68,919 $152,158 $163,507 $122,620

2B2 $68,661 $74,139 $58,510 $136,507 $155,885 $115,896

2B3 $67,269 $74,866 $57,680 $128,997 $157,693 $116,244

2C1 $92,196 $115,418 $80,535 $193,087 $279,580 $215,423

2C2 $77,072 $106,311 $75,998 $184,590 $272,330 $214,157

2C3 $76,454 $107,030 $75,826 $182,118 $274,737 $215,102

2D1 $90,256 $83,663 $68,926 $155,819 $163,912 $122,894

2D2 $69,456 $74,312 $58,518 $140,169 $156,283 $116,240

2D3 $68,065 $75,040 $57,688 $132,659 $158,097 $116,588

3A1 $90,051 $120,475 $88,973 $144,017 $196,519 $140,739

3B1 $89,938 $120,354 $88,830 $143,814 $196,383 $140,477

3C1 $124,060 $182,459 $149,204 $190,656 $284,280 $225,636

3D1 $91,678 $120,629 $89,075 $146,250 $196,755 $142,002

4A1 $88,793 $88,495 $69,675 $150,065 $165,214 $121,845

4A2 $70,525 $81,235 $61,870 $136,064 $157,883 $116,721

4A3 $68,508 $81,222 $60,607 $128,554 $159,872 $117,082

4B1 $88,646 $88,401 $69,465 $149,780 $165,075 $121,441

4B2 $70,378 $81,142 $61,703 $135,780 $157,744 $116,443

4B3 $68,361 $81,128 $60,488 $128,272 $159,733 $116,805

4C1 $111,054 $150,870 $125,405 $199,590 $295,197 $232,238

4C2 $99,623 $143,608 $124,280 $192,663 $289,156 $231,004

4C3 $98,536 $143,586 $124,622 $190,180 $291,485 $231,912

4D1 $90,138 $88,660 $69,609 $153,802 $165,443 $121,695

4D2 $71,870 $81,400 $61,877 $139,801 $158,119 $116,772

4D3 $69,854 $81,386 $60,564 $132,293 $160,108 $117,135

Table S-4: Baseline Annual Site Energy Cost ($/Year) by HVAC System Option,School Type and Location


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Equipment first costs included three major elements:

• Plant (heating and cooling plant equipment)• Ductwork• Terminal units

Plant first costs were derived by developing cost versus size curve-fits from RSMeans 2000®

databases and then applying these curves to the size of the plant equipment for a particularHVAC option. For each of the four heat pump HVAC cases, 76 separate heat pumps were sizedand costed for the elementary school and 99 heat pumps were sized and costed for the highschool. These numbers reflect the number of zones designed into each building. Ductwork costswere based on cost per square foot for the four air systems considered. Terminal units werecosted similarly to the plant equipment, sizing was taken from architect drawing schedules andfrom our own modeling. For each option, the life cycle cost was calculated as the sum of:

• Total equipment first costs• 20 years of energy savings discounted 6% per year• 20 years of service, repair and replacement annualized costs

Results of life-cycle cost calculations for the elementary and the high school are summarized inTable S-5.

For the elementary school, the least cost life-cycle system was $1,897,806 (Columbus, 1A3HVAC option) and the highest cost life-cycle system was $3,693,610 (Cleveland, 3C1 HVACoption). The highest cost HVAC options were 45%, 70% and 69% higher than the lower costHVAC options respectively. For the high school, the least cost life-cycle system was $3,048,756(Columbus, 1A3 HVAC option) and the highest cost life-cycle system was $5,465,692(Cleveland, 3C1 HVAC option). This implies that the highest cost HVAC options were 34%,52% and 53% higher than the lower cost HVAC options respectively.


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Elementary School PV High School PVHVACSystemOption Cincinnati Cleveland Columbus Cincinnati Cleveland Columbus

1A1 $2,261,461 $2,273,597 $2,039,729 $3,568,508 $3,790,284 $3,254,888

1A2 $2,089,820 $2,259,071 $2,009,998 $3,309,636 $3,620,795 $3,097,026

1A3 $1,992,541 $2,167,169 $1,897,806 $3,171,234 $3,593,209 $3,048,756

1B1 $2,262,805 $2,277,957 $2,040,889 $3,570,224 $3,793,776 $3,255,317

1B2 $2,091,178 $2,263,431 $2,011,158 $3,311,351 $3,624,279 $3,098,918

1B3 $1,993,885 $2,171,512 $1,898,981 $3,172,949 $3,596,682 $3,050,648

1C1 $2,273,361 $2,623,904 $2,160,979 $4,005,833 $5,108,087 $4,311,459

1C2 $2,171,692 $2,609,503 $2,188,021 $3,830,911 $4,951,865 $4,209,323

1C3 $2,080,509 $2,517,401 $2,094,461 $3,749,436 $4,928,594 $4,168,980

1D1 $2,287,288 $2,297,804 $2,057,735 $3,614,668 $3,800,680 $3,259,530

1D2 $2,115,661 $2,283,345 $2,028,004 $3,355,795 $3,631,178 $3,103,976

1D3 $2,018,368 $2,191,439 $1,915,842 $3,217,393 $3,603,582 $3,055,706

2A1 $2,320,189 $2,365,151 $2,110,400 $3,626,601 $3,852,642 $3,314,642

2A2 $2,170,636 $2,359,263 $2,081,798 $3,357,926 $3,681,699 $3,148,333

2A3 $2,048,769 $2,247,842 $1,964,275 $3,220,747 $3,652,887 $3,101,595

2B1 $2,321,616 $2,369,426 $2,111,690 $3,628,266 $3,855,846 $3,315,053

2B2 $2,172,063 $2,359,184 $2,083,087 $3,359,591 $3,684,994 $3,150,042

2B3 $2,050,196 $2,252,116 $1,965,565 $3,222,413 $3,656,084 $3,103,304

2C1 $2,337,603 $2,718,873 $2,229,238 $4,033,456 $5,119,622 $4,314,507

2C2 $2,253,149 $2,711,426 $2,267,987 $3,846,842 $4,953,038 $4,212,096

2C3 $2,140,160 $2,604,273 $2,158,017 $3,767,441 $4,931,011 $4,172,208

2D1 $2,346,980 $2,389,114 $2,128,345 $3,671,074 $3,862,841 $3,319,349

2D2 $2,197,426 $2,378,873 $2,099,743 $3,402,399 $3,691,899 $3,155,138

2D3 $2,075,560 $2,271,805 $1,982,220 $3,265,221 $3,663,075 $3,108,400

3A1 $2,543,046 $3,027,582 $2,560,640 $3,733,698 $4,439,659 $3,737,391

3B1 $2,545,447 $3,030,219 $2,562,762 $3,736,381 $4,443,574 $3,739,500

3C1 $2,891,908 $3,693,610 $3,209,445 $4,211,895 $5,386,801 $4,653,274

3D1 $2,571,823 $3,040,369 $2,572,124 $3,765,145 $4,450,181 $3,757,817

4A1 $2,486,601 $2,614,983 $2,296,441 $3,752,433 $4,036,898 $3,457,288

4A2 $2,344,233 $2,604,909 $2,275,409 $3,502,689 $3,869,390 $3,310,622

4A3 $2,237,056 $2,513,164 $2,175,216 $3,365,500 $3,842,568 $3,264,028

4B1 $2,488,608 $2,617,931 $2,297,803 $3,754,188 $4,040,770 $3,457,762

4B2 $2,346,239 $2,607,857 $2,277,269 $3,504,443 $3,873,259 $3,312,544

4B3 $2,239,062 $2,516,112 $2,177,619 $3,367,282 $3,846,432 $3,265,968

4C1 $2,700,720 $3,285,501 $2,893,625 $4,261,246 $5,465,692 $4,663,607

4C2 $2,636,775 $3,275,394 $2,949,214 $4,092,624 $5,312,976 $4,561,566

4C3 $2,540,251 $3,183,553 $2,867,422 $4,013,104 $5,290,055 $4,521,240

4D1 $2,512,151 $2,627,896 $2,305,998 $3,801,126 $4,047,341 $3,461,836

4D2 $2,369,783 $2,617,822 $2,285,811 $3,551,382 $3,879,910 $3,317,477

4D3 $2,262,606 $2,526,074 $2,185,040 $3,414,221 $3,853,082 $3,270,901

Table S-5: Life Cycle Costs for All Baseline Options


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For Phase 2 and supplemental activities, the HAP model was re-run several thousand times underfive separate scenarios to determine the benefits, or costs of these scenarios against baselineannual energy costs or life-cycle costs. These five scenarios included consideration of the use of:

• Controls to minimize use of peak electric power• Enthalpy heat recovery equipment• Reducing, or increasing, the amount of ventilation air to simulate IAQ impacts.• Geothermal heat pump equipment• Impacts of two daylighting approaches on annual energy costs.

For the enthalpy heat recovery case, HAP was re-run 240 times to determine the change inannual energy costs should heat recovery equipment be installed into both building types. In thecontrols case, HAP was again re-run 240 times to determine the possible annual energy savingsassociated with either using special electric rates (Cleveland and Cincinnati) or moving peakpower off peak (Columbus). In the ventilation air case, HAP was re-run 80 times for a prototypehigh school located in Columbus, OH to evaluate the economic impacts of both less ventilationair (10 CFM/person vs 15 CFM/person base case) or increased ventilation air (20 CFM/person vs15 CFM/person). Geothermal heat pump systems are of increasing interest due to claimsregarding reduced energy consumption, lower annual energy costs and lower overall life cyclecosts compared to other conventional systems. HAP was modified and rerun six times (twobuildings in three cities) to determine annual energy costs and cost comparisons against thebaseline systems considered earlier. Several recent studies have shown that certain types ofdaylighting improve standardized student test scores. As part of this work, two types ofdaylighting were evaluated to determine the annual energy costs. Findings from all five of thesescenarios follow:

Controls:As seen in the baseline analyses, much of the annual energy costs, and cost differences can betraced to electrical energy consumption, particularly differences in peak power usage (i.e.,demand charges). In this section, the impacts of alternate electric rate structures associated withcontrolling electric demand power was evaluated.

In Cleveland, if certain electric loads are metered using a second meter, then that load can bebilled at a lower, second meter, rate. The Cleveland Electric Illuminating (CEI) Electric SpaceConditioning Schedule is available and applicable to schools (new and existing) that are wiredsuch that space heating and air conditioning equipment can be separately metered. Waterheating equipment may also be separately metered.

Cincinnati Gas and Electric (CG&E) offers an optional electric rate for facilities using electricspace heating. This “EH” rate is available to any public school, parochial school, private schoolor church; the entity simply requests the “EH” rate from CG&E. For Columbus, actual demandcontrol would be needed to obtain special rates.

Annual controls energy cost savings for the elementary school and the high school aresummarized in Tables S-6 and S-7. Economic benefits (net present values and paybacks) aresummarized in Tables S-8 and S-9. Detailed benefits were only calculated for Cleveland, thebenefits in Cincinnati are instantaneous since they involve no first costs. Values were notcalculated for Columbus.


xii

Cincinnati Cleveland ColumbusHVACSystemOption Baseline

EnergyControlsEnergy

AnnualSavings

BaselineEnergy

ControlsEnergy

AnnualSavings

BaselineEnergy

ControlsEnergy

AnnualSavings

1A1 $87,169 $87,344 -$175 $78,352 $77,216 $1,137 $65,656 $64,738 $918

1A2 $66,349 $66,524 -$175 $70,705 $69,568 $1,137 $57,092 $56,174 $918

1A3 $65,195 $65,370 -$175 $70,678 $69,541 $1,137 $54,783 $53,865 $918

1B1 $87,166 $87,338 -$173 $78,602 $77,476 $1,125 $65,634 $64,728 $906

1B2 $66,347 $66,520 -$173 $70,954 $69,829 $1,125 $57,071 $56,164 $906

1B3 $65,192 $65,365 -$173 $70,925 $69,800 $1,125 $54,763 $53,857 $906

1C1 $89,427 $53,753 $35,674 $110,225 $71,543 $38,681 $77,472 $48,333 $29,139

1C2 $74,708 $45,263 $29,445 $102,588 $66,192 $36,396 $73,858 $45,945 $27,913

1C3 $74,086 $45,145 $28,941 $102,543 $67,050 $35,493 $73,174 $45,769 $27,405

1D1 $87,884 $87,884 $0 $78,789 $78,789 $0 $65,659 $65,659 $0

1D2 $67,066 $67,066 $0 $71,147 $71,147 $0 $57,095 $57,095 $0

1D3 $65,911 $65,911 $0 $71,120 $71,120 $0 $54,789 $54,789 $0

2A1 $89,457 $89,652 -$195 $83,248 $82,026 $1,222 $68,928 $67,988 $941

2A2 $68,656 $68,852 -$195 $74,277 $73,055 $1,222 $58,520 $57,579 $941

2A3 $67,265 $67,460 -$195 $74,624 $73,403 $1,222 $57,690 $56,749 $941

2B1 $89,461 $89,654 -$193 $83,490 $82,279 $1,210 $68,919 $67,987 $931

2B2 $68,661 $68,854 -$193 $74,139 $72,929 $1,210 $58,510 $57,578 $931

2B3 $67,269 $67,462 -$193 $74,866 $73,656 $1,210 $57,680 $56,749 $931

2C1 $92,196 $56,654 $35,542 $115,418 $72,453 $42,964 $80,535 $50,245 $30,289

2C2 $77,072 $47,836 $29,235 $106,311 $68,256 $38,055 $75,998 $47,331 $28,667

2C3 $76,454 $47,785 $28,669 $107,030 $68,731 $38,299 $75,826 $47,442 $28,385

2D1 $90,256 $90,256 $0 $83,663 $83,663 $0 $68,926 $68,926 $0

2D2 $69,456 $69,456 $0 $74,312 $74,312 $0 $58,518 $58,518 $0

2D3 $68,065 $68,065 $0 $75,040 $75,040 $0 $57,688 $57,688 $0

3A1 $90,051 $90,435 -$384 $120,475 $118,314 $2,161 $88,973 $87,153 $1,820

3B1 $89,938 $90,312 -$374 $120,354 $118,245 $2,109 $88,830 $87,056 $1,774

3C1 $124,060 $72,001 $52,059 $182,459 $89,157 $93,302 $149,204 $90,061 $59,143

3D1 $91,678 $91,678 $0 $120,629 $120,629 $0 $89,075 $89,075 $0

4A1 $88,793 $89,133 -$340 $88,495 $86,468 $2,027 $69,675 $68,058 $1,617

4A2 $70,525 $70,865 -$340 $81,235 $79,209 $2,027 $61,870 $60,252 $1,617

4A3 $68,508 $68,848 -$340 $81,222 $79,195 $2,027 $60,607 $58,990 $1,617

4B1 $88,646 $88,977 -$331 $88,401 $86,421 $1,980 $69,465 $67,888 $1,577

4B2 $70,378 $70,709 -$331 $81,142 $79,162 $1,980 $61,703 $60,126 $1,577

4B3 $68,361 $68,693 -$331 $81,128 $79,148 $1,980 $60,488 $58,911 $1,577

4C1 $111,054 $61,967 $49,087 $150,870 $79,862 $71,008 $125,405 $74,706 $50,699

4C2 $99,623 $54,423 $45,201 $143,608 $75,702 $67,905 $124,280 $73,581 $50,699

4C3 $98,536 $54,012 $44,524 $143,586 $76,585 $67,000 $124,622 $73,922 $50,699

4D1 $90,138 $90,138 $0 $88,660 $88,660 $0 $69,609 $69,609 $0

4D2 $71,870 $71,870 $0 $81,400 $81,400 $0 $61,877 $61,877 $0

4D3 $69,854 $69,854 $0 $81,386 $81,386 $0 $60,564 $60,564 $0

Table S-6: Controls – Annual Energy Costs Savings ($) for Elementary Schools


xiii



AnnualSavings

BaselineEnergy

ControlsEnergy

AnnualSavings

BaselineEnergy

ControlsEnergy

AnnualSavings

1A1 $150,390 $151,251 -$861 $161,542 $156,980 $4,561 $120,884 $116,908 $3,977

1A2 $135,594 $136,454 -$861 $154,039 $149,477 $4,561 $114,784 $110,807 $3,977

1A3 $127,977 $128,838 -$861 $155,961 $151,400 $4,561 $114,999 $111,022 $3,977

1B1 $150,102 $150,945 -$843 $161,370 $156,894 $4,476 $120,476 $116,581 $3,895

1B2 $135,306 $136,149 -$843 $153,866 $149,390 $4,476 $114,503 $110,608 $3,895

1B3 $127,689 $128,532 -$843 $155,788 $151,311 $4,476 $114,718 $110,822 $3,895

1C1 $193,683 $121,250 $72,433 $281,848 $154,072 $127,776 $218,221 $134,141 $84,080

1C2 $186,206 $114,793 $71,413 $275,502 $149,611 $125,891 $216,979 $132,899 $84,080

1C3 $183,552 $113,036 $70,516 $277,801 $152,695 $125,106 $217,885 $133,805 $84,080

1D1 $153,906 $153,906 $0 $161,767 $161,767 $0 $120,742 $120,742 $0

1D2 $139,110 $139,110 $0 $154,263 $154,263 $0 $114,844 $114,844 $0

1D3 $131,493 $131,493 $0 $156,184 $156,184 $0 $115,058 $115,058 $0

2A1 $152,450 $153,276 -$826 $163,705 $159,271 $4,433 $123,030 $119,202 $3,828

2A2 $136,799 $137,626 -$826 $156,075 $151,641 $4,433 $116,193 $112,366 $3,828

2A3 $129,290 $130,116 -$826 $157,890 $153,457 $4,433 $116,542 $112,714 $3,828

2B1 $152,158 $152,966 -$808 $163,507 $159,159 $4,348 $122,620 $118,873 $3,747

2B2 $136,507 $137,315 -$808 $155,885 $151,537 $4,348 $115,896 $112,150 $3,747

2B3 $128,997 $129,806 -$808 $157,693 $153,344 $4,348 $116,244 $112,498 $3,747

2C1 $193,087 $121,363 $71,724 $279,580 $153,547 $126,032 $215,423 $132,505 $82,918

2C2 $184,590 $114,459 $70,131 $272,330 $148,993 $123,337 $214,157 $131,239 $82,918

2C3 $182,118 $112,840 $69,277 $274,737 $152,090 $122,647 $215,102 $132,185 $82,918

2D1 $155,819 $155,819 $0 $163,912 $163,912 $0 $122,894 $122,894 $0

2D2 $140,169 $140,169 $0 $156,283 $156,283 $0 $116,240 $116,240 $0

2D3 $132,659 $132,659 $0 $158,097 $158,097 $0 $116,588 $116,588 $0

3A1 $144,017 $144,552 -$535 $196,519 $193,527 $2,992 $140,739 $138,201 $2,539

3B1 $143,814 $144,334 -$521 $196,383 $193,466 $2,917 $140,477 $138,005 $2,472

3C1 $190,656 $115,649 $75,007 $284,280 $150,152 $134,128 $225,636 $137,385 $88,251

3D1 $146,250 $146,250 $0 $196,755 $196,755 $0 $142,002 $142,002 $0

4A1 $150,065 $150,979 -$914 $165,214 $160,337 $4,877 $121,845 $117,620 $4,225

4A2 $136,064 $136,979 -$914 $157,883 $153,007 $4,877 $116,721 $112,496 $4,225

4A3 $128,554 $129,468 -$914 $159,872 $154,996 $4,877 $117,082 $112,857 $4,225

4B1 $149,780 $150,676 -$896 $165,075 $160,283 $4,791 $121,441 $117,298 $4,143

4B2 $135,780 $136,676 -$896 $157,744 $152,953 $4,791 $116,443 $112,300 $4,143

4B3 $128,272 $129,168 -$896 $159,733 $154,942 $4,791 $116,805 $112,662 $4,143

4C1 $199,590 $124,079 $75,512 $295,197 $157,833 $137,363 $232,238 $142,164 $90,074

4C2 $192,663 $117,914 $74,749 $289,156 $153,443 $135,713 $231,004 $140,930 $90,074

4C3 $190,180 $116,305 $73,874 $291,485 $156,542 $134,943 $231,912 $141,837 $90,074

4D1 $153,802 $153,802 $0 $165,443 $165,443 $0 $121,695 $121,695 $0

4D2 $139,801 $139,801 $0 $158,119 $158,119 $0 $116,772 $116,772 $0

4D3 $132,293 $132,293 $0 $160,108 $160,108 $0 $117,135 $117,135 $0

Table S-7: Controls – Annual Energy Costs Savings ($) for High Schools


xiv

Elementary School - Controls - NPV Elementary School - Controls - PBHVACSystemOption Cleveland Cincinnati Columbus Cleveland Cincinnati Columbus

1A1 ($79,854) ($2,007) N/A 81.7 N/A N/A

1A2 ($79,854) ($2,007) N/A 81.7 N/A N/A

1A3 ($79,854) ($2,007) N/A 81.7 N/A N/A

1B1 ($79,985) ($1,980) N/A 82.5 N/A N/A

1B2 ($79,985) ($1,980) N/A 82.5 N/A N/A

1B3 ($79,985) ($1,980) N/A 82.5 N/A N/A

1C1 $350,775 $409,182 N/A 2.4 0.0 N/A

1C2 $324,562 $337,731 N/A 2.6 0.0 N/A

1C3 $314,212 $331,947 N/A 2.6 0.0 N/A

1D1 ($92,894) $0 N/A N/A N/A N/A

1D2 ($92,894) $0 N/A N/A N/A N/A

1D3 ($92,894) $0 N/A N/A N/A N/A

2A1 ($78,880) ($2,239) N/A 76.0 N/A N/A

2A2 ($78,880) ($2,239) N/A 76.0 N/A N/A

2A3 ($78,880) ($2,239) N/A 76.0 N/A N/A

2B1 ($79,011) ($2,214) N/A 76.7 N/A N/A

2B2 ($79,011) ($2,214) N/A 76.7 N/A N/A

2B3 ($79,011) ($2,214) N/A 76.7 N/A N/A

2C1 $399,904 $407,661 N/A 2.2 0.0 N/A

2C2 $343,591 $335,326 N/A 2.4 0.0 N/A

2C3 $346,398 $328,828 N/A 2.4 0.0 N/A

2D1 ($92,894) $0 N/A N/A N/A N/A

2D2 ($92,894) $0 N/A N/A N/A N/A

2D3 ($92,894) $0 N/A N/A N/A N/A

3A1 ($68,105) ($4,403) N/A 43.0 N/A N/A

3B1 ($68,699) ($4,288) N/A 44.0 N/A N/A

3C1 $977,274 $597,108 N/A 1.0 0.0 N/A

3D1 ($92,894) $0 N/A N/A N/A N/A

4A1 ($69,648) ($3,900) N/A 45.8 N/A N/A

4A2 ($69,648) ($3,900) N/A 45.8 N/A N/A

4A3 ($69,648) ($3,900) N/A 45.8 N/A N/A

4B1 ($70,184) ($3,801) N/A 46.9 N/A N/A

4B2 ($70,184) ($3,801) N/A 46.9 N/A N/A

4B3 ($70,184) ($3,801) N/A 46.9 N/A N/A

4C1 $721,560 $563,020 N/A 1.3 0.0 N/A

4C2 $685,973 $518,451 N/A 1.4 0.0 N/A

4C3 $675,597 $510,688 N/A 1.4 0.0 N/A

4D1 ($92,894) $0 N/A N/A N/A N/A

4D2 ($92,894) $0 N/A N/A N/A N/A

4D3 ($92,894) $0 N/A N/A N/A N/A

Table S-8: Controls – Net Present Value and Payback Results for Elementary Schools


xv

High School - Controls - NPV High School - Controls - PBHVACSystemOption Cleveland Cincinnati Columbus Cleveland Cincinnati Columbus

1A1 ($68,680) ($9,871) N/A 26.5 N/A N/A

1A2 ($68,680) ($9,871) N/A 26.5 N/A N/A

1A3 ($68,680) ($9,871) N/A 26.5 N/A N/A

1B1 ($69,658) ($9,665) N/A 27.0 N/A N/A

1B2 ($69,658) ($9,665) N/A 27.0 N/A N/A

1B3 ($69,658) ($9,665) N/A 27.0 N/A N/A

1C1 $1,344,586 $830,797 N/A 0.9 0.0 N/A

1C2 $1,322,962 $819,098 N/A 1.0 0.0 N/A

1C3 $1,313,956 $808,813 N/A 1.0 0.0 N/A

1D1 ($121,000) $0 N/A N/A N/A N/A

1D2 ($121,000) $0 N/A N/A N/A N/A

1D3 ($121,000) $0 N/A N/A N/A N/A

2A1 ($70,149) ($9,475) N/A 27.3 N/A N/A

2A2 ($70,149) ($9,475) N/A 27.3 N/A N/A

2A3 ($70,149) ($9,475) N/A 27.3 N/A N/A

2B1 ($71,125) ($9,269) N/A 27.8 N/A N/A

2B2 ($71,125) ($9,269) N/A 27.8 N/A N/A

2B3 ($71,125) ($9,269) N/A 27.8 N/A N/A

2C1 $1,324,581 $822,667 N/A 1.0 0.0 N/A

2C2 $1,293,666 $804,397 N/A 1.0 0.0 N/A

2C3 $1,285,752 $794,606 N/A 1.0 0.0 N/A

2D1 ($121,000) $0 N/A N/A N/A N/A

2D2 ($121,000) $0 N/A N/A N/A N/A

2D3 ($121,000) $0 N/A N/A N/A N/A

3A1 ($86,687) ($6,141) N/A 40.4 N/A N/A

3B1 ($87,537) ($5,975) N/A 41.5 N/A N/A

3C1 $1,417,438 $860,329 N/A 0.9 0.0 N/A

3D1 ($121,000) $0 N/A N/A N/A N/A

4A1 ($65,065) ($10,487) N/A 24.8 N/A N/A

4A2 ($65,065) ($10,487) N/A 24.8 N/A N/A

4A3 ($65,065) ($10,487) N/A 24.8 N/A N/A

4B1 ($66,045) ($10,278) N/A 25.3 N/A N/A

4B2 ($66,045) ($10,278) N/A 25.3 N/A N/A

4B3 ($66,045) ($10,278) N/A 25.3 N/A N/A

4C1 $1,454,543 $866,116 N/A 0.9 0.0 N/A

4C2 $1,435,613 $857,365 N/A 0.9 0.0 N/A

4C3 $1,426,785 $847,332 N/A 0.9 0.0 N/A

4D1 ($121,000) $0 N/A N/A N/A N/A

4D2 ($121,000) $0 N/A N/A N/A N/A

4D3 ($121,000) $0 N/A N/A N/A N/A

Table S-9: Controls – Net Present Value and Payback Results for High Schools


xvi

In summary, for the controls analyses, the following observations were seen:

• In general, the higher the electric demand rate structure, the greater the potential for overallenergy cost savings. Cleveland, with the highest electric rates of the three cities evaluated,provided the greatest controls annual energy cost savings opportunities. The all-electricHVAC options for both buildings always provided the greatest cost savings.

• Cleveland NPVs approached $1 million and PBs were less than one year for all-electricHVAC options. For other HVAC options the results were marginal with negative NPVs andPBs up to 42 years.

• Using alternative rate structures with demand controls, all-electric option annual operatingcosts approach the lower range of baseline annual energy cost HVAC options.

Enthalpy Heat Recovery:Enthalpy heat recovery, or air-to-air heat exchangers, are devices used to treat incoming fresh airwith exiting building air. These systems have the potential to save considerable energy. Thiswork evaluated the cost benefit of enthalpy heat recovery systems.

Given building lives in excess of 20 years, it would appear that enthalpy heat recovery should beconsidered in all high school cases and the majority of elementary school cases. For theelementary school, NPVs ranged from -$65,045 (Cleveland, 1A2) to $887,794 (Columbus, 3C1)and paybacks ranged from nearly instantaneous (Columbus, 3C1) to 104.5 years (Cleveland,1A2). However, over 75% of the cases have positive NPVs and paybacks of less than 11 years.Consistently, systems based on water-cooled screw chillers produce the poorest NPVs and PBswhile all-electric systems produce the best NPVs and PBs. For the high school, NPVs rangedfrom -$83,915 (Cleveland, 4D3) to $1,166,479 (Columbus, 3C1) and paybacks ranged fromnearly instantaneous (Columbus, 3C1) to 20.0 years (Cleveland, 1A2).


xvii

E.S. - Enthalpy Wheels E.S. - HVAC Reduction E.S. - Net Differential First CostHVACSystemOption Cleveland Cincinnati Columbus Cleveland Cincinnati Columbus Cleveland Cincinnati Columbus

1A1 $86,913 $79,754 $81,335 -$27,902 -$25,604 -$26,111 $59,011 $54,150 $55,224

1A2 $86,913 $79,754 $81,335 -$13,846 -$12,705 -$12,957 $73,067 $67,048 $68,378

1A3 $86,913 $79,754 $81,335 -$19,552 -$17,942 -$18,298 $67,361 $61,812 $63,038

1B1 $86,913 $79,754 $81,335 -$29,401 -$26,979 -$27,514 $57,512 $52,774 $53,821

1B2 $86,913 $79,754 $81,335 -$15,345 -$14,081 -$14,360 $71,568 $65,672 $66,975

1B3 $86,913 $79,754 $81,335 -$21,052 -$19,317 -$19,701 $65,861 $60,436 $61,635

1C1 $86,913 $79,754 $81,335 -$24,221 -$22,225 -$22,666 $62,692 $57,528 $58,669

1C2 $86,913 $79,754 $81,335 -$10,165 -$9,327 -$9,512 $76,748 $70,426 $71,823

1C3 $86,913 $79,754 $81,335 -$15,871 -$14,564 -$14,853 $71,042 $65,190 $66,483

1D1 $86,913 $79,754 $81,335 -$27,992 -$25,686 -$26,196 $58,921 $54,067 $55,140

1D2 $86,913 $79,754 $81,335 -$13,936 -$12,788 -$13,042 $72,977 $66,965 $68,293

1D3 $86,913 $79,754 $81,335 -$19,643 -$18,025 -$18,382 $67,270 $61,729 $62,953

2A1 $86,913 $79,754 $81,335 -$27,902 -$25,604 -$26,111 $59,011 $54,150 $55,224

2A2 $86,913 $79,754 $81,335 -$28,123 -$25,806 -$26,318 $58,790 $53,947 $55,017

2A3 $86,913 $79,754 $81,335 -$19,552 -$17,942 -$18,298 $67,361 $61,812 $63,038

2B1 $86,913 $79,754 $81,335 -$29,401 -$26,979 -$27,514 $57,512 $52,774 $53,821

2B2 $86,913 $79,754 $81,335 -$29,622 -$27,182 -$27,721 $57,291 $52,572 $53,614

2B3 $86,913 $79,754 $81,335 -$21,052 -$19,317 -$19,701 $65,861 $60,436 $61,635

2C1 $86,913 $79,754 $81,335 -$24,221 -$22,225 -$22,666 $62,692 $57,528 $58,669

2C2 $86,913 $79,754 $81,335 -$24,441 -$22,428 -$22,873 $62,472 $57,326 $58,462

2C3 $86,913 $79,754 $81,335 -$15,871 -$14,564 -$14,853 $71,042 $65,190 $66,483

2D1 $86,913 $79,754 $81,335 -$27,992 -$25,686 -$26,196 $58,921 $54,067 $55,140

2D2 $86,913 $79,754 $81,335 -$28,213 -$25,889 -$26,402 $58,700 $53,865 $54,933

2D3 $86,913 $79,754 $81,335 -$19,643 -$18,025 -$18,382 $67,270 $61,729 $62,953

3A1 $86,913 $79,754 $81,335 -$165,150 -$151,546 -$154,552 -$78,237 -$71,792 -$73,216

3B1 $86,913 $79,754 $81,335 -$169,174 -$155,239 -$158,317 -$82,261 -$75,485 -$76,982

3C1 $86,913 $79,754 $81,335 -$144,563 -$132,654 -$135,285 -$57,650 -$52,901 -$53,950

3D1 $86,913 $79,754 $81,335 -$166,052 -$152,373 -$155,395 -$79,139 -$72,620 -$74,060

4A1 $86,913 $79,754 $81,335 -$74,071 -$67,969 -$69,317 $12,842 $11,784 $12,018

4A2 $86,913 $79,754 $81,335 -$60,015 -$55,071 -$56,163 $26,898 $24,682 $25,172

4A3 $86,913 $79,754 $81,335 -$65,721 -$60,307 -$61,504 $21,192 $19,446 $19,832

4B1 $86,913 $79,754 $81,335 -$78,095 -$71,662 -$73,083 $8,818 $8,092 $8,252

4B2 $86,913 $79,754 $81,335 -$64,039 -$58,764 -$59,929 $22,874 $20,990 $21,406

4B3 $86,913 $79,754 $81,335 -$69,745 -$64,000 -$65,269 $17,168 $15,754 $16,066

4C1 $86,913 $79,754 $81,335 -$51,404 -$47,170 -$48,105 $35,509 $32,584 $33,230

4C2 $86,913 $79,754 $81,335 -$37,348 -$34,272 -$34,951 $49,565 $45,482 $46,384

4C3 $86,913 $79,754 $81,335 -$43,055 -$39,508 -$40,292 $43,858 $40,245 $41,044

4D1 $86,913 $79,754 $81,335 -$75,123 -$68,934 -$70,302 $11,790 $10,819 $11,034

4D2 $86,913 $79,754 $81,335 -$61,067 -$56,036 -$57,148 $25,846 $23,717 $24,187

4D3 $86,913 $79,754 $81,335 -$66,773 -$61,273 -$62,488 $20,140 $18,481 $18,847

Table S-10: Enthalpy Heat Recovery Net First Costs for Elementary School HVAC SystemOptions


xviii

H.S. - Enthalpy Wheels H.S. - HVAC Reduction H.S. - Net Differential First CostHVACSystemOption Cleveland Cincinnati Columbus Cleveland Cincinnati Columbus Cleveland Cincinnati Columbus

1A1 $253,692 $232,794 $237,411 -$66,715 -$61,219 -$62,434 $186,977 $171,575 $174,977

1A2 $253,692 $232,794 $237,411 -$67,002 -$61,483 -$62,702 $186,690 $171,311 $174,709

1A3 $253,692 $232,794 $237,411 -$56,368 -$51,725 -$52,751 $197,324 $181,069 $184,660

1B1 $253,692 $232,794 $237,411 -$72,182 -$66,236 -$67,550 $181,510 $166,558 $169,861

1B2 $253,692 $232,794 $237,411 -$72,469 -$66,499 -$67,818 $181,223 $166,295 $169,593

1B3 $253,692 $232,794 $237,411 -$61,835 -$56,741 -$57,867 $191,857 $176,053 $179,544

1C1 $253,692 $232,794 $237,411 -$48,453 -$44,462 -$45,344 $205,239 $188,332 $192,067

1C2 $253,692 $232,794 $237,411 -$48,740 -$44,725 -$45,612 $204,952 $188,069 $191,799

1C3 $253,692 $232,794 $237,411 -$38,106 -$34,967 -$35,661 $215,586 $197,827 $201,750

1D1 $253,692 $232,794 $237,411 -$67,466 -$61,909 -$63,137 $186,226 $170,885 $174,274

1D2 $253,692 $232,794 $237,411 -$67,753 -$62,172 -$63,405 $185,939 $170,622 $174,006

1D3 $253,692 $232,794 $237,411 -$57,120 -$52,414 -$53,454 $196,572 $180,380 $183,957

2A1 $253,692 $232,794 $237,411 -$66,715 -$61,219 -$62,434 $186,977 $171,575 $174,977

2A2 $253,692 $232,794 $237,411 -$67,002 -$61,483 -$62,702 $186,690 $171,311 $174,709

2A3 $253,692 $232,794 $237,411 -$56,368 -$51,725 -$52,751 $197,324 $181,069 $184,660

2B1 $253,692 $232,794 $237,411 -$72,182 -$66,236 -$67,550 $181,510 $166,558 $169,861

2B2 $253,692 $232,794 $237,411 -$72,469 -$66,499 -$67,818 $181,223 $166,295 $169,593

2B3 $253,692 $232,794 $237,411 -$61,835 -$56,741 -$57,867 $191,857 $176,053 $179,544

2C1 $253,692 $232,794 $237,411 -$48,453 -$44,462 -$45,344 $205,239 $188,332 $192,067

2C2 $253,692 $232,794 $237,411 -$48,740 -$44,725 -$45,612 $204,952 $188,069 $191,799

2C3 $253,692 $232,794 $237,411 -$38,106 -$34,967 -$35,661 $215,586 $197,827 $201,750

2D1 $253,692 $232,794 $237,411 -$67,466 -$61,909 -$63,137 $186,226 $170,885 $174,274

2D2 $253,692 $232,794 $237,411 -$67,753 -$62,172 -$63,405 $185,939 $170,622 $174,006

2D3 $253,692 $232,794 $237,411 -$57,120 -$52,414 -$53,454 $196,572 $180,380 $183,957

3A1 $253,692 $232,794 $237,411 -$210,914 -$193,539 -$197,378 $42,778 $39,255 $40,033

3B1 $253,692 $232,794 $237,411 -$216,380 -$198,556 -$202,494 $37,312 $34,238 $34,917

3C1 $253,692 $232,794 $237,411 -$182,933 -$167,864 -$171,193 $70,759 $64,930 $66,218

3D1 $253,692 $232,794 $237,411 -$212,116 -$194,643 -$198,503 $41,576 $38,151 $38,908

4A1 $253,692 $232,794 $237,411 -$66,715 -$61,219 -$62,434 $186,977 $171,575 $174,977

4A2 $253,692 $232,794 $237,411 -$67,002 -$61,483 -$62,702 $186,690 $171,311 $174,709

4A3 $253,692 $232,794 $237,411 -$56,368 -$51,725 -$52,751 $197,324 $181,069 $184,660

4B1 $253,692 $232,794 $237,411 -$72,182 -$66,236 -$67,550 $181,510 $166,558 $169,861

4B2 $253,692 $232,794 $237,411 -$72,469 -$66,499 -$67,818 $181,223 $166,295 $169,593

4B3 $253,692 $232,794 $237,411 -$61,835 -$56,741 -$57,867 $191,857 $176,053 $179,544

4C1 $253,692 $232,794 $237,411 -$43,318 -$39,750 -$40,538 $210,374 $193,044 $196,873

4C2 $253,692 $232,794 $237,411 -$43,605 -$40,013 -$40,807 $210,087 $192,781 $196,604

4C3 $253,692 $232,794 $237,411 -$32,972 -$30,255 -$30,856 $220,720 $202,539 $206,555

4D1 $253,692 $232,794 $237,411 -$67,466 -$61,909 -$63,137 $186,226 $170,885 $174,274

4D2 $253,692 $232,794 $237,411 -$67,753 -$62,172 -$63,405 $185,939 $170,622 $174,006

4D3 $253,692 $232,794 $237,411 -$57,120 -$52,414 -$53,454 $196,572 $180,380 $183,957

Table S-11: Enthalpy Heat Recovery Net First Costs for High School HVAC SystemOptions


xix

E. S. School - Enthalpy-NPV E. S. School - Enthalpy-PBHVACSystemOption Cleveland Cincinnati Columbus Cleveland Cincinnati Columbus

1A1 $49,696 $156,109 $76,650 6.2 3.0 4.8

1A2 -$65,045 -$43,606 -$33,300 104.5 32.8 22.4

1A3 -$41,962 $4,548 -$24,535 30.4 10.7 18.8

1B1 $52,763 $157,603 $78,110 6.0 2.9 4.7

1B2 -$61,967 -$42,099 -$31,855 85.5 32.0 21.9

1B3 -$38,908 $6,028 -$23,603 28.0 10.4 18.6

1C1 $240,853 $170,586 $174,763 2.4 2.9 2.9

1C2 $126,191 $33,390 $96,729 4.3 7.8 4.9

1C3 $149,198 $77,447 $117,023 3.7 5.2 4.2

1D1 $51,248 $161,443 $76,087 6.1 2.9 4.8

1D2 -$63,421 -$38,260 -$33,864 87.6 26.8 22.8

1D3 -$40,274 $9,868 -$26,003 28.6 9.9 19.5

2A1 $56,603 $146,333 $72,311 5.9 3.1 5.0

2A2 -$41,509 -$21,336 -$28,999 39.0 19.0 24.3

2A3 -$36,753 $2,545 -$22,233 25.2 11.0 17.7

2B1 $59,606 $147,850 $73,859 5.6 3.0 4.8

2B2 -$42,859 -$19,819 -$27,451 45.5 18.4 23.5

2B3 -$33,750 $4,062 -$21,092 23.5 10.7 17.4

2C1 $240,827 $165,439 $173,823 2.4 3.0 2.9

2C2 $141,156 $53,367 $114,741 3.5 5.9 3.9

2C3 $150,187 $79,381 $121,886 3.7 5.2 4.0

2D1 $57,908 $152,132 $71,707 5.8 3.0 5.0

2D2 -$44,557 -$15,537 -$29,603 47.6 16.1 24.9

2D3 -$35,448 $8,345 -$23,622 24.2 10.1 18.4

3A1 $494,741 $406,919 $411,056 0.0 0.0 0.0

3B1 $477,473 $410,233 $414,426 0.0 0.0 0.0

3C1 $847,519 $605,913 $887,794 0.0 0.0 0.0

3D1 $490,387 $410,777 $406,446 0.0 0.0 0.0

4A1 $185,306 $224,596 $162,049 0.7 0.6 0.8

4A2 $84,351 $64,234 $75,537 2.8 3.2 2.9

4A3 $108,445 $93,455 $94,610 1.9 2.0 2.0

4B1 $187,457 $226,852 $163,839 0.5 0.4 0.6

4B2 $80,211 $66,491 $75,173 2.5 2.8 2.5

4B3 $77,254 $95,711 $87,343 2.1 1.6 1.8

4C1 $692,167 $440,572 $741,035 0.6 0.8 0.5

4C2 $591,096 $348,712 $703,908 0.9 1.3 0.7

4C3 $615,188 $381,727 $738,169 0.8 1.1 0.6

4D1 $176,770 $229,807 $153,765 0.7 0.5 0.8

4D2 $75,720 $69,445 $67,599 2.9 2.9 3.0

4D3 $99,899 $98,665 $85,792 1.9 1.8 2.1

Table S-12: Enthalpy Heat Recovery NPVs and PBs for theElementary School Cases


xx

H. S. School - Enthalpy-NPV H. S. School - Enthalpy-PBHVACSystemOption Cleveland Cincinnati Columbus Cleveland Cincinnati Columbus

1A1 $40,330 $187,674 $60,670 9.4 5.5 8.5

1A2 -$64,727 $24,226 -$50,985 17.6 10.0 16.2

1A3 -$74,955 -$17,693 -$60,513 18.5 12.7 17.1

1B1 $45,452 $191,189 $62,950 9.2 5.3 8.4

1B2 -$59,610 $27,740 -$47,243 17.1 9.8 15.9

1B3 -$69,851 -$14,180 -$56,770 18.0 12.5 16.8

1C1 $792,836 $470,028 $790,071 2.4 3.3 2.2

1C2 $695,522 $354,905 $718,612 2.6 4.0 2.4

1C3 $692,551 $337,027 $722,828 2.7 4.2 2.5

1D1 $35,642 $208,438 $53,084 9.6 5.2 8.8

1D2 -$69,335 $44,989 -$56,263 18.3 9.1 17.0

1D3 -$79,576 $3,070 -$65,791 19.3 11.3 17.9

2A1 $43,295 $190,850 $69,925 9.3 5.4 8.2

2A2 -$62,462 $21,901 -$52,210 17.2 10.2 16.4

2A3 -$72,832 -$18,062 -$58,749 18.2 12.7 16.8

2B1 $48,183 $194,231 $72,200 9.1 5.3 8.0

2B2 -$57,580 $25,282 -$48,637 16.8 10.0 16.1

2B3 -$68,047 -$14,681 -$55,177 17.8 12.5 16.6

2C1 $789,579 $470,156 $779,388 2.4 3.3 2.3

2C2 $685,166 $349,821 $711,106 2.6 4.0 2.4

2C3 $682,292 $332,260 $716,515 2.8 4.3 2.5

2D1 $38,507 $211,019 $62,484 9.5 5.1 8.4

2D2 -$67,345 $42,070 -$57,555 18.0 9.2 17.1

2D3 -$77,482 $2,107 -$64,094 18.9 11.3 17.6

3A1 $547,936 $426,741 $429,988 0.8 1.0 1.0

3B1 $554,185 $430,983 $433,370 0.7 0.8 0.9

3C1 $1,118,548 $743,783 $1,166,479 0.7 0.9 0.6

3D1 $542,346 $433,744 $435,893 0.8 0.9 0.9

4A1 $30,484 $155,703 $53,079 9.9 6.0 8.8

4A2 -$69,049 $21,723 -$47,441 18.2 10.2 15.7

4A3 -$79,252 -$19,371 -$56,532 19.2 12.8 16.5

4B1 $36,165 $159,351 $55,631 9.6 5.9 8.6

4B2 -$63,369 $25,371 -$43,441 17.6 10.0 15.4

4B3 -$73,576 -$15,695 -$52,513 18.6 12.6 16.2

4C1 $912,750 $527,213 $961,230 2.1 3.1 1.9

4C2 $822,334 $431,419 $891,861 2.3 3.5 2.1

4C3 $819,093 $415,707 $894,565 2.4 3.8 2.2

4D1 $25,838 $179,090 $45,576 10.1 5.6 9.1

4D2 -$73,614 $45,111 -$52,636 19.0 9.1 16.4

4D3 -$83,915 $4,045 -$61,708 20.0 11.2 17.3

Table S-13: Enthalpy Heat Recovery NPVs and PBs for the High School Cases


xxi

Occupancy-Based Ventilation Analyses:Table S-14 and S-15 summarize analyses of annual energy costs associated for both decreasing(15 to 10 CFM/person), and increasing (15 to 20 CFM/person), ventilation air to a high schoollocated in Columbus, OH. This work was aimed at quantifying the annual energy costimplications for changes to ventilation air being considered under ASHRAE 62. Table S-16summarizes the NPVs associated with increasing or decreasing ventilation air to this high school.

Reduced annual energy costs for the 10 vs 15 CFM/person cases ranged a low of $7,627 per year(2B3) to a high of $55,022 per year (3C1). On a per square foot basis, this ranged from a low of$0.06 per square foot per year (2B3) to a high of $0.46 per square foot per year (3C1). From alife-cycle perspective, decreasing ventilation air to school spaces saves $153,589 (2D3) to$830,618 (3C1), or 4.9% to 17.9% of baseline life cycle costs. Typical savings were about 5.2%.


xxii

Columbus - 20 vs 15 CFM Columbus - 10 vs 15 CFMHVACSystemOption Baseline

Energy20 CFMEnergy

IncreasedEnergy Use

BaselineEnergy

10 CFMEnergy

DecreasedEnergy Use

1A1 7,429 8,694 1,265 7,429 6,329 1,101

1A2 7,263 8,518 1,256 7,263 6,167 1,095

1A3 7,384 8,670 1,286 7,384 6,289 1,096

1B1 7,354 8,622 1,268 7,354 6,285 1,069

1B2 7,187 8,446 1,259 7,187 6,123 1,064

1B3 7,309 8,598 1,289 7,309 6,244 1,064

1C1 6,513 7,569 1,057 6,513 5,647 866

1C2 6,346 7,394 1,048 6,346 5,486 860

1C3 6,468 7,546 1,078 6,468 5,607 861

1D1 7,339 8,573 1,235 7,339 6,260 1,079

1D2 7,172 8,398 1,226 7,172 6,098 1,074

1D3 7,293 8,549 1,256 7,293 6,219 1,074

2A1 7,335 8,601 1,266 7,335 6,252 1,084

2A2 7,165 8,421 1,255 7,165 6,087 1,078

2A3 7,292 8,581 1,288 7,292 6,238 1,054

2B1 7,260 8,527 1,267 7,260 6,205 1,055

2B2 7,090 8,346 1,256 7,090 6,041 1,049

2B3 7,217 8,506 1,289 7,217 6,192 1,025

2C1 6,449 7,504 1,055 6,449 5,595 855

2C2 6,279 7,324 1,044 6,279 5,430 849

2C3 6,406 7,484 1,078 6,406 5,581 825

2D1 7,249 8,483 1,235 7,249 6,185 1,064

2D2 7,079 8,303 1,224 7,079 6,020 1,058

2D3 7,206 8,463 1,257 7,206 6,171 1,035

3A1 7,000 8,565 1,565 7,000 5,468 1,532

3B1 6,935 8,480 1,546 6,935 5,428 1,506

3C1 6,389 7,718 1,329 6,389 5,100 1,289

3D1 6,941 8,483 1,542 6,941 5,433 1,508

4A1 7,751 9,206 1,455 7,751 6,508 1,243

4A2 7,585 9,031 1,446 7,585 6,348 1,237

4A3 7,707 9,183 1,476 7,707 6,469 1,238

4B1 7,676 9,212 1,536 7,676 6,452 1,223

4B2 7,510 9,037 1,527 7,510 6,292 1,218

4B3 7,632 9,189 1,557 7,632 6,413 1,219

4C1 6,785 7,963 1,177 6,785 5,787 999

4C2 6,620 7,788 1,168 6,620 5,626 993

4C3 6,742 7,940 1,198 6,742 5,748 994

4D1 7,654 9,072 1,418 7,654 6,434 1,220

4D2 7,489 8,897 1,409 7,489 6,274 1,214

4D3 7,610 9,049 1,439 7,610 6,396 1,215

Table S-14: Annual Site Energy Savings and Incremental Use for 15 vs 10and 15 vs 20 CFM/Person Ventilation Scenarios (MMBTUH/Year)


xxiii


Energy20 CFMEnergy

AnnualCost

BaselineEnergy

10 CFMEnergy

AnnualSavings

1A1 $120,884 $132,481 $11,596 $120,884 $111,278 $9,607

1A2 $114,784 $125,069 $10,285 $114,784 $106,047 $8,737

1A3 $114,999 $125,692 $10,694 $114,999 $106,512 $8,487

1B1 $120,476 $132,085 $11,609 $120,476 $111,039 $9,437

1B2 $114,503 $124,758 $10,254 $114,503 $105,939 $8,564

1B3 $114,718 $125,433 $10,716 $114,718 $106,404 $8,313

1C1 $218,221 $260,695 $42,474 $218,221 $183,903 $34,318

1C2 $216,979 $259,386 $42,407 $216,979 $182,701 $34,278

1C3 $217,885 $260,516 $42,631 $217,885 $183,604 $34,281

1D1 $120,742 $132,263 $11,521 $120,742 $111,165 $9,578

1D2 $114,844 $125,029 $10,186 $114,844 $106,153 $8,690

1D3 $115,058 $125,705 $10,647 $115,058 $106,618 $8,440

2A1 $123,030 $134,558 $11,528 $123,030 $113,505 $9,525

2A2 $116,193 $126,977 $10,783 $116,193 $107,593 $8,600

2A3 $116,542 $127,305 $10,763 $116,542 $108,747 $7,794

2B1 $122,620 $134,149 $11,530 $122,620 $113,254 $9,366

2B2 $115,896 $126,568 $10,671 $115,896 $107,463 $8,433

2B3 $116,244 $127,026 $10,781 $116,244 $108,618 $7,627

2C1 $215,423 $257,808 $42,385 $215,423 $180,980 $34,442

2C2 $214,157 $256,462 $42,305 $214,157 $179,756 $34,401

2C3 $215,102 $257,655 $42,552 $215,102 $180,879 $34,224

2D1 $122,894 $134,342 $11,448 $122,894 $113,393 $9,501

2D2 $116,240 $126,760 $10,520 $116,240 $107,686 $8,554

2D3 $116,588 $127,308 $10,720 $116,588 $108,840 $7,748

3A1 $140,739 $162,321 $21,582 $140,739 $119,909 $20,830

3B1 $140,477 $161,989 $21,512 $140,477 $119,774 $20,703

3C1 $225,636 $280,375 $54,740 $225,636 $170,614 $55,022

3D1 $142,002 $162,405 $20,403 $142,002 $119,983 $22,018

4A1 $121,845 $136,059 $14,214 $121,845 $111,621 $10,224

4A2 $116,721 $128,676 $11,955 $116,721 $107,134 $9,587

4A3 $117,082 $129,316 $12,234 $117,082 $107,713 $9,369

4B1 $121,441 $136,106 $14,665 $121,441 $111,342 $10,099

4B2 $116,443 $128,780 $12,338 $116,443 $106,939 $9,504

4B3 $116,805 $129,486 $12,681 $116,805 $107,518 $9,288

4C1 $232,238 $273,416 $41,178 $232,238 $187,508 $44,730

4C2 $231,004 $272,116 $41,111 $231,004 $186,315 $44,689

4C3 $231,912 $273,248 $41,336 $231,912 $187,218 $44,693

4D1 $121,695 $135,800 $14,105 $121,695 $111,552 $10,143

4D2 $116,772 $128,512 $11,740 $116,772 $107,191 $9,581

4D3 $117,135 $129,263 $12,128 $117,135 $107,770 $9,365

Table S-15: Annual Site Energy Savings and Incremental Costs for 15 vs 10and 15 vs 20 CFM/Person Ventilation Scenarios ($/Year)


xxiv

High SchoolHVACSystemOption 10 CFM 20 CFM

1A1 -$193,849 $194,240

1A2 -$164,410 $140,254

1A3 -$167,529 $191,218

1B1 -$191,905 $194,387

1B2 -$162,421 $139,909

1B3 -$165,540 $191,471

1C1 -$454,764 $548,398

1C2 -$434,837 $508,696

1C3 -$440,867 $557,542

1D1 -$188,056 $193,371

1D2 -$158,406 $139,120

1D3 -$161,525 $190,681

2A1 -$192,914 $193,461

2A2 -$162,836 $145,976

2A3 -$159,585 $192,014

2B1 -$191,085 $193,473

2B2 -$160,917 $144,691

2B3 -$157,666 $192,222

2C1 -$456,192 $547,384

2C2 -$436,251 $507,531

2C3 -$440,209 $556,636

2D1 -$187,174 $192,541

2D2 -$156,841 $142,959

2D3 -$153,589 $191,515

3A1 -$454,070 $476,388

3B1 -$452,612 $475,586

3C1 -$830,618 $842,266

3D1 -$463,327 $459,586

4A1 -$190,324 $256,093

4A2 -$163,549 $191,240

4A3 -$167,043 $240,713

4B1 -$188,884 $261,268

4B2 -$162,593 $195,631

4B3 -$166,105 $245,840

4C1 -$567,880 $553,526

4C2 -$547,941 $513,819

4C3 -$553,984 $562,667

4D1 -$185,023 $251,558

4D2 -$159,109 $185,498

4D3 -$162,621 $236,220

Table S-16: NPV Summaries for 10 vs 15 CFM/Person and20 vs 15 CFM/Person HVAC System Options


xxv

Geothermal Heat Pump Analyses:Geothermal heat pumps are increasingly being touted as a highly efficient alternative forproviding space heating and cooling to buildings. Conceptually, the technology is very similar inoperation to conventional air to air heat pumps except that for geothermal heat pumps the airreservoir is replaced by the earth. In this case, the ground provides a consistent, moderatetemperature source (for heating energy) and sink (for cooling energy) to provide heating andcooling for buildings.

Energy source contributions, site energy and source energy for all six geothermal heat pumpcases are summarized in Table S-17.

Building Type& Location

Elec.(kWH)

Nat. Gas(MCF)

Fuel Oil(gallons)

Site Energy(MMBTU)

Source Energy(MMBTU)

Max.(kW)

Elem. SchoolCincinnati 854,446 0 0 2,915 9,718 443Cleveland 896,719 0 0 3,060 10,199 539Columbus 865,200 0 0 2,952 9,840 503

High SchoolCincinnati 1,499,019 0 0 5,115 17,049 682Cleveland 1,571,865 0 0 5,363 17,877 805Columbus 1,523,422 0 0 5,198 17,326 771

Table S-17: Annual Site and Source Energy Consumption for Geothermal Cases

Annual elementary school geothermal site electric energy consumption ranged from a low of854,446 kWH/year or 2,915 MMBTU/year (Cincinnati) to a high of 896,719 kWH/year or 3,060MMBTU/year (Cleveland). Annual high school geothermal site electric energy consumptionranged from a low of 1,499,019 kWH/year or 5,115 MMBTU/year (Cincinnati) to a high of1,571,865 kWH/year 5,363 BTU/year (Cleveland). Annual elementary school geothermalsource energy consumption ranged from a low of 9,718 MMBTU/year (Cincinnati) to a high of10,199 MMBTU/year (Cleveland). Annual high school geothermal source energy consumptionranged from a low of 17,049 MMBTU/year (Cincinnati) to a high of 17,877 BTU/year(Cleveland).

Life-cycle costs for the geothermal cases were calculated in an analogous fashion to thecalculations completed in Chapter 4. The installed cost of the elementary and high schoolsystems, not corrected for local city cost indexes, were $1,058,041 and $1,432,368 respectively.Geothermal heat pump first costs included the costs of the individual heat pumps and well fieldinstallation costs. Unlike the baseline air-to-air heat pump cases, no cooling tower orsupplemental heating systems were included in the geothermal case first costs.

Life-cycle costs for the geothermal cases are summarized in Table S-18.


xxvi


3A1 - Geo $3,285,977 $3,739,791 $3,296,783 $4,474,558 $5,225,838 $4,469,900

Table S-18: Geothermal Heat Pump Life Cycle Costs

Geothermal life cycle costs for the elementary school ranged from a low of $3,285,977(Cincinnati) to a high of $3,739,791 (Cleveland). Geothermal life cycle costs for the high schoolranged from a low of $4,469,900 (Columbus) to a high of $5,225,838 (Cleveland).

Daylighting Analyses:

Daylighting, or the use of natural light to illuminate building spaces, has recently receivedincreased attention in the popular press. Perhaps of most interest to schools have been reportssuggesting certain forms of daylighting are responsible for improved student test scores onstandardized tests. In general, diffused light has been found to be more effective than directdaylight found on clear days. The objective of this daylighting work was to evaluate annualenergy usage and costs associated with daylighting for both an elementary school and n a highschool located in Columbus, Ohio Daylighting may be economically attractive on educationalbenefits alone; this work focused on the annual energy impacts only. The analysis werecomplicated by the fact that HAP does not readily model daylighting and the fact that ourbaseline model needed to be modified to properly account for effects of daylighting alone.Specifically, the buildings used in the baseline used higher lighting levels than specified in theOSFC Design Manual and did not use low E glazings. Consequently, two additional sets of HAPsimulations were completed to develop intermediate baselines so that the direct impacts ofdaylighting could be determined and compared with original baseline information.

Results of these simulations, for both annual energy and annual energy costs, are summarized forthe high school case in Tables S-19 and S-20 below. Analogous data can be found in the reportfor the elementary schools.


xxvii

HVACSystemOption

Base CaseTotal Energy

(kWh)

Low E GlassTotal Energy

(kWh)

Difference

(%)

Savings

( % )

Low E Glass &Lower LightingEnergy (kWh)

Difference

( % )

Savings

( % )

DaylightingTotal Energy

(kWh)

Difference

( % )

Savings

( % )1A1 979,208 976,652 99.7% 0.3% 912,523 93.4% 6.6% 893,673 97.9% 2.1%

1A2 930,337 929,267 99.9% 0.1% 866,239 93.2% 6.8% 846,513 97.7% 2.3%

1A3 965,981 964,569 99.9% 0.1% 901,233 93.4% 6.6% 881,548 97.8% 2.2%

1B1 981,652 978,257 99.7% 0.3% 914,135 93.4% 6.6% 895,321 97.9% 2.1%

1B2 932,780 930,872 99.8% 0.2% 867,851 93.2% 6.8% 848,161 97.7% 2.3%

1B3 968,425 966,174 99.8% 0.2% 902,845 93.4% 6.6% 883,195 97.8% 2.2%

1C1 1,908,821 1,900,499 99.6% 0.4% 1,842,276 96.9% 3.1% 1,841,502 100.0% 0.0%

1C2 1,859,949 1,853,116 99.6% 0.4% 1,795,993 96.9% 3.1% 1,794,343 99.9% 0.1%

1C3 1,895,594 1,888,418 99.6% 0.4% 1,830,985 97.0% 3.0% 1,829,377 99.9% 0.1%

1D1 982,727 979,326 99.7% 0.3% 915,214 93.5% 6.5% 896,416 97.9% 2.1%

1D2 933,856 931,941 99.8% 0.2% 868,931 93.2% 6.8% 849,258 97.7% 2.3%

1D3 969,500 967,243 99.8% 0.2% 903,923 93.5% 6.5% 884,291 97.8% 2.2%

2A1 996,643 993,632 99.7% 0.3% 928,170 93.4% 6.6% 909,802 98.0% 2.0%

2A2 946,827 945,384 99.8% 0.2% 880,920 93.2% 6.8% 861,399 97.8% 2.2%

2A3 984,035 982,223 99.8% 0.2% 917,599 93.4% 6.6% 898,334 97.9% 2.1%

2B1 998,943 995,173 99.6% 0.4% 929,742 93.4% 6.6% 911,413 98.0% 2.0%

2B2 949,128 946,926 99.8% 0.2% 882,492 93.2% 6.8% 863,010 97.8% 2.2%

2B3 986,335 983,764 99.7% 0.3% 919,171 93.4% 6.6% 899,946 97.9% 2.1%

2C1 1,890,187 1,881,748 99.6% 0.4% 1,833,761 97.4% 2.6% 1,838,297 100.2% -0.2%

2C2 1,840,372 1,833,500 99.6% 0.4% 1,786,510 97.4% 2.6% 1,789,892 100.2% -0.2%

2C3 1,877,581 1,870,339 99.6% 0.4% 1,823,189 97.5% 2.5% 1,826,828 100.2% -0.2%

2D1 999,976 996,203 99.6% 0.4% 930,790 93.4% 6.6% 912,488 98.0% 2.0%

2D2 950,161 947,954 99.8% 0.2% 883,540 93.2% 6.8% 864,084 97.8% 2.2%

2D3 987,369 984,793 99.7% 0.3% 920,219 93.4% 6.6% 901,019 97.9% 2.1%

3A1 1,286,676 1,284,221 99.8% 0.2% 1,222,567 95.2% 4.8% 1,206,891 98.7% 1.3%

3B1 1,287,695 1,285,233 99.8% 0.2% 1,223,671 95.2% 4.8% 1,210,060 98.9% 1.1%

3C1 1,872,373 1,867,135 99.7% 0.3% 1,829,898 98.0% 2.0% 1,835,700 100.3% -0.3%

3D1 1,288,372 1,285,908 99.8% 0.2% 1,226,436 95.4% 4.6% 1,210,786 98.7% 1.3%

4A1 998,575 995,735 99.7% 0.3% 932,781 93.7% 6.3% 916,255 98.2% 1.8%

Table S-19: Adjusted Annual Baseline Energy (Low E glazing and lower lighting levels) and Daylighting AnnualEnergy Usage for High School Cases


xxviii

HVACSystemOption


(kWh)


(kWh)

Difference

(%)

Savings

( % )


Difference

( % )

Savings

( % )


(kWh)

Difference

( % )

Savings

( % )4A2 950,029 948,664 99.9% 0.1% 886,765 93.5% 6.5% 869,210 98.0% 2.0%

4A3 985,733 984,017 99.8% 0.2% 921,873 93.7% 6.3% 904,525 98.1% 1.9%

4B1 1,001,332 997,444 99.6% 0.4% 934,510 93.7% 6.3% 918,024 98.2% 1.8%

4B2 952,787 950,371 99.7% 0.3% 888,494 93.5% 6.5% 870,981 98.0% 2.0%

4B3 988,491 985,724 99.7% 0.3% 923,602 93.7% 6.3% 906,295 98.1% 1.9%

4C1 1,988,672 1,980,128 99.6% 0.4% 1,929,978 97.5% 2.5% 1,936,224 100.3% -0.3%

4C2 1,940,126 1,933,057 99.6% 0.4% 1,883,963 97.5% 2.5% 1,889,179 100.3% -0.3%

4C3 1,975,830 1,968,410 99.6% 0.4% 1,919,071 97.5% 2.5% 1,924,493 100.3% -0.3%

4D1 1,002,477 998,584 99.6% 0.4% 935,665 93.7% 6.3% 919,205 98.2% 1.8%

4D2 953,931 951,512 99.7% 0.3% 889,650 93.5% 6.5% 872,160 98.0% 2.0%

4D3 989,635 986,864 99.7% 0.3% 924,759 93.7% 6.3% 907,474 98.1% 1.9%

Min = 929,267 0.1% 866,239 2.0% 846,513 -0.3%

Max = 1,980,128 0.4% 1,929,978 6.8% 1,936,224 2.3%

Table S-19: Adjusted Annual Baseline Energy (Low E glazing and lower lighting levels) and Daylighting AnnualEnergy Usage for High School Cases - Continued


xxix

HVACSystemOption


($)


($)

Difference

(%)

Savings

( % )

Low E Glass &Lower Lighting

Energy ($)

Difference

( % )

Savings

( % )


($)

Difference

( % )

Savings

( % )1A1 $120,884 $120,390 99.6% 0.4% $113,948 94.6% 5.4% $111,816 98.1% 1.9%

1A2 $114,784 $114,537 99.8% 0.2% $107,776 94.1% 5.9% $105,378 97.8% 2.2%

1A3 $114,999 $114,766 99.8% 0.2% $108,134 94.2% 5.8% $105,528 97.6% 2.4%

1B1 $120,476 $119,942 99.6% 0.4% $113,499 94.6% 5.4% $111,367 98.1% 1.9%

1B2 $114,503 $114,200 99.7% 0.3% $107,435 94.1% 5.9% $104,929 97.7% 2.3%

1B3 $114,718 $114,428 99.7% 0.3% $107,793 94.2% 5.8% $105,187 97.6% 2.4%

1C1 $218,221 $217,160 99.5% 0.5% $211,939 97.6% 2.4% $211,902 100.0% 0.0%

1C2 $216,979 $215,956 99.5% 0.5% $210,763 97.6% 2.4% $210,703 100.0% 0.0%

1C3 $217,885 $216,853 99.5% 0.5% $211,652 97.6% 2.4% $211,593 100.0% 0.0%

1D1 $120,742 $120,210 99.6% 0.4% $113,766 94.6% 5.4% $111,629 98.1% 1.9%

1D2 $114,844 $114,543 99.7% 0.3% $107,775 94.1% 5.9% $105,196 97.6% 2.4%

1D3 $115,058 $114,772 99.8% 0.2% $108,132 94.2% 5.8% $105,524 97.6% 2.4%

2A1 $123,030 $122,466 99.5% 0.5% $116,041 94.8% 5.2% $113,948 98.2% 1.8%

2A2 $116,193 $115,921 99.8% 0.2% $109,450 94.4% 5.6% $107,356 98.1% 1.9%

2A3 $116,542 $116,296 99.8% 0.2% $109,795 94.4% 5.6% $107,286 97.7% 2.3%

2B1 $122,620 $122,023 99.5% 0.5% $115,596 94.7% 5.3% $113,504 98.2% 1.8%

2B2 $115,896 $115,578 99.7% 0.3% $109,006 94.3% 5.7% $106,912 98.1% 1.9%

2B3 $116,244 $115,953 99.7% 0.3% $109,453 94.4% 5.6% $106,945 97.7% 2.3%

2C1 $215,423 $214,299 99.5% 0.5% $210,664 98.3% 1.7% $211,291 100.3% -0.3%

2C2 $214,157 $213,073 99.5% 0.5% $209,464 98.3% 1.7% $210,061 100.3% -0.3%

2C3 $215,102 $214,009 99.5% 0.5% $210,396 98.3% 1.7% $211,000 100.3% -0.3%

2D1 $122,894 $122,299 99.5% 0.5% $115,868 94.7% 5.3% $113,769 98.2% 1.8%

2D2 $116,240 $115,922 99.7% 0.3% $109,286 94.3% 5.7% $107,177 98.1% 1.9%

2D3 $116,588 $116,297 99.7% 0.3% $109,795 94.4% 5.6% $107,285 97.7% 2.3%

3A1 $140,739 $140,479 99.8% 0.2% $134,657 95.9% 4.1% $132,635 98.5% 1.5%

3B1 $140,477 $140,220 99.8% 0.2% $134,398 95.8% 4.2% $132,520 98.6% 1.4%

3C1 $225,636 $224,864 99.7% 0.3% $222,023 98.7% 1.3% $223,448 100.6% -0.6%

Table S-20: Adjusted Annual Baseline Energy Costs (Low E glazing and lower lighting levels) andDaylighting Annual Energy Costs for High School Cases


xxx

HVACSystemOption


($)


($)

Difference

(%)

Savings

( % )


Energy ($)

Difference

( % )

Savings

( % )


($)

Difference

( % )

Savings

( % )3D1 $142,002 $140,542 99.0% 1.0% $134,878 96.0% 4.0% $132,855 98.5% 1.5%

4A1 $121,845 $121,414 99.6% 0.4% $115,285 95.0% 5.0% $113,375 98.3% 1.7%

4A2 $116,721 $116,463 99.8% 0.2% $110,090 94.5% 5.5% $107,791 97.9% 2.1%

4A3 $117,082 $116,844 99.8% 0.2% $110,597 94.7% 5.3% $108,314 97.9% 2.1%

4B1 $121,441 $120,966 99.6% 0.4% $114,839 94.9% 5.1% $112,931 98.3% 1.7%

4B2 $116,443 $116,123 99.7% 0.3% $109,753 94.5% 5.5% $107,461 97.9% 2.1%

4B3 $116,805 $116,504 99.7% 0.3% $110,260 94.6% 5.4% $107,984 97.9% 2.1%

4C1 $232,238 $231,228 99.6% 0.4% $228,414 98.8% 1.2% $229,382 100.4% -0.4%

4C2 $231,004 $230,032 99.6% 0.4% $227,245 98.8% 1.2% $228,186 100.4% -0.4%

4C3 $231,912 $230,930 99.6% 0.4% $228,137 98.8% 1.2% $229,084 100.4% -0.4%

4D1 $121,695 $121,238 99.6% 0.4% $115,088 94.9% 5.1% $113,175 98.3% 1.7%

4D2 $116,772 $116,452 99.7% 0.3% $110,079 94.5% 5.5% $107,783 97.9% 2.1%

4D3 $117,135 $116,833 99.7% 0.3% $110,586 94.7% 5.3% $108,306 97.9% 2.1%

Min = $114,200 0.2% $107,435 1.2% $104,929 -0.6%

Max = $231,228 1.0% $228,414 5.9% $229,382 2.4%

Table S-20: Adjusted Annual Baseline Energy Costs (Low E glazing and lower lighting levels) andDaylighting Annual Energy Costs for High School Cases - Continued


xxxi

For the high school cases, the intermediate baseline values, using low E glazings for the originalwindows provided annual energy savings that ranged from 0.1% to 0.4%. Annual cost savingsfor these cases ranged from 0.2% to 1.0%. The second-level intermediate baseline situation,where the classroom lighting was reduced to 60 FC, resulted in annual energy savings (includinglow E glass) that ranged from 2.0 to 6.8%. For these cases, annual cost savings ranged from1.2% to 5.9%. For the daylighting-only cases, annual energy savings ranged from –0.3% to2.3% and annual energy cost savings ranged from –0.6% to 2.4%. The negative savings occur forHVAC system options that employed electric boilers. This occurs because when interiorelectrical loads that produce heat are reduced (such as lighting), the heating system is required tomake up this loss.


xxxii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

VOLUME I: Final Report

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1.0 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1.1

1.1 Project History..................................................................................................... 1.1

1.2 Project Deliverables ............................................................................................ 1.5

1.3 Selection of the Hourly Analysis Program (HAP) Model................................... 1.6

2.0 Project Approach............................................................................................................. 2.1

2.1 HAP Input Parameter - Weather Data................................................................. 2.1

2.2 HAP Input Parameter - Calendar Data................................................................ 2-1

2.3 HAP Input Parameter - Spaces............................................................................ 2-2

2.3.1 Schedules................................................................................................... 2-5

2.4 Construction Materials ........................................................................................ 2.8

2.5 Air Systems ......................................................................................................... 2-10

2.6 Plant Equipment .................................................................................................. 2-13

2.7 Utility Rates/Energy Costs .................................................................................. 2-16

3.0 Baseline Case Results...................................................................................................... 3-1

3.1 Baseline Annual Site and Source Energy Consumption ..................................... 3.1

3.2 Baseline Annual Site Energy Costs..................................................................... 3-24

3.3 Baseline Data - General Observations ................................................................ 3-40


xxxiii

TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued)

4.0 Life-Cycle Analysis For Base Systems........................................................................... 4-1

4.1 Approach To Life-Cycle Analysis ...................................................................... 4-1

4.2 Life-Cycle Results............................................................................................... 4-19

4.3 Life-Cycle Results - Observations ...................................................................... 4-24

5.0 Phase 2 Approach.......................................................................................................... 5-1

5.1 Overview of Scope of Work For Each of the Energy ConservingAlternatives Selected........................................................................................... 5-9

5.2 Detailed Description of Phase 2 Approaches...................................................... 5-10

6 .0 Controls Analysis ............................................................................................................ 6-1

6.1 Approach to Controls Analysis ........................................................................... 6-1

6.2 Controls Results .................................................................................................. 6-5

6.3 Controls Results - Observations.......................................................................... 6-25

7.0 Enthalpy Heat Recovery Analysis................................................................................... 7-1

7.1 Approach to Enthalpy Heath Recovery Analysis................................................ 7-1

7.2 Enthalpy Heat Recovery Results......................................................................... 7-2

7.3 Enthalpy Heat Recovery Results - Observations ................................................ 7-30

8.0 Occupancy-Based Ventilation Analysis.......................................................................... 8-1

8.1 Approach to Occupancy-Based Ventilation (i.e. IAQ Analysis.......................... 8-1

8.2 Occupancy-Based Ventilation Results ................................................................ 8-1

8.3 Occupancy-Based Ventilation Results - Observations........................................ 8-37


xxxiv


9.0 Geothermal Heat Pump Analysis .................................................................................... 9-1

9.1 Approach to Geothermal Heat Pump Analysis .................................................. 9-1

9.2 Geothermal Heat Pump Results .......................................................................... 9-3

9.2.1 Geothermal Case Annual Site and Source Energy Consumption ............. 9-3

9.2.2 Geothermal Heat Pump Annual Energy Costs.......................................... 9-10

9.2.3 Geothermal Heat Pump Life Cycle Costs ................................................. 9-14

9.3 Geothermal Heat Pump Observations ................................................................. 9-14

10.0 Daylighting Analysis....................................................................................................... 10-1

10.1 Approach to Daylighting Analysis...................................................................... 10-1

10.1.1 Window Glazing Characteristics............................................................. 10-1

10.1.2 Cool Daylighting ..................................................................................... 10-2

10.1.3 Approach to Daylighting Analysis........................................................... 10-2

10.1.4 Modeling Trade-offs and Assumptions................................................... 10-3

10.1.5 Modeling Method.................................................................................... 10-4

10.1.6 Modeling Method - Details ..................................................................... 10-4

10.2 Daylighting Results ............................................................................................. 10-6

10.2.1 Elementary School Results...................................................................... 10-7

10.3 Daylighting Results - Observations and Recommendations ............................... 10-17

LIST OF TABLES

Table S-1: Summary of Plant Design Options......................................................................... iv

Table S-2: Baseline Site Energy Consumption (MMBTU/Year) by HVAC SystemSchool Type and Location...................................................................................... vi


xxxv


LIST of TABLES (continued)

Table S-3: Baseline Source Energy Consumption (MMBTU/Year) by HVAC SystemSchool Type and Location.....................................................................................vii

Table S-4: Baseline Annual Site Energy Cost ($Year) by HVAC System, SchoolType and Location................................................................................................viii

Table S-5: Life-Cycle Costs for All Baseline Options ............................................................. x

Table S-6: Controls – Related Annual Cost Savings ($) for Elementary Schools..................xii

Table S-7: Controls –Annual Energy Cost Savings ($) for High Schools..............................xiii

Table S-8: Controls – Net Present Value and Payback Results for Elementary Schools .......xiv

Table S-9: Controls – Net Present Value and Payback Results for High Schools................. xv

Table S-10: Enthalpy Heat Recovery Net First Costs for Elementary School HVACSystem Options ...................................................................................................xvii

Table S-11: Enthalpy Heat Recovery Net First Costs for High School HVAC SystemsOptions ...............................................................................................................xviii

Table S-12: Enthalpy Heat Recovery NPVs and PBs for the Elementary School Cases ....... xix

Table S-13: Enthalpy Heat Recovery NPVs and PBs for the High School Cases.................... xx

Table S-14: Annual Site Energy Savings and Incremental Use for 15 vs 10 and 15 vs20 CFM/person Ventilation Scenarios (MMBTUH/Year)..................................xxii

Table S-15: Annual Site Energy Savings and Incremental Costs for 15 vs 10 and 15 vs20 CFM/person Ventilation Scenarios ($/Year).................................................xxiii

Table S-16: NPV Summaries for 10 vs 15 CFM/Person and 20 vs 15 CFM/PersonHVAC System Options ...................................................................................... xxiv

Table S-17: Annual Site and Source Energy Consumption for Geothermal Cases ................ xxv

Table S-18: Geothermal Heat Pump Life Cycle Costs .......................................................... xxvi

Table S-19: Adjusted Annual Baseline Energy (Low E glazing and lower lightinglevels) and Daylighting Annual Energy Usage for High School Cases............xxvii


xxxvi


LIST OF TABLES (continued)

Table S-20: Adjusted Annual Baseline Energy Costs (low E glazing and lower lightinglevels) and Daylighting Annual Energy Costs for High School Cases .............. xxix

Table 2-1: Number of Holiday/Off-Time Dates Used in the HAP Model ............................2-2

Table 2-2: Typical Input for Elementary School Space ........................................................2-4

Table 2-3: Example HAP High School Schedule – People in Corridors...............................2-6

Table 2-4: Example HAP Elementary School Schedule – People in Classrooms................2-8

Table 2-5: Example of Wall Input Template: Elementary School Wall Type 1 ..................2-9

Table 2-6: Example of Roof Construction Input Templates: Elementary SchoolCustom Roof ........................................................................................................2-9

Table 2-7: Example of Window Construction Input Templates: Elementary SchoolCustom Windows ...............................................................................................2-10

Table 2-8: Example of VAV with Reheat Air System Input Templates: ElementarySchool.................................................................................................................2-11

Table 2-9: Summary of Plant Design Options.....................................................................2-15

Table 2-10: Columbus Southern Power Rates.......................................................................2-18

Table 2-11: Cleveland Electric Illuminating Power Rates ....................................................2-18

Table 2-12: Cincinnati Gas and Electric Power and Gas Rates.............................................2-19

Table 2-13: Columbia Gas of Ohio Gas Rates for Columbus and Cleveland .......................2-20

Table 3-1: Baseline Annual Site Energy Consumption (MMBTU/Year by HVACSystem Option, School Type and Location..........................................................3-2

Table 3-2: Basis for Baseline Annual Site Energy Consumption (MMBTU/Year) byHVAC System for the Columbus Elementary School Case ................................3-3

Table 3-3: Baseline Annual Site Energy Consumption (BTU/FT2/Year) by HVACSystem Option, School Type and Location..........................................................3-5


xxxvii



Table 3-4: Baseline Annual Site Energy Consumption (MMBTU/Year) for theElementary School Case – Sorted by HVAC System Option..............................3-6

Table 3-5: Baseline Site Energy Consumption (MMBTU/Year) for the High SchoolCase – Sorted by HVAC System Option .............................................................3-7

Table 3-6: Baseline Annual Source Energy Consumption (MMBTU/Year) by HVACSystem Option, School Type and Location .........................................................3-9

Table 3-7: Baseline Annual Source Energy Consumption (BTU/FT2/Year) by HVACSystem Option, School Type and Location .......................................................3-10

Table 3-8: Baseline Source Energy Consumption (MMBTU/Year) for the ElementarySchool Case – Sorted from Smallest to Largest .................................................3-11

Table 3-9: Baseline Source Energy Consumption (MMBTU/Year) for the HighSchool Case – Sorted from Smallest to Largest .................................................3-12

Table 3-10: Description of Figures 3-1 to 3-10 .....................................................................3-13

Table 3-11: Baseline Annual Site Energy Cost ($/Year) by HVAC System, SchoolType Option and Location..................................................................................3-25

Table 3-12: Baseline Annual Site Energy Cost ($/Ft2/Year) by HVAC System Option,School Type and Location..................................................................................3-26

Table 3-13: Baseline Site Energy Cost ($/Year) for the Elementary School Case –Sorted from Smallest to Largest.........................................................................3-27

Table 3-14: Baseline Site Energy Cost ($/Year) for the High School Case – Sortedfrom Smallest to Largest ....................................................................................3-28

Table 3-15: Description of Figures 3-11 to 3-20 ...................................................................3-29

Table 4-1: Cooling Baseline Equipment Sizes (RT) by HVAC System ...............................4-2

Table 4-2: Heating Baseline Equipment Sizes (MBTUH) by HVAC System .....................4-3

Table 4-3: Cooling Baseline Equipment First Costs ($) by HVAC System – No CityCost Correction ....................................................................................................4-4


xxxviii



Table 4-4: Heating Baseline Equipment First Costs ($) by HVAC System – No CityCost Correction ....................................................................................................4-5

Table 4-5: Heat Pump First Costs for an Elementary School and a High School .................4-6

Table 4-6: Summary of Elementary School (Base Cases) First Costs ................................4-10

Table 4-7: Summary of High School (Base Cases) First Costs..........................................4-12

Table 4-8: Annualized Elementary School Service, Maintenance and ReplacementCosts ($) .............................................................................................................4-15

Table 4-9: Annualized High School Service, Maintenance and Replacement Costs($) .......................................................................................................................4-17

Table 4-10: Life-Cycle Costs for all Baseline Options..........................................................4-20

Table 4-11: Elementary School Life Cycle Costs for All Baseline Options – Sorted...........4-21

Table 4-12: High School Life Cycle Costs for All Baseline Options – Sorted .....................4-22

Table 6-1: Controls Options by City and Case Modeled.......................................................6-1

Table 6-2: Incremental Costs for Second Meter in Cleveland Elementary School ...............6-4

Table 6-3: Incremental Costs for Second Meter in Cleveland High School .........................6-4

Table 6-4: Controls –Annual Energy Costs Savings ($) for Elementary Schools.................6-6

Table 6-5: Controls –Annual Energy Costs Savings per Square Foot for ElementarySchools .................................................................................................................6-7

Table 6-6: Controls –Annual Energy Costs Savings ($) for High Schools ..........................6-8

Table 6-7: Controls –Annual Energy Costs Savings per Square Foot for High Schools ......6-9

Table 6-8: Controls – Net Present Value and Payback Results for Elementary Schools ....6-23

Table 6-9: Controls – Net Present Value and Payback Results for High Schools..............6-24

Table 7-1: Heat Recovery Equipment Options in Base Buildings ........................................7-1


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Table 7-2: Cooling Equipment Sizes for HVAC System Utilizing Enthalpy HeatRecovery...............................................................................................................7-3

Table 7-3: Heating Equipment Sizes for HVAC System Utilizing Enthalpy HeatRecovery...............................................................................................................7-4

Table 7-4: Reductions in Cooling Equipment Sizes for HVAC System OptionsUtilizing Enthalpy Heat Recovery .......................................................................7-5

Table 7-5: Reductions in Heating Equipment Sizes for HVAC System OptionsUtilizing Enthalpy Heat Recovery .......................................................................7-6

Table 7-6: Enthalpy Heat Recovery Net First Costs for Elementary School HVACSystem Options ....................................................................................................7-8

Table 7-7: Enthalpy Heat Recovery Net First Costs for High School HVAC SystemOptions .................................................................................................................7-9

Table 7-8: Annual Enthalpy Energy Use Savings for Elementary Schools(MMBTU/Year) .................................................................................................7-10

Table 7-9: Annual Enthalpy Energy Savings for Elementary Schools(MMBTU/FT2/Year) ..........................................................................................7-11

Table 7-10: Annual Enthalpy Energy Use Savings for High School (MMBTU/Year).........7-12

Table 7-11: Annual Enthalpy Energy Savings for Elementary Schools(MMBTU/FT2/Year) ..........................................................................................7-13

Table 7-12: Annual Enthalpy Energy Use Savings for Elementary Schools ($/Year) ..........7-17

Table 7-13:Annual Enthalpy Energy Savings for Elementary Schools ($/FT2/Year) ...............7-18

Table 7-14: Annual Enthalpy Energy Savings for High Schools ($/Year)...........................7-19

Table 7-15: Annual Enthalpy Energy Cost Savings for Elementary Schools($/FT2/Year) .......................................................................................................7-20

Table 7-16: Enthalpy Heat Recovery Annualized Energy and Service, Maintenanceand Replacement Cost Savings for Elementary School HVAC SystemOptions ..............................................................................................................7-24


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Table 7-17: Enthalpy Heat Recovery Annualized Energy and Service, Maintenanceand Replacement Cost Savings for High School HVAC System Options ......... 7-25

Table 7-18: Enthalpy Heat Recovery NPV’s and PBs for the Elementary School Cases ..... 7-26

Table 7-19: Enthalpy Heat Recovery NPV’s and PBs for the High School Cases ................ 7-27

Table 8-1: Cooling Equipment Chiller Sizes (RT) for Three Fresh Air VentilationRates (High School – Columbus, OH ...................................................................8-2

Table 8-2: Heating Equipment Boiler Sizes (MBTUH) for Three Fresh AirVentilation Rates (High School – Columbus, OH) ...............................................8-3

Table 8-3: Listing of Changes in Heat Pump Model Numbers for the Four Heat PumpCases .....................................................................................................................8-4

Table 8-4: Annual Site Energy Savings and Incremental Use for 15 vs 10 and 15 vs20 CFM/Person Ventilation Scenarios (MMBTUH/Year) ...................................8-7

Table 8-5: Annual Site Energy Savings and Incremental Use for 15 vs 10 and 15 vs20 CFM/Person Ventilation Scenarios (MMBTUH/FT2/Year) ............................8-8

Table 8-6: Annual Site Energy Savings and Incremental Use for 15 vs 10 and 15 vs20 CFM/Person Ventilation Scenarios ($/Year) ................................................8-13

Table 8-7: Annual Energy Savings and Incremental Costs for 15 vs 10 and 15 vs 20CFM/Person Ventilation Scenarios ($/FT2/Year)..............................................8-14

Table 8-8: Total Differential First Costs for HVAC System Options for Both the 10and the 20 CFM/Person Cases – Columbus H.S. w/City Index Correction.......8-18

Table 8-9: Cooling Plant First Costs for HVAC System Options for the Base Case, 10and the 20 CFM/Person Cases – Columbus H.S. w/City Index Correction.......8-19

Table 8-10: Heating Plant First Costs for HVAC System Options for the Base Case, 10and the 20 CFM/Person Cases – Columbus H.S. w/City Index Correction.......8-20

Table 8-11: Heat Pump Plant First Costs for HVAC System Options for the Base Case,10 CFM/Person and the 20 CFM/Person Cases .................................................8-21


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Table 8-12: Total Differential Service, Maintenance and Repair Costs for HVACSystem Options for Both the 10 and the 20 CFM/Person Cases –Columbus H.S. w/City Index Corrections.............................................................8-25

Table 8-13: Cooling Plant Differential Service, Maintenance and Repair Costs forHVAC System Options for Both the 10 and the 20 CFM/Person Cases ..............8-26

Table 8-14: Heating Plant Differential Service, Maintenance and Repair Costs forHVAC System Options for Both the and the 20 CFM Person Cases ...................8-27

Table 8-15: Heat Pump Plant Differential Service, Maintenance and Repair Costs forHVAC System Options for Both the 10 and the 20 CFM/Person Cases ..............8-28

Table 8-16: NPV Summaries for 10 vs 15 CFM Person and 20 vs 15 CFM/PersonHVAC System Options .........................................................................................8-32

Table 9-1: Assumed Geothermal Heat Pump Ground-Loop Temperatures by Month............ 9-2

Table 9-2: Annual Site and Source Energy Consumption for Geothermal Cases ................... 9-3

Table 9-3: Baseline Site Energy Consumption (MMBYU/Year for the ElementarySchool Case – Sorted by HVAC System Option ................................................... 9-5

Table 9-4: Baseline Site Energy Consumption (MMBTU/Year) for the High SchoolCase – Sorted by HVAC System Option ............................................................... 9-6

Table 9-5: Baseline Site Energy Consumption (MMBTU/Year) for the ElementarySchool Case – Sorted by HVAC System Option ................................................... 9-8

Table 9-6: Baseline Site Energy Consumption (MMBTU/Year) for the High SchoolCase – Sorted by HVAC System Option ............................................................... 9-9

Table 9-7: Summary of Annual Energy Costs for Geothermal Heat Pump Cases ............... 9-10

Table 9-8: Baseline Annual Site Energy Cost ($/Year) for the Elementary SchoolCase – Sorted from Smallest to Largest .............................................................. 9-11

Table 9-9: Baseline Annual Site Energy Cost ($/Year) for the High School Case –Sorted from Smallest to Largest.......................................................................... 9-12

Table 9-10: Differential Annual Site Energy Cost ($/Year) for both the Elementary andHigh School Geothermal Heat Pump Cases........................................................ 9-13


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Table 9-11: Geothermal Heat Pump Life Cycle Costs ........................................................... 9-14

Table 10-1: Sky Conditions Used for Columbus, Ohio.......................................................... 10-5

Table 10-2: Integrated Sky Conditions................................................................................... 10-5

Table 10-3: Light Output Assumptions .................................................................................. 10-6

Table 10-4: Average School Year Lighting Power Densities................................................. 10-6

Table 10-5: Adjusted Annual Baseline Energy (Low E glazing and lower lightinglevels) and Daylighting Annual Energy Usage for Elementary SchoolCases.................................................................................................................... 10-8

Table 10-6: Adjusted Annual Baseline Energy (Low E glazing and lower lightinglevels) and Daylighting Annual Energy Usage for Elementary SchoolCases.................................................................................................................. 10-10

Table 10-7: Adjusted Annual Baseline Energy (Low E glazing and lower lightinglevels) and Daylighting Annual Energy Usage for High School Cases............ 10-13

Table 10-8: Adjusted Annual Baseline Energy (Low E glazing and lower lightinglevels) and Daylighting Annual Energy Usage for High School Cases............10-15

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 3-1: OSFC Elementary School Base Annual Site Energy Consumption(MMBTU/Year) HVAC Systems 1A1 – 1C2 .................................................... 3-14

Figure 3-2: OSFC Elementary School Base Annual Site Energy Consumption(MMBTU/Year) HVAC Systems 1C3 – 2B1 .................................................... 3-15

Figure 3-3: OSFC Elementary School Base Annual Site Energy Consumption(MMBTU/Year) HVAC Systems 2B2 –2D3 .....................................................3-16

Figure 3-4: OSFC Elementary School Base Annual Site Energy Consumption(MMBTU/Year) HVAC Systems 3A1 –4B1 .....................................................3-17

Figure 3-5: OSFC Elementary School Base Annual Site Energy Consumption(MMBTU/Year) HVAC Systems 4B2 –4D3 .....................................................3-18


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LIST OF FIGURES (continued)

Figure 3-6: OSFC High School Base Annual Site Energy Consumption(MMBTU/Year) HVAC Systems 1A1 –1C2 ....................................................3-19

Figure 3-7: OSFC High School Base Annual Site Energy Consumption(MMBTU/Year) HVAC Systems 1C3 –2B1 ....................................................3-20

Figure 3-8: OSFC High School Base Annual Site Energy Consumption(MMBTU/Year) HVAC Systems 2B2 – 2D3 ...................................................3-21

Figure 3-9: OSFC High School Base Annual Site Energy Consumption(MMBTU/Year) HVAC Systems 3A1 – 4B1 ...................................................3-22

Figure 3-10: OSFC High School Base Annual Site Energy Consumption(MMBTU/Year) HVAC Systems 4B2 – 4D3 ...................................................3-23

Figure 3-11: OSFC Elementary School Baseline Annual Energy Costs ($/Year) HVACSystems 1A1 – 1C2 ...........................................................................................3-30

Figure 3-12: OSFC Elementary School Baseline Annual Energy Costs ($/Year) HVACSystems 1C3 – 2B1 ...........................................................................................3-31

Figure 3-13: OSFC Elementary School Baseline Annual Energy Costs ($/Year) HVACSystems 2B2 – 2D3 ...........................................................................................3-32

Figure 3-14: OSFC Elementary School Baseline Annual Energy Costs ($/Year) HVACSystems 3A1 – 4B1 ...........................................................................................3-33

Figure 3-15: OSFC Elementary School Baseline Annual Energy Costs ($/Year) HVACSystems 4B2 – 4D3 ............................................................................................3-34

Figure 3-16: OSFC High School Baseline Annual Energy Costs ($/Year) HVACSystems 1A1 – 1C2............................................................................................3-35

Figure 3-17: OSFC High School Baseline Annual Energy Costs ($/Year) HVACSystems 1C3 – 2B1 ............................................................................................3-36

Figure 3-18: OSFC High School Baseline Annual Energy Costs ($/Year) HVACSystems 2B2 – 2D3 ............................................................................................3-37

Figure 3-19: OSFC High School Baseline Annual Energy Costs ($/Year) HVACSystems 3A1 – 4B1 ............................................................................................3-38


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Figure 3-20: OSFC High School Baseline Annual Energy Costs ($/Year) HVACSystems 4B2 – 4D2 ............................................................................................3-39

Figure 4-1 OSFC Elementary School Life Cycle Cost ($) HVAC Systems 1A1 – 1C2 .....4-23

Figure 6-1 Second Meter Circuit Breakout for Elementary School.......................................6-2

Figure 6-2 Second Meter Circuit Breakout for High School .................................................6-3

Figure 6-3 OSFC Elementary School Controls Option Annual Energy Cost Savings($/Year) HVAC Systems 1A1 – 1C2 .................................................................6-11

Figure 6-4 OSFC Elementary School Controls Option Annual Energy Cost Savings($/Year) HVAC Systems 1C3 – 2B1 .................................................................6-12

Figure 6-5 OSFC Elementary School Controls Option Annual Energy Cost Savings($/Year) HVAC Systems 2B2 – 2D3 .................................................................6-13

Figure 6-6 OSFC Elementary School Controls Option Annual Energy Cost Savings($/Year) HVAC Systems 3A1 – 4B1 .................................................................6-14

Figure 6-7 OSFC Elementary School Controls Option Annual Energy Cost Savings($/Year) HVAC Systems 4B2 – 4D3 .................................................................6-15

Figure 6-8 OSFC High School Controls Option Annual Energy Cost Savings ($/Year)HVAC Systems 1A1 – 1C2................................................................................6-16

Figure 6-9 OSFC High School Controls Option Annual Energy Cost Savings ($/Year)HVAC Systems 1C3 – 2B1................................................................................6-17

Figure 6-10 OSFC High School Controls Option Annual Energy Cost Savings ($/Year)HVAC Systems 2B2- 2D3 .................................................................................6-18

Figure 6-11 OSFC High School Controls Option Annual Energy Cost Savings ($/Year)HVAC Systems 4B2– 4D3.................................................................................6-19

Figure 6-12 OSFC High School Controls Option Annual Energy Cost Savings ($/Year)HVAC Systems 4B2– 4D3.................................................................................6-20

Figure 6-13 OSFC Elementary School Energy Simulation – Cincinnati-Controls PanelVAV w/Reheat ...................................................................................................6-21


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Figure 7-1 OSFC Elementary School Annual Site Energy Savings with Enthalpy HeatRecovery (MMBTU/Year) HVAC Systems 1A1 – 1C2....................................7-14

Figure 7-2 OSFC High School Annual Site Energy Savings with Enthalpy HeatRecovery (MMBTU/Year) HVAC Systems 1A1 – 1C2....................................7-15

Figure 7-3 OSFC Elementary School Annual Site Energy Savings with Enthalpy HeatRecovery ($/Year) HVAC Systems 1A1 – 1C2.................................................7-21

Figure 7-4 OSFC High School Annual Site Energy Savings with Enthalpy HeatRecovery ($/Year) HVAC Systems 1A1 – 1C2.................................................7-22

Figure 7-5 OSFC Elementary School Paybacks with Enthalpy Heat Recovery (Years)HVAC Systems 1A1 – 1C2................................................................................7-28

Figure 7-6 OSFC High School Paybacks with Enthalpy Heat Recovery (Years)HVAC Systems 1A1 – 1C2................................................................................7-29

Figure 8-1 OSFC Columbus High School Annual Site Energy Use for 15 vs 10SCFM/Person (MMBTU/Year) HVAC Systems 1A1 – 1C2 ............................8-10

Figure 8-2 OSFC Columbus High School Annual Site Energy Use for 15 vs 20SCFM/Person (MMBTU/Year) HVAC Systems 1A1 – 1C2 ............................8-11

Figure 8-3 OSFC Columbus High School Annual Site Energy Savings for 15 vs 10SCFM/Person (MMBTU/Year) HVAC Systems 1A1 – 1C2 ............................8-15

Figure 8-4 OSFC Columbus High School Annual Site Savings for 15 vs 20SCFM/Person (MMBTU/Year) HVAC Systems 1A1 – 1C2 ............................8-16

Figure 8-5 OSFC Columbus High School Differential Life Cycle Costs ($) HVACSystems 1A1 – 1D1............................................................................................8-33

Figure 8-6 OSFC Columbus High School Differential Life Cycle Costs ($) HVACSystems 1D2 – 2C2............................................................................................8-34

Figure 8-7 OSFC Columbus High School Differential Life Cycle Costs ($) HVACSystems 2C3 – 4A2............................................................................................8-35

Figure 8-8 OSFC Columbus High School Differential Life Cycle Costs ($) HVACSystems 4A3 – 4D3............................................................................................8-36


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Figure 9-1 Plot of Assumed Geothermal Heat Pump Ground-Loop Temperatures byMonth ...................................................................................................................9-2


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1.0 Introduction

Lawhon and Associates, Inc., (L&A) was selected by the Ohio Department ofDevelopment’s Office of Energy Efficiency (ODOD-OEE), to quantitatively analyzeheating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) equipment options contained in theOhio School Facilities Commission’s (OSFC) Ohio School Design Manual (OSDM).The project had two primary objectives: 1) Determine the relative energy effectiveness ofup to 40 HVAC combinations available in the OSFC OSDM for an elementary and highschool in three Ohio cities, and 2) Evaluate alternative, sustainable energy savings thatmight be incorporated in future building designs considered under the OSDM. These twoobjectives were also known as Phase 1 and Phase 2 of the project.

Phase 1 modeled, in detail, two building types designed using the new OSDM, todetermine: 1) annual energy consumption for 40 HVAC system options, and 2) how eachsystem ranked against each other. Initial output from the models consisted of hourlyelectric, gas and fuel oil consumption for each building. Annual site and source energyuse were determined for 240 cases (40 HVAC system options, two buildings and threecities) using this information. This information was also used, with utility rate data fromCincinnati, Cleveland and Columbus, to determine annual energy costs for the 240 cases.

Phase 2 consisted of determining life-cycle costs for the 240 baseline cases andconsidered dozens of sustainable energy savings alternatives for further evaluation.Ultimately, five alternatives were selected that were believed to have the most promisefor providing sustainable energy savings. These included the use of enthalpy heatrecovery wheels, the use of controls to shift building loads, the impact of varyingamounts of fresh air on HVAC loads, the use of geothermal heat pumps and the impactsof daylighting options on annual energy consumption. In each case, the models were re-run using alternative equipment options and compared against baseline data. For severalof the alternatives, the economic cost benefit of such changes was computed using bothpay back and net present value calculations.

1.1 Project History

This project was developed to validate the energy-effectiveness of energy optionsavailable to architects and engineers in the OSDM. The original Request for Proposal(RFP) for this work was issued on July 15, 1998; an amendment to the RFP was issuedJuly 15, 1999. Proposals were due August 15, 1998 and the contract was awardedAugust 29, 1998. Additional follow-up work was proposed on December 23, 1999 andawarded on March 22, 2000. This report summarizes work under both awards.


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As outlined in the RFP, the scope of work was composed of two major elements: Phase 1and Phase 2.

Phase 1: Model 9 building designs, each in three distinct locations, based onenvelope and HVAC requirements in the OSDM.

Key elements to be included in the Phase 1 proposal included:

1. An evaluation of the OSDM using an appropriate modeling tools, such as DOE-2,Carrier HAP, Trane Trace, etc.

2. Rigorous modeling of a minimum of 9 building types, at one to three locations inOhio (e.g., Columbus, Cincinnati and Cleveland) depending on resourceavailability.

Simulations of each building type should take into account the following factorsestablished by the OSBM:

• Siting, orientation, general building configuration and architectural massing/programming

• Envelope construction (mass and R-value as a minimum), includingfenestration types and configurations

• Lighting, plug and miscellaneous electrical power densities

• HVAC configuration, including layout, zoning and control

• Complete applicable utility rate structures factoring in ability to obtain a lowerrate through aggregation or competition

• Document operational assumptions and key variables that will materiallyaffect baseline energy performance. At a minimum, this is to include:

� Weather data� Occupancy - density and schedule� HVAC run time and set points� Lighting schedule� Plug load power density and schedules.

Phase 2: Complete cost-benefit studies on sustainable building design practices.

Key elements to be included in the Phase 2 proposal included:

1. Identification of opportunities for incorporating sustainable building designpractices including additional improvements in energy efficiency along with othercosts of operations.


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2. Repeating Phase 1 simulations based on these improvements and including, at aminimum:

• Siting, orientation, general building configuration and architectural massing/programming

• Envelope construction (mass and R-value as a minimum), includingfenestration types and configurations

• Lighting, plug and miscellaneous electrical power densities

• HVAC configuration, including layout, zoning and control

• Complete applicable utility rate structures factoring in ability to obtain a lowerrate through aggregation or competition.

3. Document operational assumptions and key variables that will materially affectbaseline energy performance. At a minimum, this was to include:

• Weather data

• Occupancy - density and schedule

• HVAC run time and set points

• Lighting schedule

• Plug load power density and schedules.

4. Document the incremental costs of effecting the improvements identified earlierduring Phase 2.

5. Complete financial analysis of these technologies/practices to determine if thesavings associated with these improvements will pay for the incremental costs ofthe improvements.

Supplemental Work:

Key elements to be included in the Supplemental Work included:

1. Site and Source Energy: Development of Site and Source Energy Consumptiontables for all options. Activities to be completed during this task will include:

• Extract, organize and incorporate fuel-use data from the project databases foreach of the Phase 1 baseline options.

• Calculate source energy for each of the baseline options using an ORNL set ofFuel Cycle Efficiency values for electricity, fuel oil and natural gas.

• Hold up to two half-day meetings and one full-day presentation of Phase 2results with ODOD-OEE and invited representatives.


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2. Life-Cycle Costs for Baseline HVAC Options: The objective is to determineHVAC option life-cycle costs. This task was to be completed under the directionof ODOD-OEE, to ensure that consensus is reached on the definition, scope andcontent of elements to be included in life-cycle analyses. L&A was to completelife-cycle analyses based on system equipment first costs, annual energy costs andservice and maintenance costs for each of the forty baseline HVAC options intwo buildings and three cities.

3. Daylighting: Evaluate annual energy cost impacts of two daylighting options onthe Columbus high school HVAC options. L&A will utilize experts to: 1) definethe two daylighting scenarios and, 2) determine how best to integrate consultantinput with HAP. Currently, HAP does not allow one to directly model the HVACimplications of daylighting.

4. Impact of Reduced Load/Equipment on Costs for the Enthalpy Wheel Alternative:The HAP economic evaluations for the Enthalpy heat recovery cases (240 total)will be re-run to account for potentially smaller equipment needs under theenthalpy case. Activities to be completed during this task will include:

• Review existing enthalpy load model data, select revised equipment sizes.(Utilize Fanning-Howey data – although the information sent is equipmentsize specific and must be extrapolated to other equipment sizes).

• Re-run HAP model with new equipment sizes (240 runs)

• Cost equipment

• Re-run economic models; incorporate results into the final report.

5. Development of Presentations: Three specific presentations will be prepared todisseminate project results to: 1) National Audience, School Officials, StateSchool Policy Makers and the Design Professional Community. Activities to becompleted during this task will include:

• Draft Presentation Outlines/Meet with ODOD-OEE and OSFC to finalizepresentation(s) content

• Draft Presentations in MicroSoft® PowerPoint® for the following targetaudiences:

� National� State School Officials and Policy Makers� State School Operating Staff� Professional Design Community� Review Presentations with ODOD-OEE� Finalize Presentations� Develop ASHRAE Paper

The presentations will be provided to ODOD-OEE on disk or CD-ROM.


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6. Geothermal Heat Pump Option: Add Geothermal Heat Pump as an alternativeheating and cooling plant option. Tasks to be completed during this task willinclude:

• Define project scope with ODOD-OEE and utility sponsor

• Obtain loop temperatures from literature

• Develop input equations for HAP

• Run HAP (three locations, two buildings)

• Define/complete economics

• Prepare Final Report Text/Illustrations

1.2 Project Deliverables

Deliverables were to include:

1. A final report providing a detailed analysis of the new building standardsestablished by the Ohio School Design Manual (OSDM).

2. Improved energy efficiency opportunities that exist in the standards established bythe OSDM.

3. An analysis of each building type incorporating the improvements identified inDeliverable #2.

4. Estimates of the incremental costs, as well as savings, associated with theimplementation of these improvements.

5. An assessment of the capacity of the savings associated with these improvementsto pay for incremental costs of making these improvements.

6. Three MicroSoft® PowerPoint® presentations.

The actual scope of work completed was the same as identified in the RFP except that thenumber of buildings was reduced from nine to six. The six buildings include a highschool and elementary school at three locations. The middle school was eliminatedbecause no middle schools were under design using the new OSDM. This is in partbecause many school districts are converting existing high schools to middle schools asthey expand. Thus, few new middle schools are being designed or built.

Actual project work began on March 1, 1999 following completion of two schoolbuilding designs under the new OSFC OSDM. Both buildings were two of the firstschool buildings designed under the new OSFC OSDM, and were modeled as if theywere located in three different locations (Cincinnati, Cleveland and Columbus).


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The two schools were modeled during this project were:

• Uhrichsville High School (Claymont City Schools, Dennison, Ohio). Floorarea totaled 120,500 square feet.

• Katherine Thomas Elementary School (Windham Exempted Village SchoolDistrict, Windham, Ohio). Floor area totaled 64,442 square feet.

1.3 Selection of the Hourly Analysis Program (HAP) Model

Four of the most commonly used models are the Department of Energy’s (DOE) DOE2.1E, Carrier’s Hourly Analysis Program (HAP), Ross Meriweather’s Energy SystemsAnalysis Software (ESAS) and Trane’s Trace 600 model. Each of these programs has itsstrengths and weaknesses. In side-by-side comparison tests run by the American GasCooling Center (AGCC), all the models except Trane Trace provided very similarsimulation results under a variety of scenarios. Trane Trace is not currently an 8,760hour per year code, which probably accounts for the difference in results from the othermodels. The DOE model is extremely robust but relatively user-unfriendly. PowerDOE,a Window’s based version of this program, makes the model somewhat more userfriendly. However, it has recently been publicly reported the DOE will be moving fromDOE 2.1E to a program known as “Energy Plus,” thus somewhat obsoleting DOE 2.1E.Energy Plus will combine DOE 2.1E with “Blast” from the University of Chicago, butwas not available in time for use with this project. ESAS and HAP produce very similarresults and are both relatively user friendly. Since the RFP recommended the use ofDOE 2.1E or HAP, L&A selected HAP for use in this work.

HAP version 4.03 was used to complete all energy simulations contained in this work.The output from HAP consisted of hourly data for consumption of electricity, natural gasand fuel oil depending on the equipment configurations selected. This hourly output wastransferred to Microsoft® Excel® spreadsheets and combined with energy cost (e.g.,tariffs for each of the cities and rates appropriate for the location and magnitude of theenergy loads) information to develop annual energy costs presented in this report.Experience has shown that this provides a more accurate estimate of actual energy coststhan using the energy cost estimator found in HAP.


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2.0 Project Approach

The project approach was to analyze the drawing packages and specifications for both thehigh school and the elementary school to obtain detailed building envelope, equipmentand occupancy information for insertion into the HAP model. This information was thencombined with equipment and weather data from Columbus, Cincinnati and Cleveland toobtain hourly and monthly building energy loads. This information was used tosize/select equipment (from manufacturers’ catalogs) for the model. Actual equipmentsizes recommended by the OSFC provided a good check on whether or not properly sizedequipment was selected. Actual annual energy costs were obtained by combining HAPmodel output with rate schedules in a Microsoft® Excel® spreadsheet. These costsprovided the baseline energy costs against which the alternative cost options (e.g.,enthalpy wheels) were compared.

HAP is an 8,760-model meaning that it calculates building loads for each hour of eachweek of each month for a full year. Release 4.03, and its energy simulation companion3.24, were released on/about February 1, 1999. This work is based on the latest HAPenergy simulation model, Version 3.24.

A detailed explanation of the HAP model input parameters follow:

2.1 HAP Input Parameter - Weather Data

The weather database contained in HAP covers all major cities. The user simply clickson the city of interest and ties weather data for that city to the specific building beingmodeled. For this work, two school buildings (an elementary school and a high school)were modeled in three cities (Cincinnati, Cleveland, and Columbus). These cities werefelt to represent the range of weather conditions seen across the state of Ohio. Byrunning the model for two types of schools in three locations, a total of six sets ofbaseline models were run. However, weather data was needed for only three sites.

HAP uses weather data from the following sources with the following characteristics:

• It utilizes 24-hour profiles for dry-bulb (DB), wet-bulb (WB) and solarconditions for a 12-month design period.

• It uses 99.6% weather data from ASHRAE 97.

• It includes ASHRAE design maximums; covering the worst case events.

2.2 HAP Input Parameter - Calendar Data

HAP requires the user to mark the date(s), if any, when the building will not be occupied.For schools, this includes all holidays and other days off so that the model properlyaccounts for the heat gain due to people being present in the building. For example, forJanuary, it was assumed that on January 1st (New Years Day) and January 18th (MartinLuther King’s birthday) the buildings would be unoccupied. Other unoccupied periodsinclude President’s Day, spring break, summer break, Labor Day, in-service days,


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Thanksgiving and the winter holiday break. A summary of the number of holidays anddays off included in the model is presented in Table 2-1.

Month Number of Holiday/Days Off by Month

January 2

February 1

March 0

April 11

May 0

June 27

July 31

August 24

September 1

October 1

November 5

December 12

TOTAL 115

Table 2-1: Number of Holiday/Off-Time Dates Used in the HAP Model

Note that for both school buildings, the same time-off schedule was used and that itreflects a 180-day school year. Time off for the summer accounts for the large number ofdays off in June, July and August.

2.3 HAP Input Parameter - Spaces

HAP is based on dividing a building into spaces. A space is a unique area with respectto:

• Schedules

• Walls

• Roofs

• Windows

• Doors

• Shades

For each space, applicable schedules, walls, roofs (or ceilings), windows, doors andshades are specified. For Uhrichsville High School, a total of 99 spaces or zones weredefined for the high school model. For Katherine Thomas Elementary School, a total of76 spaces or zones were defined in the elementary school model.


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Each of these spaces is assigned:

• A space identifier code

• Floor area

• Building weight

• Windows/Window shading

• Lighting details (lamp wattage, ballast multiplier, and task lighting)

• People loading (people schedule, sensible and latent loads based on level ofactivity)

• Schedules for lighting, task lights, equipment, people, sensible loads, latentloads, and other equipment loads

• Floor details (type, perimeter, area, R-value and insulation R value)

• Roof details (type, slope, gross area, skylight details)

• Infiltration details (cooling CFM, heating CFM, typical CFM and fan on oroff).


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An example of a typical space input panel is shown in Table 2-2 below.GENERAL SCHEDULESName......: A100/A111 Lighting....: Lighting1 CorridorFloor Area......: 1548.0 sqft Task Lights.: Lighting1 CorridorBuilding Weight.: 130.0 lb/sqft People......: People3 Conference RoomsWindows Shaded..? Y Equipment...: Equipment1 OfficePartitions Used.? Y Misc. Sens..: Equipment1 OfficeLIGHTING Misc. Latent: Equipment1 OfficeOverhead Fixture: Recessed, Vented INFILTRATIONLamp Wattage....: 1560.0 W Cooling.....: 55.0 CFMBallast Mult....: 1.00 Heating.....: 110.0 CFMTask Lighting...: 0.0 W Typical.....: 83.0 CFMPEOPLE When Fan On.? YOccupancy.......: 4 People FLOORActivity Level..: Office Work Type........:Slab On GradeSensible........: 245.0 BTU/hr Perimeter.............: 14.0 ftLatent..........: 205.0 BTU/hr Slab Floor Area.......: 1520.0 sqftOTHER LOADS Floor R-Value.........: 0.60Equipment.......: 280.0 W Insulation R-value....: 10.00Misc. Sensible..: 0.0 BTU/hrMisc. Latent....: 0.0 BTU/hr

EXTERNAL SHADING | Type 1 | Type 2 | Type 3 |-----------------------------------------------------------------------------Reveal Depth.....................(in) | 4.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |Overhang | | | |Projection From Building Surface.(in) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |Height Above Window..............(in) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |Extension Past RH Side Of Window.(in) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |Extension Past LH Side Of Window.(in) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |Right Fin | | | |Distance From Edge Of Window.....(in) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |Projection From Building Surface.(in) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |Height Above Window..............(in) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |Left Fin | | | |Distance From Edge Of Window.....(in) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |Projection From Building Surface.(in) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |Height Above Window..............(in) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |=============================================================================WALL Gross Area | WALL | WINDOW | WINDOW | AnyExp (sqft) | Type | Type Qty Shade | Type Qty Shade | Doors?-----------------------------------------------------------------------------E 196.0 | 1 | 1 0 0 | 1 0 0 | Y=============================================================================ROOF Slope Gross Area | ROOF | SKYLIGHT |DOORExp (deg) (sqft) | Type |Type Qty | Gross Area..: 42.0 sqft----------------------------------------------| Uvalue......: 0.590- - - | - | - - | Glass Area..: 30.0 sqft- - - | - | - - | Glass U-val.: 1.100- - - | - | - - | Shade Coeff.: 0.80- - - | - | - - | Glass Shaded? Y*****************************************************************************PARTITION LOADS Type 1 Type 2-----------------------------------------------------------------------------Type..................: Partition CeilingArea..................: 108.0 sqft 0.0 sqftU-value...............: 0.400 BTU/hr/sqft/F 0.500 BTU/hr/sqft/FMaximum Space Temp....: 80.0 F 75.0 FOutside Air Temp @ Max: 95.0 F 55.0 FMinimum Space Temp....: 65.0 F 75.0 FOutside Air Temp @ Min: 0.0 F 54.0 F

Table 2-2: Typical Input for Elementary School Space

2.3.1 Schedules:

For each space, schedules for occupancy, lighting, equipment and miscellaneous itemsare typically assigned to a given space. These schedules were derived from architecturaldrawings, schedules, from the OSDM and from manufacturer equipment guides.


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For the high school, a total of 36 separate schedules were created for the 99 spaces orzones. These are listed below:

Occupancy Schedules (13):

• People1 Corridors• People2 Office• People3 Conference Rooms• People4 Classrooms• People5 Home Economics• People6 Teacher Wk Rooms• People7 Science• People8 Auditeria• People9 Shops• People10 Arts• People11 Band/Vocal Music• People12 Kitchen• People13 Gym

Lighting Schedules (14):

• Lighting1 Corridor• Lighting2 Office• Lighting3 Classroom• Lighting4 Conference• Lighting5 Science• Lighting6 Shops• Lighting7 Arts• Lighting8 Band• Lighting9 Kitchen• Lighting10 Gym• TLighting1 Office• TLighting2 Classroom• TLighting3 Shops• TLighting4 Kitchen

Equipment Schedules (7):

• Equipment1 Office• Equipment2 Classroom• Equipment3 Home Economy


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• Equipment4 Science• Equipment5 Shops• Equipment6 Arts• Equipment7 Kitchen

Miscellaneous Schedules (2):

• MiscSens1 Kitchen• MiscLatent1 Kitchen

A typical example for an occupancy schedule is shown in Table 2-3 for people occupyingcorridor spaces.Schedule Name: People3 Corridors Hourly Percentages

------------------------------------------------------------------------Hour -----> | 00 | 01 | 02 | 03 | 04 | 05 | 06 | 07 | 08 | 09 | 10 | 11------------------------------------------------------------------------DESIGN DAY | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |100 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22Weekday | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 50 |100 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0Saturday | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1Sun/Vacat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0------------------------------------------------------------------------Hour -----> | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23------------------------------------------------------------------------DESIGN DAY | 22 | 22 | 22 |100 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0Weekday | 0 | 0 | 0 |100 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0Saturday | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0Sun/Vacat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0************************************************************************

Table 2-3: Example HAP High School Schedule - People in Corridors

Note that this schedule allows the user to input the percentage of time the people will bein a given space by weekday, Saturday and for Sunday/Vacation. This information isprovided for all 24 hours per day, year round. In this example, 100% occupancy isassumed at hour 7 (or 7:00 am to 8:00 am). HAP allows one to assign various activitylevels to people. For example, people “seated at rest” are assumed to emit 230BTU/hr/person sensible heat and 120 BTU/hr/person latent heat. Those in more activespaces, like music rooms, are assumed to release more heat, namely 245 BTU/hr/personsensible heat and 205 BTU/hr/person latent heat.

Similarly for the elementary school, a total of 36 schedules were developed for the 76spaces or zones. The names of these schedules are classified and listed below:

Occupancy Schedules (10):• People1 Classrooms• People2 Office• People3 Corridor


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• People4 Art• People5 Music• People6 Library• People7 Gym• People8 Cafeteria• People9 Kitchen• People10 Teachers

Lighting Schedules (16):

• Lights1 Classroom• Lights2 Office• Lights3 Corridor• Lights4 Art• Lights5 Music• Lights6 Library• Lights7 Gym• Lights8 Cafeteria• Lights9 Stage• Lights10 Kitchen• Lights11 Teachers• TLights1 Classroom• TLights2 Office• TLights3 Library• TLights4 Music• TLights5 Teachers

Equipment Schedules (8):

• Equip1 Classroom• Equip2 Office• Equip3 Art• Equip4 Library• Equip5 Kitchen• Equip6 Ware washing• Equip7 Music• Equip8 Teachers

Miscellaneous Schedules (2):

• MiscSensible1 Kitchen• MiscLatent1 Kitchen


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An example occupancy schedule (People1 Classrooms) used in the elementary schoolmodeling is shown in Table 2-4:

Schedule Name: People1 Classrooms Hourly Percentages------------------------------------------------------------------------Hour -----> | 00 | 01 | 02 | 03 | 04 | 05 | 06 | 07 | 08 | 09 | 10 | 11------------------------------------------------------------------------DESIGN DAY | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 50 |100 |100 |100Weekday | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 50 | 80 | 80 | 46Saturday | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0Sun/Vacation | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0------------------------------------------------------------------------Hour -----> | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23------------------------------------------------------------------------DESIGN DAY |100 |100 |100 | 50 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0Weekday | 46 | 80 | 80 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0Saturday | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0Sun/Vacation | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0

Table 2-4: Example HAP Elementary School Schedule – People inClassrooms

2.4 Construction Materials

For each of the spaces, the construction materials used in the walls, windows, doors,shading items and roof must be defined to determine heat transfer in and out of the space.In HAP, this is accomplished by developing a series of schedules to define the varioustypes of walls, windows, doors, shading items and roofs used in the building beingmodeled. These schedules were developed based on the actual architectural drawingsand specifications for both the high school and the elementary school. For example, forthe high school 11 different window schedules were created based on the architect’sspecifications. Once the schedules are developed, each space is assigned the appropriateschedules for its walls, roof and windows. Typical input forms for a wall, roof andwindow are shown in Figures 2-5, 2-6 and 2-7, respectively.

WALL CONSTRUCTION TYPES*************************************************************************WALL TYPE 1: (CUSTOM WALL)-------------------------------------------------------------------------Description...........: Wall 1Absorptivity..........: 0.900-------------------------------------------------------------------------

Layer Description Thickness Density Spec.Ht R-Val Weight-------------------------------------------------------------------------Inside surface resistance - - - 0.69 -8-in (203 mm) HW concrete block 8.00 61.0 0.20 1.11 40.7R-14 (RSI-2.5) board insulation 1.50 2.0 0.22 10.42 0.3Airspace 0.00 0.0 0.00 0.91 0.04-in (102 mm) face brick 4.00 125.0 0.22 0.43 41.7Outside surface resistance - - - 0.33 -


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-------------------------------------------------------------------------Totals 13.50 13.89 82.6-------------------------------------------------------------------------Thickness: in Density: lb/cuft Weight: lb/sqftR-value : (hr-sqft-F)/BTU Specific Heat: BTU/lb/F-------------------------------------------------------------------------

Table 2-5: Example of Wall Input Template: Elementary School Wall Type 1ROOF CONSTRUCTION TYPES

*************************************************************************ROOF TYPE 1: (CUSTOM ROOF)-------------------------------------------------------------------------Description...........: Roof1Absorptivity..........: 0.900-------------------------------------------------------------------------

Layer Description Thickness Density Spec.Ht R-Val Weight-------------------------------------------------------------------------Inside surface resistance - - - 0.69 -Asphalt shingles 0.13 70.0 0.30 0.43 0.7Asphalt sheathing 0.50 70.0 0.35 1.44 2.91/2-in (13 mm) plywood 0.50 34.0 0.29 0.62 1.4R-14 (RSI-2.5) board insulation 3.00 2.0 0.22 20.83 0.522 gage steel deck 0.03 489.0 0.12 0.00 1.4Airspace 0.00 0.0 0.00 0.91 0.01/2-in (13 mm) gypsum board 0.50 50.0 0.26 0.45 2.1Outside surface resistance - - - 0.33 --------------------------------------------------------------------------Totals 4.66 25.70 9.0-------------------------------------------------------------------------Thickness: in Density: lb/cuft Weight: lb/sqftR-value : (hr-sqft-F)/BTU Specific Heat: BTU/lb/F-------------------------------------------------------------------------ROOF TYPE 2: (CUSTOM ROOF)-------------------------------------------------------------------------Description...........: Roof2Absorptivity..........: 0.900-------------------------------------------------------------------------

Layer Description Thickness Density Spec.Ht R-Val Weight-------------------------------------------------------------------------Inside surface resistance - - - 0.69 -Asphalt roll 0.06 70.0 0.36 0.15 0.4R-14 (RSI-2.5) board insulation 3.00 2.0 0.22 20.83 0.522 gage steel deck 0.03 489.0 0.12 0.00 1.4Airspace 0.00 0.0 0.00 0.91 0.01/2-in (13 mm) gypsum board 0.50 50.0 0.26 0.45 2.1Outside surface resistance - - - 0.33 --------------------------------------------------------------------------Totals 3.60 23.36 4.3-------------------------------------------------------------------------Thickness: in Density: lb/cuft Weight: lb/sqftR-value : (hr-sqft-F)/BTU Specific Heat: BTU/lb/F-------------------------------------------------------------------------

Table 2-6: Example of Roof Construction Input Templates: Elementary SchoolCustom Roof

WINDOW TYPE CONSTRUCTIONSPage 1

*************************************************************************WINDOW TYPE 1: (CUSTOM WINDOW)-------------------------------------------------------------------------Window Description.....: WindowAHeight.................: 1.75 ftWidth..................: 2.75 ftFrame Type.............: Aluminum with thermal breaksInterior Shade Type....: No Shades UsedGlass Transmissivity...: 0.800Number of Pane(s)......: 2Pane 1 Absorptivity....: 0.030Pane 2 Absorptivity....: 0.030Center of Glass U-value: 0.550 BTU/hr/sqft/FOverall U-value........: 0.649 BTU/hr/sqft/FOverall Shade Coeff....: 0.864-------------------------------------------------------------------------WINDOW TYPE 2: (CUSTOM WINDOW)-------------------------------------------------------------------------Window Description.....: WindowBHeight.................: 1.83 ftWidth..................: 2.75 ftFrame Type.............: Aluminum with thermal breaks


2-10

Interior Shade Type....: No Shades UsedGlass Transmissivity...: 0.800Number of Pane(s)......: 2Pane 1 Absorptivity....: 0.030Pane 2 Absorptivity....: 0.030Center of Glass U-value: 0.550 BTU/hr/sqft/FOverall U-value........: 0.648 BTU/hr/sqft/FOverall Shade Coeff....: 0.864-------------------------------------------------------------------------WINDOW TYPE 3: (CUSTOM WINDOW)-------------------------------------------------------------------------Window Description.....: WindowCHeight.................: 1.75 ftWidth..................: 3.67 ftFrame Type.............: Aluminum with thermal breaksInterior Shade Type....: No Shades UsedGlass Transmissivity...: 0.800Number of Pane(s)......: 2Pane 1 Absorptivity....: 0.030Pane 2 Absorptivity....: 0.030Center of Glass U-value: 0.550 BTU/hr/sqft/FOverall U-value........: 0.647 BTU/hr/sqft/FOverall Shade Coeff....: 0.864

Table 2-7: Example of Window Construction Input Templates: ElementarySchool Custom Windows

2.5 Air Systems

Under the OSDM, four systems are available for the engineer to consider in designing anew school building. These four systems include:

• Variable air volume (VAV) with reheat• Series Fan-Powered VAV Box (SFPMB VAV)• Water source heat pump• Dual duct VAV.

All four systems were included, and modeled, during this project. An example of theinput page for a VAV system with reheat (AHU-2) is shown in Table 2-8:

Name: AHU-2 VAV ReheatType: VARIABLE VOLUME - VAV Reheat1. SYSTEM NAME AND TYPE-------------------------------------------------------------------------Name............: AHU-2 VAV ReheatType............: VARIABLE VOLUME - VAV ReheatNumber of Zones.: 14

=========================================================================2. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION-------------------------------------------------------------------------COOLING SYSTEM DATASupply Air....................: 53.0 FCoil Bypass Factor............: 0.100Supply Air Reset..............: Not UsedOUTDOOR VENTILATION DATAType of Control...............: Constant Airflow RateDesign Ventilation Airflow....: 15.0 CFM/personDampers Open During Unocc Per.: NDamper Leak Rate..............: 5 %SUPPLY DUCT DATADuct Heat Gain................: 0 %Duct Leakage Rate.............: 0 %RETURN PLENUM DATAIs a Return Plenum Used.......? Y% Roof Heat Gain to Plenum....: 70 %% Wall Heat Gain to Plenum....: 30 %% Lighting Heat Gain to Plenum: 30 %SUPPLY FAN DATAFan Type......................: BI/AF w/ Variable Frequency Drive


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Configuration.................: Draw-ThruFan Total Static..............: 5.25 in.wg.Fan Efficiency................: 43 %RETURN FAN DATAFan Type......................: NoneOUTDOOR AIR ECONOMIZEROutdoor Economizer Type.......: Integrated EnthalpyOA Upper Cutoff Temp..........: 60.0 F

*************************************************************************OA Lower Cutoff Temp..........: 0.0 FPREHEAT COILPreheat Coil Used.............? NPRECOOL COILPrecool Coil Used.............? NHUMIDIFICATIONHumidification System Used....? NDEHUMIDIFICATIONDehumidification System Used..? NVENTILATION HEAT RECLAIMReclaim Unit Type.............: NoneSAFETY FACTORSSensible Cooling Factor.......: 0 %Latent Cooling Factor.........: 0 %Heating Factor................: 0 %

Table 2-8: Example of VAV with Reheat Air System Input Templates:Elementary School

3. ZONE DATA-------------------------------------------------------------------------ZONE 1 (All Zones the Same)T-Stat Occupied Cooling....(F): 75.0

Unoccupied Cooling..(F): 85.0Occupied Heating....(F): 72.0Unoccupied Heating..(F): 55.0Throttling Range....(F): 3.0

Zone Heating Unit Type........: NoneTrip Temperature.........(F): -Design Supply Temperature(F): -Fan Total Static....(in.wg.): -Fan Efficiency...........(%): -

Zone Terminal Type............: VAV BoxMinimum Damper Position...(%) 30Reheat Coil.................? YFan Total Static....(in.wg.): -Fan Efficiency...........(%): -Heating Supply Temp......(F): -

Diversity Factor...........(%): 100Direct Exhaust Airflow...(CFM): 0.0Direct Exhaust Fan kW.....(kW): 0.0=========================================================================4. SCHEDULE DATA=========================================================================HOURLY TSTAT SCHEDULES |0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|1|1|1|1|1|1|1|1|1|1|2|2|2|2|

|0|1|2|3|4|5|6|7|8|9|0|1|2|3|4|5|6|7|8|9|0|1|2|3|-------------------------------------------------------------------------Design Day............. | | | | | |X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X| |Weekday................ | | | | | | |X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X| | | | |Saturday............... | | | | | | | | |X|X|X|X| | | | | | | | | | | | |Sun/Vacat.............. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |=========================================================================Cooling Available During Unoccupied Period ? Y

=========================================================================MONTHLY SCHEDULES |JAN|FEB|MAR|APR|MAY|JUN|JUL|AUG|SEP|OCT|NOV|DEC|-------------------------------------------------------------------------Terminal Heating....... |XXX|XXX|XXX|XXX|XXX| | | |XXX|XXX|XXX|XXX|


2-12

Central Cooling........ | | | | |XXX|XXX|XXX|XXX|XXX| | | |=========================================================================AIR SYSTEM INPUT DATAName: AHU-2 VAV ReheatType: VARIABLE VOLUME - VAV Reheat************************************************************************1. SPACE SELECTION-------------------------------------------------------------------------

Space Name Qty Space Name Qty=========================================================================SPACES IN ZONE 1 (Zone 1)-------------------------------------------------------------------------50. 50 R.R. 1

=========================================================================SPACES IN ZONE 2 (Zone 2)-------------------------------------------------------------------------51. 51 Matl's & Corr 1

=========================================================================SPACES IN ZONE 3 (Zone 3)-------------------------------------------------------------------------52. 52 Teachers 1

=========================================================================

Table 2-8: Example of VAV with Reheat Air System Input Templates:Elementary School

=========================================================================SPACES IN ZONE 4 (Zone 4)-------------------------------------------------------------------------53. 53 1st Grade 1



=========================================================================SPACES IN ZONE 7 (Zone 7)-------------------------------------------------------------------------56. 56 Corridor 1



=========================================================================SPACES IN ZONE 10 (Zone 10)-------------------------------------------------------------------------59. 59 2nd Grade 1





=========================================================================

Table 2-8: Example of VAV with Reheat Air System Input Templates:Elementary School - Continued


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Input values for each of these items in each of the air system input tables was obtaineddirectly from the architect’s drawings/specifications and/or from manufacturers’ catalogs.

2.6 Plant Equipment

Plant equipment in this analysis is defined as the heating and cooling systems selectedand used to maintain the school at necessary comfort conditions. As with the air systems,the OSDM specifies the types of heating and cooling systems an engineer is to considerin the design of a new school building.

For heating systems, one can consider the use of:

• Atmospheric gas hot-water boilers• Power burner gas hot-water boilers• Oil-fired hot-water boilers• Electric boiler

For cooling systems, one can consider the use of:

• Air-cooled packaged screw chillers• Water-cooled screw chillers• Water-cooled centrifugal chillers

Consideration of all these equipment design options (air systems – 3; heating systems – 4and chiller systems –3) results in 36 combinations of design options. Added to this is theuse of a water-source heat pump with the four heating options. Thus, a total forty (36 +4) plant options were available, and were modeled using this work. These options aredelineated in Table 2-9 below:


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SystemNumber


Cooling Plant

1A1 VAV with Reheat Atmospheric Nat. Gas Air Cooled Screw Chiller

1A2 VAV with Reheat Atmospheric Nat. Gas Water Cooled Screw Chiller

1A3 VAV with Reheat Atmospheric Nat. Gas Water Cooled Centrifugal Chiller

1B1 VAV with Reheat Power Nat. Gas Air Cooled Screw Chiller

1B2 VAV with Reheat Power Nat. Gas Water Cooled Screw Chiller

1B3 VAV with Reheat Power Nat. Gas Water Cooled Centrifugal Chiller

1C1 VAV with Reheat Electric Electric Air Cooled Screw Chiller

1C2 VAV with Reheat Electric Electric Water Cooled Screw Chiller

1C3 VAV with Reheat Electric Electric Water Cooled Centrifugal Chiller

1D1 VAV with Reheat Power Oil Air Cooled Screw Chiller

1D2 VAV with Reheat Power Oil Water Cooled Screw Chiller

1D3 VAV with Reheat Power Oil Water Cooled Centrifugal Chiller

2A1 Series Fan Powered VAV Box Atmospheric Nat. Gas Air Cooled Screw Chiller

2A2 Series Fan Powered VAV Box Atmospheric Nat. Gas Water Cooled Screw Chiller

2A3 Series Fan Powered VAV Box Atmospheric Nat. Gas Water Cooled Centrifugal Chiller

2B1 Series Fan Powered VAV Box Power Nat. Gas Air Cooled Screw Chiller

2B2 Series Fan Powered VAV Box Power Nat. Gas Water Cooled Screw Chiller

2B3 Series Fan Powered VAV Box Power Nat. Gas Water Cooled Centrifugal Chiller

2C1 Series Fan Powered VAV Box Electric Electric Air Cooled Screw Chiller

2C2 Series Fan Powered VAV Box Electric Electric Water Cooled Screw Chiller

2C3 Series Fan Powered VAV Box Electric Electric Water Cooled Centrifugal Chiller

2D1 Series Fan Powered VAV Box Power Oil Air Cooled Screw Chiller

2D2 Series Fan Powered VAV Box Power Oil Water Cooled Screw Chiller

2D3 Series Fan Powered VAV Box Power Oil Water Cooled Centrifugal Chiller

3A1 Water Source Heat Pump Atmospheric Nat. Gas

3B1 Water Source Heat Pump Power Nat. Gas

3C1 Water Source Heat Pump Electric Electric

3D1 Water Source Heat Pump Power Oil

4A1 Dual Duct VAV Atmospheric Nat. Gas Air Cooled Screw Chiller


2-15

SystemNumber


Cooling Plant

4A2 Dual Duct VAV Atmospheric Nat. Gas Water Cooled Screw Chiller

4A3 Dual Duct VAV Atmospheric Nat. Gas Water Cooled Centrifugal Chiller

4B1 Dual Duct VAV Power Nat. Gas Air Cooled Screw Chiller

4B2 Dual Duct VAV Power Nat. Gas Water Cooled Screw Chiller

4B3 Dual Duct VAV Power Nat. Gas Water Cooled Centrifugal Chiller

4C1 Dual Duct VAV Electric Electric Air Cooled Screw Chiller

4C2 Dual Duct VAV Electric Electric Water Cooled Screw Chiller

4C3 Dual Duct VAV Electric Electric Water Cooled Centrifugal Chiller

4D1 Dual Duct VAV Power Oil Air Cooled Screw Chiller

4D2 Dual Duct VAV Power Oil Water Cooled Screw Chiller

4D3 Dual Duct VAV Power Oil Water Cooled Centrifugal Chiller

Table 2-9: Summary of Plant Design Options

Note that the system number codes in the left-most column systematically identifyoptions used for a specific set of modeling results. The first digit represent the type of airsystem (e.g., 1 is for VAV with reheat, 2 is for series fan power with VAV, 3 is for watersource heat pump and 4 is for dual duct VAV). The second digit represents the fuel/typeof boiler used for heating (e.g., A is for an atmospheric burner fired using natural gas, Bis for a power burner fired using natural gas, C is for an electric-fired boiler and D is foran oil-fired boiler). The last, or third digit represents the type of cooling system modeled(e.g., 1 is for an air-cooled screw chiller, 2 is for a water-cooled screw chiller and 3 is fora water-cooled centrifugal chiller). These system number codes are used throughout thisreport to identify results. Modeling these forty options in two buildings, for three cities(Cincinnati, Cleveland and Columbus, Ohio) resulted in exercising the HAP model 240times for the Phase 1 portion of this project.

System Design Report:

Following the input of necessary building envelope and system parameters and schedules(defined earlier), the HAP program generates a system design report. This reportcalculates building loads on an hour-by-hour basis for the entire year. Data can beoutputted in terms of hourly heating and cooling loads, daily loads, monthly loads andannual loads. These load values provide the basis for sizing plant equipment (heating andcooling equipment). Once the plant equipment has been selected, energy loads (electric –kW and kW-hr, gas and heating oil) are determined. These data are computed on anhourly basis for the entire year and are “rolled up” to provide monthly and annual energyloads for a given building – in this case, loads for two buildings in three locations weredetermined.

2.7 Utility Rates/Energy Costs

Building energy load data are then combined with utility rates to determine annual energycosts for a given facility in a given location. HAP will accept rate schedules and compute


2-16

these costs directly. Based on experience, it has been observed that the costs predicted byHAP do not match actual bills as closely as would be expected or desired. Consequently,this team has developed Microsoft® Excel® worksheets that import the raw energy datafrom HAP, combine it with utility rate schedules and compute annual energy costs. Thisapproach for calculating energy costs was utilized for this project.

Specific utility tariffs used by city and fuel type for this project are listed below:

Electric Rates:

Cincinnati – Cincinnati Gas & Electric’s GS tariffCleveland – Cleveland Electric Illuminating’s SS tariffColumbus – Columbus Southern Power’s GS-3S tariff

Natural Gas Rates:

Cincinnati – Cincinnati Gas & Electric’s DS tariffCleveland – Columbia Gas’s GS tariffColumbus – Columbia Gas’s GS tariff

Fuel Oil:

For all locations, a rate of $0.80 per gallon was used.

Examples of these electric and gas rate tariffs are shown in Tables 2-10 through 2-13below:


2-17

Percentage of Income Payment (PIPP): $ 0.0001830

Electric Fuel Component (EFC): $ 0.0124500

Phase-In Deferral: 4.12000%

Emission Fee Recovery Rider (EFRR): 0.000474%

"GS-3" General Service, Medium Load Factor

Secondary PrimaryCustomer Charges:

Monthly $ 125.15 $ 278.90

Demand Charges:

Demand Charge: $ 12.629 $ 11.493

Off-Peak Excess Demand Charge: $ 1.125 $ 1.088

Excess KVA Charge: $ 0.907 $ 0.878

Energy Charges:

All kW-hr $ 0.012310 $ 0.011927

Table 2-10: Columbus Southern Power Rates

Percentage of Income Payment (PIPP): $ 0.000568

Electric Fuel Component (EFC): $ 0.013800

Electric Space ConditioningSummer Winter

Energy Charges:

All kW-hr $ 0.10750 $ 0.02340

Small SchoolCustomer Charges: Summer Winter

Single Phase $ 9.00 $ 9.00


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Three Phase $ 15.00 $ 15.00

Demand Charges:

First 50 kW $ 6.84 $ 6.36Over 50 KW $ 6.29 $ 5.80

Energy Charges:

First 150 kW-hr/kW $ 0.1102 $ 0.1017Next 150 kW-hr/kW $ 0.0671 $ 0.0521

Over 300 kW-hr/kW $ 0.0604 $ 0.0486

Table 2-11: Cleveland Electric Illuminating Power Rates

Rate DS Rate EH

Customer Charge: Customer Charge: $ 10.00

Single/Three Phase $ 10.00

Energy Charge: $ 0.03710

Demand Charges:

First 1000 kW $ 12.11 Note: October through May months all other

Over 1000 kW $ 10.51 months billed on Rate DS

Energy Charges:

First 300 kW-hr/kW $ 0.01905

Over 300 kW-hr/kW $ 0.00720

Fuel Cost $ 0.01190

PIPP Cost $ 0.00047

Emission Fees 0.26120%

Rate GS Rate FT

Customer Charge: $ 16.21000 Customer Charge: $ 16.21000

Energy Charge: Energy Charge:

First 100 MCF $ 1.76300 First 100 MCF $ 1.78400

Next 400 MCF $ 1.69200 Next 400 MCF $ 1.71100

Over 500 MCF $ 1.62400 Over 500 MCF $ 1.64300

GCRR $ 2.83400 Gas Cost Estimate: $ 2.85000

PIPP Cost $ 0.12000 PIPP Cost $ 0.12000


2-19

FTDC $ 0.01500 FTDC $ 0.01500

FTMC $ 0.00100 FTMC $ 0.00100

FSTC $ - FSTC $ -

CCCR $ 0.00200 CCCR $ 0.00200

ETR $ 0.04890 T-O-P $ -

ETR 4.890%

GCRT $ (0.19500)

Table 2-12: Cincinnati Gas and Electric Power and Gas Rates

Rate GS

Customer Charge: $ 16.50

Energy Charge:First 25 MCF $ 1.80540

Over 25 MCF $ 1.72310

Gas Cost RecoveryCharge:

$ 4.12380

Rate FRGTS

Customer Charge: $ 16.50

Energy Charge:First 25 MCF $ 1.67730

Over 25 MCF $ 1.59500

Gas Cost RecoveryCharge:

$ 3.25000

Table 2-13: Columbia Gas of Ohio Gas Rates for Columbus and Cleveland


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Energy and Cost Benefit Analysis of HVAC Systems Available to Ohio Schools

3-1

3.0 Baseline Case Results

Results of energy modeling of the subject elementary and high schools, translated to Cincinnati,Columbus and Cleveland, were defined as the 240 Baseline Cases. Baseline Cases used localweather data and utility rates without consideration of special rates or design conditions (e.g.,enthalpy heat recovery technology); these are considered and compared against baseline resultsin other sections of this report. For each city, a total of 80 modeling runs were completed (40 forthe elementary school and 40 for the high school); for all three cities, a total of 240 runs werecompleted. The three cities selected provided a good approximation for the range of weatherconditions and utility rate structures seen across the state. In this chapter, energy results (byHVAC system) are presented first, followed by cost comparison information.

3.1 Baseline Annual Site and Source Energy Consumption

Table 3-1 summarizes site energy consumption in units of million BTU/Year by school type andlocation.


3-2


1A1 2,430 2,762 2,568 7,091 8,011 7,429

1A2 2,249 2,624 2,412 6,904 7,862 7,263

1A3 2,290 2,656 2,456 7,026 7,967 7,384

1B1 2,424 2,758 2,562 7,022 7,932 7,354

1B2 2,244 2,620 2,406 6,835 7,783 7,187

1B3 2,285 2,652 2,451 6,957 7,889 7,309

1C1 2,270 2,519 2,368 6,264 6,972 6,513

1C2 2,090 2,381 2,212 6,077 6,823 6,346

1C3 2,131 2,413 2,256 6,199 6,929 6,468

1D1 2,419 2,744 2,554 7,011 7,907 7,339

1D2 2,238 2,606 2,398 6,824 7,758 7,172

1D3 2,279 2,638 2,442 6,946 7,863 7,293

2A1 2,622 2,931 2,671 7,021 7,938 7,335

2A2 2,414 2,773 2,498 6,823 7,783 7,165

2A3 2,471 2,814 2,550 6,954 7,893 7,292

2B1 2,618 2,927 2,667 6,952 7,860 7,260

2B2 2,410 2,769 2,494 6,754 7,704 7,090

2B3 2,466 2,811 2,547 6,884 7,815 7,217

2C1 2,448 2,673 2,470 6,223 6,924 6,449

2C2 2,239 2,515 2,297 6,025 6,769 6,279

2C3 2,296 2,557 2,349 6,156 6,879 6,406

2D1 2,609 2,909 2,656 6,944 7,838 7,249

2D2 2,401 2,751 2,482 6,746 7,683 7,079

2D3 2,457 2,792 2,535 6,877 7,793 7,206

3A1 4,124 4,820 4,378 6,622 7,605 7,000

3B1 4,084 4,771 4,334 6,564 7,533 6,935

3C1 3,741 4,307 3,942 6,086 6,891 6,389

3D1 4,087 4,772 4,337 6,569 7,537 6,941

4A1 3,245 3,805 3,399 7,382 8,407 7,751

4A2 3,071 3,671 3,248 7,196 8,260 7,585

4A3 3,115 3,704 3,294 7,319 8,366 7,707

4B1 3,210 3,761 3,361 7,312 8,329 7,676

4B2 3,037 3,627 3,210 7,127 8,182 7,510

4B3 3,081 3,660 3,256 7,249 8,288 7,632

4C1 2,908 3,328 3,014 6,510 7,307 6,785

4C2 2,734 3,194 2,863 6,325 7,160 6,620

4C3 2,778 3,227 2,909 6,447 7,266 6,742

4D1 3,212 3,759 3,363 7,296 8,295 7,654

4D2 3,038 3,625 3,212 7,111 8,148 7,489

4D3 3,082 3,658 3,235 7,233 8,254 7,610

Table 3-1: Baseline Annual Site Energy Consumption (MMBTU/Year)by HVAC System Option, School Type and Location


3-3

HVACOPTION

Elec.(kWH)

Nat. Gas(MCF)

Fuel Oil(gallons)

Site Energy(MBTU)

Max.(kW)

1A1 476,059 916 0 2,568 432

1A2 430,333 916 0 2,412 358

1A3 443,414 916 0 2,456 329

1B1 477,825 905 0 2,562 432

1B2 432,099 905 0 2,406 358

1B3 445,179 905 0 2,451 329

1C1 693,900 0 0 2,368 469

1C2 648,174 0 0 2,212 469

1C3 661,254 0 0 2,256 469

1D1 479,000 0 6,628 2,554 432

1D2 433,274 0 6,628 2,398 358

1D3 446,355 0 6,628 2,442 329

2A1 499,372 939 0 2,671 452

2A2 448,525 939 0 2,498 358

2A3 463,985 939 0 2,550 341

2B1 501,193 930 0 2,667 452

2B2 450,345 930 0 2,494 358

2B3 465,806 930 0 2,547 341

2C1 723,913 0 0 2,470 492

2C2 673,066 0 0 2,297 492

2C3 688,526 0 0 2,349 492

2D1 502,406 0 6,788 2,656 452

2D2 451,559 0 6,788 2,482 358

2D3 467,019 0 6,788 2,535 341

3A1 734,648 1,817 0 4,378 455

3B1 735,670 1,771 0 4,334 456

3C1 1,155,353 0 0 3,942 1,077

3D1 736,353 0 13,158 4,337 457

4A1 508,948 1,614 0 3,399 422

4A2 464,659 1,614 0 3,248 354

4A3 478,114 1,614 0 3,294 325

4B1 509,858 1,574 0 3,361 422

4B2 465,570 1,574 0 3,210 354

4B3 479,024 1,574 0 3,256 325

4C1 883,341 0 0 3,014 954

4C2 839,052 0 0 2,863 954

4C3 852,507 0 0 2,909 954

4D1 510,465 0 11,689 3,363 422

4D2 466,177 0 11,689 3,212 354

4D3 479,632 0 11,529 3,235 325

Table 3-2: Basis for Baseline Annual Site Energy Consumption (MMBTU/Year)by HVAC System for the Columbus Elementary School Case


3-4

For the Columbus elementary school case, Table 3-2 illustrates the buildup of the source energytotals for each of the fuel forms for the 40 HVAC systems considered.

Annual electric, natural gas and fuel oil consumption, along with total annual fuel consumptionand peak kW power are presented in Table 3-2. These data are the result of hour by hour energyHAP output for each system and each fuel. Similar tables were developed for both buildingtypes in all three cities. Table 3-3 presents annual site energy data on a per-square-foot basis.This table used values of 64,442 ft2 and 120, 500 ft2 for the elementary and the high schoolrespectively.

The following U.S. Department of Energy energy conversion factors were used to develop totalsite energy values presented in this table:

Electricity: 3,412 BTU per kW-hrNatural Gas: 1,030 BTU per cubic footFuel Oil: 138,690 BTU per gallon.

Sorts of annual site energy data, by elementary school and high school, are presented in Tables3-4 and 3-5.


3-5


1A1 37,701 42,863 39,845 58,846 66,480 61,654

1A2 34,907 40,718 37,424 57,292 65,243 60,270

1A3 35,542 41,217 38,117 58,304 66,118 61,280

1B1 37,620 42,797 39,758 58,273 65,830 61,028

1B2 34,826 40,653 37,337 56,719 64,593 59,644

1B3 35,461 41,151 38,029 57,731 65,468 60,653

1C1 35,224 39,086 36,740 51,984 57,861 54,049

1C2 32,430 36,942 34,319 50,429 56,624 52,665

1C3 33,065 37,440 35,011 51,441 57,499 53,674

1D1 37,530 42,587 39,626 58,186 65,617 60,901

1D2 34,736 40,443 37,205 56,632 64,380 59,517

1D3 35,371 40,942 37,898 57,644 65,256 60,527

2A1 40,694 45,481 41,450 58,267 65,877 60,875

2A2 37,463 43,026 38,758 56,623 64,586 59,465

2A3 38,337 43,673 39,577 57,705 65,503 60,518

2B1 40,628 45,424 41,393 57,691 65,225 60,251

2B2 37,397 42,970 38,701 56,046 63,934 58,841

2B3 38,271 43,616 39,519 57,129 64,852 59,894

2C1 37,983 41,480 38,329 51,645 57,464 53,521

2C2 34,752 39,026 35,637 50,000 56,173 52,111

2C3 35,625 39,672 36,455 51,083 57,091 53,164

2D1 40,487 45,140 41,210 57,630 65,048 60,156

2D2 37,256 42,685 38,518 55,985 63,757 58,745

2D3 38,130 43,332 39,336 57,068 64,675 59,799

3A1 63,989 74,791 67,931 54,958 63,113 58,091

3B1 63,376 74,029 67,252 54,469 62,514 57,549

3C1 58,056 66,835 61,172 50,504 57,188 53,017

3D1 63,425 74,046 67,306 54,514 62,544 57,600

4A1 50,348 59,042 52,746 61,258 69,766 64,322

4A2 47,650 56,970 50,401 59,719 68,544 62,948

4A3 48,335 57,483 51,113 60,736 69,425 63,959

4B1 49,820 58,357 52,158 60,683 69,124 63,699

4B2 47,122 56,286 49,813 59,144 67,902 62,324

4B3 47,806 56,799 50,525 60,161 68,782 63,335

4C1 45,122 51,640 46,770 54,026 60,640 56,310

4C2 42,424 49,568 44,425 52,487 59,418 54,935

4C3 43,108 50,081 45,138 53,504 60,299 55,946

4D1 49,841 58,328 52,184 60,551 68,840 63,521

4D2 47,143 56,256 49,839 59,012 67,619 62,146

4D3 47,828 56,769 50,207 60,028 68,499 63,157

Table 3-3: Baseline Annual Site Energy Consumption (BTU/Ft2/Year)by HVAC System Option, School Type and Location


3-6

HVACOPTION

CincinnatiE.S.

HVACOPTION

ClevelandE.S.

HVACOPTION

ColumbusE.S.

1C2 2,090 1C2 2,381 1C2 2,212

1C3 2,131 1C3 2,413 1C3 2,256

1D2 2,238 2C2 2,515 2C2 2,297

2C2 2,239 1C1 2,519 2C3 2,349

1B2 2,244 2C3 2,557 1C1 2,368

1A2 2,249 1D2 2,606 1D2 2,398

1C1 2,270 1B2 2,620 1B2 2,406

1D3 2,279 1A2 2,624 1A2 2,412

1B3 2,285 1D3 2,638 1D3 2,442

1A3 2,290 1B3 2,652 1B3 2,451

2C3 2,296 1A3 2,656 1A3 2,456

2D2 2,401 2C1 2,673 2C1 2,470

2B2 2,410 1D1 2,744 2D2 2,482

2A2 2,414 2D2 2,751 2B2 2,494

1D1 2,419 1B1 2,758 2A2 2,498

1B1 2,424 1A1 2,762 2D3 2,535

1A1 2,430 2B2 2,769 2B3 2,547

2C1 2,448 2A2 2,773 2A3 2,550

2D3 2,457 2D3 2,792 1D1 2,554

2B3 2,466 2B3 2,811 1B1 2,562

2A3 2,471 2A3 2,814 1A1 2,568

2D1 2,609 2D1 2,909 2D1 2,656

2B1 2,618 2B1 2,927 2B1 2,667

2A1 2,622 2A1 2,931 2A1 2,671

4C2 2,734 4C2 3,194 4C2 2,863

4C3 2,778 4C3 3,227 4C3 2,909

4C1 2,908 4C1 3,328 4C1 3,014

4B2 3,037 4D2 3,625 4B2 3,210

4D2 3,038 4B2 3,627 4D2 3,212

4A2 3,071 4D3 3,658 4D3 3,235

4B3 3,081 4B3 3,660 4A2 3,248

4D3 3,082 4A2 3,671 4B3 3,256

4A3 3,115 4A3 3,704 4A3 3,294

4B1 3,210 4D1 3,759 4B1 3,361

4D1 3,212 4B1 3,761 4D1 3,363

4A1 3,245 4A1 3,805 4A1 3,399

3C1 3,741 3C1 4,307 3C1 3,942

3B1 4,084 3B1 4,771 3B1 4,334

3D1 4,087 3D1 4,772 3D1 4,337

3A1 4,124 3A1 4,820 3A1 4,378

Table 3-4: Baseline Annual Site Energy Consumption (MMBTU/Year)for the Elementary School Case – Sorted by HVAC System Option


3-7

HVACOPTION

CincinnatiH.S.

HVACOPTION

ClevelandH.S.

HVACOPTION

ColumbusH.S.

2C2 6,025 2C2 6,769 2C2 6,279

1C2 6,077 1C2 6,823 1C2 6,346

3C1 6,086 2C3 6,879 3C1 6,389

2C3 6,156 3C1 6,891 2C3 6,406

1C3 6,199 2C1 6,924 2C1 6,449

2C1 6,223 1C3 6,929 1C3 6,468

1C1 6,264 1C1 6,972 1C1 6,513

4C2 6,325 4C2 7,160 4C2 6,620

4C3 6,447 4C3 7,266 4C3 6,742

4C1 6,510 4C1 7,307 4C1 6,785

3B1 6,564 3B1 7,533 3B1 6,935

3D1 6,569 3D1 7,537 3D1 6,941

3A1 6,622 3A1 7,605 3A1 7,000

2D2 6,746 2D2 7,683 2D2 7,079

2B2 6,754 2B2 7,704 2B2 7,090

2A2 6,823 1D2 7,758 2A2 7,165

1D2 6,824 2A2 7,783 1D2 7,172

1B2 6,835 1B2 7,783 1B2 7,187

2D3 6,877 2D3 7,793 2D3 7,206

2B3 6,884 2B3 7,815 2B3 7,217

1A2 6,904 2D1 7,838 2D1 7,249

2D1 6,944 2B1 7,860 2B1 7,260

1D3 6,946 1A2 7,862 1A2 7,263

2B1 6,952 1D3 7,863 2A3 7,292

2A3 6,954 1B3 7,889 1D3 7,293

1B3 6,957 2A3 7,893 1B3 7,309

1D1 7,011 1D1 7,907 2A1 7,335

2A1 7,021 1B1 7,932 1D1 7,339

1B1 7,022 2A1 7,938 1B1 7,354

1A3 7,026 1A3 7,967 1A3 7,384

1A1 7,091 1A1 8,011 1A1 7,429

4D2 7,111 4D2 8,148 4D2 7,489

4B2 7,127 4B2 8,182 4B2 7,510

4A2 7,196 4D3 8,254 4A2 7,585

4D3 7,233 4A2 8,260 4D3 7,610

4B3 7,249 4B3 8,288 4B3 7,632

4D1 7,296 4D1 8,295 4D1 7,654

4B1 7,312 4B1 8,329 4B1 7,676

4A3 7,319 4A3 8,366 4A3 7,707

4A1 7,382 4A1 8,407 4A1 7,751

Table 3-5: Baseline Annual Site Energy Consumption (MMBTU/Year)For the High School Case – Sorted by HVAC System Option


3-8

For both the elementary and high school, annual site energy loads are highest in Cleveland andlowest in Cincinnati. Elementary school site energy consumption ranged from a low of 2,090million BTU/year (Cincinnati, HVAC Option 1C2) to a high of 4,820 million BTU/year(Cleveland, HVAC Option 3A1). High school site energy consumption ranged from a low of6,025 million BTU/year (Cincinnati, HVAC Option 2C2) to a high of 8,407 million BTU/year(Cleveland, HVAC Option 4A1).

For the elementary school, the ratio of the highest site energy consuming HVAC system to thelowest HVAC system was 1.97 to 2.02 for the three cities. Thus, the highest energy consumingelementary school HVAC systems used 97 to 102% more site energy than the lowest energyconsuming HVAC systems. For the high school, the ratio of the highest site energy consumingHVAC system to the lowest HVAC system was 1.23 to 1.24 for the three cities. Thus, thehighest energy consuming high school HVAC systems used 23 to 24% more site energy than thelowest energy consuming HVAC systems. Differences between cities are driven by differencesin weather data (heating and cooling degree-days) between the cities. Differences betweensystems are driven primarily by differences in systems efficiencies. In general, the all-electricsystems used the least amount of site energy while the heat-pump systems used the greatestamount of site energy.

Source (energy used to produce electricity, natural gas or fuel oil) energy consumption in units ofmillion BTU/Year for all 40 HVAC options in both buildings for all three cities are summarizedin Table 3-6.

The following site to source energy conversion factors were used to develop total source energyvalues presented in this table:

Electricity: 30% of source BTUs converted to site BTUsNatural Gas: 90% of source BTUs converted to site BTUsFuel Oil: 80% of source BTUs converted to site BTUs

Source energy on a BTU per square foot is shown in Table 3-7.

For both the elementary and high school, source energy loads are highest in Cleveland andlowest in Cincinnati. Elementary school source energy consumption ranged from a low of 5,840million BTU/year (Cincinnati, HVAC Option 1A2) to a high of 14,357 million BTU/year(Cleveland, HVAC Option 3C1). High school source energy consumption ranged from a low of14,789 million BTU/year (Cincinnati, HVAC Option 1B2) to a high of 24,357 million BTU/year(Cleveland, HVAC Option 4C1).

Sorts of annual source energy data, by elementary school and high school, are presented inTables 3-8 and 3-9.


3-9


1A1 6,440 6,610 6,463 15,473 16,282 15,679

1A2 5,840 6,149 5,943 14,849 15,785 15,124

1A3 5,976 6,257 6,091 15,255 16,137 15,529

1B1 6,445 6,622 6,470 15,413 16,216 15,614

1B2 5,845 6,161 5,950 14,789 15,719 15,058

1B3 5,981 6,268 6,098 15,195 16,070 15,464

1C1 7,566 8,396 7,892 20,880 23,241 21,710

1C2 6,966 7,935 7,372 20,256 22,744 21,154

1C3 7,102 8,042 7,521 20,662 23,096 21,559

1D1 6,547 6,776 6,597 15,907 16,831 16,159

1D2 5,946 6,316 6,077 15,282 16,335 15,603

1D3 6,083 6,423 6,226 15,689 16,686 16,008

2A1 6,891 6,978 6,754 15,568 16,332 15,707

2A2 6,197 6,451 6,176 14,907 15,814 15,141

2A3 6,384 6,590 6,352 15,342 16,182 15,564

2B1 6,898 6,992 6,764 15,507 16,265 15,641

2B2 6,204 6,465 6,186 14,846 15,746 15,075

2B3 6,392 6,604 6,362 15,281 16,115 15,498

2C1 8,159 8,910 8,233 20,744 23,081 21,498

2C2 7,465 8,383 7,655 20,084 22,563 20,931

2C3 7,653 8,522 7,831 20,518 22,931 21,354

2D1 7,008 7,153 6,891 15,983 16,867 16,169

2D2 6,314 6,626 6,313 15,323 16,349 15,603

2D3 6,502 6,765 6,488 15,758 16,717 16,026

3A1 10,105 11,128 10,434 16,997 18,516 17,534

3B1 10,068 11,083 10,393 16,938 18,445 17,469

3C1 12,471 14,357 13,140 20,286 22,971 21,295

3D1 10,298 11,391 10,656 17,258 18,872 17,834

4A1 7,591 8,053 7,636 15,932 16,882 16,183

4A2 7,011 7,608 7,132 15,314 16,391 15,631

4A3 7,159 7,718 7,285 15,723 16,745 16,037

4B1 7,559 8,012 7,600 15,875 16,819 16,121

4B2 6,980 7,567 7,097 15,257 16,328 15,569

4B3 7,127 7,677 7,250 15,665 16,682 15,975

4C1 9,692 11,093 10,047 21,700 24,357 22,618

4C2 9,113 10,648 9,543 21,082 23,866 22,066

4C3 9,260 10,758 9,696 21,491 24,220 22,472

4D1 7,761 8,298 7,832 16,393 17,470 16,694

4D2 7,182 7,853 7,328 15,775 16,979 16,142

4D3 7,329 7,963 7,454 16,184 17,333 16,548

Table 3-6: Baseline Annual Source Energy Consumption (MMBTU/Year)by HVAC System Option, School Type and Location


3-10


1A1 99,938 102,573 100,285 128,407 135,119 130,119

1A2 90,624 95,425 92,215 123,226 130,996 125,507

1A3 92,740 97,088 94,524 126,598 133,915 128,871

1B1 100,012 102,758 100,396 127,913 134,568 129,577

1B2 90,698 95,611 92,326 122,732 130,446 124,964

1B3 92,814 97,273 94,634 126,104 133,364 128,329

1C1 117,413 130,286 122,466 173,278 192,869 180,163

1C2 108,099 123,139 114,396 168,097 188,746 175,550

1C3 110,215 124,801 116,704 171,469 191,664 178,915

1D1 101,589 105,152 102,369 132,006 139,680 134,098

1D2 92,275 98,004 94,299 126,825 135,557 129,485

1D3 94,391 99,667 96,608 130,197 138,476 132,850

2A1 106,930 108,289 104,812 129,195 135,536 130,351

2A2 96,161 100,106 95,838 123,713 131,233 125,649

2A3 99,073 102,262 98,566 127,322 134,292 129,161

2B1 107,041 108,505 104,963 128,688 134,976 129,802

2B2 96,271 100,322 95,988 123,206 130,673 125,101

2B3 99,184 102,478 98,717 126,815 133,732 128,612

2C1 126,609 138,268 127,763 172,150 191,546 178,404

2C2 115,839 130,086 118,789 166,668 187,243 173,703

2C3 118,752 132,241 121,518 170,278 190,303 177,215

2D1 108,754 111,005 106,931 132,642 139,978 134,184

2D2 97,984 102,823 97,957 127,160 135,675 129,482

2D3 100,896 104,978 100,685 130,769 138,734 132,994

3A1 156,814 172,687 161,917 141,053 153,659 145,507

3B1 156,239 171,983 161,283 140,566 153,070 144,969

3C1 193,521 222,784 203,908 168,347 190,627 176,723

3D1 159,804 176,768 165,356 143,220 156,612 148,001

4A1 117,796 124,959 118,489 132,219 140,098 134,303

4A2 108,803 118,053 110,673 127,088 136,025 129,721

4A3 111,085 119,763 113,047 130,477 138,960 133,091

4B1 117,302 124,333 117,943 131,741 139,577 133,783

4B2 108,309 117,427 110,127 126,610 135,505 129,201

4B3 110,591 119,137 112,501 130,000 138,439 132,571

4C1 150,405 172,133 155,900 180,087 202,134 187,700

4C2 141,412 165,227 148,084 174,957 198,061 183,118

4C3 143,694 166,937 150,458 178,346 200,996 186,488

4D1 120,435 128,767 121,538 136,045 144,979 138,537

4D2 111,442 121,862 113,721 130,914 140,906 133,955

4D3 113,724 123,571 115,665 134,304 143,840 137,325

Table 3-7: Baseline Annual Source Energy Consumption (BTU/FT2/Year)by HVAC System Option, School Type and Location


3-11

HVACOPTION

CincinnatiE.S.

HVACOPTION

ClevelandE.S.

HVACOPTION

ColumbusE.S.

1A2 5,840 1A2 6,149 1A2 5,943

1B2 5,845 1B2 6,161 1B2 5,950

1D2 5,946 1A3 6,257 1D2 6,077

1A3 5,976 1B3 6,268 1A3 6,091

1B3 5,981 1D2 6,316 1B3 6,098

1D3 6,083 1D3 6,423 2A2 6,176

2A2 6,197 2A2 6,451 2B2 6,186

2B2 6,204 2B2 6,465 1D3 6,226

2D2 6,314 2A3 6,590 2D2 6,313

2A3 6,384 2B3 6,604 2A3 6,352

2B3 6,392 1A1 6,610 2B3 6,362

1A1 6,440 1B1 6,622 1A1 6,463

1B1 6,445 2D2 6,626 1B1 6,470

2D3 6,502 2D3 6,765 2D3 6,488

1D1 6,547 1D1 6,776 1D1 6,597

2A1 6,891 2A1 6,978 2A1 6,754

2B1 6,898 2B1 6,992 2B1 6,764

1C2 6,966 2D1 7,153 2D1 6,891

4B2 6,980 4B2 7,567 4B2 7,097

2D1 7,008 4A2 7,608 4A2 7,132

4A2 7,011 4B3 7,677 4B3 7,250

1C3 7,102 4A3 7,718 4A3 7,285

4B3 7,127 4D2 7,853 4D2 7,328

4A3 7,159 1C2 7,935 1C2 7,372

4D2 7,182 4D3 7,963 4D3 7,454

4D3 7,329 4B1 8,012 1C3 7,521

2C2 7,465 1C3 8,042 4B1 7,600

4B1 7,559 4A1 8,053 4A1 7,636

1C1 7,566 4D1 8,298 2C2 7,655

4A1 7,591 2C2 8,383 2C3 7,831

2C3 7,653 1C1 8,396 4D1 7,832

4D1 7,761 2C3 8,522 1C1 7,892

2C1 8,159 2C1 8,910 2C1 8,233

4C2 9,113 4C2 10,648 4C2 9,543

4C3 9,260 4C3 10,758 4C3 9,696

4C1 9,692 3B1 11,083 4C1 10,047

3B1 10,068 4C1 11,093 3B1 10,393

3A1 10,105 3A1 11,128 3A1 10,434

3D1 10,298 3D1 11,391 3D1 10,656

3C1 12,471 3C1 14,357 3C1 13,140

Table 3-8: Baseline Source Energy Consumption (MMBTU/Year) for theElementary School Case – Sorted from Smallest to Largest


3-12

HVACOPTION

CincinnatiH.S.

HVACOPTION

ClevelandH.S.

HVACOPTION

ColumbusH.S.

1B2 14,789 1B2 15,719 1B2 15,058

2B2 14,846 2B2 15,746 2B2 15,075

1A2 14,849 1A2 15,785 1A2 15,124

2A2 14,907 2A2 15,814 2A2 15,141

1B3 15,195 1B3 16,070 1B3 15,464

1A3 15,255 2B3 16,115 2B3 15,498

4B2 15,257 1A3 16,137 1A3 15,529

2B3 15,281 2A3 16,182 2A3 15,564

1D2 15,282 1B1 16,216 4B2 15,569

4A2 15,314 2B1 16,265 2D2 15,603

2D2 15,323 1A1 16,282 1D2 15,603

2A3 15,342 4B2 16,328 1B1 15,614

1B1 15,413 2A1 16,332 4A2 15,631

1A1 15,473 1D2 16,335 2B1 15,641

2B1 15,507 2D2 16,349 1A1 15,679

2A1 15,568 4A2 16,391 2A1 15,707

4B3 15,665 4B3 16,682 4B3 15,975

1D3 15,689 1D3 16,686 1D3 16,008

4A3 15,723 2D3 16,717 2D3 16,026

2D3 15,758 4A3 16,745 4A3 16,037

4D2 15,775 4B1 16,819 4B1 16,121

4B1 15,875 1D1 16,831 4D2 16,142

1D1 15,907 2D1 16,867 1D1 16,159

4A1 15,932 4A1 16,882 2D1 16,169

2D1 15,983 4D2 16,979 4A1 16,183

4D3 16,184 4D3 17,333 4D3 16,548

4D1 16,393 4D1 17,470 4D1 16,694

3B1 16,938 3B1 18,445 3B1 17,469

3A1 16,997 3A1 18,516 3A1 17,534

3D1 17,258 3D1 18,872 3D1 17,834

2C2 20,084 2C2 22,563 2C2 20,931

1C2 20,256 1C2 22,744 1C2 21,154

3C1 20,286 2C3 22,931 3C1 21,295

2C3 20,518 3C1 22,971 2C3 21,354

1C3 20,662 2C1 23,081 2C1 21,498

2C1 20,744 1C3 23,096 1C3 21,559

1C1 20,880 1C1 23,241 1C1 21,710

4C2 21,082 4C2 23,866 4C2 22,066

4C3 21,491 4C3 24,220 4C3 22,472

4C1 21,700 4C1 24,357 4C1 22,618

Table 3-9: Baseline Source Energy Consumption (MMBTU/Year) for theHigh School Case – Sorted from Smallest to Largest


3-13

For the elementary school, the ratio of the highest source energy consuming HVAC system to thelowest HVAC system was 2.14 to 2.33 for the three cities. Thus, the highest energy consumingelementary school HVAC systems used 114 to 133 more source energy than the lowest energyconsuming HVAC systems. For the high school, the ratio of the highest source energyconsuming HVAC system to the lowest HVAC system was 1.47 to 1.55 for the three cities.Thus, the highest energy consuming high school HVAC systems used 47 to 55% more sourceenergy than the lowest energy consuming HVAC systems. Differences between cities are drivenby differences in weather data (heating and cooling degree-days) between the cities. Differencesbetween systems are driven primarily by differences in systems efficiencies. In general, the all-electric systems used the least amount of site energy while the heat-pump systems used thegreatest amount of site energy.

Plots of the data shown in the previous tables are shown in Figures 3-1 to 3-10. A guide to thesefigures is presented in Table 3-10.

Figure # School Type HVAC SystemOptions

Description

3-1 Elementary 1A1 – 1C2 Baseline Annual Energy Consumption – 3 Cities

3-2 Elementary 1C3 – 2B1 Baseline Annual Energy Consumption – 3 Cities

3-3 Elementary 2B2 – 2D3 Baseline Annual Energy Consumption – 3 Cities

3-4 Elementary 3A1 – 4B1 Baseline Annual Energy Consumption – 3 Cities

3-5 Elementary 4B2 – 4D3 Baseline Annual Energy Consumption – 3 Cities

3-6 High 1A1 – 1C2 Baseline Annual Energy Consumption – 3 Cities

3-7 High 1C3 – 2B1 Baseline Annual Energy Consumption – 3 Cities

3-8 High 2B2 – 2D3 Baseline Annual Energy Consumption – 3 Cities

3-9 High 3A1 – 4B1 Baseline Annual Energy Consumption – 3 Cities

3-10 High 4B2 – 4D3 Baseline Annual Energy Consumption – 3 Cities

Table 3-10: Description of Figures 3-1 to 3-10


3-14

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

HVAC System Types

Figure 3-1: OSFC Elementary School Base Annual Site Energy Consumption (MMBTU/Year)

(HVAC Systems 1A1 - 1C2)

Cincinnati 2,430 2,249 2,290 2,424 2,244 2,285 2,270 2,090

Columbus 2,568 2,412 2,456 2,562 2,406 2,451 2,368 2,212

Cleveland 2,762 2,624 2,656 2,758 2,620 2,652 2,519 2,381

1A1 1A2 1A3 1B1 1B2 1B3 1C1 1C2


3-15

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

HVAC System Types


(HVAC Systems 1C3 - 2B1)

Cincinnati 2,131 2,419 2,238 2,279 2,622 2,414 2,471 2,618

Columbus 2,256 2,554 2,398 2,442 2,671 2,498 2,550 2,667

Cleveland 2,413 2,744 2,606 2,638 2,931 2,773 2,814 2,927

1C3 1D1 1D2 1D3 2A1 2A2 2A3 2B1


3-16

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

HVAC System Types


(HVAC Systems 2B2 - 2D3)

Cincinnati 2,410 2,466 2,448 2,239 2,296 2,609 2,401 2,457

Columbus 2,494 2,547 2,470 2,297 2,349 2,656 2,482 2,535

Cleveland 2,769 2,811 2,673 2,515 2,557 2,909 2,751 2,792

2B2 2B3 2C1 2C2 2C3 2D1 2D2 2D3


3-17

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

HVAC System Types


(HVAC Systems 3A1 - 4B1)

Cincinnati 4,124 4,084 3,741 4,087 3,245 3,071 3,115 3,210

Columbus 4,378 4,334 3,942 4,337 3,399 3,248 3,294 3,361

Cleveland 4,820 4,771 4,307 4,772 3,805 3,671 3,704 3,761

3A1 3B1 3C1 3D1 4A1 4A2 4A3 4B1


3-18

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

HVAC System Types



Cincinnati 3,037 3,081 2,908 2,734 2,778 3,212 3,038 3,082

Columbus 3,210 3,256 3,014 2,863 2,909 3,363 3,212 3,235

Cleveland 3,627 3,660 3,328 3,194 3,227 3,759 3,625 3,658

4B2 4B3 4C1 4C2 4C3 4D1 4D2 4D3


3-19

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

7,000

8,000

9,000

HVAC System Types

Figure 3-6: OSFC High School Base Annual Site Energy Consumption (MMBTU/Year)


Cincinnati 7,091 6,904 7,026 7,022 6,835 6,957 6,264 6,077

Columbus 7,429 7,263 7,384 7,354 7,187 7,309 6,513 6,346

Cleveland 8,011 7,862 7,967 7,932 7,783 7,889 6,972 6,823

1A1 1A2 1A3 1B1 1B2 1B3 1C1 1C2


3-20

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

7,000

8,000

9,000

HVAC System Types



Cincinnati 6,199 7,011 6,824 6,946 7,021 6,823 6,954 6,952

Columbus 6,468 7,339 7,172 7,293 7,335 7,165 7,292 7,260

Cleveland 6,929 7,907 7,758 7,863 7,938 7,783 7,893 7,860

1C3 1D1 1D2 1D3 2A1 2A2 2A3 2B1


3-21

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

7,000

8,000

9,000

HVAC System Types



Cincinnati 6,754 6,884 6,223 6,025 6,156 6,944 6,746 6,877

Columbus 7,090 7,217 6,449 6,279 6,406 7,249 7,079 7,206

Cleveland 7,704 7,815 6,924 6,769 6,879 7,838 7,683 7,793

2B2 2B3 2C1 2C2 2C3 2D1 2D2 2D3


3-22

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

7,000

8,000

9,000

HVAC System Types



Cincinnati 6,622 6,564 6,086 6,569 7,382 7,196 7,319 7,312

Columbus 7,000 6,935 6,389 6,941 7,751 7,585 7,707 7,676

Cleveland 7,605 7,533 6,891 7,537 8,407 8,260 8,366 8,329

3A1 3B1 3C1 3D1 4A1 4A2 4A3 4B1


3-23

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

7,000

8,000

9,000

HVAC System Types



Cincinnati 7,127 7,249 6,510 6,325 6,447 7,296 7,111 7,233

Columbus 7,510 7,632 6,785 6,620 6,742 7,654 7,489 7,610

Cleveland 8,182 8,288 7,307 7,160 7,266 8,295 8,148 8,254

4B2 4B3 4C1 4C2 4C3 4D1 4D2 4D3


3-24

3.2 Baseline Annual Site Energy Costs

Table 3-11 summarizes site energy consumption in units of $/Year by school type and location.Table 3-12 presents the same data on a per-square-foot basis.

For both the elementary and high school, annual site energy costs are highest in Cleveland andlowest in Columbus. Elementary school annual energy consumption ranged from a low of$54,763/year (Columbus, HVAC Option 1B3) to a high of $182,459/year (Cleveland, HVACOption 3C1). High school annual site energy costs ranged from a low of $114,503/year(Columbus, HVAC Option 1B2) to a high of $295,197/year (Cleveland, HVAC Option 4C1).Sorts of annual site energy data, by elementary school and high school, are presented in Tables3-13 and 3-14. As might be expected, the rankings of HVAC system by annual energy costparallel source energy consumption. The HVAC systems with the lowest annual energy coststended to have gas heating combined with water-cooled screw or centrifugal chillers for coolingand VAV with reheat air systems. The HVAC systems with the greatest annual energy costswere the all-electric (heating and cooling) systems. This was due primarily to relatively higherelectric demand costs for these systems.

For the elementary school, the ratio of the highest annual energy cost HVAC system to thelowest HVAC system was 1.90 to 2.72 for the three cities. Thus, the highest energy consumingelementary school HVAC systems would cost a district 90 to 172% more than the lowest annualenergy cost HVAC systems. For the high school, the ratio of the highest annual energy costHVAC system to the lowest HVAC system was 1.56 to 2.03 for the three cities. Thus, thehighest energy consuming high school HVAC systems used 56 to 103% more source energy thanthe lowest energy consuming HVAC systems. Differences between these systems are drivenprimarily by differences in rate structures, electrical demand and weather data (heating andcooling degree-days) between the cities.

Elementary school annual specific energy consumption ranged from a low of $0.85 $/Ft2/Year(Columbus, HVAC Option 1B3) to a high of $2.83 $/Ft2/Year (Cleveland, HVAC Option 3C1).High school annual site energy costs ranged from a low of $0.95 $/Ft2/Year (Columbus, HVACOption 1B2) to a high of $2.45 $/Ft2/Year (Cleveland, HVAC Option 4C1).


3-25


1A1 $87,169 $78,352 $65,656 $150,390 $161,542 $120,884

1A2 $66,349 $70,705 $57,092 $135,594 $154,039 $114,784

1A3 $65,195 $70,678 $54,783 $127,977 $155,961 $114,999

1B1 $87,166 $78,602 $65,634 $150,102 $161,370 $120,476

1B2 $66,347 $70,954 $57,071 $135,306 $153,866 $114,503

1B3 $65,192 $70,925 $54,763 $127,689 $155,788 $114,718

1C1 $89,427 $110,225 $77,472 $193,683 $281,848 $218,221

1C2 $74,708 $102,588 $73,858 $186,206 $275,502 $216,979

1C3 $74,086 $102,543 $73,174 $183,552 $277,801 $217,885

1D1 $87,884 $78,789 $65,659 $153,906 $161,767 $120,742

1D2 $67,066 $71,147 $57,095 $139,110 $154,263 $114,844

1D3 $65,911 $71,120 $54,789 $131,493 $156,184 $115,058

2A1 $89,457 $83,248 $68,928 $152,450 $163,705 $123,030

2A2 $68,656 $74,277 $58,520 $136,799 $156,075 $116,193

2A3 $67,265 $74,624 $57,690 $129,290 $157,890 $116,542

2B1 $89,461 $83,490 $68,919 $152,158 $163,507 $122,620

2B2 $68,661 $74,139 $58,510 $136,507 $155,885 $115,896

2B3 $67,269 $74,866 $57,680 $128,997 $157,693 $116,244

2C1 $92,196 $115,418 $80,535 $193,087 $279,580 $215,423

2C2 $77,072 $106,311 $75,998 $184,590 $272,330 $214,157

2C3 $76,454 $107,030 $75,826 $182,118 $274,737 $215,102

2D1 $90,256 $83,663 $68,926 $155,819 $163,912 $122,894

2D2 $69,456 $74,312 $58,518 $140,169 $156,283 $116,240

2D3 $68,065 $75,040 $57,688 $132,659 $158,097 $116,588

3A1 $90,051 $120,475 $88,973 $144,017 $196,519 $140,739

3B1 $89,938 $120,354 $88,830 $143,814 $196,383 $140,477

3C1 $124,060 $182,459 $149,204 $190,656 $284,280 $225,636

3D1 $91,678 $120,629 $89,075 $146,250 $196,755 $142,002

4A1 $88,793 $88,495 $69,675 $150,065 $165,214 $121,845

4A2 $70,525 $81,235 $61,870 $136,064 $157,883 $116,721

4A3 $68,508 $81,222 $60,607 $128,554 $159,872 $117,082

4B1 $88,646 $88,401 $69,465 $149,780 $165,075 $121,441

4B2 $70,378 $81,142 $61,703 $135,780 $157,744 $116,443

4B3 $68,361 $81,128 $60,488 $128,272 $159,733 $116,805

4C1 $111,054 $150,870 $125,405 $199,590 $295,197 $232,238

4C2 $99,623 $143,608 $124,280 $192,663 $289,156 $231,004

4C3 $98,536 $143,586 $124,622 $190,180 $291,485 $231,912

4D1 $90,138 $88,660 $69,609 $153,802 $165,443 $121,695

4D2 $71,870 $81,400 $61,877 $139,801 $158,119 $116,772

4D3 $69,854 $81,386 $60,564 $132,293 $160,108 $117,135

Table 3-11: Baseline Annual Site Energy Cost ($/Year) by HVACSystem Option, School Type and Location


3-26


1A1 $1.35 $1.22 $1.02 $1.25 $1.34 $1.00

1A2 $1.03 $1.10 $0.89 $1.13 $1.28 $0.95

1A3 $1.01 $1.10 $0.85 $1.06 $1.29 $0.95

1B1 $1.35 $1.22 $1.02 $1.25 $1.34 $1.00

1B2 $1.03 $1.10 $0.89 $1.12 $1.28 $0.95

1B3 $1.01 $1.10 $0.85 $1.06 $1.29 $0.95

1C1 $1.39 $1.71 $1.20 $1.61 $2.34 $1.81

1C2 $1.16 $1.59 $1.15 $1.55 $2.29 $1.80

1C3 $1.15 $1.59 $1.14 $1.52 $2.31 $1.81

1D1 $1.36 $1.22 $1.02 $1.28 $1.34 $1.00

1D2 $1.04 $1.10 $0.89 $1.15 $1.28 $0.95

1D3 $1.02 $1.10 $0.85 $1.09 $1.30 $0.95

2A1 $1.39 $1.29 $1.07 $1.27 $1.36 $1.02

2A2 $1.07 $1.15 $0.91 $1.14 $1.30 $0.96

2A3 $1.04 $1.16 $0.90 $1.07 $1.31 $0.97

2B1 $1.39 $1.30 $1.07 $1.26 $1.36 $1.02

2B2 $1.07 $1.15 $0.91 $1.13 $1.29 $0.96

2B3 $1.04 $1.16 $0.90 $1.07 $1.31 $0.96

2C1 $1.43 $1.79 $1.25 $1.60 $2.32 $1.79

2C2 $1.20 $1.65 $1.18 $1.53 $2.26 $1.78

2C3 $1.19 $1.66 $1.18 $1.51 $2.28 $1.79

2D1 $1.40 $1.30 $1.07 $1.29 $1.36 $1.02

2D2 $1.08 $1.15 $0.91 $1.16 $1.30 $0.96

2D3 $1.06 $1.16 $0.90 $1.10 $1.31 $0.97

3A1 $1.40 $1.87 $1.38 $1.20 $1.63 $1.17

3B1 $1.40 $1.87 $1.38 $1.19 $1.63 $1.17

3C1 $1.93 $2.83 $2.32 $1.58 $2.36 $1.87

3D1 $1.42 $1.87 $1.38 $1.21 $1.63 $1.18

4A1 $1.38 $1.37 $1.08 $1.25 $1.37 $1.01

4A2 $1.09 $1.26 $0.96 $1.13 $1.31 $0.97

4A3 $1.06 $1.26 $0.94 $1.07 $1.33 $0.97

4B1 $1.38 $1.37 $1.08 $1.24 $1.37 $1.01

4B2 $1.09 $1.26 $0.96 $1.13 $1.31 $0.97

4B3 $1.06 $1.26 $0.94 $1.06 $1.33 $0.97

4C1 $1.72 $2.34 $1.95 $1.66 $2.45 $1.93

4C2 $1.55 $2.23 $1.93 $1.60 $2.40 $1.92

4C3 $1.53 $2.23 $1.93 $1.58 $2.42 $1.92

4D1 $1.40 $1.38 $1.08 $1.28 $1.37 $1.01

4D2 $1.12 $1.26 $0.96 $1.16 $1.31 $0.97

4D3 $1.08 $1.26 $0.94 $1.10 $1.33 $0.97

Table 3-12: Baseline Annual Site Energy Cost ($/Ft2/Year) by HVACSystem Option, School Type and Location


3-27

HVACOPTION

CincinnatiE.S.

HVACOPTION

ClevelandE.S.

HVACOPTION

ColumbusE.S.

1B3 $65,192 1A3 $70,678 1B3 $54,763

1A3 $65,195 1A2 $70,705 1A3 $54,783

1D3 $65,911 1B3 $70,925 1D3 $54,789

1B2 $66,347 1B2 $70,954 1B2 $57,071

1A2 $66,349 1D3 $71,120 1A2 $57,092

1D2 $67,066 1D2 $71,147 1D2 $57,095

2A3 $67,265 2B2 $74,139 2B3 $57,680

2B3 $67,269 2A2 $74,277 2D3 $57,688

2D3 $68,065 2D2 $74,312 2A3 $57,690

4B3 $68,361 2A3 $74,624 2B2 $58,510

4A3 $68,508 2B3 $74,866 2D2 $58,518

2A2 $68,656 2D3 $75,040 2A2 $58,520

2B2 $68,661 1A1 $78,352 4B3 $60,488

2D2 $69,456 1B1 $78,602 4D3 $60,564

4D3 $69,854 1D1 $78,789 4A3 $60,607

4B2 $70,378 4B3 $81,128 4B2 $61,703

4A2 $70,525 4B2 $81,142 4A2 $61,870

4D2 $71,870 4A3 $81,222 4D2 $61,877

1C3 $74,086 4A2 $81,235 1B1 $65,634

1C2 $74,708 4D3 $81,386 1A1 $65,656

2C3 $76,454 4D2 $81,400 1D1 $65,659

2C2 $77,072 2A1 $83,248 2B1 $68,919

1B1 $87,166 2B1 $83,490 2D1 $68,926

1A1 $87,169 2D1 $83,663 2A1 $68,928

1D1 $87,884 4B1 $88,401 4B1 $69,465

4B1 $88,646 4A1 $88,495 4D1 $69,609

4A1 $88,793 4D1 $88,660 4A1 $69,675

1C1 $89,427 1C3 $102,543 1C3 $73,174

2A1 $89,457 1C2 $102,588 1C2 $73,858

2B1 $89,461 2C2 $106,311 2C3 $75,826

3B1 $89,938 2C3 $107,030 2C2 $75,998

3A1 $90,051 1C1 $110,225 1C1 $77,472

4D1 $90,138 2C1 $115,418 2C1 $80,535

2D1 $90,256 3B1 $120,354 3B1 $88,830

3D1 $91,678 3A1 $120,475 3A1 $88,973

2C1 $92,196 3D1 $120,629 3D1 $89,075

4C3 $98,536 4C3 $143,586 4C2 $124,280

4C2 $99,623 4C2 $143,608 4C3 $124,622

4C1 $111,054 4C1 $150,870 4C1 $125,405

3C1 $124,060 3C1 $182,459 3C1 $149,204

Table 3-13: Baseline Site Energy Cost ($/Year) for the ElementarySchool Case – Sorted from Smallest to Largest


3-28

HVACOPTION

CincinnatiH.S.

HVACOPTION

ClevelandH.S.

HVACOPTION

ColumbusH.S.

1B3 $127,689 1B2 $153,866 1B2 $114,503

1A3 $127,977 1A2 $154,039 1B3 $114,718

4B3 $128,272 1D2 $154,263 1A2 $114,784

4A3 $128,554 1B3 $155,788 1D2 $114,844

2B3 $128,997 2B2 $155,885 1A3 $114,999

2A3 $129,290 1A3 $155,961 1D3 $115,058

1D3 $131,493 2A2 $156,075 2B2 $115,896

4D3 $132,293 1D3 $156,184 2A2 $116,193

2D3 $132,659 2D2 $156,283 2D2 $116,240

1B2 $135,306 2B3 $157,693 2B3 $116,244

1A2 $135,594 4B2 $157,744 4B2 $116,443

4B2 $135,780 4A2 $157,883 2A3 $116,542

4A2 $136,064 2A3 $157,890 2D3 $116,588

2B2 $136,507 2D3 $158,097 4A2 $116,721

2A2 $136,799 4D2 $158,119 4D2 $116,772

1D2 $139,110 4B3 $159,733 4B3 $116,805

4D2 $139,801 4A3 $159,872 4A3 $117,082

2D2 $140,169 4D3 $160,108 4D3 $117,135

3B1 $143,814 1B1 $161,370 1B1 $120,476

3A1 $144,017 1A1 $161,542 1D1 $120,742

3D1 $146,250 1D1 $161,767 1A1 $120,884

4B1 $149,780 2B1 $163,507 4B1 $121,441

4A1 $150,065 2A1 $163,705 4D1 $121,695

1B1 $150,102 2D1 $163,912 4A1 $121,845

1A1 $150,390 4B1 $165,075 2B1 $122,620

2B1 $152,158 4A1 $165,214 2D1 $122,894

2A1 $152,450 4D1 $165,443 2A1 $123,030

4D1 $153,802 3B1 $196,383 3B1 $140,477

1D1 $153,906 3A1 $196,519 3A1 $140,739

2D1 $155,819 3D1 $196,755 3D1 $142,002

2C3 $182,118 2C2 $272,330 2C2 $214,157

1C3 $183,552 2C3 $274,737 2C3 $215,102

2C2 $184,590 1C2 $275,502 2C1 $215,423

1C2 $186,206 1C3 $277,801 1C2 $216,979

4C3 $190,180 2C1 $279,580 1C3 $217,885

3C1 $190,656 1C1 $281,848 1C1 $218,221

4C2 $192,663 3C1 $284,280 3C1 $225,636

2C1 $193,087 4C2 $289,156 4C2 $231,004

1C1 $193,683 4C3 $291,485 4C3 $231,912

4C1 $199,590 4C1 $295,197 4C1 $232,238

Table 3-14 Baseline Site Energy Cost ($/Year) for the HighSchool Case – Sorted from Smallest to Largest


3-29

Plots of the data shown in the previous tables are shown in Figures 3-11 to 3-20. A guide tothese figures is presented in Table 3-15.

Figure # School Type HVAC Systems Description

3-11 Elementary 1A1 – 1C2 Baseline Annual Energy Cost – 3 Cities

3-12 Elementary 1C3 – 2B1 Baseline Annual Energy Cost – 3 Cities

3-13 Elementary 2B2 – 2D3 Baseline Annual Energy Cost – 3 Cities

3-14 Elementary 3A1 – 4B1 Baseline Annual Energy Cost – 3 Cities

3-15 Elementary 4B2 – 4D3 Baseline Annual Energy Cost – 3 Cities

3-16 High 1A1 – 1C2 Baseline Annual Energy Cost – 3 Cities

3-17 High 1C3 – 2B1 Baseline Annual Energy Cost – 3 Cities

3-18 High 2B2 – 2D3 Baseline Annual Energy Cost – 3 Cities

3-19 High 3A1 – 4B1 Baseline Annual Energy Cost – 3 Cities

3-20 High 4B2 – 4D3 Baseline Annual Energy Cost – 3 Cities

Table 3-15: Description of Figures 3-11 to 3-20


3-30

$0

$25,000

$50,000

$75,000

$100,000

$125,000

$150,000

HVAC System Types

Figure 3-11: OSFC Elementary School Baseline Annual Energy Costs ($/Year)


Cincinnati $87,169 $66,349 $65,195 $87,166 $66,347 $65,192 $89,427 $74,708

Columbus $65,656 $57,092 $54,783 $65,634 $57,071 $54,763 $77,472 $73,858

Cleveland $78,352 $70,705 $70,678 $78,602 $70,954 $70,925 $110,225 $102,588

1A1 1A2 1A3 1B1 1B2 1B3 1C1 1C2


3-31

$0

$25,000

$50,000

$75,000

$100,000

$125,000

$150,000

HVAC System Types



Cincinnati $74,086 $87,884 $67,066 $65,911 $89,457 $68,656 $67,265 $89,461

Columbus $73,174 $65,659 $57,095 $54,789 $68,928 $58,520 $57,690 $68,919

Cleveland $102,543 $78,789 $71,147 $71,120 $83,248 $74,277 $74,624 $83,490

1C3 1D1 1D2 1D3 2A1 2A2 2A3 2B1


3-32

$0

$25,000

$50,000

$75,000

$100,000

$125,000

$150,000

HVAC System Types



Cincinnati $68,661 $67,269 $92,196 $77,072 $76,454 $90,256 $69,456 $68,065

Columbus $58,510 $57,680 $80,535 $75,998 $75,826 $68,926 $58,518 $57,688

Cleveland $74,139 $74,866 $115,418 $106,311 $107,030 $83,663 $74,312 $75,040

2B2 2B3 2C1 2C2 2C3 2D1 2D2 2D3


3-33

$0

$25,000

$50,000

$75,000

$100,000

$125,000

$150,000

HVAC System Types



Cincinnati $90,051 $89,938 $124,060 $91,678 $88,793 $70,525 $68,508 $88,646

Columbus $88,973 $88,830 $149,204 $89,075 $69,675 $61,870 $60,607 $69,465

Cleveland $120,475 $120,354 $182,459 $120,629 $88,495 $81,235 $81,222 $88,401

3A1 3B1 3C1 3D1 4A1 4A2 4A3 4B1


3-34

$0

$25,000

$50,000

$75,000

$100,000

$125,000

$150,000

HVAC System Types



Cincinnati $70,378 $68,361 $111,054 $99,623 $98,536 $90,138 $71,870 $69,854

Columbus $61,703 $60,488 $125,405 $124,280 $124,622 $69,609 $61,877 $60,564

Cleveland $81,142 $81,128 $150,870 $143,608 $143,586 $88,660 $81,400 $81,386

4B2 4B3 4C1 4C2 4C3 4D1 4D2 4D3


3-35

$0

$50,000

$100,000

$150,000

$200,000

$250,000

$300,000

HVAC System Types

Figure 3-16: OSFC High School Baseline Annual Energy Costs ($/Year)


Cincinnati $150,390 $135,594 $127,977 $150,102 $135,306 $127,689 $193,683 $186,206

Columbus $120,884 $114,784 $114,999 $120,476 $114,503 $114,718 $218,221 $216,979

Cleveland $161,542 $154,039 $155,961 $161,370 $153,866 $155,788 $281,848 $275,502

1A1 1A2 1A3 1B1 1B2 1B3 1C1 1C2


3-36

$0

$50,000

$100,000

$150,000

$200,000

$250,000

$300,000

HVAC System Types



Cincinnati $183,552 $153,906 $139,110 $131,493 $152,450 $136,799 $129,290 $152,158

Columbus $217,885 $120,742 $114,844 $115,058 $123,030 $116,193 $116,542 $122,620

Cleveland $277,801 $161,767 $154,263 $156,184 $163,705 $156,075 $157,890 $163,507

1C3 1D1 1D2 1D3 2A1 2A2 2A3 2B1


3-37

$0

$50,000

$100,000

$150,000

$200,000

$250,000

$300,000

HVAC System Types



Cincinnati $136,507 $128,997 $193,087 $184,590 $182,118 $155,819 $140,169 $132,659

Columbus $115,896 $116,244 $215,423 $214,157 $215,102 $122,894 $116,240 $116,588

Cleveland $155,885 $157,693 $279,580 $272,330 $274,737 $163,912 $156,283 $158,097

2B2 2B3 2C1 2C2 2C3 2D1 2D2 2D3


3-38

$0

$50,000

$100,000

$150,000

$200,000

$250,000

$300,000

HVAC System Types



Cincinnati $144,017 $143,814 $190,656 $146,250 $150,065 $136,064 $128,554 $149,780

Columbus $140,739 $140,477 $225,636 $142,002 $121,845 $116,721 $117,082 $121,441

Cleveland $196,519 $196,383 $284,280 $196,755 $165,214 $157,883 $159,872 $165,075

3A1 3B1 3C1 3D1 4A1 4A2 4A3 4B1


3-39

$0

$50,000

$100,000

$150,000

$200,000

$250,000

$300,000

HVAC System Types

Figure 3-20: OSFC High SchoolBaseline Annual Energy Costs ($/Year)


Cincinnati $135,780 $128,272 $199,590 $192,663 $190,180 $153,802 $139,801 $132,293

Columbus $116,443 $116,805 $232,238 $231,004 $231,912 $121,695 $116,772 $117,135

Cleveland $157,744 $159,733 $295,197 $289,156 $291,485 $165,443 $158,119 $160,108

4B2 4B3 4C1 4C2 4C3 4D1 4D2 4D3


3-40

To provide further insight into the nature of annual energy costs, plots of annual energy costs byfuel form were produced. An example of such a plot is provided in Figure 3-21; all other casesare shown in Appendix A. For example, the 1A1 case in Figure 3-21 shows an overall annualcost of $65,656. This is based on an annual cost of $0 for fuel oil, $5,374 for natural gas and$60,282 for electricity. Note that only the “D” cases in this figure use fuel oil. In all cases, thecost of electricity dominates overall annual energy costs

3.3 Baseline Data - General Observations

The following general observations were found in reviewing baseline analyses presented in thisChapter:

Baseline results show the VAV reheat system utilizing a natural gas fired boiler and water cooledcentrifugal chiller have the lowest annual energy cost. The lowest cost systems in Columbus andCincinnati use a natural gas fired boiler with a power burner whereas, in Cleveland, the naturalgas boiler employs an atmospheric burner. The highest cost systems are associated with use ofelectric boilers for heating.

The Cleveland data shows that area to have higher annual energy costs than Cincinnati andColumbus for similar HVAC systems; Columbus has the lowest annual energy costs.

VAV reheat and series fan powered VAV tend to operate at a lower annual energy cost than dualduct VAV and WSHP systems. However, in comparing elementary schools to high schools,some high school applications show dual-duct systems performing relatively well from an annualenergy cost standpoint.

Water-cooled chilled water plants operate at lower annual energy cost than their air-cooledcounterparts.


4-1

4.0 Life-Cycle Analyses for Base Systems

Since annual energy costs only represent a portion of the overall cost of providing spaceconditioning to school buildings, the authors prepared detailed life-cycle costs for each of theHVAC alternatives modeled. This chapter provides an overview of the approach used tocomplete these analyses as well as results from the analyses.

4.1 Approach To Life-Cycle Analyses

Components of the life cycle analyses included:

• Equipment first costs

• Annual energy costs

• Preventive Maintenance (PM) repair and replacement

To maintain consistency in the analyses, major cost data bases were reviewed as part of thiswork. Ultimately, the 2000 edition of RSMeans CostWorks® (RSMeans 2000®) was selectedand used as a database engine for our cost estimates for equipment plant and terminal unit firstcosts and annualized service and maintenance costs. Ductwork costs were obtained fromarchitects and engineers specializing in the design of schools. All national costs were correctedby RSMeans 2000® city cost corrections for each of the three cities considered in this work.These factors were 0.958, 1.044 and 0.977 for Cincinnati, Cleveland and Columbus respectively.

Equipment first costs included three major elements:

• Plant (heating and cooling plant equipment)

• Ductwork

• Terminal units

Plant first costs were derived by developing cost versus size curve-fits from RSMeans 2000®

databases and then applying these curves to the size of the plant equipment for a particularHVAC option. For each of the four heat pump HVAC cases, 76 separate heat pumps were sizedand costed for the elementary school and 99 heat pumps were sized and costed for the highschool. These numbers reflect the number of zones designed into each building. Ductwork costswere based on cost per square foot for the four air systems considered. Terminal units werecosted similarly to the plant equipment, sizing was taken from architect drawing schedules andour own modeling.

Equipment sizes for the baseline cooling and heating plants are shown in Tables 4-1 and 4-2respectively. Baseline plant equipment costs are shown in Tables 4-3 and 4-4 respectively.

Heat pump sizes and first costs are summarized in Table 4-5.


4-2

ES Cooling Equipment (RT) HS Cooling Equipment (RT)HVACSystemOption

Cooling PlantCincinnati Columbus Cleveland Cincinnati Columbus Cleveland

1A1 Air Cooled Screw Chiller 200 200 200 340 340 340

1A2 Water Cooled Screw Chiller 170 170 170 340 340 340

1A3 Water Cooled Centrifugal Chiller 200 200 200 340 340 340

1B1 Air Cooled Screw Chiller 200 200 200 340 340 340

1B2 Water Cooled Screw Chiller 170 170 170 340 340 340

1B3 Water Cooled Centrifugal Chiller 200 200 200 340 340 340

1C1 Air Cooled Screw Chiller 200 200 200 340 340 340

1C2 Water Cooled Screw Chiller 170 170 170 340 340 340

1C3 Water Cooled Centrifugal Chiller 200 200 200 340 340 340

1D1 Air Cooled Screw Chiller 200 200 200 340 340 340

1D2 Water Cooled Screw Chiller 170 170 170 340 340 340

1D3 Water Cooled Centrifugal Chiller 200 200 200 340 340 340













3A1 Water Source Heat Pump Multiple units Multiple units Multiple units Multiple units Multiple units Multiple units

3B1 Water Source Heat Pump Multiple units Multiple units Multiple units Multiple units Multiple units Multiple units

3C1 Water Source Heat Pump Multiple units Multiple units Multiple units Multiple units Multiple units Multiple units

3D1 Water Source Heat Pump Multiple units Multiple units Multiple units Multiple units Multiple units Multiple units













Table 4-1: Cooling Baseline Equipment Sizes in Refrigerant Tons by HVAC System


4-3

ES Heating Equipment (MBTUH) HS Heating Equipment (MBTUH)HVACSystemOption

Heating Plant

Cincinnati Columbus Cleveland Cincinnati Columbus Cleveland

1A1 NG Boiler - Atmospheric Burner 1,500 1,500 1,500 7,000 7,000 7,000



1B1 NG Boiler - Power Burner 1,500 1,500 1,500 7,000 7,000 7,000



1C1 Electric Boiler 1,263 1,263 1,263 5,734 5,734 5,734



1D1 Oil Boiler - Power Burner 1,500 1,500 1,500 7,000 7,000 7,000































Table 4-2: Heating Baseline Equipment Sizes (MBTUH) by HVAC System


4-4

ES Cooling Equipment ($) HS Cooling Equipment ($)HVACSystemOption

Cooling Plant


1A1 Air Cooled Screw Chiller $100,398 $100,398 $100,398 $163,622 $163,622 $163,622

1A2 Water Cooled Screw Chiller $152,762 $152,762 $152,762 $230,253 $230,253 $230,253

1A3 Water Cooled Centrifugal Chiller $178,510 $178,510 $178,510 $246,562 $246,562 $246,562

1B1 Air Cooled Screw Chiller $100,398 $100,398 $100,398 $163,622 $163,622 $163,622

1B2 Water Cooled Screw Chiller $152,762 $152,762 $152,762 $230,253 $230,253 $230,253

1B3 Water Cooled Centrifugal Chiller $178,510 $178,510 $178,510 $246,562 $246,562 $246,562

1C1 Air Cooled Screw Chiller $100,398 $100,398 $100,398 $163,622 $163,622 $163,622

1C2 Water Cooled Screw Chiller $152,762 $152,762 $152,762 $230,253 $230,253 $230,253

1C3 Water Cooled Centrifugal Chiller $178,510 $178,510 $178,510 $246,562 $246,562 $246,562

1D1 Air Cooled Screw Chiller $100,398 $100,398 $100,398 $163,622 $163,622 $163,622

1D2 Water Cooled Screw Chiller $152,762 $152,762 $152,762 $230,253 $230,253 $230,253

1D3 Water Cooled Centrifugal Chiller $178,510 $178,510 $178,510 $246,562 $246,562 $246,562













3A1 Water Source Heat Pump $606,810 $606,810 $606,810 $800,664 $800,664 $800,664

3B1 Water Source Heat Pump $606,810 $606,810 $606,810 $800,664 $800,664 $800,664

3C1 Water Source Heat Pump $606,810 $606,810 $606,810 $800,664 $800,664 $800,664

3D1 Water Source Heat Pump $606,810 $606,810 $606,810 $800,664 $800,664 $800,664













Table 4-3: Cooling Baseline Equipment First Costs ($) by HVAC System – No City CostCorrection


4-5

ES Heating Equipment ($) HS Heating Equipment ($)HVACSystemOption

Heating Plant


1A1 NG Boiler - Atmospheric Burner $28,719 $28,719 $28,719 $104,728 $104,728 $104,728



1B1 NG Boiler - Power Burner $30,155 $30,155 $30,155 $109,964 $109,964 $109,964



1C1 Electric Boiler $27,526 $27,526 $27,526 $71,507 $71,507 $71,507



1D1 Oil Boiler - Power Burner $50,222 $50,222 $50,222 $127,814 $127,814 $127,814































Table 4-4: Heating Baseline Equipment First Costs ($) by HVAC System – No City CostCorrection


4-6

ES Base Case HS Base CaseHeatPump

# CarrierModel Number(50HQ series)

E.S.Base CaseFirst Cost Carrier

Model Number(50HQ series)

H.S.Base CaseFirst Cost

1 009 $3,969 006 $3,552

2 036 $7,718 015 $4,802

3 036 $7,718 015 $4,802

4 072 $11,051 019 $5,357

5 006 $3,552 015 $4,802

6 006 $3,552 006 $3,552

7 012 $4,385 030 $6,885

8 009 $3,969 096 $16,049

9 006 $3,552 030 $6,885

10 006 $3,552 019 $5,357

11 006 $3,552 019 $5,357

12 006 $3,552 019 $5,357

13 006 $3,552 019 $5,357

14 006 $3,552 024 $6,052

15 006 $3,552 006 $3,552

16 006 $3,552 006 $3,552

17 006 $3,552 009 $3,969

18 006 $3,552 006 $3,552

19 009 $3,969 012 $4,385

20 042 $8,551 006 $3,552

21 060 $11,051 006 $3,552

22 006 $3,552 006 $3,552

23 006 $3,552 006 $3,552

24 036 $7,718 009 $3,969

25 006 $3,552 006 $3,552

26 006 $3,552 006 $3,552

27 036 $7,718 009 $3,969

28 024 $6,052 006 $3,552

29 006 $3,552 006 $3,552

30 024 $6,052 006 $3,552

31 024 $6,052 006 $3,552

32 009 $3,969 042 $8,551

33 036 $7,718 036 $7,718

34 042 $8,551 042 $8,551

35 042 $8,551 042 $8,551

36 112 $81,418 042 $8,551

37 019 $5,357 030 $6,885

38 60 $44,997 036 $7,718

Table 4-5: Heat Pump First Costs for an Elementary Schooland a High School


4-7






39 006 $3,552 006 $3,552

40 024 $6,052 006 $3,552

41 120 $19,382 63 $47,032

42 006 $3,552 060 $11,051

43 012 $4,385 042 $8,551

44 009 $3,969 048 $9,384

45 006 $3,552 042 $8,551

46 006 $3,552 042 $8,551

47 006 $3,552 060 $11,051

48 006 $3,552 006 $3,552

49 009 $3,969 006 $3,552

50 006 $3,552 006 $3,552

51 006 $3,552 006 $3,552

52 006 $3,552 006 $3,552

53 036 $7,718 042 $8,551

54 036 $7,718 120 $19,382

55 036 $7,718 036 $7,718

56 009 $3,969 006 $3,552

57 036 $7,718 006 $3,552

58 042 $8,551 012 $4,385

59 042 $8,551 006 $3,552

60 036 $7,718 009 $3,969

61 036 $7,718 019 $5,357

62 036 $7,718 183 $131,242

63 036 $7,718 006 $3,552

64 030 $6,885 006 $3,552

65 006 $3,552 006 $3,552

66 006 $3,552 006 $3,552

67 006 $3,552 006 $3,552

68 042 $8,551 015 $4,802

69 042 $8,551 048 $9,384

70 042 $8,551 036 $7,718

71 042 $8,551 036 $7,718

72 042 $8,551 006 $3,552

73 042 $8,551 030 $6,885

74 042 $8,551 030 $6,885

75 042 $8,551 030 $6,885

76 009 $3,969 030 $6,885

Table 4-5: Heat Pump First Costs for an Elementary Schooland a High School - Continued


4-8






77 030 $6,885

78 036 $7,718

79 030 $6,885

80 030 $6,885

81 012 $4,385

82 006 $3,552

83 096 $16,049

84 006 $3,552

85 048 $9,384

86 006 $3,552

87 006 $3,552

88 030 $6,885

89 030 $6,885

90 030 $6,885

91 030 $6,885

92 030 $6,885

93 030 $6,885

94 030 $6,885

95 030 $6,885

96 030 $6,885

Cooling Tower $47,424 $64,357

TOTALS $606,810 $800,664

Cooling Tower Size (RT) 312.0 423.4Assumed Tower Cost at $80/RT and Piping Cost at $72/RT

Table 4-5: Heat Pump First Costs for an Elementary Schooland a High School - Continued

Note that the heat pump options include the costs of make-up air units (note the largest cost unitsin Table 4-5) and cooling towers. The basis for the total cost values are roll-ups of the costs forindividual heat pump units, make-up air units and cooling towers.Total first costs, for all baseline cases, are summarized in Tables 4-6 and 4-7 for the elementaryand high school respectively. Note that first costs include plant, ductwork and terminal unitcosts. Cost per square foot information has also been provided in the last three columns of thesetwo tables.


4-9

In general, these costs per square foot appear to be $2 to $3 dollars per square foot less thenthose seen in actual projects. This is probably due to how equipment was sized during HAPsimulations and the lack of consideration of central control system costs. While running HAP,only the next largest logical (catalog size offered by the major vendors) size of equipment wasused to simulate a given case. No safety margin/percentage or factor was added while operatingHAP. (It is our experience that this practice can compound the over design utilized whenequipment is selected, is not necessary since the modeling is based on loads using locationspecific design day limits and would blur real cost differences between HVAC alternatives). Theauthors recognize that it is common practice to oversize cooling equipment by upwards of 20%and heating equipment by 40%, but chose to select only the next logical size of equipmentneeded to meet the load(s). This may imply that the overall costs are somewhat low, but theapproach provides the most defensible comparison between system costs. Central controlsystems can add 10 to 15% to the installed system costs. Incremental heating margins and A/Ecosts would appear to account for the balance of the differences.


4-10

Plant (Heating and Cooling) Ductwork Terminal Units Total First Cost ($) Total First Cost ($/FT2)HVACSystemOption Cincinnati Cleveland Columbus Cincinnati Cleveland Columbus Cincinnati Cleveland Columbus Cincinnati Cleveland Columbus Cincinnati Cleveland Columbus

1A1 $123,694 $134,799 $126,148 $154,339 $168,194 $157,400 $486,907 $530,617 $496,564 $764,940 $833,609 $780,111 $11.87 $12.94 $12.11

1A2 $173,859 $189,467 $177,307 $154,339 $168,194 $157,400 $486,907 $530,617 $496,564 $815,105 $888,277 $831,271 $12.65 $13.78 $12.90

1A3 $198,526 $216,348 $202,464 $154,339 $168,194 $157,400 $486,907 $530,617 $496,564 $839,772 $915,158 $856,427 $13.03 $14.20 $13.29

1B1 $125,070 $136,298 $127,551 $154,339 $168,194 $157,400 $486,907 $530,617 $496,564 $766,316 $835,108 $781,514 $11.89 $12.96 $12.13

1B2 $175,235 $190,966 $178,710 $154,339 $168,194 $157,400 $486,907 $530,617 $496,564 $816,480 $889,776 $832,673 $12.67 $13.81 $12.92

1B3 $199,902 $217,847 $203,867 $154,339 $168,194 $157,400 $486,907 $530,617 $496,564 $841,147 $916,657 $857,830 $13.05 $14.22 $13.31

1C1 $122,552 $133,553 $124,982 $154,339 $168,194 $157,400 $486,907 $530,617 $496,564 $763,797 $832,363 $778,945 $11.85 $12.92 $12.09

1C2 $172,716 $188,221 $176,142 $154,339 $168,194 $157,400 $486,907 $530,617 $496,564 $813,962 $887,031 $830,105 $12.63 $13.76 $12.88

1C3 $197,383 $215,103 $201,298 $154,339 $168,194 $157,400 $486,907 $530,617 $496,564 $838,629 $913,913 $855,261 $13.01 $14.18 $13.27

1D1 $144,294 $157,248 $147,156 $154,339 $168,194 $157,400 $486,907 $530,617 $496,564 $785,540 $856,058 $801,119 $12.19 $13.28 $12.43

1D2 $194,459 $211,916 $198,316 $154,339 $168,194 $157,400 $486,907 $530,617 $496,564 $835,705 $910,726 $852,279 $12.97 $14.13 $13.23

1D3 $219,126 $238,797 $223,472 $154,339 $168,194 $157,400 $486,907 $530,617 $496,564 $860,372 $937,607 $877,435 $13.35 $14.55 $13.62

2A1 $123,694 $134,799 $126,148 $154,339 $168,194 $157,400 $519,393 $566,019 $529,694 $797,426 $869,011 $813,241 $12.37 $13.49 $12.62

2A2 $186,960 $203,743 $190,668 $154,339 $168,194 $157,400 $519,393 $566,019 $529,694 $860,691 $937,956 $877,761 $13.36 $14.56 $13.62

2A3 $198,526 $216,348 $202,464 $154,339 $168,194 $157,400 $519,393 $566,019 $529,694 $872,258 $950,561 $889,557 $13.54 $14.75 $13.80

2B1 $125,070 $136,298 $127,551 $154,339 $168,194 $157,400 $519,393 $566,019 $529,694 $798,802 $870,510 $814,644 $12.40 $13.51 $12.64

2B2 $188,335 $205,242 $192,071 $154,339 $168,194 $157,400 $519,393 $566,019 $529,694 $862,067 $939,455 $879,164 $13.38 $14.58 $13.64

2B3 $199,902 $217,847 $203,867 $154,339 $168,194 $157,400 $519,393 $566,019 $529,694 $873,634 $952,060 $890,960 $13.56 $14.77 $13.83

2C1 $122,552 $133,553 $124,982 $154,339 $168,194 $157,400 $519,393 $566,019 $529,694 $796,283 $867,766 $812,076 $12.36 $13.47 $12.60

2C2 $185,817 $202,498 $189,502 $154,339 $168,194 $157,400 $519,393 $566,019 $529,694 $859,549 $936,710 $876,596 $13.34 $14.54 $13.60

2C3 $197,383 $215,103 $201,298 $154,339 $168,194 $157,400 $519,393 $566,019 $529,694 $871,115 $949,315 $888,392 $13.52 $14.73 $13.79

2D1 $144,294 $157,248 $147,156 $154,339 $168,194 $157,400 $519,393 $566,019 $529,694 $818,026 $891,461 $834,250 $12.69 $13.83 $12.95

2D2 $207,560 $226,192 $211,676 $154,339 $168,194 $157,400 $519,393 $566,019 $529,694 $881,291 $960,405 $898,770 $13.68 $14.90 $13.95

2D3 $219,126 $238,797 $223,472 $154,339 $168,194 $157,400 $519,393 $566,019 $529,694 $892,858 $973,010 $910,566 $13.86 $15.10 $14.13

3A1 $655,175 $713,990 $668,169 $154,339 $168,194 $157,400 $0 $0 $0 $809,513 $882,183 $825,568 $12.56 $13.69 $12.81

3B1 $658,867 $718,014 $671,934 $154,339 $168,194 $157,400 $0 $0 $0 $813,206 $886,207 $829,334 $12.62 $13.75 $12.87

3C1 $635,466 $692,512 $648,069 $154,339 $168,194 $157,400 $0 $0 $0 $789,804 $860,705 $805,468 $12.26 $13.36 $12.50

3D1 $676,740 $737,491 $690,162 $154,339 $168,194 $157,400 $0 $0 $0 $831,078 $905,685 $847,561 $12.90 $14.05 $13.15

4A1 $170,032 $185,296 $173,404 $216,074 $235,471 $220,359 $558,862 $609,032 $569,946 $944,968 $1,029,798 $963,710 $14.66 $15.98 $14.95

4A2 $220,197 $239,964 $224,564 $216,074 $235,471 $220,359 $558,862 $609,032 $569,946 $995,133 $1,084,466 $1,014,869 $15.44 $16.83 $15.75

4A3 $244,864 $266,845 $249,720 $216,074 $235,471 $220,359 $558,862 $609,032 $569,946 $1,019,800 $1,111,348 $1,040,026 $15.83 $17.25 $16.14

Table 4-6: Summary of Elementary School (Base Cases) First Costs (corrected for city index)


4-11


4B1 $173,724 $189,320 $177,170 $216,074 $235,471 $220,359 $558,862 $609,032 $569,946 $948,661 $1,033,822 $967,476 $14.72 $16.04 $15.01

4B2 $223,889 $243,988 $228,329 $216,074 $235,471 $220,359 $558,862 $609,032 $569,946 $998,826 $1,088,490 $1,018,635 $15.50 $16.89 $15.81

4B3 $248,556 $270,869 $253,486 $216,074 $235,471 $220,359 $558,862 $609,032 $569,946 $1,023,493 $1,115,372 $1,043,792 $15.88 $17.31 $16.20

4C1 $150,323 $163,818 $153,304 $216,074 $235,471 $220,359 $558,862 $609,032 $569,946 $925,259 $1,008,320 $943,610 $14.36 $15.65 $14.64

4C2 $200,488 $218,486 $204,464 $216,074 $235,471 $220,359 $558,862 $609,032 $569,946 $975,424 $1,062,988 $994,770 $15.14 $16.50 $15.44

4C3 $225,155 $245,367 $229,620 $216,074 $235,471 $220,359 $558,862 $609,032 $569,946 $1,000,091 $1,089,870 $1,019,926 $15.52 $16.91 $15.83

4D1 $191,597 $208,797 $195,397 $216,074 $235,471 $220,359 $558,862 $609,032 $569,946 $966,534 $1,053,300 $985,703 $15.00 $16.34 $15.30

4D2 $241,762 $263,465 $246,557 $216,074 $235,471 $220,359 $558,862 $609,032 $569,946 $1,016,698 $1,107,968 $1,036,862 $15.78 $17.19 $16.09

4D3 $266,429 $290,346 $271,713 $216,074 $235,471 $220,359 $558,862 $609,032 $569,946 $1,041,365 $1,134,849 $1,062,019 $16.16 $17.61 $16.48

Table 4-6: Summary of Elementary School (Base Cases) First Costs (corrected for city index) - Continued


4-12


1A1 $257,079 $280,157 $262,178 $288,598 $314,505 $294,321 $499,916 $544,794 $509,831 $1,045,593 $1,139,456 $1,066,330 $8.68 $9.46 $8.85

1A2 $320,912 $349,720 $327,276 $288,598 $314,505 $294,321 $499,916 $544,794 $509,831 $1,109,426 $1,209,019 $1,131,429 $9.21 $10.03 $9.39

1A3 $336,536 $366,747 $343,210 $288,598 $314,505 $294,321 $499,916 $544,794 $509,831 $1,125,049 $1,226,046 $1,147,363 $9.34 $10.17 $9.52

1B1 $262,096 $285,624 $267,294 $288,598 $314,505 $294,321 $499,916 $544,794 $509,831 $1,050,610 $1,144,923 $1,071,446 $8.72 $9.50 $8.89

1B2 $325,928 $355,187 $332,392 $288,598 $314,505 $294,321 $499,916 $544,794 $509,831 $1,114,442 $1,214,486 $1,136,545 $9.25 $10.08 $9.43

1B3 $341,552 $372,213 $348,326 $288,598 $314,505 $294,321 $499,916 $544,794 $509,831 $1,130,066 $1,231,512 $1,152,478 $9.38 $10.22 $9.56

1C1 $225,254 $245,475 $229,721 $288,598 $314,505 $294,321 $499,916 $544,794 $509,831 $1,013,767 $1,104,774 $1,033,873 $8.41 $9.17 $8.58

1C2 $289,086 $315,037 $294,819 $288,598 $314,505 $294,321 $499,916 $544,794 $509,831 $1,077,600 $1,174,336 $1,098,972 $8.94 $9.75 $9.12

1C3 $304,710 $332,064 $310,753 $288,598 $314,505 $294,321 $499,916 $544,794 $509,831 $1,093,224 $1,191,363 $1,114,906 $9.07 $9.89 $9.25

1D1 $279,196 $304,260 $284,733 $288,598 $314,505 $294,321 $499,916 $544,794 $509,831 $1,067,710 $1,163,559 $1,088,886 $8.86 $9.66 $9.04

1D2 $343,028 $373,822 $349,832 $288,598 $314,505 $294,321 $499,916 $544,794 $509,831 $1,131,542 $1,233,121 $1,153,984 $9.39 $10.23 $9.58

1D3 $358,652 $390,849 $365,766 $288,598 $314,505 $294,321 $499,916 $544,794 $509,831 $1,147,166 $1,250,148 $1,169,918 $9.52 $10.37 $9.71

2A1 $257,079 $280,157 $262,178 $288,598 $314,505 $294,321 $534,376 $582,347 $544,974 $1,080,053 $1,177,010 $1,101,474 $8.96 $9.77 $9.14

2A2 $320,912 $349,720 $327,276 $288,598 $314,505 $294,321 $534,376 $582,347 $544,974 $1,143,885 $1,246,572 $1,166,572 $9.49 $10.34 $9.68

2A3 $336,536 $366,747 $343,210 $288,598 $314,505 $294,321 $534,376 $582,347 $544,974 $1,159,509 $1,263,599 $1,182,506 $9.62 $10.49 $9.81

2B1 $262,096 $285,624 $267,294 $288,598 $314,505 $294,321 $534,376 $582,347 $544,974 $1,085,069 $1,182,476 $1,106,590 $9.00 $9.81 $9.18

2B2 $325,928 $355,187 $332,392 $288,598 $314,505 $294,321 $534,376 $582,347 $544,974 $1,148,902 $1,252,039 $1,171,688 $9.53 $10.39 $9.72

2B3 $341,552 $372,213 $348,326 $288,598 $314,505 $294,321 $534,376 $582,347 $544,974 $1,164,526 $1,269,066 $1,187,622 $9.66 $10.53 $9.86

2C1 $225,254 $245,475 $229,721 $288,598 $314,505 $294,321 $534,376 $582,347 $544,974 $1,048,227 $1,142,327 $1,069,017 $8.70 $9.48 $8.87

2C2 $289,086 $315,037 $294,819 $288,598 $314,505 $294,321 $534,376 $582,347 $544,974 $1,112,060 $1,211,890 $1,134,115 $9.23 $10.06 $9.41

2C3 $304,710 $332,064 $310,753 $288,598 $314,505 $294,321 $534,376 $582,347 $544,974 $1,127,683 $1,228,916 $1,150,049 $9.36 $10.20 $9.54

2D1 $279,196 $304,260 $284,733 $288,598 $314,505 $294,321 $534,376 $582,347 $544,974 $1,102,170 $1,201,112 $1,124,029 $9.15 $9.97 $9.33

2D2 $343,028 $373,822 $349,832 $288,598 $314,505 $294,321 $534,376 $582,347 $544,974 $1,166,002 $1,270,675 $1,189,127 $9.68 $10.55 $9.87

2D3 $358,652 $390,849 $365,766 $288,598 $314,505 $294,321 $534,376 $582,347 $544,974 $1,181,626 $1,287,701 $1,205,061 $9.81 $10.69 $10.00

3A1 $867,365 $945,229 $884,568 $288,598 $314,505 $294,321 $0 $0 $0 $1,155,963 $1,259,734 $1,178,889 $9.59 $10.45 $9.78

3B1 $872,382 $950,696 $889,684 $288,598 $314,505 $294,321 $0 $0 $0 $1,160,979 $1,265,201 $1,184,005 $9.63 $10.50 $9.83

3C1 $837,057 $912,200 $853,658 $288,598 $314,505 $294,321 $0 $0 $0 $1,125,654 $1,226,705 $1,147,979 $9.34 $10.18 $9.53

3D1 $889,482 $969,331 $907,123 $288,598 $314,505 $294,321 $0 $0 $0 $1,178,080 $1,283,836 $1,201,444 $9.78 $10.65 $9.97

4A1 $257,079 $280,157 $262,178 $404,037 $440,307 $412,050 $572,132 $623,492 $583,479 $1,233,248 $1,343,957 $1,257,707 $10.23 $11.15 $10.44

4A2 $320,912 $349,720 $327,276 $404,037 $440,307 $412,050 $572,132 $623,492 $583,479 $1,297,080 $1,413,520 $1,322,805 $10.76 $11.73 $10.98

4A3 $336,536 $366,747 $343,210 $404,037 $440,307 $412,050 $572,132 $623,492 $583,479 $1,312,704 $1,430,546 $1,338,739 $10.89 $11.87 $11.11

Table 4-7: Summary of High School (Base Cases) First Costs


4-13


4B1 $262,096 $285,624 $267,294 $404,037 $440,307 $412,050 $572,132 $623,492 $583,479 $1,238,264 $1,349,424 $1,262,823 $10.28 $11.20 $10.48

4B2 $325,928 $355,187 $332,392 $404,037 $440,307 $412,050 $572,132 $623,492 $583,479 $1,302,097 $1,418,986 $1,327,921 $10.81 $11.78 $11.02

4B3 $341,552 $372,213 $348,326 $404,037 $440,307 $412,050 $572,132 $623,492 $583,479 $1,317,721 $1,436,013 $1,343,855 $10.94 $11.92 $11.15

4C1 $225,254 $245,475 $229,721 $404,037 $440,307 $412,050 $572,132 $623,492 $583,479 $1,201,422 $1,309,274 $1,225,250 $9.97 $10.87 $10.17

4C2 $289,086 $315,037 $294,819 $404,037 $440,307 $412,050 $572,132 $623,492 $583,479 $1,265,254 $1,378,837 $1,290,348 $10.50 $11.44 $10.71

4C3 $304,710 $332,064 $310,753 $404,037 $440,307 $412,050 $572,132 $623,492 $583,479 $1,280,878 $1,395,863 $1,306,282 $10.63 $11.58 $10.84

4D1 $279,196 $304,260 $284,733 $404,037 $440,307 $412,050 $572,132 $623,492 $583,479 $1,255,365 $1,368,059 $1,280,262 $10.42 $11.35 $10.62

4D2 $343,028 $373,822 $349,832 $404,037 $440,307 $412,050 $572,132 $623,492 $583,479 $1,319,197 $1,437,622 $1,345,361 $10.95 $11.93 $11.16

4D3 $358,652 $390,849 $365,766 $404,037 $440,307 $412,050 $572,132 $623,492 $583,479 $1,334,821 $1,454,648 $1,361,294 $11.08 $12.07 $11.30

Table 4-7: Summary of High School (Base Cases) First Costs - Continued


4-14

The balance of the life-cycle calculation includes annual energy costs savings, and service andmaintenance costs, discounted over a period of 20 years. Annual energy operating costs used inthe life-cycle analyses are the same as those presented earlier in Chapter 3. These include siteenergy costs for electricity, natural gas and fuel oil.

Service and maintenance costs were calculated in the same fashion as the approach used tocalculate equipment first costs. Note that service and maintenance costs include annualizedpreventive maintenance (PM) repair and replacement costs. These costs were developed fromdata in the databases. RSMeans 2000® breaks Service and Maintenance into two major elements:

• Preventive (Scheduled) Maintenance (PM)• Repair and Replacement Service and Maintenance

Since repair and replacement times vary for different types of equipment, annualized (costdivided by time interval in years for repair or equipment life), cost factors were developed foreach type of equipment. These costs included a scaling factor for equipment sizes to reflect size-cost factors. Each of the equipment repair/replacement cost curves was of the slope-interceptform. Costs were determined as a function of equipment size. Ductwork service and maintenancecosts were assumed to be zero. Finally, the cost curves for both service and maintenanceelements were combined mathematically to allow one to calculate overall service andmaintenance costs for a given type of equipment. For the four heat pump cases, this process wasrepeated 76 and 99 times (number of zones and individual pieces of equipment) for theelementary and high school respectively.

Plant cooling and heating equipment service, maintenance and replacement costs were calculatedusing cost-size curve fits, along with heat pump service and maintenance costs. Terminal unitservice, maintenance and replacement costs were also determined using this same approach. Thetotal of these costs was then added, by HVAC alternative, to provide an annualized service,maintenance and replacement cost for each option. A summary of these costs, by HVAC option,for the elementary and high schools, is provided in Tables 4-8 and 4-9 respectively.


4-15

Plant (Heating and Cooling) Ductwork Terminal Units Total Annual Serv./Main. Cost($)

Total Annual Serv./Main. Cost($/FT2)

HVACSystemOption

Cincinnati Cleveland Columbus Cincinnati Cleveland Columbus Cincinnati Cleveland Columbus Cincinnati Cleveland Columbus Cincinnati Cleveland Columbus

1A1 $28,902 $31,496 $29,475 $0 $0 $0 $14,403 $15,696 $14,689 $43,305 $47,192 $44,164 $0.67 $0.73 $0.69

1A2 $30,384 $33,111 $30,986 $0 $0 $0 $14,403 $15,696 $14,689 $44,787 $48,807 $45,675 $0.69 $0.76 $0.71

1A3 $20,906 $22,782 $21,320 $0 $0 $0 $14,403 $15,696 $14,689 $35,309 $38,478 $36,009 $0.55 $0.60 $0.56

1B1 $28,902 $31,496 $29,475 $0 $0 $0 $14,403 $15,696 $14,689 $43,305 $47,192 $44,164 $0.67 $0.73 $0.69

1B2 $30,384 $33,111 $30,986 $0 $0 $0 $14,403 $15,696 $14,689 $44,787 $48,807 $45,675 $0.69 $0.76 $0.71

1B3 $20,906 $22,782 $21,320 $0 $0 $0 $14,403 $15,696 $14,689 $35,309 $38,478 $36,009 $0.55 $0.60 $0.56

1C1 $27,780 $30,274 $28,331 $0 $0 $0 $14,403 $15,696 $14,689 $42,183 $45,970 $43,020 $0.65 $0.71 $0.67

1C2 $29,262 $31,889 $29,843 $0 $0 $0 $14,403 $15,696 $14,689 $43,665 $47,585 $44,531 $0.68 $0.74 $0.69

1C3 $19,784 $21,560 $20,176 $0 $0 $0 $14,403 $15,696 $14,689 $34,187 $37,256 $34,865 $0.53 $0.58 $0.54

1D1 $28,642 $31,213 $29,210 $0 $0 $0 $14,403 $15,696 $14,689 $43,045 $46,909 $43,899 $0.67 $0.73 $0.68

1D2 $30,124 $32,828 $30,721 $0 $0 $0 $14,403 $15,696 $14,689 $44,527 $48,524 $45,410 $0.69 $0.75 $0.70

1D3 $20,646 $22,499 $21,055 $0 $0 $0 $14,403 $15,696 $14,689 $35,049 $38,195 $35,744 $0.54 $0.59 $0.55

2A1 $28,902 $31,496 $29,475 $0 $0 $0 $14,403 $15,696 $14,689 $43,305 $47,192 $44,164 $0.67 $0.73 $0.69

2A2 $31,147 $33,943 $31,765 $0 $0 $0 $14,403 $15,696 $14,689 $45,550 $49,639 $46,454 $0.71 $0.77 $0.72

2A3 $20,906 $22,782 $21,320 $0 $0 $0 $14,403 $15,696 $14,689 $35,309 $38,478 $36,009 $0.55 $0.60 $0.56

2B1 $28,902 $31,496 $29,475 $0 $0 $0 $14,403 $15,696 $14,689 $43,305 $47,192 $44,164 $0.67 $0.73 $0.69

2B2 $31,147 $33,943 $31,765 $0 $0 $0 $14,403 $15,696 $14,689 $45,550 $49,639 $46,454 $0.71 $0.77 $0.72

2B3 $20,906 $22,782 $21,320 $0 $0 $0 $14,403 $15,696 $14,689 $35,309 $38,478 $36,009 $0.55 $0.60 $0.56

2C1 $27,780 $30,274 $28,331 $0 $0 $0 $14,403 $15,696 $14,689 $42,183 $45,970 $43,020 $0.65 $0.71 $0.67

2C2 $30,026 $32,721 $30,621 $0 $0 $0 $14,403 $15,696 $14,689 $44,429 $48,417 $45,310 $0.69 $0.75 $0.70

2C3 $19,784 $21,560 $20,176 $0 $0 $0 $14,403 $15,696 $14,689 $34,187 $37,256 $34,865 $0.53 $0.58 $0.54

2D1 $28,642 $31,213 $29,210 $0 $0 $0 $14,403 $15,696 $14,689 $43,045 $46,909 $43,899 $0.67 $0.73 $0.68

2D2 $30,887 $33,660 $31,500 $0 $0 $0 $14,403 $15,696 $14,689 $45,290 $49,356 $46,189 $0.70 $0.77 $0.72

2D3 $20,646 $22,499 $21,055 $0 $0 $0 $14,403 $15,696 $14,689 $35,049 $38,195 $35,744 $0.54 $0.59 $0.55

3A1 $61,086 $66,570 $62,298 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $61,086 $66,570 $62,298 $0.95 $1.03 $0.97

3B1 $61,086 $66,570 $62,298 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $61,086 $66,570 $62,298 $0.95 $1.03 $0.97

3C1 $59,211 $64,527 $60,386 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $59,211 $64,527 $60,386 $0.92 $1.00 $0.94

3D1 $60,088 $65,482 $61,280 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $60,088 $65,482 $61,280 $0.93 $1.02 $0.95

Table 4-8: Annualized Elementary School Service, Maintenance and Replacement Costs ($)


4-16



HVACSystemOption


4A1 $31,211 $34,012 $31,830 $0 $0 $0 $14,403 $15,696 $14,689 $45,614 $49,709 $46,519 $0.71 $0.77 $0.72

4A2 $32,693 $35,627 $33,341 $0 $0 $0 $14,403 $15,696 $14,689 $47,096 $51,324 $48,030 $0.73 $0.80 $0.75

4A3 $23,215 $25,299 $23,675 $0 $0 $0 $14,403 $15,696 $14,689 $37,618 $40,995 $38,364 $0.58 $0.64 $0.60

4B1 $31,211 $34,012 $31,830 $0 $0 $0 $14,403 $15,696 $14,689 $45,614 $49,709 $46,519 $0.71 $0.77 $0.72

4B2 $32,693 $35,627 $33,341 $0 $0 $0 $14,403 $15,696 $14,689 $47,096 $51,324 $48,030 $0.73 $0.80 $0.75

4B3 $23,215 $25,299 $23,675 $0 $0 $0 $14,403 $15,696 $14,689 $37,618 $40,995 $38,364 $0.58 $0.64 $0.60

4C1 $29,335 $31,969 $29,917 $0 $0 $0 $14,403 $15,696 $14,689 $43,739 $47,665 $44,606 $0.68 $0.74 $0.69

4C2 $30,817 $33,584 $31,429 $0 $0 $0 $14,403 $15,696 $14,689 $45,221 $49,280 $46,118 $0.70 $0.76 $0.72

4C3 $21,339 $23,255 $21,763 $0 $0 $0 $14,403 $15,696 $14,689 $35,743 $38,951 $36,451 $0.55 $0.60 $0.57

4D1 $30,213 $32,925 $30,812 $0 $0 $0 $14,403 $15,696 $14,689 $44,616 $48,621 $45,501 $0.69 $0.75 $0.71

4D2 $31,695 $34,540 $32,323 $0 $0 $0 $14,403 $15,696 $14,689 $46,098 $50,236 $47,012 $0.72 $0.78 $0.73

4D3 $22,216 $24,211 $22,657 $0 $0 $0 $14,403 $15,696 $14,689 $36,620 $39,907 $37,346 $0.57 $0.62 $0.58

Table 4-8: Annualized Elementary School Service, Maintenance and Replacement Costs ($) - Continued


4-17



HVACSystemOption


1A1 $51,677 $51,677 $51,677 $0 $0 $0 $17,892 $19,498 $18,247 $69,569 $71,175 $69,924 $0.58 $0.59 $0.58

1A2 $38,339 $38,339 $38,339 $0 $0 $0 $17,892 $19,498 $18,247 $56,231 $57,837 $56,586 $0.47 $0.48 $0.47

1A3 $32,527 $32,527 $32,527 $0 $0 $0 $17,892 $19,498 $18,247 $50,419 $52,025 $50,773 $0.42 $0.43 $0.42

1B1 $51,677 $51,677 $51,677 $0 $0 $0 $17,892 $19,498 $18,247 $69,569 $71,175 $69,924 $0.58 $0.59 $0.58

1B2 $38,339 $38,339 $38,339 $0 $0 $0 $17,892 $19,498 $18,247 $56,231 $57,837 $56,586 $0.47 $0.48 $0.47

1B3 $32,527 $32,527 $32,527 $0 $0 $0 $17,892 $19,498 $18,247 $50,419 $52,025 $50,773 $0.42 $0.43 $0.42

1C1 $49,287 $49,287 $49,287 $0 $0 $0 $17,892 $19,498 $18,247 $67,179 $68,785 $67,534 $0.56 $0.57 $0.56

1C2 $35,948 $35,948 $35,948 $0 $0 $0 $17,892 $19,498 $18,247 $53,840 $55,447 $54,195 $0.45 $0.46 $0.45

1C3 $30,136 $30,136 $30,136 $0 $0 $0 $17,892 $19,498 $18,247 $48,028 $49,634 $48,383 $0.40 $0.41 $0.40

1D1 $50,257 $50,257 $50,257 $0 $0 $0 $17,892 $19,498 $18,247 $68,149 $69,756 $68,504 $0.57 $0.58 $0.57

1D2 $36,919 $36,919 $36,919 $0 $0 $0 $17,892 $19,498 $18,247 $54,811 $56,417 $55,166 $0.45 $0.47 $0.46

1D3 $31,107 $31,107 $31,107 $0 $0 $0 $17,892 $19,498 $18,247 $48,999 $50,605 $49,354 $0.41 $0.42 $0.41

2A1 $51,677 $51,677 $51,677 $0 $0 $0 $17,892 $19,498 $18,247 $69,569 $71,175 $69,924 $0.58 $0.59 $0.58

2A2 $38,339 $38,339 $38,339 $0 $0 $0 $17,892 $19,498 $18,247 $56,231 $57,837 $56,586 $0.47 $0.48 $0.47

2A3 $32,527 $32,527 $32,527 $0 $0 $0 $17,892 $19,498 $18,247 $50,419 $52,025 $50,773 $0.42 $0.43 $0.42

2B1 $51,677 $51,677 $51,677 $0 $0 $0 $17,892 $19,498 $18,247 $69,569 $71,175 $69,924 $0.58 $0.59 $0.58

2B2 $38,339 $38,339 $38,339 $0 $0 $0 $17,892 $19,498 $18,247 $56,231 $57,837 $56,586 $0.47 $0.48 $0.47

2B3 $32,527 $32,527 $32,527 $0 $0 $0 $17,892 $19,498 $18,247 $50,419 $52,025 $50,773 $0.42 $0.43 $0.42

2C1 $49,287 $49,287 $49,287 $0 $0 $0 $17,892 $19,498 $18,247 $67,179 $68,785 $67,534 $0.56 $0.57 $0.56

2C2 $35,948 $35,948 $35,948 $0 $0 $0 $17,892 $19,498 $18,247 $53,840 $55,447 $54,195 $0.45 $0.46 $0.45

2C3 $30,136 $30,136 $30,136 $0 $0 $0 $17,892 $19,498 $18,247 $48,028 $49,634 $48,383 $0.40 $0.41 $0.40

2D1 $50,257 $50,257 $50,257 $0 $0 $0 $17,892 $19,498 $18,247 $68,149 $69,756 $68,504 $0.57 $0.58 $0.57

2D2 $36,919 $36,919 $36,919 $0 $0 $0 $17,892 $19,498 $18,247 $54,811 $56,417 $55,166 $0.45 $0.47 $0.46

2D3 $31,107 $31,107 $31,107 $0 $0 $0 $17,892 $19,498 $18,247 $48,999 $50,605 $49,354 $0.41 $0.42 $0.41

3A1 $80,722 $87,968 $82,323 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $80,722 $87,968 $82,323 $0.67 $0.73 $0.68

3B1 $80,722 $87,968 $82,323 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $80,722 $87,968 $82,323 $0.67 $0.73 $0.68

3C1 $78,416 $85,456 $79,972 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $78,416 $85,456 $79,972 $0.65 $0.71 $0.66

3D1 $79,302 $86,421 $80,875 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $79,302 $86,421 $80,875 $0.66 $0.72 $0.67

Table 4-9: Annualized High School Service, Maintenance and Replacement Costs ($)


4-18



HVACSystemOption Cincinnati Cleveland Columbus Cincinnati Cleveland Columbus Cincinnati Cleveland Columbus Cincinnati Cleveland Columbus Cincinnati Cleveland Columbus

4A1 $51,677 $51,677 $51,677 $0 $0 $0 $17,892 $19,498 $18,247 $69,569 $71,175 $69,924 $0.58 $0.59 $0.58

4A2 $38,339 $38,339 $38,339 $0 $0 $0 $17,892 $19,498 $18,247 $56,231 $57,837 $56,586 $0.47 $0.48 $0.47

4A3 $32,527 $32,527 $32,527 $0 $0 $0 $17,892 $19,498 $18,247 $50,419 $52,025 $50,773 $0.42 $0.43 $0.42

4B1 $51,677 $51,677 $51,677 $0 $0 $0 $17,892 $19,498 $18,247 $69,569 $71,175 $69,924 $0.58 $0.59 $0.58

4B2 $38,339 $38,339 $38,339 $0 $0 $0 $17,892 $19,498 $18,247 $56,231 $57,837 $56,586 $0.47 $0.48 $0.47

4B3 $32,527 $32,527 $32,527 $0 $0 $0 $17,892 $19,498 $18,247 $50,419 $52,025 $50,773 $0.42 $0.43 $0.42

4C1 $49,287 $49,287 $49,287 $0 $0 $0 $17,892 $19,498 $18,247 $67,179 $68,785 $67,534 $0.56 $0.57 $0.56

4C2 $35,948 $35,948 $35,948 $0 $0 $0 $17,892 $19,498 $18,247 $53,840 $55,447 $54,195 $0.45 $0.46 $0.45

4C3 $30,136 $30,136 $30,136 $0 $0 $0 $17,892 $19,498 $18,247 $48,028 $49,634 $48,383 $0.40 $0.41 $0.40

4D1 $50,257 $50,257 $50,257 $0 $0 $0 $17,892 $19,498 $18,247 $68,149 $69,756 $68,504 $0.57 $0.58 $0.57

4D2 $36,919 $36,919 $36,919 $0 $0 $0 $17,892 $19,498 $18,247 $54,811 $56,417 $55,166 $0.45 $0.47 $0.46

4D3 $31,107 $31,107 $31,107 $0 $0 $0 $17,892 $19,498 $18,247 $48,999 $50,605 $49,354 $0.41 $0.42 $0.41

Table 4-9: Annualized High School Service, Maintenance and Replacement Costs ($) - Continued


4-19

Life cycle costs (present values) for each of the 40 HVAC options, in each city and school type,were calculated by adding:

• Total plant cost

• Present value of annual energy costs for a period of 20 years discounted at 6%

• Present value of service and maintenance costs for a period of 20 years discounted at 6%

4.2 Life-Cycle Results

The resulting life cycle, or present value costs, can be used to compare the 40 HVAC optionsagainst one another for a twenty-year period. Results, by HVAC system option, building typeand location (city) are presented in Table 4-10.

A example plot of the first eight systems, for all three cities, in the elementary school, is shownin Figure 4-1. The balance of the data plots can be found in Appendix B.

For all baseline cases, Tables 4-11 and 4-12 present the data sorted by systems, for theelementary and high school respectively.


4-20


1A1 $2,261,461 $2,273,597 $2,039,729 $3,568,508 $3,790,284 $3,254,888

1A2 $2,089,820 $2,259,071 $2,009,998 $3,309,636 $3,620,795 $3,097,026

1A3 $1,992,541 $2,167,169 $1,897,806 $3,171,234 $3,593,209 $3,048,756

1B1 $2,262,805 $2,277,957 $2,040,889 $3,570,224 $3,793,776 $3,255,317

1B2 $2,091,178 $2,263,431 $2,011,158 $3,311,351 $3,624,279 $3,098,918

1B3 $1,993,885 $2,171,512 $1,898,981 $3,172,949 $3,596,682 $3,050,648

1C1 $2,273,361 $2,623,904 $2,160,979 $4,005,833 $5,108,087 $4,311,459

1C2 $2,171,692 $2,609,503 $2,188,021 $3,830,911 $4,951,865 $4,209,323

1C3 $2,080,509 $2,517,401 $2,094,461 $3,749,436 $4,928,594 $4,168,980

1D1 $2,287,288 $2,297,804 $2,057,735 $3,614,668 $3,800,680 $3,259,530

1D2 $2,115,661 $2,283,345 $2,028,004 $3,355,795 $3,631,178 $3,103,976

1D3 $2,018,368 $2,191,439 $1,915,842 $3,217,393 $3,603,582 $3,055,706

2A1 $2,320,189 $2,365,151 $2,110,400 $3,626,601 $3,852,642 $3,314,642

2A2 $2,170,636 $2,359,263 $2,081,798 $3,357,926 $3,681,699 $3,148,333

2A3 $2,048,769 $2,247,842 $1,964,275 $3,220,747 $3,652,887 $3,101,595

2B1 $2,321,616 $2,369,426 $2,111,690 $3,628,266 $3,855,846 $3,315,053

2B2 $2,172,063 $2,359,184 $2,083,087 $3,359,591 $3,684,994 $3,150,042

2B3 $2,050,196 $2,252,116 $1,965,565 $3,222,413 $3,656,084 $3,103,304

2C1 $2,337,603 $2,718,873 $2,229,238 $4,033,456 $5,119,622 $4,314,507

2C2 $2,253,149 $2,711,426 $2,267,987 $3,846,842 $4,953,038 $4,212,096

2C3 $2,140,160 $2,604,273 $2,158,017 $3,767,441 $4,931,011 $4,172,208

2D1 $2,346,980 $2,389,114 $2,128,345 $3,671,074 $3,862,841 $3,319,349

2D2 $2,197,426 $2,378,873 $2,099,743 $3,402,399 $3,691,899 $3,155,138

2D3 $2,075,560 $2,271,805 $1,982,220 $3,265,221 $3,663,075 $3,108,400

3A1 $2,543,046 $3,027,582 $2,560,640 $3,733,698 $4,439,659 $3,737,391

3B1 $2,545,447 $3,030,219 $2,562,762 $3,736,381 $4,443,574 $3,739,500

3C1 $2,891,908 $3,693,610 $3,209,445 $4,211,895 $5,386,801 $4,653,274

3D1 $2,571,823 $3,040,369 $2,572,124 $3,765,145 $4,450,181 $3,757,817

4A1 $2,486,601 $2,614,983 $2,296,441 $3,752,433 $4,036,898 $3,457,288

4A2 $2,344,233 $2,604,909 $2,275,409 $3,502,689 $3,869,390 $3,310,622

4A3 $2,237,056 $2,513,164 $2,175,216 $3,365,500 $3,842,568 $3,264,028

4B1 $2,488,608 $2,617,931 $2,297,803 $3,754,188 $4,040,770 $3,457,762

4B2 $2,346,239 $2,607,857 $2,277,269 $3,504,443 $3,873,259 $3,312,544

4B3 $2,239,062 $2,516,112 $2,177,619 $3,367,282 $3,846,432 $3,265,968

4C1 $2,700,720 $3,285,501 $2,893,625 $4,261,246 $5,465,692 $4,663,607

4C2 $2,636,775 $3,275,394 $2,949,214 $4,092,624 $5,312,976 $4,561,566

4C3 $2,540,251 $3,183,553 $2,867,422 $4,013,104 $5,290,055 $4,521,240

4D1 $2,512,151 $2,627,896 $2,305,998 $3,801,126 $4,047,341 $3,461,836

4D2 $2,369,783 $2,617,822 $2,285,811 $3,551,382 $3,879,910 $3,317,477

4D3 $2,262,606 $2,526,074 $2,185,040 $3,414,221 $3,853,082 $3,270,901

Table 4-10: Life Cycle Costs for All Baseline Options


4-21

Elementary School Life-Cycle Sorts

HVACSystem

Cincinnati HVACSystem

Cleveland HVACSystem

Columbus

1A3 $1,992,541 1A3 $2,167,169 1A3 $1,897,806

1B3 $1,993,885 1B3 $2,171,512 1B3 $1,898,981

1D3 $2,018,368 1D3 $2,191,439 1D3 $1,915,842

2A3 $2,048,769 2A3 $2,247,842 2A3 $1,964,275

2B3 $2,050,196 2B3 $2,252,116 2B3 $1,965,565

2D3 $2,075,560 1A2 $2,259,071 2D3 $1,982,220

1C3 $2,080,509 1B2 $2,263,431 1A2 $2,009,998

1A2 $2,089,820 2D3 $2,271,805 1B2 $2,011,158

1B2 $2,091,178 1A1 $2,273,597 1D2 $2,028,004

1D2 $2,115,661 1B1 $2,277,957 1A1 $2,039,729

2C3 $2,140,160 1D2 $2,283,345 1B1 $2,040,889

2A2 $2,170,636 1D1 $2,297,804 1D1 $2,057,735

1C2 $2,171,692 2B2 $2,359,184 2A2 $2,081,798

2B2 $2,172,063 2A2 $2,359,263 2B2 $2,083,087

2D2 $2,197,426 2A1 $2,365,151 1C3 $2,094,461

4A3 $2,237,056 2B1 $2,369,426 2D2 $2,099,743

4B3 $2,239,062 2D2 $2,378,873 2A1 $2,110,400

2C2 $2,253,149 2D1 $2,389,114 2B1 $2,111,690

1A1 $2,261,461 4A3 $2,513,164 2D1 $2,128,345

4D3 $2,262,606 4B3 $2,516,112 2C3 $2,158,017

1B1 $2,262,805 1C3 $2,517,401 1C1 $2,160,979

1C1 $2,273,361 4D3 $2,526,074 4A3 $2,175,216

1D1 $2,287,288 2C3 $2,604,273 4B3 $2,177,619

2A1 $2,320,189 4A2 $2,604,909 4D3 $2,185,040

2B1 $2,321,616 4B2 $2,607,857 1C2 $2,188,021

2C1 $2,337,603 1C2 $2,609,503 2C1 $2,229,238

4A2 $2,344,233 4A1 $2,614,983 2C2 $2,267,987

4B2 $2,346,239 4D2 $2,617,822 4A2 $2,275,409

2D1 $2,346,980 4B1 $2,617,931 4B2 $2,277,269

4D2 $2,369,783 1C1 $2,623,904 4D2 $2,285,811

4A1 $2,486,601 4D1 $2,627,896 4A1 $2,296,441

4B1 $2,488,608 2C2 $2,711,426 4B1 $2,297,803

4D1 $2,512,151 2C1 $2,718,873 4D1 $2,305,998

4C3 $2,540,251 3A1 $3,027,582 3A1 $2,560,640

3A1 $2,543,046 3B1 $3,030,219 3B1 $2,562,762

3B1 $2,545,447 3D1 $3,040,369 3D1 $2,572,124

3D1 $2,571,823 4C3 $3,183,553 4C3 $2,867,422

4C2 $2,636,775 4C2 $3,275,394 4C1 $2,893,625

4C1 $2,700,720 4C1 $3,285,501 4C2 $2,949,214

3C1 $2,891,908 3C1 $3,693,610 3C1 $3,209,445

Table 4-11: Elementary School Life Cycle Costs for all Baseline Options – Sorted


4-22

High School Life-Cycle Sorts

HVACSystem

Cincinnati HVACSystem

Cleveland HVACSystem

Columbus

1A3 $3,171,234 1A3 $3,593,209 1A3 $3,048,756

1B3 $3,172,949 1B3 $3,596,682 1B3 $3,050,648

1D3 $3,217,393 1D3 $3,603,582 1D3 $3,055,706

2A3 $3,220,747 1A2 $3,620,795 1A2 $3,097,026

2B3 $3,222,413 1B2 $3,624,279 1B2 $3,098,918

2D3 $3,265,221 1D2 $3,631,178 2A3 $3,101,595

1A2 $3,309,636 2A3 $3,652,887 2B3 $3,103,304

1B2 $3,311,351 2B3 $3,656,084 1D2 $3,103,976

1D2 $3,355,795 2D3 $3,663,075 2D3 $3,108,400

2A2 $3,357,926 2A2 $3,681,699 2A2 $3,148,333

2B2 $3,359,591 2B2 $3,684,994 2B2 $3,150,042

4A3 $3,365,500 2D2 $3,691,899 2D2 $3,155,138

4B3 $3,367,282 1A1 $3,790,284 1A1 $3,254,888

2D2 $3,402,399 1B1 $3,793,776 1B1 $3,255,317

4D3 $3,414,221 1D1 $3,800,680 1D1 $3,259,530

4A2 $3,502,689 4A3 $3,842,568 4A3 $3,264,028

4B2 $3,504,443 4B3 $3,846,432 4B3 $3,265,968

4D2 $3,551,382 2A1 $3,852,642 4D3 $3,270,901

1A1 $3,568,508 4D3 $3,853,082 4A2 $3,310,622

1B1 $3,570,224 2B1 $3,855,846 4B2 $3,312,544

1D1 $3,614,668 2D1 $3,862,841 2A1 $3,314,642

2A1 $3,626,601 4A2 $3,869,390 2B1 $3,315,053

2B1 $3,628,266 4B2 $3,873,259 4D2 $3,317,477

2D1 $3,671,074 4D2 $3,879,910 2D1 $3,319,349

3A1 $3,733,698 4A1 $4,036,898 4A1 $3,457,288

3B1 $3,736,381 4B1 $4,040,770 4B1 $3,457,762

1C3 $3,749,436 4D1 $4,047,341 4D1 $3,461,836

4A1 $3,752,433 3A1 $4,439,659 3A1 $3,737,391

4B1 $3,754,188 3B1 $4,443,574 3B1 $3,739,500

3D1 $3,765,145 3D1 $4,450,181 3D1 $3,757,817

2C3 $3,767,441 1C3 $4,928,594 1C3 $4,168,980

4D1 $3,801,126 2C3 $4,931,011 2C3 $4,172,208

1C2 $3,830,911 1C2 $4,951,865 1C2 $4,209,323

2C2 $3,846,842 2C2 $4,953,038 2C2 $4,212,096

1C1 $4,005,833 1C1 $5,108,087 1C1 $4,311,459

4C3 $4,013,104 2C1 $5,119,622 2C1 $4,314,507

2C1 $4,033,456 4C3 $5,290,055 4C3 $4,521,240

4C2 $4,092,624 4C2 $5,312,976 4C2 $4,561,566

3C1 $4,211,895 3C1 $5,386,801 3C1 $4,653,274

4C1 $4,261,246 4C1 $5,465,692 4C1 $4,663,607

Table 4-12: High School Life Cycle Costs for all Baseline Options – Sorted


4-23

$1,800,000

$2,000,000

$2,200,000

$2,400,000

$2,600,000

$2,800,000

$3,000,000

$3,200,000

$3,400,000

$3,600,000

HVAC System Types

Figure 4-1: OSFC Elementary SchoolLife Cycle Costs ($)


Cincinnati $2,261,461 $2,089,820 $1,992,541 $2,262,805 $2,091,178 $1,993,885 $2,273,361 $2,171,692

Cleveland $2,273,597 $2,259,071 $2,167,169 $2,277,957 $2,263,431 $2,171,512 $2,623,904 $2,609,503

Columbus $2,039,729 $2,009,998 $1,897,806 $2,040,889 $2,011,158 $1,898,981 $2,160,979 $2,188,021

1A1 1A2 1A3 1B1 1B2 1B3 1C1 1C2


4-24

4.3 Life-Cycle Results – Observations

In reviewing the data shown in Tables 4-10 through 4-12, and the related figures, the followingobservations were made:

• For the elementary school, the least cost life-cycle system was $1,897,806 {Columbus, 1A3HVAC option} (VAV with reheat air option, atmospheric natural gas boiler heating optionwith a water-cooled centrifugal chiller cooler option) and the highest cost life-cycle systemwas $3,693,610 (Cleveland, 3C1 HVAC option). The ratio of the highest to the lowest life-cycle costs for Cincinnati, Cleveland and Columbus were 1.45, 1.70 and 1.69 respectively.This implies the highest cost HVAC options were 45%, 70% and 69% higher than the lowercost HVAC options respectively.

• For the high school, the least cost life-cycle system was $3,048,756 (Columbus, 1A3 HVACoption) and the highest cost life-cycle system was $5,465,692 (Cleveland, 3C1 HVACoption). The ratio of the highest to the lowest life-cycle costs for Cincinnati, Cleveland andColumbus were 1.34, 1.52 and 1.53 respectively. This implies the highest cost HVACoptions were 34%, 52% and 53% higher than the lower cost HVAC options respectively.

• Life cycle costs for a given HVAC option were usually highest in Cleveland, followed byColumbus and then Cincinnati.

• The least, and highest cost HVAC systems tended to be independent of location and buildingtype. In other words, the least cost and the highest cost HVAC options in all three locations,and for the elementary and high schools, tended to be the same HVAC options.

• Least cost HVAC options tended to be VAV with reheat air systems using water-cooledcentrifugal chillers.

• Highest cost HVAC options tended to be all electric systems using air-cooled chillers or theall-electric heat pump options.


5-1

5.0 PHASE 2 APPROACH

Phase 2, and related additional activities, were intended to consider sustainable energy savingsalternatives that might provide cost-effective savings to equipment used in future school designs.In discussions with ODOD staff, including advisors to ODOD, it was generally agreed that theproject team should use the following approach to selecting energy alternatives:

• Use the HB 264 web page list of energy alternatives as a list of available energy savingsalternatives

• Select energy saving alternatives not already included in the Ohio School Design Manual(e.g., T-8 lighting)

• Select energy saving alternatives that have the potential to provide significant energy savings

• Select energy saving alternatives that reflect on-going issues of concern for school buildings(e.g., indoor air quality) or design trends (e.g., geothermal heat pumps).

As recommended, the initial list of alternatives considered was drawn directly from the OhioState School Facilities Commission web page (i.e., http://www.osfc.state.oh.us/264/HB264Conserv.htm) which contains an extensive list of alternatives. This list is reproducedbelow:

Building Envelope• Insulation• Roof• Walls• Ceiling• Floor• Slab• Soffits & roof facias• Windows• Double or triple glazed windows low emmitance• Eliminate unneeded windows with insulated walls• Insulated panels• Reduce window size• Reflective films• Shading devices• Solar control devices - minimize summer heat gain• Storm windows• Thermally insulated barriers, night curtains

http://www.osfc.state.oh.us/264/HB264Conserv.htm

http://www.osfc.state.oh.us/264/HB264Conserv.htm


5-2

• Weather stripping• Infiltration• Replace jalouse windows• Replace horizontal sliders• Revolving doors• Tight closing air dampers• Vestibules• Vinyl curtains• Ventilate attic space

Air Conditioning• Chilled water temperature reset• Chiller conversion/efficiency improvement• Chillers powered by recovered heat• Compressor demand controller• Desiccant dehumidification• Economizer cycle cooling• Evaporative cooling• Geothermal heat pumps• High efficiency electric chilling• High efficiency screw compressors• Install or modify zoning to match occupancy• Modular of localized units• Natural gas engine driven chillers• Natural gas engine driven compressors• Package units• Premium efficiency motors• Pump optimization• Reduce fan & pump speeds• Replace air cooled condensers with cooling towers• Thermal storage


5-3

Ventilation• Air side economizer cycle• Ceiling Fans - de-stratification• CO2 and Occupancy based ventilation• Duty cycle exhaust fans• Eliminate/reduce 100% outside air• Eliminate dual duct/reheat systems - replace with VAV• High efficiency drive belts• High velocity, low-volume exhaust hoods with baffles• Low leakage dampers• Low resistance duct systems• Low resistance air filters• Premium efficiency motors• Re-circulate exhaust air using charcoal filters• Replace with blow through air handlers, not draw through• Separate make-up air for exhaust hoods• Variable speed motors• Wire exhaust fans to light circuits• Heating Systems• Automatic ignition device• Automatic flue damper• Automatic water treatment system• Blow-down heat recovery• Boiler stack economizer• Boiler replacement - modular or localized• Condensate tank insulation• Controls to adjust water temperature with load• Convert to wood, biomass, refuse• Destratification fans• Enthalpy controls• Flash tank heat recovery• Flue gas analyzer and controls• High efficiency burners• Humidification device


5-4

• Infrared heaters• Efficient rooftop heating and cooling units• Non-electric thermostatic control valves on hydronic and steam heating terminal units• Outdoor temperature reset/cut-out controls on boilers• Preheat combustion air or make up water with waste heat• Pressure reducing valves in low pressure lines• Replace electric boilers with boilers using fossil fuels• Return steam condensate to boiler• Stake heat reclamation• Thermal energy storage tanks• Turbulators• Ultrasonic humidification• Vent dampers

Domestic Hot Water Heating• Automatic spa or pool heaters• Booster heaters• Controls - night shutoff, circulating pump• Demand type, tankless hot water heaters• Flow regulators, restrictors• Heat recovery water heaters• Hot water tank insulation• Localized units - replace central system• Optimized water temperature control• Replace with more efficient DHW heater• Summertime DHW heater to supplement boilers• Tempering tank• Vent dampers• Waste heat recovery for hot water production• Compressed Air Systems• Automatic traps - condensate removal• Energy efficient motors• Heat of compression air drying• Heat recovery from compressors• High efficiency compressors


5-5

• Natural gas driven compressors• System leakage control• Vent waste heat – summer• Distribution Systems• Booster pumps for long runs• Damper modifications• Insulate condensate return line, pipes, ducts & tanks• Localized/zone equipment• Low resistance filters• Premium efficiency motors• Pumps - reduce resistance, speed• Reduce air flow (fan speed)• Two speed motors• Zoning modifications

Lighting• Daylighting (where applicable)• Install reflectors• High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lighting• High efficiency fluorescent ballasts• LED technology for exit signs• Multiple level HID lighting• Occupancy sensors• Outdoor lighting conversions• Photosensors• Localized switching• Reduce light levels,(i.e., current timers, dimmers, tasklighting)• Reduce number of fixtures• Replace lenses and louvers• Replace incandescent with fluorescent, HID• T-8 fluorescent technology• Power Systems• High efficiency transformers• Power factor correction• Controls


5-6

• 24 hour time clocks on exhaust fans• Automatic radiator valves• Automatic temperature controls on radiators• Direct Digital Control Technology• Energy management systems/central control• Establish EMS objective & function• Select appropriate system to match needs & resources• Install suitable monitoring procedures• Develop reporting procedures and summaries (preventive maintenance)• Establish procedure to monitor energy use• Enthalpy controls• Outside air controls on HVAC systems• Optimum start stop controls• Relocate improperly placed thermostats• Shut down/shut off devices• Tamper proof boxes on controls• Temperature reset devices

Miscellaneous/Other• Cogeneration• Passive solar systems• Solar space heating or cooling• Solar electric generating systems• Solar domestic hot water systems• Transportation - alternative fuels (natural gas, propane, electric)• Wind generating equipment

Computers & Office Equipment

• Energy Star equipment• Specialty controls for sleep-mode control

Kitchen – Cooking• Replace conventional equipment with high efficiency equipment• Use exhaust system efficiently


5-7

Kitchen – Refrigeration• Control refrigeration environment by design• Defrost control• Modify or replace inefficient units• Recover/use waste heat

Kitchen - Dishwashing• Replace electric resistance booster heater with natural gas booster heater• Install low temp, low-water-volume washer with chemical sanitation

Elevators• Auto temporary shutoff control for low use periods• Install energy efficient motors• Select most efficient type of elevator for application

Water - Domestic Use• Automatic flashometers• Automatic faucets• Flow restrictors• Lavatory optimization• Shower optimization• Urinal optimization• Water closed optimization• Waterless urinals

Water - Non-domestic Use• High flow on-site equipment• Irrigation conservation systems• Laundry conservation systems• R/O systems


5-8

Based on the criteria listed earlier, this HB 264 list and requests from the Ohio School FacilitiesCommission, the following alternatives were selected for further evaluation:

• Controls (energy load management)

• Latent and sensible heat recovery (enthalpy) wheels

• Occupancy-based ventilation (e.g., IAQ)

• Geothermal heat pumps

• Daylighting

In addition, Phase 2 deliverables included preparation of Microsoft® PowerPoint® presentationsfor the following four audiences:

• National

• State School Officials and Policy Makers

• State School Operating Staff

• Professional Design Community

The controls area was selected because it was observed that shifting the peak demand loads,especially in Columbus, could dramatically reduce projected annual electric costs. Enthalpywheels are an existing option under the OSDM and is a technology generally recognized as alow-cost method to reduce energy consumption in buildings. Desiccant technology was alsodiscussed under this option, but adequate design tools are just emerging and do not readily lendthemselves to be used by HAP. The occupancy-based ventilation reflects on-going interest aboutthe appropriate levels of fresh air to provide to spaces assuming no active treatment of the air isplanned. In general, reducing the amount of energy used in a space negatively impact IAQ.Also, ASHRAE continues to debate this issue under planned revisions to ASHRAE 62, the IAQstandard. To address this issue, the energy and cost impacts supplying 10 CFM/person and 20CFM/person were compared against supplying the base case ventilation air rate of 15CFM/person. Geothermal heat pumps were selected for analyses under the supplementalactivities task because of their widespread consideration by many districts. This task wascomplicated by the fact that adequate design tools are just emerging to properly evaluate thistechnology on a hour by hour basis. Considerable discussion and work was completed to agreeon a set of optimal field fluid temperatures for modeling purposes. Daylighting has emerged as atechnology which appears to enhance the learning environment; this work focused on anevaluation of the energy impacts of daylighting should it begin to be used again in schools.


5-9

5.1 Overview of Scope of Work For Each of the Energy ConservingAlternatives Selected

To determine cost-benefits for each of the energy alternatives, energy savings, capital costs andeconomic cost benefits from the combination of energy savings and capital costs weredetermined. The overall scope of work for each of the five additional tasks are brieflysummarized as follows:

Controls:

Energy costs: Incremental energy savings were calculated for both the high school and theelementary school in all three cities. This resulted in an additional 240 runs of the HAP model.The focus was on the all-electric rate HVAC options, since they represent the best, and in mostcases, the only (rate-based) opportunities for cost savings through load shifting.

Capital costs: Capital cost calculations were dependent on the city of interest (due to localelectric rate structures). Cincinnati capital costs are $0; one simply has to request the rate.Cleveland requires separate electric metering of certain loads. L&A determined a first-cutestimate of the cost of separate electrical metering of these circuits. Both the RSMeans 2000®

Mechanical Cost Estimation Handbook (2000 ed.) and local vender quotes were used to obtaincost values. Columbus is the most complex city covered in that load shifts must beaccomplished by controls, thermal storage, etc. to obtain special electric rates. For Columbus,the selection, design and evaluation of load shifting alternatives was beyond the scope of thisproject. It is recommended that these options be selected, designed and evaluated in future work.

Enthalpy Heat Recovery:

Energy costs: Incremental energy savings were calculated for both the high school and theelementary school in all three cities. This resulted in an additional 240 runs of the HAP model.

Capital costs: Incremental capital costs were calculated based on a cost per CFM given in thecost specifications (one for the high school and one for the elementary school). This value willbe multiplied by the actual CFM for the system modeled times the cost per CFM provided by theOSFC. This analyses included the impact of the enthalpy heat recovery systems are reductions tothe balance of plant (including both capital costs and service and maintenance cost impacts).

Occupancy-Based Ventilation (i.e., IAQ):

Energy costs: Incremental energy savings were calculated for the high school in Columbusassuming fresh air levels change from 15 SCFM/person to 10 SCFM/person and from 15SCFM/person to 20 SCFM/person. This resulted in an additional 80 (two times 40) runs of theHAP model.

Capital costs: Incremental capital costs of equipment (Plant, air systems and terminal units),service repair and maintenance costs and annual energy costs, which change as a result of both ofthese options, were determined as part of this work. Present value, and present value differences


5-10

between Occupancy-Based Ventilation and Baseline scenarios, were calculated as part of thiswork.

Geothermal Heat Pumps:

Energy costs: Incremental energy savings were calculated for both the elementary and highschools in all three cities. Critical to these analyses was the selection of “down hole” hydronicloop temperatures. Data from actual systems installed in Kansas and Kentucky were evaluatedto determine reasonable loop temperatures. Extreme loop temperatures affect the efficiency ofequipment and comfort conditions, while modest conditions require excessive down-hole capitalequipment costs. The authors selected loop temperatures consistent with ARI Standardsrecommendations.

Capital costs: Incremental capital costs of equipment (Plant, air systems and terminal units),service repair and maintenance costs and annual energy costs, which change as a result of both ofthese options, were determined as part of this work. Costs for the geothermal down hole costswere determined from the average of three sources for this data. Two of the sources were fromgeothermal heat pump installers in Ohio and one was an ASHRAE paper for an actual project inNebraska. Present value, and present value differences between Occupancy-Based Ventilationand Baseline scenarios, were calculated as part of this work.

Daylighting:

Energy costs: Incremental energy savings/costs for all 40 HVAC options were calculated fortwo daylighting options for both the elementary and high school at one location (Columbus). Itwas found that the baseline schools had been specified with lighting levels greater than thoserecommended in the OSDM. To properly quantify the energy impacts of daylighting, anintermediate set of 80 analyses were completed using lower lighting levels. Then the daylighting(80) analyses were completed using these revised baseline conditions. This allows one todirectly observe the energy impacts of daylighting without taking credit for lower lighting levelsone would normally see in daylighted schools. This resulted in the completion of an additional160 runs of the HAP model.

Capital costs: Not evaluated.

5.2 Detailed Description of Phase 2 Approaches

For each of the five areas considered under the Phase 2 work (i.e., controls, enthalpy heatexchange, ventilation (IAQ), geothermal heat pumps and daylighting), a separate chapter followsdetailing the approach used, results of the analyses and general conclusions and observationsreached in reviewing these results.


6-1

6.0 CONTROLS ANALYSES

As seen in the baseline analyses, much of the annual energy costs, and cost differences can betraced to electrical energy consumption, particularly differences in peak power usage (i.e.,demand charges). In many cases, a user has the ability to alter rate structures by controlling thepeak power levels used, by sub-metering specific loads or by requesting special rates that may beavailable. However, often these rates are available for all-electric buildings. This chapterprovides a detailed review of how one can minimize electrical demand charges by usingalternative electric rate structures available in the three cities considered in this work.

6.1 APPROACH TO CONTROLS ANALYSES

The approach used in completing these analyses was to:

1. Re-run all 240 HAP runs (40 HVAC options for two buildings in three cities) assuming thespecific peak electrical power could be reduced, or priced at a different, lower rate wherespecial rates may apply. These conditions varied by the individual city under consideration(e.g., Cleveland, Cincinnati or Columbus).

2. Estimate incremental capital and operating costs for control options based on equipment sizesand RS Means CostWorks 2000® Mechanical Cost Data.

3. Complete cost-benefits [Net Present Value (NPV) and Payback (PB)] for an elementary andhigh school located in Cleveland.

Annual energy costs for both the elementary school and the high school were calculated by usingdifferent rates or assuming peak power could be removed from the peak. In most cases, this willrequire some equipment additions (e.g., controls) to shift load or obtain discounted energypricing. However, as one might expect, each city (and corresponding electric utility) hasdifferent conditions that must be met to use alternative rate structures. These conditions, orcontrols, are summarized in Table 6-1:

City Base Conditions Alternative Conditions

Cleveland Single Meter – CEI SS electric rate CEI SS and CEI second meter electric rates

Cincinnati CG&E DS electric rate CG&E DS and EH electric rates

Columbus AEP CSP GS3 electric rate AEP CSP GS3 and GS3 with rider 18 electric rates

Table 6-1: Controls Options by City and Case Modeled

In Cleveland, if certain electric loads are metered using a second meter, then that load can bebilled at a lower, second meter, rate. The Cleveland Electric Illuminating (CEI) Electric SpaceConditioning Schedule is available and applicable to schools (new and existing) that are wiredsuch that space heating and air conditioning equipment can be separately metered. Waterheating equipment may also be separately metered.


6-2

HAND INSERT FIGURE

Figure 6-1: Cleveland Elementary School Circuits Metered to Obtain Lower Electric Rates


6-3

HAND INSERT FIGURE


6-4

The project team reviewed the loads that must be metered separately using a second meter byreviewing the OSFC drawings for both the elementary and high school (see Figures 6-1 and 6-2).

The cost impacts of sub-metering these loads was estimated using actual cost data provided bythe OSFC and extrapolating it to the systems that must be duplicated/added to the schoolbuildings to separately meter the required loads. These estimates are summarized in Tables 6-2and 6-3.

Item Cost ($) Cost Basis

1. Additional utility meter $0 Assume utility provides meter

2. Panel MDS1 – Chiller – Hardware/wiring 39,070 Assume 50% additional switch gear cost (was originally$78,137

3. Split out Panel DPA loads – second panel 640 R.P Carbone estimate for panel cost

4. Split out Panel DP loads – second panel 640 R.P Carbone estimate for panel cost

5. Additional wire, supplies and labor for items #1through #4.

52,544 Assume cost mainly labor and that labor increases by 10% forthese changes. Total labor is 71% ($700K of $987K total) ofhigh school cost; this value was used since no labor breakoutwas provided in the elementary cost estimate.

TOTAL $92,894

Table 6-2: Incremental Costs for Second Meter in Cleveland Elementary School

Item Cost ($) Cost Basis

1. Additional utility meter $30,000 Major changes needed; add cost of second utility providesmeter

2. Duplicate Main Distribution Switchboard costs 21,000 Assume 100% duplication of these systems

3. Move 20A circuit from DSB1 to DSB2 0 Assume done at time of construction – no incremental cost towire to another panel.

4. Either leave “spaces” and “domestic water boostersystem” in split outs of MCC1 and MCC2 circuits orset up MCC3 for two 30 A spare motor starters and a30A domestic water booster heater

0 Maximum incremental costs include a motor control center;assume it is $0.

5. Additional wire, supplies & labor for items #1through #4.

70,000 Assume cost mainly labor and that labor increases by 10% forthese changes. Total estimated labor cost was $700K.

TOTAL $121,000

Table 6-3: Incremental Costs for Second Meter in Cleveland High School

Note that in these analyses that the incremental premium cost of an electric boiler has beentraded off against the costs of natural gas piping, combustion air and a flue.

As shown in these tables, the estimated incremental costs for a second meter option in Clevelandis $92,894 for the elementary school and $121,000 for the high school. For Cincinnati, theincremental cost should be minimal (i.e., no cost); one simply must be aware of the rates andrequest them for a given property.


6-5

Cincinnati Gas and Electric (CG&E) offers an optional electric rate for facilities using electricspace heating. This “EH” rate is available to any public school, parochial school, private schoolor church as long as the facility is supplied at a single point of delivery and that the permanentlyconnected, regularly used electric equipment, is the primary source of heating, or heating andcooling for human comfort. As long as these requirements are met, the entity simply requests the“EH” rate from CG&E. In this case, the annual savings for all 40 options has been calculated,but no NPV or PB have been computed since no incremental costs are likely to implement thisoption. The payback is instantaneous.

For Columbus, it was observed in the modeling efforts that often the peak power occurred near8:00 AM. Columbus and Southern Power (CSP) offers an optional rider for churches andschools which effectively forgives 50% of the demand charges for these facilities if the peakdemand occurs between the hours of 9:00 PM and 7:00 AM on weekdays and all hours for theweekend and holidays. Provided all, or some portion, of this peak could be shifted to earlier inthe morning, substantial energy cost savings are possible. This level of savings is available foronly the all-electric equipment options and would occur only if the air-conditioning peak loadcould be shifted to off-peak periods. To obtain these savings, costs must be incurred to shift thisload. These costs will be associated with control systems and some thermal capacitance.Designing and costing these systems for each of these buildings is very dependent on the optionsselected and was deferred to future activities.

6.2 CONTROLS RESULTS

Results of the controls analyses are presented in three separate categories:

• Annual site energy savings for both buildings in all three cities.• Annual energy cost savings for both buildings in all three cities• NPVs and paybacks for all 40 HVAC options in Cleveland

Note that the amount of energy consumed remains the same as with the baseline cases; only theannual energy costs changed as a result of using different utility rates.

Tables and figures summarizing these results follow:

Annual Site Energy Savings

Annual site energy savings for all 40 HVAC systems in all three cities are summarized in Tables6-4 and 6-5 for the elementary and Tables 6-6 and 6-7 for the high school respectively


6-6



AnnualSavings

BaselineEnergy

ControlsEnergy

AnnualSavings

BaselineEnergy

ControlsEnergy

AnnualSavings

1A1 $87,169 $87,344 -$175 $78,352 $77,216 $1,137 $65,656 $64,738 $918

1A2 $66,349 $66,524 -$175 $70,705 $69,568 $1,137 $57,092 $56,174 $918

1A3 $65,195 $65,370 -$175 $70,678 $69,541 $1,137 $54,783 $53,865 $918

1B1 $87,166 $87,338 -$173 $78,602 $77,476 $1,125 $65,634 $64,728 $906

1B2 $66,347 $66,520 -$173 $70,954 $69,829 $1,125 $57,071 $56,164 $906

1B3 $65,192 $65,365 -$173 $70,925 $69,800 $1,125 $54,763 $53,857 $906

1C1 $89,427 $53,753 $35,674 $110,225 $71,543 $38,681 $77,472 $48,333 $29,139

1C2 $74,708 $45,263 $29,445 $102,588 $66,192 $36,396 $73,858 $45,945 $27,913

1C3 $74,086 $45,145 $28,941 $102,543 $67,050 $35,493 $73,174 $45,769 $27,405

1D1 $87,884 $87,884 $0 $78,789 $78,789 $0 $65,659 $65,659 $0

1D2 $67,066 $67,066 $0 $71,147 $71,147 $0 $57,095 $57,095 $0

1D3 $65,911 $65,911 $0 $71,120 $71,120 $0 $54,789 $54,789 $0

2A1 $89,457 $89,652 -$195 $83,248 $82,026 $1,222 $68,928 $67,988 $941

2A2 $68,656 $68,852 -$195 $74,277 $73,055 $1,222 $58,520 $57,579 $941

2A3 $67,265 $67,460 -$195 $74,624 $73,403 $1,222 $57,690 $56,749 $941

2B1 $89,461 $89,654 -$193 $83,490 $82,279 $1,210 $68,919 $67,987 $931

2B2 $68,661 $68,854 -$193 $74,139 $72,929 $1,210 $58,510 $57,578 $931

2B3 $67,269 $67,462 -$193 $74,866 $73,656 $1,210 $57,680 $56,749 $931

2C1 $92,196 $56,654 $35,542 $115,418 $72,453 $42,964 $80,535 $50,245 $30,289

2C2 $77,072 $47,836 $29,235 $106,311 $68,256 $38,055 $75,998 $47,331 $28,667

2C3 $76,454 $47,785 $28,669 $107,030 $68,731 $38,299 $75,826 $47,442 $28,385

2D1 $90,256 $90,256 $0 $83,663 $83,663 $0 $68,926 $68,926 $0

2D2 $69,456 $69,456 $0 $74,312 $74,312 $0 $58,518 $58,518 $0

2D3 $68,065 $68,065 $0 $75,040 $75,040 $0 $57,688 $57,688 $0

3A1 $90,051 $90,435 -$384 $120,475 $118,314 $2,161 $88,973 $87,153 $1,820

3B1 $89,938 $90,312 -$374 $120,354 $118,245 $2,109 $88,830 $87,056 $1,774

3C1 $124,060 $72,001 $52,059 $182,459 $89,157 $93,302 $149,204 $90,061 $59,143

3D1 $91,678 $91,678 $0 $120,629 $120,629 $0 $89,075 $89,075 $0

4A1 $88,793 $89,133 -$340 $88,495 $86,468 $2,027 $69,675 $68,058 $1,617

4A2 $70,525 $70,865 -$340 $81,235 $79,209 $2,027 $61,870 $60,252 $1,617

4A3 $68,508 $68,848 -$340 $81,222 $79,195 $2,027 $60,607 $58,990 $1,617

4B1 $88,646 $88,977 -$331 $88,401 $86,421 $1,980 $69,465 $67,888 $1,577

4B2 $70,378 $70,709 -$331 $81,142 $79,162 $1,980 $61,703 $60,126 $1,577

4B3 $68,361 $68,693 -$331 $81,128 $79,148 $1,980 $60,488 $58,911 $1,577

4C1 $111,054 $61,967 $49,087 $150,870 $79,862 $71,008 $125,405 $74,706 $50,699

4C2 $99,623 $54,423 $45,201 $143,608 $75,702 $67,905 $124,280 $73,581 $50,699

4C3 $98,536 $54,012 $44,524 $143,586 $76,585 $67,000 $124,622 $73,922 $50,699

4D1 $90,138 $90,138 $0 $88,660 $88,660 $0 $69,609 $69,609 $0

4D2 $71,870 $71,870 $0 $81,400 $81,400 $0 $61,877 $61,877 $0

4D3 $69,854 $69,854 $0 $81,386 $81,386 $0 $60,564 $60,564 $0

Table 6-4: Controls – Annual Energy Costs Savings ($) for Elementary Schools


6-7



AnnualSavings

BaselineEnergy

ControlsEnergy

AnnualSavings

BaselineEnergy

ControlsEnergy

AnnualSavings

1A1 $1.35 $1.36 $0.00 $1.22 $1.20 $0.02 $1.02 $1.00 $0.01

1A2 $1.03 $1.03 $0.00 $1.10 $1.08 $0.02 $0.89 $0.87 $0.01

1A3 $1.01 $1.01 $0.00 $1.10 $1.08 $0.02 $0.85 $0.84 $0.01

1B1 $1.35 $1.36 $0.00 $1.22 $1.20 $0.02 $1.02 $1.00 $0.01

1B2 $1.03 $1.03 $0.00 $1.10 $1.08 $0.02 $0.89 $0.87 $0.01

1B3 $1.01 $1.01 $0.00 $1.10 $1.08 $0.02 $0.85 $0.84 $0.01

1C1 $1.39 $0.83 $0.55 $1.71 $1.11 $0.60 $1.20 $0.75 $0.45

1C2 $1.16 $0.70 $0.46 $1.59 $1.03 $0.56 $1.15 $0.71 $0.43

1C3 $1.15 $0.70 $0.45 $1.59 $1.04 $0.55 $1.14 $0.71 $0.43

1D1 $1.36 $1.36 $0.00 $1.22 $1.22 $0.00 $1.02 $1.02 $0.00

1D2 $1.04 $1.04 $0.00 $1.10 $1.10 $0.00 $0.89 $0.89 $0.00

1D3 $1.02 $1.02 $0.00 $1.10 $1.10 $0.00 $0.85 $0.85 $0.00

2A1 $1.39 $1.39 $0.00 $1.29 $1.27 $0.02 $1.07 $1.06 $0.01

2A2 $1.07 $1.07 $0.00 $1.15 $1.13 $0.02 $0.91 $0.89 $0.01

2A3 $1.04 $1.05 $0.00 $1.16 $1.14 $0.02 $0.90 $0.88 $0.01

2B1 $1.39 $1.39 $0.00 $1.30 $1.28 $0.02 $1.07 $1.06 $0.01

2B2 $1.07 $1.07 $0.00 $1.15 $1.13 $0.02 $0.91 $0.89 $0.01

2B3 $1.04 $1.05 $0.00 $1.16 $1.14 $0.02 $0.90 $0.88 $0.01

2C1 $1.43 $0.88 $0.55 $1.79 $1.12 $0.67 $1.25 $0.78 $0.47

2C2 $1.20 $0.74 $0.45 $1.65 $1.06 $0.59 $1.18 $0.73 $0.44

2C3 $1.19 $0.74 $0.44 $1.66 $1.07 $0.59 $1.18 $0.74 $0.44

2D1 $1.40 $1.40 $0.00 $1.30 $1.30 $0.00 $1.07 $1.07 $0.00

2D2 $1.08 $1.08 $0.00 $1.15 $1.15 $0.00 $0.91 $0.91 $0.00

2D3 $1.06 $1.06 $0.00 $1.16 $1.16 $0.00 $0.90 $0.90 $0.00

3A1 $1.40 $1.40 -$0.01 $1.87 $1.84 $0.03 $1.38 $1.35 $0.03

3B1 $1.40 $1.40 -$0.01 $1.87 $1.83 $0.03 $1.38 $1.35 $0.03

3C1 $1.93 $1.12 $0.81 $2.83 $1.38 $1.45 $2.32 $1.40 $0.92

3D1 $1.42 $1.42 $0.00 $1.87 $1.87 $0.00 $1.38 $1.38 $0.00

4A1 $1.38 $1.38 -$0.01 $1.37 $1.34 $0.03 $1.08 $1.06 $0.03

4A2 $1.09 $1.10 -$0.01 $1.26 $1.23 $0.03 $0.96 $0.93 $0.03

4A3 $1.06 $1.07 -$0.01 $1.26 $1.23 $0.03 $0.94 $0.92 $0.03

4B1 $1.38 $1.38 -$0.01 $1.37 $1.34 $0.03 $1.08 $1.05 $0.02

4B2 $1.09 $1.10 -$0.01 $1.26 $1.23 $0.03 $0.96 $0.93 $0.02

4B3 $1.06 $1.07 -$0.01 $1.26 $1.23 $0.03 $0.94 $0.91 $0.02

4C1 $1.72 $0.96 $0.76 $2.34 $1.24 $1.10 $1.95 $1.16 $0.79

4C2 $1.55 $0.84 $0.70 $2.23 $1.17 $1.05 $1.93 $1.14 $0.79

4C3 $1.53 $0.84 $0.69 $2.23 $1.19 $1.04 $1.93 $1.15 $0.79

4D1 $1.40 $1.40 $0.00 $1.38 $1.38 $0.00 $1.08 $1.08 $0.00

4D2 $1.12 $1.12 $0.00 $1.26 $1.26 $0.00 $0.96 $0.96 $0.00

4D3 $1.08 $1.08 $0.00 $1.26 $1.26 $0.00 $0.94 $0.94 $0.00

Table 6-5: Controls – Annual Energy Costs Savings per Square Foot for ElementarySchools


6-8



AnnualSavings

BaselineEnergy

ControlsEnergy

AnnualSavings

BaselineEnergy

ControlsEnergy

AnnualSavings

1A1 $150,390 $151,251 -$861 $161,542 $156,980 $4,561 $120,884 $116,908 $3,977

1A2 $135,594 $136,454 -$861 $154,039 $149,477 $4,561 $114,784 $110,807 $3,977

1A3 $127,977 $128,838 -$861 $155,961 $151,400 $4,561 $114,999 $111,022 $3,977

1B1 $150,102 $150,945 -$843 $161,370 $156,894 $4,476 $120,476 $116,581 $3,895

1B2 $135,306 $136,149 -$843 $153,866 $149,390 $4,476 $114,503 $110,608 $3,895

1B3 $127,689 $128,532 -$843 $155,788 $151,311 $4,476 $114,718 $110,822 $3,895

1C1 $193,683 $121,250 $72,433 $281,848 $154,072 $127,776 $218,221 $134,141 $84,080

1C2 $186,206 $114,793 $71,413 $275,502 $149,611 $125,891 $216,979 $132,899 $84,080

1C3 $183,552 $113,036 $70,516 $277,801 $152,695 $125,106 $217,885 $133,805 $84,080

1D1 $153,906 $153,906 $0 $161,767 $161,767 $0 $120,742 $120,742 $0

1D2 $139,110 $139,110 $0 $154,263 $154,263 $0 $114,844 $114,844 $0

1D3 $131,493 $131,493 $0 $156,184 $156,184 $0 $115,058 $115,058 $0

2A1 $152,450 $153,276 -$826 $163,705 $159,271 $4,433 $123,030 $119,202 $3,828

2A2 $136,799 $137,626 -$826 $156,075 $151,641 $4,433 $116,193 $112,366 $3,828

2A3 $129,290 $130,116 -$826 $157,890 $153,457 $4,433 $116,542 $112,714 $3,828

2B1 $152,158 $152,966 -$808 $163,507 $159,159 $4,348 $122,620 $118,873 $3,747

2B2 $136,507 $137,315 -$808 $155,885 $151,537 $4,348 $115,896 $112,150 $3,747

2B3 $128,997 $129,806 -$808 $157,693 $153,344 $4,348 $116,244 $112,498 $3,747

2C1 $193,087 $121,363 $71,724 $279,580 $153,547 $126,032 $215,423 $132,505 $82,918

2C2 $184,590 $114,459 $70,131 $272,330 $148,993 $123,337 $214,157 $131,239 $82,918

2C3 $182,118 $112,840 $69,277 $274,737 $152,090 $122,647 $215,102 $132,185 $82,918

2D1 $155,819 $155,819 $0 $163,912 $163,912 $0 $122,894 $122,894 $0

2D2 $140,169 $140,169 $0 $156,283 $156,283 $0 $116,240 $116,240 $0

2D3 $132,659 $132,659 $0 $158,097 $158,097 $0 $116,588 $116,588 $0

3A1 $144,017 $144,552 -$535 $196,519 $193,527 $2,992 $140,739 $138,201 $2,539

3B1 $143,814 $144,334 -$521 $196,383 $193,466 $2,917 $140,477 $138,005 $2,472

3C1 $190,656 $115,649 $75,007 $284,280 $150,152 $134,128 $225,636 $137,385 $88,251

3D1 $146,250 $146,250 $0 $196,755 $196,755 $0 $142,002 $142,002 $0

4A1 $150,065 $150,979 -$914 $165,214 $160,337 $4,877 $121,845 $117,620 $4,225

4A2 $136,064 $136,979 -$914 $157,883 $153,007 $4,877 $116,721 $112,496 $4,225

4A3 $128,554 $129,468 -$914 $159,872 $154,996 $4,877 $117,082 $112,857 $4,225

4B1 $149,780 $150,676 -$896 $165,075 $160,283 $4,791 $121,441 $117,298 $4,143

4B2 $135,780 $136,676 -$896 $157,744 $152,953 $4,791 $116,443 $112,300 $4,143

4B3 $128,272 $129,168 -$896 $159,733 $154,942 $4,791 $116,805 $112,662 $4,143

4C1 $199,590 $124,079 $75,512 $295,197 $157,833 $137,363 $232,238 $142,164 $90,074

4C2 $192,663 $117,914 $74,749 $289,156 $153,443 $135,713 $231,004 $140,930 $90,074

4C3 $190,180 $116,305 $73,874 $291,485 $156,542 $134,943 $231,912 $141,837 $90,074

4D1 $153,802 $153,802 $0 $165,443 $165,443 $0 $121,695 $121,695 $0

4D2 $139,801 $139,801 $0 $158,119 $158,119 $0 $116,772 $116,772 $0

4D3 $132,293 $132,293 $0 $160,108 $160,108 $0 $117,135 $117,135 $0

Table 6-6: Controls – Annual Energy Costs Savings ($) for High Schools


6-9



AnnualSavings

BaselineEnergy

ControlsEnergy

AnnualSavings

BaselineEnergy

ControlsEnergy

AnnualSavings

1A1 $1.25 $1.26 -$0.01 $1.34 $1.30 $0.04 $1.00 $0.97 $0.03

1A2 $1.13 $1.13 -$0.01 $1.28 $1.24 $0.04 $0.95 $0.92 $0.03

1A3 $1.06 $1.07 -$0.01 $1.29 $1.26 $0.04 $0.95 $0.92 $0.03

1B1 $1.25 $1.25 -$0.01 $1.34 $1.30 $0.04 $1.00 $0.97 $0.03

1B2 $1.12 $1.13 -$0.01 $1.28 $1.24 $0.04 $0.95 $0.92 $0.03

1B3 $1.06 $1.07 -$0.01 $1.29 $1.26 $0.04 $0.95 $0.92 $0.03

1C1 $1.61 $1.01 $0.60 $2.34 $1.28 $1.06 $1.81 $1.11 $0.70

1C2 $1.55 $0.95 $0.59 $2.29 $1.24 $1.04 $1.80 $1.10 $0.70

1C3 $1.52 $0.94 $0.59 $2.31 $1.27 $1.04 $1.81 $1.11 $0.70

1D1 $1.28 $1.28 $0.00 $1.34 $1.34 $0.00 $1.00 $1.00 $0.00

1D2 $1.15 $1.15 $0.00 $1.28 $1.28 $0.00 $0.95 $0.95 $0.00

1D3 $1.09 $1.09 $0.00 $1.30 $1.30 $0.00 $0.95 $0.95 $0.00

2A1 $1.27 $1.27 -$0.01 $1.36 $1.32 $0.04 $1.02 $0.99 $0.03

2A2 $1.14 $1.14 -$0.01 $1.30 $1.26 $0.04 $0.96 $0.93 $0.03

2A3 $1.07 $1.08 -$0.01 $1.31 $1.27 $0.04 $0.97 $0.94 $0.03

2B1 $1.26 $1.27 -$0.01 $1.36 $1.32 $0.04 $1.02 $0.99 $0.03

2B2 $1.13 $1.14 -$0.01 $1.29 $1.26 $0.04 $0.96 $0.93 $0.03

2B3 $1.07 $1.08 -$0.01 $1.31 $1.27 $0.04 $0.96 $0.93 $0.03

2C1 $1.60 $1.01 $0.60 $2.32 $1.27 $1.05 $1.79 $1.10 $0.69

2C2 $1.53 $0.95 $0.58 $2.26 $1.24 $1.02 $1.78 $1.09 $0.69

2C3 $1.51 $0.94 $0.57 $2.28 $1.26 $1.02 $1.79 $1.10 $0.69

2D1 $1.29 $1.29 $0.00 $1.36 $1.36 $0.00 $1.02 $1.02 $0.00

2D2 $1.16 $1.16 $0.00 $1.30 $1.30 $0.00 $0.96 $0.96 $0.00

2D3 $1.10 $1.10 $0.00 $1.31 $1.31 $0.00 $0.97 $0.97 $0.00

3A1 $1.20 $1.20 $0.00 $1.63 $1.61 $0.02 $1.17 $1.15 $0.02

3B1 $1.19 $1.20 $0.00 $1.63 $1.61 $0.02 $1.17 $1.15 $0.02

3C1 $1.58 $0.96 $0.62 $2.36 $1.25 $1.11 $1.87 $1.14 $0.73

3D1 $1.21 $1.21 $0.00 $1.63 $1.63 $0.00 $1.18 $1.18 $0.00

4A1 $1.25 $1.25 -$0.01 $1.37 $1.33 $0.04 $1.01 $0.98 $0.04

4A2 $1.13 $1.14 -$0.01 $1.31 $1.27 $0.04 $0.97 $0.93 $0.04

4A3 $1.07 $1.07 -$0.01 $1.33 $1.29 $0.04 $0.97 $0.94 $0.04

4B1 $1.24 $1.25 -$0.01 $1.37 $1.33 $0.04 $1.01 $0.97 $0.03

4B2 $1.13 $1.13 -$0.01 $1.31 $1.27 $0.04 $0.97 $0.93 $0.03

4B3 $1.06 $1.07 -$0.01 $1.33 $1.29 $0.04 $0.97 $0.93 $0.03

4C1 $1.66 $1.03 $0.63 $2.45 $1.31 $1.14 $1.93 $1.18 $0.75

4C2 $1.60 $0.98 $0.62 $2.40 $1.27 $1.13 $1.92 $1.17 $0.75

4C3 $1.58 $0.97 $0.61 $2.42 $1.30 $1.12 $1.92 $1.18 $0.75

4D1 $1.28 $1.28 $0.00 $1.37 $1.37 $0.00 $1.01 $1.01 $0.00

4D2 $1.16 $1.16 $0.00 $1.31 $1.31 $0.00 $0.97 $0.97 $0.00

4D3 $1.10 $1.10 $0.00 $1.33 $1.33 $0.00 $0.97 $0.97 $0.00

Table 6-7: Controls – Annual Energy Costs Savings per Square Foot for High Schools


6-10

For the elementary school, annual energy savings can range from no negative savings (Table 6-4,Cincinnati) to $93,302 (Cleveland, HVAC option 3C1). In all cases, the greatest cost savings areassociated with all electric HVAC options. In Cincinnati, there is no benefit to using the listedalternative rate structure unless all-electric HVAC options are being considered. Of the threecities, the greatest savings are in Cleveland which has the highest baseline electric rate structuresof the three cities. Annual energy cost savings can be as high as 42% in Cincinnati, 51% inCleveland and 63% in Columbus. These savings can be as high as $1.45 per square foot(Cleveland, HVAC option 3C1). In fact, these alternative rates often bring the annual energycosts for all electric options to values very near some of the low cost HVAC options seen in thebaseline results.

For the high school, annual energy savings can range from a slightly negative savings (Table 6-6,Cincinnati) to $134,128 (Cleveland, HVAC option 3C1). As before, in all cases, the greatestcost savings are associated with all electric HVAC options. Again, in Cincinnati, there is nobenefit to using the listed alternative rate structure unless all-electric HVAC options are beingconsidered. Annual energy cost savings can be as high as 39% in Cincinnati, 47% in Clevelandand 39% in Columbus. These savings can be as high as $1.11 per square foot (Cleveland,HVAC option 3C1).

Plots of annual energy cost savings using controls are summarized in Figures 6-3 to 6-7 for theelementary school and Figures 6-8 to 6-12 for the high school. These figures clearly illustratethe savings possible using these alternative rate schedules for all-electric HVAC options.

A detailed breakout of the costs for controls options by fuel form is shown in Figure 6-13 for thefirst ten elementary school HVAC options. The all-electric options are highlighted in this Figure(HVAC options 1C1, 1C2 and 1C3). Similar figures for the balance of the elementary and highschool options can be found in Appendix C.


6-11

$0

$25,000

$50,000

$75,000

$100,000

HVAC System Types

Figure 6-3: OSFC Elementary School Controls Option Annual Energy Cost Savings ($/Year)


Cincinnati -$175 -$175 -$175 -$173 -$173 -$173 $35,674 $29,445

Cleveland $1,137 $1,137 $1,137 $1,125 $1,125 $1,125 $38,681 $36,396

Columbus $918 $918 $918 $906 $906 $906 $29,139 $27,913

1A1 1A2 1A3 1B1 1B2 1B3 1C1 1C2


6-12

$0

$25,000

$50,000

$75,000

$100,000

HVAC System Types



Cincinnati $28,941 $0 $0 $0 -$195 -$195 -$195 -$193

Clevleand $35,493 $0 $0 $0 $1,222 $1,222 $1,222 $1,210

Columbus $27,405 $0 $0 $0 $941 $941 $941 $931

1C3 1D1 1D2 1D3 2A1 2A2 2A3 2B1


6-13

$0

$25,000

$50,000

$75,000

$100,000

HVAC System Types



Cincinnati -$193 -$193 $35,542 $29,235 $28,669 $0 $0 $0

Cleveland $1,210 $1,210 $42,964 $38,055 $38,299 $0 $0 $0

Columbus $931 $931 $30,289 $28,667 $28,385 $0 $0 $0

2B2 2B3 2C1 2C2 2C3 2D1 2D2 2D3


6-14

$0

$25,000

$50,000

$75,000

$100,000

HVAC System Types



Cincinnati -$384 -$374 $52,059 $0 -$340 -$340 -$340 -$331

Cleveland $2,161 $2,109 $93,302 $0 $2,027 $2,027 $2,027 $1,980

Columbus $1,820 $1,774 $59,143 $0 $1,617 $1,617 $1,617 $1,577

3A1 3B1 3C1 3D1 4A1 4A2 4A3 4B1


6-15

$0

$25,000

$50,000

$75,000

$100,000

HVAC System Types


(HVAC Systems 4B2 – 4D3)

Cincinnati -$331 -$331 $49,087 $45,201 $44,524 $0 $0 $0

Cleveland $1,980 $1,980 $71,008 $67,905 $67,000 $0 $0 $0

Columbus $1,577 $1,577 $50,699 $50,699 $50,699 $0 $0 $0

4B2 4B3 4C1 4C2 4C3 4D1 4D2 4D3


6-16

$0

$25,000

$50,000

$75,000

$100,000

$125,000

$150,000

HVAC System Types

Figure 6-8: OSFC High School Controls Option Annual Energy Cost Savings ($/Year)


Cincinnati -$861 -$861 -$861 -$843 -$843 -$843 $72,433 $71,413

Cleveland $4,561 $4,561 $4,561 $4,476 $4,476 $4,476 $127,776 $125,891

Columbus $3,977 $3,977 $3,977 $3,895 $3,895 $3,895 $84,080 $84,080

1A1 1A2 1A3 1B1 1B2 1B3 1C1 1C2


6-17

$0

$25,000

$50,000

$75,000

$100,000

$125,000

$150,000

HVAC System Types



Cincinnati $70,516 $0 $0 $0 -$826 -$826 -$826 -$808

Cleveland $125,106 $0 $0 $0 $4,433 $4,433 $4,433 $4,348

Columbus $84,080 $0 $0 $0 $3,828 $3,828 $3,828 $3,747

1C3 1D1 1D2 1D3 2A1 2A2 2A3 2B1


6-18

$0

$25,000

$50,000

$75,000

$100,000

$125,000

$150,000

HVAC System Types



Cincinnati -$808 -$808 $71,724 $70,131 $69,277 $0 $0 $0

Cleveland $4,348 $4,348 $126,032 $123,337 $122,647 $0 $0 $0

Columbus $3,747 $3,747 $82,918 $82,918 $82,918 $0 $0 $0

2B2 2B3 2C1 2C2 2C3 2D1 2D2 2D3


6-19

$0

$25,000

$50,000

$75,000

$100,000

$125,000

$150,000

HVAC System Types



Cincinnati -$535 -$521 $75,007 $0 -$914 -$914 -$914 -$896

Cleveland $2,992 $2,917 $134,128 $0 $4,877 $4,877 $4,877 $4,791

Columbus $2,539 $2,472 $88,251 $0 $4,225 $4,225 $4,225 $4,143

3A1 3B1 3C1 3D1 4A1 4A2 4A3 4B1


6-20

$0

$25,000

$50,000

$75,000

$100,000

$125,000

$150,000

HVAC System Types


(HVAC Systems 4B2 – 4D3)

Cincinnati -$896 -$896 $75,512 $74,749 $73,874 $0 $0 $0

Cleveland $4,791 $4,791 $137,363 $135,713 $134,943 $0 $0 $0

Columbus $4,143 $4,143 $90,074 $90,074 $90,074 $0 $0 $0

4B2 4B3 4C1 4C2 4C3 4D1 4D2 4D3


6-21

$0

$50,000

$100,000

System Type

Figure 6-13: OSFC Elementary School Energy Simulation – Cincinnati –Controls PanelVAV w/ Reheat

(Electric Rate - CG&E_DS and CG&E_EH and Natural Gas Rate - CG&E_FT)

Electric Cost (CG&E EH) $53,753 $45,263 $45,145

Fuel Oil Cost ($0.80 / gallon) $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $4,195 $4,195 $4,195

Natural Gas Cost (CG&E_FT Rate) $3,728 $3,728 $3,728 $3,679 $3,679 $3,679 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0

Electric Cost (CG&E_DS Rate) $83,616 $62,796 $61,642 $83,660 $62,841 $61,686 $83,689 $62,870 $61,715

1A1 1A2 1A3 1B1 1B2 1B3 1C1 1C2 1C3 1D1 1D2 1D3

$87,344

$66,524 $65,370

$87,339

$65,365$66,520

$53,753 $45,263 $45,145

$87,884

$67,065 $65,910


6-22

To determine controls economics, net present values of savings (NPV) and paybacks (PB) werecomputed for all HVAC options for the elementary and high school in Cleveland and Cincinnati.For Cleveland, the cost of adding a second meter was determined and compared against energysavings of the various options for 20 years discounted by 6% per year. Similar calculations wererun for Cincinnati, but since there is no cost for the lower rate, the NPVs are always positive(where annual operating cost savings exist) and the PBs are instantaneous. Columbus NPVs andPBs were not calculated due to the complexity of options for demand shedding and the resultingdesign and costing of such options.

For the Cleveland, elementary school case, NPVs range from -$92,894 (HVAC options 1D1,1D2, 1D3 and several others) to $977,274 (HVAC option 3C1) and PBs range from about 1 to 82years. In general when paybacks approach 8 to 10 years, the NPV is $0. In all cases, the all-electric options have very positive NPVs; in the mixed fuel cases, the NPVs are normallynegative.

Similarly, for the Cleveland, high school case, NPVs range from -$87,537 (HVAC options 3B1)to $1,454,543 (HVAC option 4C1) and PBs range from about 1 to 42 years. Again, in all cases,the all-electric options have very positive NPVs; in the mixed fuel cases, the NPVs are normallynegative.


6-23

Elementary School - Controls - NPV Elementary School - Controls - PBHVACSystemOption Cleveland Cincinnati Columbus Cleveland Cincinnati Columbus

1A1 ($79,854) ($2,007) N/A 81.7 N/A N/A

1A2 ($79,854) ($2,007) N/A 81.7 N/A N/A

1A3 ($79,854) ($2,007) N/A 81.7 N/A N/A

1B1 ($79,985) ($1,980) N/A 82.5 N/A N/A

1B2 ($79,985) ($1,980) N/A 82.5 N/A N/A

1B3 ($79,985) ($1,980) N/A 82.5 N/A N/A

1C1 $350,775 $409,182 N/A 2.4 0.0 N/A

1C2 $324,562 $337,731 N/A 2.6 0.0 N/A

1C3 $314,212 $331,947 N/A 2.6 0.0 N/A

1D1 ($92,894) $0 N/A N/A N/A N/A

1D2 ($92,894) $0 N/A N/A N/A N/A

1D3 ($92,894) $0 N/A N/A N/A N/A

2A1 ($78,880) ($2,239) N/A 76.0 N/A N/A

2A2 ($78,880) ($2,239) N/A 76.0 N/A N/A

2A3 ($78,880) ($2,239) N/A 76.0 N/A N/A

2B1 ($79,011) ($2,214) N/A 76.7 N/A N/A

2B2 ($79,011) ($2,214) N/A 76.7 N/A N/A

2B3 ($79,011) ($2,214) N/A 76.7 N/A N/A

2C1 $399,904 $407,661 N/A 2.2 0.0 N/A

2C2 $343,591 $335,326 N/A 2.4 0.0 N/A

2C3 $346,398 $328,828 N/A 2.4 0.0 N/A

2D1 ($92,894) $0 N/A N/A N/A N/A

2D2 ($92,894) $0 N/A N/A N/A N/A

2D3 ($92,894) $0 N/A N/A N/A N/A

3A1 ($68,105) ($4,403) N/A 43.0 N/A N/A

3B1 ($68,699) ($4,288) N/A 44.0 N/A N/A

3C1 $977,274 $597,108 N/A 1.0 0.0 N/A

3D1 ($92,894) $0 N/A N/A N/A N/A

4A1 ($69,648) ($3,900) N/A 45.8 N/A N/A

4A2 ($69,648) ($3,900) N/A 45.8 N/A N/A

4A3 ($69,648) ($3,900) N/A 45.8 N/A N/A

4B1 ($70,184) ($3,801) N/A 46.9 N/A N/A

4B2 ($70,184) ($3,801) N/A 46.9 N/A N/A

4B3 ($70,184) ($3,801) N/A 46.9 N/A N/A

4C1 $721,560 $563,020 N/A 1.3 0.0 N/A

4C2 $685,973 $518,451 N/A 1.4 0.0 N/A

4C3 $675,597 $510,688 N/A 1.4 0.0 N/A

4D1 ($92,894) $0 N/A N/A N/A N/A

4D2 ($92,894) $0 N/A N/A N/A N/A

4D3 ($92,894) $0 N/A N/A N/A N/A

Table 6-8: Controls – Net Present Value and Payback Results for Elementary Schools


6-24

High School - Controls - NPV High School - Controls - PBHVACSystemOption Cleveland Cincinnati Columbus Cleveland Cincinnati Columbus

1A1 ($68,680) ($9,871) N/A 26.5 N/A N/A

1A2 ($68,680) ($9,871) N/A 26.5 N/A N/A

1A3 ($68,680) ($9,871) N/A 26.5 N/A N/A

1B1 ($69,658) ($9,665) N/A 27.0 N/A N/A

1B2 ($69,658) ($9,665) N/A 27.0 N/A N/A

1B3 ($69,658) ($9,665) N/A 27.0 N/A N/A

1C1 $1,344,586 $830,797 N/A 0.9 0.0 N/A

1C2 $1,322,962 $819,098 N/A 1.0 0.0 N/A

1C3 $1,313,956 $808,813 N/A 1.0 0.0 N/A

1D1 ($121,000) $0 N/A N/A N/A N/A

1D2 ($121,000) $0 N/A N/A N/A N/A

1D3 ($121,000) $0 N/A N/A N/A N/A

2A1 ($70,149) ($9,475) N/A 27.3 N/A N/A

2A2 ($70,149) ($9,475) N/A 27.3 N/A N/A

2A3 ($70,149) ($9,475) N/A 27.3 N/A N/A

2B1 ($71,125) ($9,269) N/A 27.8 N/A N/A

2B2 ($71,125) ($9,269) N/A 27.8 N/A N/A

2B3 ($71,125) ($9,269) N/A 27.8 N/A N/A

2C1 $1,324,581 $822,667 N/A 1.0 0.0 N/A

2C2 $1,293,666 $804,397 N/A 1.0 0.0 N/A

2C3 $1,285,752 $794,606 N/A 1.0 0.0 N/A

2D1 ($121,000) $0 N/A N/A N/A N/A

2D2 ($121,000) $0 N/A N/A N/A N/A

2D3 ($121,000) $0 N/A N/A N/A N/A

3A1 ($86,687) ($6,141) N/A 40.4 N/A N/A

3B1 ($87,537) ($5,975) N/A 41.5 N/A N/A

3C1 $1,417,438 $860,329 N/A 0.9 0.0 N/A

3D1 ($121,000) $0 N/A N/A N/A N/A

4A1 ($65,065) ($10,487) N/A 24.8 N/A N/A

4A2 ($65,065) ($10,487) N/A 24.8 N/A N/A

4A3 ($65,065) ($10,487) N/A 24.8 N/A N/A

4B1 ($66,045) ($10,278) N/A 25.3 N/A N/A

4B2 ($66,045) ($10,278) N/A 25.3 N/A N/A

4B3 ($66,045) ($10,278) N/A 25.3 N/A N/A

4C1 $1,454,543 $866,116 N/A 0.9 0.0 N/A

4C2 $1,435,613 $857,365 N/A 0.9 0.0 N/A

4C3 $1,426,785 $847,332 N/A 0.9 0.0 N/A

4D1 ($121,000) $0 N/A N/A N/A N/A

4D2 ($121,000) $0 N/A N/A N/A N/A

4D3 ($121,000) $0 N/A N/A N/A N/A

Table 6-9: Controls – Net Present Value and Payback Results for High Schools


6-25

6.3 CONTROLS RESULTS - OBSERVATIONS

In summary, for the controls analyses, the following observations were seen:

• Many locations have discounted electric rate structures for all-electric buildings or forbuildings where electric demand controls are installed. Further, some locations like withCincinnati, offer special rates for certain classes of customers. In this case, schools areoffered a lower rate. The cost to provide such controls can vary significantly; the three citiescovered in this analysis illustrate this point.

• In general, the higher the electric demand rate structure, the greater the potential for overallenergy cost savings. Cleveland, with the highest electric rates of the three cities evaluated,provided the greatest controls annual energy cost savings opportunities. The all-electricHVAC options for both buildings always provided the greatest cost savings.

• Cleveland NPVs approached $1 million and PBs were less than one year for all-electricHVAC options. For other HVAC options the results were marginal with negative NPVs andPBs up to 42 years.

• Using alternative rate structures with demand controls, all-electric option annual operatingcosts approach the lower range of baseline annual energy cost HVAC options.


7-1

7.0 ENTHALPY HEAT RECOVERY ANALYSES

Enthalpy heat recovery, in the HVAC community, is a term that is used to describe air-to-air heatexchangers. Enthalpy is a term that describes the overall energy content of a system relative toan established reference point. For air systems, the enthalpy is generally described in terms ofsensible and latent energy. Sensible energy is change of air temperature; latent energy is thechange in moisture content of the air. Since the fresh air brought into a building is often hotter orcooler than the conditioned space, energy can be saved by cooling or heating the incoming freshair with outgoing cold or hot space air. Many enthalpy heat recovery systems can now exchangeboth sensible and latent energy. This chapter evaluates the energy, energy cost and economicsassociated with use of enthalpy heat recovery in schools.

7.1 APPROACH TO ENTHALPY HEAT RECOVERY ANALYSES


1. Re-run all 240 HAP runs (40 HVAC options for two buildings in three cities) using addedheat recovery systems.

2. Determine annual energy savings and annual energy cost savings by comparing enthalpyHAP output against baseline HAP output.

3. Estimate capital costs based on architectural estimates extrapolated from data provided in thearchitectural drawings by The OSFC and by equipment suppliers.

4. Complete cost-benefits [Net Present Value (NPV) and Payback (PB)].

Energy loads for both the elementary school and the high school were calculated by including allheat recovery alternatives from the OSFC specifications/drawings and re-running the HAPmodel 240 times. Descriptions of these items are included in Table 7-1.

School Building Alternative ID Equipment CFM

Area A: Admin, Art, Music and Media Rooms 4,000Area B: Gym, Cafeteria, Mech. Room 4,000Area C: Pre-K, K Classrooms 3,500Area D: 1st and 2nd Grade Classrooms 3,500Area E: 3rd Grade, Special Ed. Classrooms 3,500

Elementary School

TOTAL 18,500M-2: Classrooms in Areas A, C and D – Drawings

M4.1A, M4.2A and M4.3AHRU-1AHRU-2AHRU-4A

6,000 6,000 8,000

M-3: Auditeria – Drawing M4.2A. HRU-3A 6,000HRU for AHU-5 28,000

High School

TOTAL 54,000

Table 7-1: Heat Recovery Equipment Options in Base Buildings


7-2

A total of 18,500 cubic feet per minute (CFM) of heat recovery equipment was specified for theelementary school and 54,000 CFM was specified for the high school. Not all conditionedspaces in the high school actually included heat recovery HVAC equipment, but for modelingpurposes heat recovery equipment was assumed to be used in all areas. This assumptionprovides an estimate of the best energy savings one could have in school buildings using suchequipment.

For each of the 240 cases, an annual energy load and annual energy cost was calculated,assuming the use of an enthalph heat recovery system. These values were subtracted from thebase case annual energy costs shown in Chapter 3 results to determine annual net energy savingsassociated with the installation of heat recovery enthalpy equipment.

Documents provided by the OSFC provided cost estimates for the heat recovery systems for thehigh school. The estimated cost for alternative M2 was $141,000 ($7.05/CFM), whereas theestimated cost for alternative M3 was $64,100 ($16.03/CFM) for an overall average rate of$8.55/CFM.

These estimates appeared high and were compared to Carrier, Trane, Fresh Air Solutions and RSMeans CostWorks 2000® data for enthalpy-wheel heat recovery packages. Installed prices fromthese sources averaged approximately $4.50/CFM. In reviewing the architectural drawings, itwould appear that the systems as designed were stand-alone air systems (separate box) ratherthan integrated air systems (single box). The RS Means CostWorks 2000® data appear to reflectthe incremental cost of adding a heat recovery package to an air system. Since RS MeansCostWorks 2000® cost data have been used throughout this work, and appear to better matchcommercial prices, the installed cost used for the economic analyses was assumed an installedcost of $4.50/CFM). Using $4.50/CFM, the elementary and high school costs for enthalpy heatexchangers are $83,250 and $243,000 respectively.

Using estimated differential installed equipment costs, annualized incremental energy andservice, maintenance and replacement cost savings, an interest rate of 6% and a period of 20years, NPVs and paybacks were calculated for all 40 equipment options in three cities for bothbuilding types. Incremental installed costs were determined by subtracting the decreased size ofheating and cooling plant costs from the cost of the enthalpy system. The original plant size wasdropped due to the heat recovery associated with the enthalpy system. Net annual operating costsavings were calculated as the sum of the differential annual energy cost savings plus reducedservice and maintenance costs due to reduced equipment sizes.

7.2 ENTHALPY HEAT RECOVERY RESULTS

To determine the cost effectiveness of enthalpy heat recovery systems, Carrier HAP was rerunassuming use of enthalpy heat recovery systems as described earlier. Predicted equipment sizesusing enthalpy heat recovery are summarized in Tables 7-2 and 7-3.

Reduced cooling and heating plant sizes are summarized in Tables 7-4 and 7-5.


7-3


Cooling Plant

Cincinnati Columbus Cleveland Cincinnati Columbus Cleveland1A1 Air Cooled Screw Chiller 150 150 150 275 275 275








































Table 7-2: Cooling Equipment Sizes for HVAC System Options Utilizing Enthalpy HeatRecovery


7-4


Heating Plant

Cincinnati Columbus Cleveland Cincinnati Columbus Cleveland1A1 NG Boiler - Atmospheric Burner 1,200 1,200 1,200 4,500 4,500 4,500








































Table 7-3: Heating Equipment Sizes for HVAC System Options Utilizing Enthalpy HeatRecovery


7-5


Cooling Plant

Cincinnati Columbus Cleveland Cincinnati Columbus Cleveland1A1 Air Cooled Screw Chiller 50 50 50 65 65 65








































Table 7-4: Reductions in Cooling Equipment Sizes for HVAC System Options UtilizingEnthalpy Heat Recovery


7-6


Heating Plant

Cincinnati Columbus Cleveland Cincinnati Columbus Cleveland1A1 NG Boiler - Atmospheric Burner 300 300 300 2,500 2,500 2,500

1A2 NG Boiler - Atmospheric Burner 300 300 300 2,500 2,500 2,500


1B1 NG Boiler - Power Burner 300 300 300 2,500 2,500 2,500



1C1 Electric Boiler 63 63 63 1,734 1,734 1,734



1D1 Oil Boiler - Power Burner 300 300 300 2,500 2,500 2,500































Table 7-5: Reductions in Heating Equipment Sizes for HVAC System Options UtilizingEnthalpy Heat Recovery


7-7

Reductions in plant sizes for each HVAC system option are shown in Table 7-3 (cooling plantreduction in refrigerant tons) and Table 7-4 (heating plant reduction in MBTUH). Enthalpy heatrecovery can save up to 50 RT of cooling capacity in the elementary school and 65 RT in thehigh school. Similarly, for heating, boiler sizes can be reduced by 3,400 MBTUH for theelementary school and 4,000 MBTUH for the high school. As will be shown, these aresignificant reductions in both cooling and heating plant equipment and related installed andservice, maintenance and repair costs.

The net capital costs for both the elementary school and the high school for all 40 HVAC systemoptions for all three cities are summarized in Tables 7-6 and 7-7. The net capital costs include:

• Costs of the enthalpy heat exchange systems• Credit for reduced chiller and boiler equipment due to heat recovery.

Net capital costs range from -$82,261 (Cleveland, 3B1) to $73,067 (Cleveland, 1A2) for theelementary school HVAC system options. For the high school, these costs range from $34,238(Cincinnati, 3B1) to $220,720 (Cleveland, 4C3). Significant plant equipment cost reductionsoccurred with the heat pump cases (3X1 series). The capital cost savings for reduced equipmentdue to heat recovery range from $9,512 (Columbus, 1C2) to $169,174 (Cleveland, 3B1) for theelementary school and from $ 30,255 (Cincinnati, 4C3) to $216,380 (Cleveland, 3B1) for thehigh school.

Annual energy savings for use of enthalpy heat recovery were determined by calculating annualenergy use for all enthalpy cases and subtracting the results from the baseline annual energyusage presented in Chapter 3. All values are site energy values. Results for both the elementaryand high school, both on an absolute and per square foot basis, are summarized in Tables 7-8 and7-9 and Tables 7-10 and 7-11 respectively. Example results for the first eight HVAC systems(1A1 to 1C2) for both the elementary and the high school are plotted in Figure 7-1 and 7-2; thebalance of these enthalpy energy savings data can be found in plots presented in Appendix D.Reduced annual energy consumption for elementary schools using enthalpy heat exchangeranged from a low of 337 million BTU per year (Cincinnati, 1C2) to a high of 1,520 millionBTU per year (Cleveland, 4B1). On a per square foot basis, this ranged from a low of 5.2thousand BTU per square foot per year (Cincinnati, 1C2) to a high of 23.6 thousand BTU persquare foot per year (Cleveland, 4B1). Similarly, for the high school, reduced annual energyconsumption using enthalpy heat exchange ranged from a low of 1,410 million BTU per year(Cincinnati, 3C1) to a high of 2,559 million BTU per year (Columbus, 4A1). On a per squarefoot basis, this ranged from a low of 11.7 thousand BTU per square foot per year (Cincinnati,3C1) to a high of 21.2 thousand BTU per square foot per year (Columbus, 4A1). As seen inFigures 7-1 and 7-2, the maximum savings are seen in Cleveland for the elementary school andin Columbus for the high school. Climate and building design appear to be responsible for thesetrends.


7-8

E.S. - Enthalpy Wheels E.S. - HVAC Reduction E.S. - Net Differential First CostHVACSystemOption Cleveland Cincinnati Columbus Cleveland Cincinnati Columbus Cleveland Cincinnati Columbus

1A1 $86,913 $79,754 $81,335 -$27,902 -$25,604 -$26,111 $59,011 $54,150 $55,224

1A2 $86,913 $79,754 $81,335 -$13,846 -$12,705 -$12,957 $73,067 $67,048 $68,378

1A3 $86,913 $79,754 $81,335 -$19,552 -$17,942 -$18,298 $67,361 $61,812 $63,038

1B1 $86,913 $79,754 $81,335 -$29,401 -$26,979 -$27,514 $57,512 $52,774 $53,821

1B2 $86,913 $79,754 $81,335 -$15,345 -$14,081 -$14,360 $71,568 $65,672 $66,975

1B3 $86,913 $79,754 $81,335 -$21,052 -$19,317 -$19,701 $65,861 $60,436 $61,635

1C1 $86,913 $79,754 $81,335 -$24,221 -$22,225 -$22,666 $62,692 $57,528 $58,669

1C2 $86,913 $79,754 $81,335 -$10,165 -$9,327 -$9,512 $76,748 $70,426 $71,823

1C3 $86,913 $79,754 $81,335 -$15,871 -$14,564 -$14,853 $71,042 $65,190 $66,483

1D1 $86,913 $79,754 $81,335 -$27,992 -$25,686 -$26,196 $58,921 $54,067 $55,140

1D2 $86,913 $79,754 $81,335 -$13,936 -$12,788 -$13,042 $72,977 $66,965 $68,293

1D3 $86,913 $79,754 $81,335 -$19,643 -$18,025 -$18,382 $67,270 $61,729 $62,953

2A1 $86,913 $79,754 $81,335 -$27,902 -$25,604 -$26,111 $59,011 $54,150 $55,224

2A2 $86,913 $79,754 $81,335 -$28,123 -$25,806 -$26,318 $58,790 $53,947 $55,017

2A3 $86,913 $79,754 $81,335 -$19,552 -$17,942 -$18,298 $67,361 $61,812 $63,038

2B1 $86,913 $79,754 $81,335 -$29,401 -$26,979 -$27,514 $57,512 $52,774 $53,821

2B2 $86,913 $79,754 $81,335 -$29,622 -$27,182 -$27,721 $57,291 $52,572 $53,614

2B3 $86,913 $79,754 $81,335 -$21,052 -$19,317 -$19,701 $65,861 $60,436 $61,635

2C1 $86,913 $79,754 $81,335 -$24,221 -$22,225 -$22,666 $62,692 $57,528 $58,669

2C2 $86,913 $79,754 $81,335 -$24,441 -$22,428 -$22,873 $62,472 $57,326 $58,462

2C3 $86,913 $79,754 $81,335 -$15,871 -$14,564 -$14,853 $71,042 $65,190 $66,483

2D1 $86,913 $79,754 $81,335 -$27,992 -$25,686 -$26,196 $58,921 $54,067 $55,140

2D2 $86,913 $79,754 $81,335 -$28,213 -$25,889 -$26,402 $58,700 $53,865 $54,933

2D3 $86,913 $79,754 $81,335 -$19,643 -$18,025 -$18,382 $67,270 $61,729 $62,953

3A1 $86,913 $79,754 $81,335 -$165,150 -$151,546 -$154,552 -$78,237 -$71,792 -$73,216

3B1 $86,913 $79,754 $81,335 -$169,174 -$155,239 -$158,317 -$82,261 -$75,485 -$76,982

3C1 $86,913 $79,754 $81,335 -$144,563 -$132,654 -$135,285 -$57,650 -$52,901 -$53,950

3D1 $86,913 $79,754 $81,335 -$166,052 -$152,373 -$155,395 -$79,139 -$72,620 -$74,060

4A1 $86,913 $79,754 $81,335 -$74,071 -$67,969 -$69,317 $12,842 $11,784 $12,018

4A2 $86,913 $79,754 $81,335 -$60,015 -$55,071 -$56,163 $26,898 $24,682 $25,172

4A3 $86,913 $79,754 $81,335 -$65,721 -$60,307 -$61,504 $21,192 $19,446 $19,832

4B1 $86,913 $79,754 $81,335 -$78,095 -$71,662 -$73,083 $8,818 $8,092 $8,252

4B2 $86,913 $79,754 $81,335 -$64,039 -$58,764 -$59,929 $22,874 $20,990 $21,406

4B3 $86,913 $79,754 $81,335 -$69,745 -$64,000 -$65,269 $17,168 $15,754 $16,066

4C1 $86,913 $79,754 $81,335 -$51,404 -$47,170 -$48,105 $35,509 $32,584 $33,230

4C2 $86,913 $79,754 $81,335 -$37,348 -$34,272 -$34,951 $49,565 $45,482 $46,384

4C3 $86,913 $79,754 $81,335 -$43,055 -$39,508 -$40,292 $43,858 $40,245 $41,044

4D1 $86,913 $79,754 $81,335 -$75,123 -$68,934 -$70,302 $11,790 $10,819 $11,034

4D2 $86,913 $79,754 $81,335 -$61,067 -$56,036 -$57,148 $25,846 $23,717 $24,187

4D3 $86,913 $79,754 $81,335 -$66,773 -$61,273 -$62,488 $20,140 $18,481 $18,847

Table 7-6: Enthalpy Heat Recovery Net First Costs for Elementary School HVACSystem Options


7-9

H.S. -Enthalpy Wheels H.S. - HVAC Reduction H.S. - Net Differential First CostHVACSystemOption Cleveland Cincinnati Columbus Cleveland Cincinnati Columbus Cleveland Cincinnati Columbus

1A1 $253,692 $232,794 $237,411 -$66,715 -$61,219 -$62,434 $186,977 $171,575 $174,977

1A2 $253,692 $232,794 $237,411 -$67,002 -$61,483 -$62,702 $186,690 $171,311 $174,709

1A3 $253,692 $232,794 $237,411 -$56,368 -$51,725 -$52,751 $197,324 $181,069 $184,660

1B1 $253,692 $232,794 $237,411 -$72,182 -$66,236 -$67,550 $181,510 $166,558 $169,861

1B2 $253,692 $232,794 $237,411 -$72,469 -$66,499 -$67,818 $181,223 $166,295 $169,593

1B3 $253,692 $232,794 $237,411 -$61,835 -$56,741 -$57,867 $191,857 $176,053 $179,544

1C1 $253,692 $232,794 $237,411 -$48,453 -$44,462 -$45,344 $205,239 $188,332 $192,067

1C2 $253,692 $232,794 $237,411 -$48,740 -$44,725 -$45,612 $204,952 $188,069 $191,799

1C3 $253,692 $232,794 $237,411 -$38,106 -$34,967 -$35,661 $215,586 $197,827 $201,750

1D1 $253,692 $232,794 $237,411 -$67,466 -$61,909 -$63,137 $186,226 $170,885 $174,274

1D2 $253,692 $232,794 $237,411 -$67,753 -$62,172 -$63,405 $185,939 $170,622 $174,006

1D3 $253,692 $232,794 $237,411 -$57,120 -$52,414 -$53,454 $196,572 $180,380 $183,957

2A1 $253,692 $232,794 $237,411 -$66,715 -$61,219 -$62,434 $186,977 $171,575 $174,977

2A2 $253,692 $232,794 $237,411 -$67,002 -$61,483 -$62,702 $186,690 $171,311 $174,709

2A3 $253,692 $232,794 $237,411 -$56,368 -$51,725 -$52,751 $197,324 $181,069 $184,660

2B1 $253,692 $232,794 $237,411 -$72,182 -$66,236 -$67,550 $181,510 $166,558 $169,861

2B2 $253,692 $232,794 $237,411 -$72,469 -$66,499 -$67,818 $181,223 $166,295 $169,593

2B3 $253,692 $232,794 $237,411 -$61,835 -$56,741 -$57,867 $191,857 $176,053 $179,544

2C1 $253,692 $232,794 $237,411 -$48,453 -$44,462 -$45,344 $205,239 $188,332 $192,067

2C2 $253,692 $232,794 $237,411 -$48,740 -$44,725 -$45,612 $204,952 $188,069 $191,799

2C3 $253,692 $232,794 $237,411 -$38,106 -$34,967 -$35,661 $215,586 $197,827 $201,750

2D1 $253,692 $232,794 $237,411 -$67,466 -$61,909 -$63,137 $186,226 $170,885 $174,274

2D2 $253,692 $232,794 $237,411 -$67,753 -$62,172 -$63,405 $185,939 $170,622 $174,006

2D3 $253,692 $232,794 $237,411 -$57,120 -$52,414 -$53,454 $196,572 $180,380 $183,957

3A1 $253,692 $232,794 $237,411 -$210,914 -$193,539 -$197,378 $42,778 $39,255 $40,033

3B1 $253,692 $232,794 $237,411 -$216,380 -$198,556 -$202,494 $37,312 $34,238 $34,917

3C1 $253,692 $232,794 $237,411 -$182,933 -$167,864 -$171,193 $70,759 $64,930 $66,218

3D1 $253,692 $232,794 $237,411 -$212,116 -$194,643 -$198,503 $41,576 $38,151 $38,908

4A1 $253,692 $232,794 $237,411 -$66,715 -$61,219 -$62,434 $186,977 $171,575 $174,977

4A2 $253,692 $232,794 $237,411 -$67,002 -$61,483 -$62,702 $186,690 $171,311 $174,709

4A3 $253,692 $232,794 $237,411 -$56,368 -$51,725 -$52,751 $197,324 $181,069 $184,660

4B1 $253,692 $232,794 $237,411 -$72,182 -$66,236 -$67,550 $181,510 $166,558 $169,861

4B2 $253,692 $232,794 $237,411 -$72,469 -$66,499 -$67,818 $181,223 $166,295 $169,593

4B3 $253,692 $232,794 $237,411 -$61,835 -$56,741 -$57,867 $191,857 $176,053 $179,544

4C1 $253,692 $232,794 $237,411 -$43,318 -$39,750 -$40,538 $210,374 $193,044 $196,873

4C2 $253,692 $232,794 $237,411 -$43,605 -$40,013 -$40,807 $210,087 $192,781 $196,604

4C3 $253,692 $232,794 $237,411 -$32,972 -$30,255 -$30,856 $220,720 $202,539 $206,555

4D1 $253,692 $232,794 $237,411 -$67,466 -$61,909 -$63,137 $186,226 $170,885 $174,274

4D2 $253,692 $232,794 $237,411 -$67,753 -$62,172 -$63,405 $185,939 $170,622 $174,006

4D3 $253,692 $232,794 $237,411 -$57,120 -$52,414 -$53,454 $196,572 $180,380 $183,957

Table 7-7: Enthalpy Heat Recovery Net First Costs for High School HVAC SystemOptions


7-10


EnergyEnthapyEnergy

AnnualSavings

BaselineEnergy

EnthapyEnergy

AnnualSavings

BaselineEnergy

EnthapyEnergy

AnnualSavings

1A1 2,430 1,951 478 2,762 2,075 687 2,568 1,967 601

1A2 2,249 1,804 445 2,624 1,962 662 2,412 1,839 572

1A3 2,290 1,833 457 2,656 1,986 670 2,456 1,874 582

1B1 2,424 1,947 477 2,758 2,068 690 2,562 1,961 601

1B2 2,244 1,800 445 2,620 1,955 664 2,406 1,834 572

1B3 2,285 1,829 456 2,652 1,980 672 2,451 1,868 582

1C1 2,270 1,900 370 2,519 1,979 539 2,368 1,901 466

1C2 2,090 1,753 337 2,381 1,866 514 2,212 1,774 438

1C3 2,131 1,782 349 2,413 1,891 522 2,256 1,808 448

1D1 2,419 1,949 470 2,744 2,070 675 2,554 1,963 590

1D2 2,238 1,801 437 2,606 1,957 649 2,398 1,836 562

1D3 2,279 1,830 449 2,638 1,981 657 2,442 1,870 572

2A1 2,622 2,096 527 2,931 2,258 673 2,671 2,088 583

2A2 2,414 1,935 479 2,773 2,136 636 2,498 1,953 545

2A3 2,471 1,965 505 2,814 2,160 654 2,550 1,985 565

2B1 2,618 2,092 526 2,927 2,252 675 2,667 2,083 584

2B2 2,410 1,932 478 2,769 2,131 638 2,494 1,948 546

2B3 2,466 1,962 505 2,811 2,154 656 2,547 1,980 566

2C1 2,448 2,036 412 2,673 2,141 533 2,470 2,012 458

2C2 2,239 1,876 364 2,515 2,019 496 2,297 1,878 419

2C3 2,296 1,906 390 2,557 2,043 514 2,349 1,909 440

2D1 2,609 2,092 517 2,909 2,251 658 2,656 2,084 572

2D2 2,401 1,932 469 2,751 2,129 621 2,482 1,949 533

2D3 2,457 1,962 495 2,792 2,153 639 2,535 1,981 554

3A1 4,124 3,025 1,099 4,820 3,321 1,498 4,378 3,100 1,278

3B1 4,084 3,008 1,076 4,771 3,299 1,471 4,334 3,081 1,253

3C1 3,741 2,837 904 4,307 3,074 1,233 3,942 2,892 1,051

3D1 4,087 3,004 1,083 4,772 3,293 1,478 4,337 3,077 1,261

4A1 3,245 2,119 1,126 3,805 2,250 1,555 3,399 2,108 1,291

4A2 3,071 1,959 1,112 3,671 2,122 1,550 3,248 1,968 1,280

4A3 3,115 1,982 1,133 3,704 2,142 1,562 3,294 1,996 1,298

4B1 3,210 2,113 1,098 3,761 2,240 1,520 3,361 2,101 1,260

4B2 3,037 1,953 1,084 3,627 2,133 1,494 3,210 1,989 1,221

4B3 3,081 1,976 1,105 3,660 2,240 1,420 3,256 2,101 1,155

4C1 2,908 2,055 852 3,328 2,142 1,186 3,014 2,036 978

4C2 2,734 1,895 838 3,194 2,014 1,181 2,863 1,896 967

4C3 2,778 1,919 859 3,227 2,034 1,193 2,909 1,923 985

4D1 3,212 2,115 1,097 3,759 2,243 1,516 3,363 2,104 1,259

4D2 3,038 1,955 1,083 3,625 2,115 1,510 3,212 1,964 1,248

4D3 3,082 1,978 1,104 3,658 2,135 1,523 3,235 1,991 1,244

Table 7-8: Annual Enthalpy Energy Use Savings for Elementary Schools(MMBTU/Year)


7-11


EnergyEnthapyEnergy

AnnualSavings

BaselineEnergy

EnthapyEnergy

AnnualSavings

BaselineEnergy

EnthapyEnergy

AnnualSavings

1A1 37.7 30.3 7.4 42.9 32.2 10.7 39.8 30.5 9.3

1A2 34.9 28.0 6.9 40.7 30.4 10.3 37.4 28.5 8.9

1A3 35.5 28.4 7.1 41.2 30.8 10.4 38.1 29.1 9.0

1B1 37.6 30.2 7.4 42.8 32.1 10.7 39.8 30.4 9.3

1B2 34.8 27.9 6.9 40.7 30.3 10.3 37.3 28.5 8.9

1B3 35.5 28.4 7.1 41.2 30.7 10.4 38.0 29.0 9.0

1C1 35.2 29.5 5.7 39.1 30.7 8.4 36.7 29.5 7.2

1C2 32.4 27.2 5.2 36.9 29.0 8.0 34.3 27.5 6.8

1C3 33.1 27.6 5.4 37.4 29.3 8.1 35.0 28.1 7.0

1D1 37.5 30.2 7.3 42.6 32.1 10.5 39.6 30.5 9.2

1D2 34.7 28.0 6.8 40.4 30.4 10.1 37.2 28.5 8.7

1D3 35.4 28.4 7.0 40.9 30.7 10.2 37.9 29.0 8.9

2A1 40.7 32.5 8.2 45.5 35.0 10.4 41.5 32.4 9.0

2A2 37.5 30.0 7.4 43.0 33.2 9.9 38.8 30.3 8.4

2A3 38.3 30.5 7.8 43.7 33.5 10.2 39.6 30.8 8.8

2B1 40.6 32.5 8.2 45.4 34.9 10.5 41.4 32.3 9.1

2B2 37.4 30.0 7.4 43.0 33.1 9.9 38.7 30.2 8.5

2B3 38.3 30.4 7.8 43.6 33.4 10.2 39.5 30.7 8.8

2C1 38.0 31.6 6.4 41.5 33.2 8.3 38.3 31.2 7.1

2C2 34.8 29.1 5.6 39.0 31.3 7.7 35.6 29.1 6.5

2C3 35.6 29.6 6.0 39.7 31.7 8.0 36.5 29.6 6.8

2D1 40.5 32.5 8.0 45.1 34.9 10.2 41.2 32.3 8.9

2D2 37.3 30.0 7.3 42.7 33.0 9.6 38.5 30.2 8.3

2D3 38.1 30.4 7.7 43.3 33.4 9.9 39.3 30.7 8.6

3A1 64.0 46.9 17.0 74.8 51.5 23.3 67.9 48.1 19.8

3B1 63.4 46.7 16.7 74.0 51.2 22.8 67.3 47.8 19.4

3C1 58.1 44.0 14.0 66.8 47.7 19.1 61.2 44.9 16.3

3D1 63.4 46.6 16.8 74.0 51.1 22.9 67.3 47.7 19.6

4A1 50.3 32.9 17.5 59.0 34.9 24.1 52.7 32.7 20.0

4A2 47.7 30.4 17.3 57.0 32.9 24.0 50.4 30.5 19.9

4A3 48.3 30.8 17.6 57.5 33.2 24.2 51.1 31.0 20.1

4B1 49.8 32.8 17.0 58.4 34.8 23.6 52.2 32.6 19.6

4B2 47.1 30.3 16.8 56.3 33.1 23.2 49.8 30.9 19.0

4B3 47.8 30.7 17.1 56.8 34.8 22.0 50.5 32.6 17.9

4C1 45.1 31.9 13.2 51.6 33.2 18.4 46.8 31.6 15.2

4C2 42.4 29.4 13.0 49.6 31.2 18.3 44.4 29.4 15.0

4C3 43.1 29.8 13.3 50.1 31.6 18.5 45.1 29.8 15.3

4D1 49.8 32.8 17.0 58.3 34.8 23.5 52.2 32.6 19.5

4D2 47.1 30.3 16.8 56.3 32.8 23.4 49.8 30.5 19.4

4D3 47.8 30.7 17.1 56.8 33.1 23.6 50.2 30.9 19.3

Table 7-9: Annual Enthalpy Energy Use Savings for Elementary Schools(MBTUH/Ft2/Year)


7-12


EnergyEnthapyEnergy

AnnualSavings

BaselineEnergy

EnthapyEnergy

AnnualSavings

BaselineEnergy

EnthapyEnergy

AnnualSavings

1A1 7,091 4,914 2,177 7,429 5,334 2,095 7,429 5,030 2,399

1A2 6,904 4,753 2,151 7,263 5,205 2,058 7,263 4,885 2,378

1A3 7,026 4,878 2,147 7,384 5,314 2,071 7,384 5,009 2,375

1B1 7,022 4,877 2,145 7,354 5,288 2,066 7,354 4,989 2,365

1B2 6,835 4,716 2,118 7,187 5,159 2,028 7,187 4,844 2,343

1B3 6,957 4,842 2,115 7,309 5,267 2,041 7,309 4,969 2,340

1C1 6,264 4,597 1,667 6,513 4,905 1,607 6,513 4,672 1,841

1C2 6,077 4,436 1,640 6,346 4,777 1,570 6,346 4,527 1,819

1C3 6,199 4,562 1,637 6,468 4,885 1,583 6,468 4,651 1,816

1D1 7,011 4,884 2,128 7,339 5,294 2,045 7,339 4,996 2,342

1D2 6,824 4,723 2,101 7,172 5,165 2,007 7,172 4,851 2,321

1D3 6,946 4,848 2,098 7,293 5,273 2,020 7,293 4,976 2,318

2A1 7,021 4,880 2,141 7,335 5,294 2,042 7,335 4,980 2,355

2A2 6,823 4,711 2,112 7,165 5,160 2,006 7,165 4,833 2,332

2A3 6,954 4,843 2,110 7,292 5,274 2,019 7,292 4,961 2,331

2B1 6,952 4,846 2,106 7,260 5,248 2,012 7,260 4,941 2,320

2B2 6,754 4,676 2,077 7,090 5,114 1,976 7,090 4,793 2,297

2B3 6,884 4,809 2,075 7,217 5,228 1,989 7,217 4,921 2,296

2C1 6,223 4,585 1,638 6,449 4,883 1,566 6,449 4,642 1,807

2C2 6,025 4,416 1,609 6,279 4,749 1,530 6,279 4,495 1,784

2C3 6,156 4,549 1,607 6,406 4,863 1,543 6,406 4,623 1,783

2D1 6,944 4,853 2,091 7,249 5,255 1,994 7,249 4,949 2,300

2D2 6,746 4,684 2,063 7,079 5,121 1,957 7,079 4,802 2,277

2D3 6,877 4,816 2,060 7,206 5,235 1,971 7,206 4,929 2,276

3A1 6,622 4,913 1,709 7,000 5,267 1,733 7,000 5,006 1,994

3B1 6,564 4,884 1,679 6,935 5,231 1,703 6,935 4,978 1,957

3C1 6,086 4,676 1,410 6,389 4,958 1,431 6,389 4,743 1,646

3D1 6,569 4,887 1,682 6,941 5,234 1,707 6,941 4,980 1,960

4A1 7,382 5,062 2,320 7,751 5,530 2,221 7,751 5,192 2,559

4A2 7,196 4,894 2,302 7,585 5,387 2,198 7,585 5,036 2,549

4A3 7,319 5,026 2,292 7,707 5,514 2,193 7,707 5,174 2,533

4B1 7,312 5,024 2,288 7,676 5,481 2,195 7,676 5,149 2,527

4B2 7,127 4,856 2,271 7,510 5,337 2,173 7,510 4,994 2,517

4B3 7,249 4,988 2,261 7,632 5,465 2,167 7,632 5,131 2,501

4C1 6,510 4,744 1,766 6,785 5,094 1,691 6,785 4,833 1,952

4C2 6,325 4,577 1,748 6,620 4,951 1,669 6,620 4,678 1,942

4C3 6,447 4,708 1,739 6,742 5,078 1,663 6,742 4,815 1,927

4D1 7,296 5,032 2,264 7,654 5,489 2,165 7,654 5,158 2,496

4D2 7,111 4,864 2,247 7,489 5,345 2,143 7,489 5,002 2,486

4D3 7,233 4,996 2,237 7,610 5,473 2,138 7,610 5,140 2,471

Table 7-10: Annual Enthalpy Energy Use Savings for High Schools (MMBTU/Year)


7-13


EnergyEnthapyEnergy

AnnualSavings

BaselineEnergy

EnthapyEnergy

AnnualSavings

BaselineEnergy

EnthapyEnergy

AnnualSavings

1A1 58.8 40.8 18.1 61.7 44.3 17.4 61.7 41.7 19.9

1A2 57.3 39.4 17.9 60.3 43.2 17.1 60.3 40.5 19.7

1A3 58.3 40.5 17.8 61.3 44.1 17.2 61.3 41.6 19.7

1B1 58.3 40.5 17.8 61.0 43.9 17.1 61.0 41.4 19.6

1B2 56.7 39.1 17.6 59.6 42.8 16.8 59.6 40.2 19.4

1B3 57.7 40.2 17.5 60.7 43.7 16.9 60.7 41.2 19.4

1C1 52.0 38.2 13.8 54.0 40.7 13.3 54.0 38.8 15.3

1C2 50.4 36.8 13.6 52.7 39.6 13.0 52.7 37.6 15.1

1C3 51.4 37.9 13.6 53.7 40.5 13.1 53.7 38.6 15.1

1D1 58.2 40.5 17.7 60.9 43.9 17.0 60.9 41.5 19.4

1D2 56.6 39.2 17.4 59.5 42.9 16.7 59.5 40.3 19.3

1D3 57.6 40.2 17.4 60.5 43.8 16.8 60.5 41.3 19.2

2A1 58.3 40.5 17.8 60.9 43.9 16.9 60.9 41.3 19.5

2A2 56.6 39.1 17.5 59.5 42.8 16.6 59.5 40.1 19.4

2A3 57.7 40.2 17.5 60.5 43.8 16.8 60.5 41.2 19.3

2B1 57.7 40.2 17.5 60.3 43.6 16.7 60.3 41.0 19.2

2B2 56.0 38.8 17.2 58.8 42.4 16.4 58.8 39.8 19.1

2B3 57.1 39.9 17.2 59.9 43.4 16.5 59.9 40.8 19.1

2C1 51.6 38.1 13.6 53.5 40.5 13.0 53.5 38.5 15.0

2C2 50.0 36.6 13.4 52.1 39.4 12.7 52.1 37.3 14.8

2C3 51.1 37.7 13.3 53.2 40.4 12.8 53.2 38.4 14.8

2D1 57.6 40.3 17.4 60.2 43.6 16.5 60.2 41.1 19.1

2D2 56.0 38.9 17.1 58.7 42.5 16.2 58.7 39.8 18.9

2D3 57.1 40.0 17.1 59.8 43.4 16.4 59.8 40.9 18.9

3A1 55.0 40.8 14.2 58.1 43.7 14.4 58.1 41.5 16.5

3B1 54.5 40.5 13.9 57.5 43.4 14.1 57.5 41.3 16.2

3C1 50.5 38.8 11.7 53.0 41.1 11.9 53.0 39.4 13.7

3D1 54.5 40.6 14.0 57.6 43.4 14.2 57.6 41.3 16.3

4A1 61.3 42.0 19.3 64.3 45.9 18.4 64.3 43.1 21.2

4A2 59.7 40.6 19.1 62.9 44.7 18.2 62.9 41.8 21.2

4A3 60.7 41.7 19.0 64.0 45.8 18.2 64.0 42.9 21.0

4B1 60.7 41.7 19.0 63.7 45.5 18.2 63.7 42.7 21.0

4B2 59.1 40.3 18.8 62.3 44.3 18.0 62.3 41.4 20.9

4B3 60.2 41.4 18.8 63.3 45.4 18.0 63.3 42.6 20.8

4C1 54.0 39.4 14.7 56.3 42.3 14.0 56.3 40.1 16.2

4C2 52.5 38.0 14.5 54.9 41.1 13.9 54.9 38.8 16.1

4C3 53.5 39.1 14.4 55.9 42.1 13.8 55.9 40.0 16.0

4D1 60.6 41.8 18.8 63.5 45.5 18.0 63.5 42.8 20.7

4D2 59.0 40.4 18.6 62.1 44.4 17.8 62.1 41.5 20.6

4D3 60.0 41.5 18.6 63.2 45.4 17.7 63.2 42.7 20.5

Table 7-11: Annual Enthalpy Energy Use Savings for Elementary Schools(MBTUH/Ft2/Year)


7-14

0

500

1,000

1,500

HVAC System Types

Figure 7-1: OSFC Elementary SchoolAnnual Site Energy Savings with Enthalpy Heat Recovery (MMBTU/Year)


Cincinnati 478 445 457 477 445 456 370 337

Cleveland 687 662 670 690 664 672 539 514

Columbus 601 572 582 601 572 582 466 438

1A1 1A2 1A3 1B1 1B2 1B3 1C1 1C2


7-15

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

HVAC System Types

Figure 7-2: OSFC High School Annual Site Energy Savings with Enthalpy Heat Recovery (MMBTU/Year)


Cincinnati 2,177 2,151 2,147 2,145 2,118 2,115 1,667 1,640

Cleveland 2,095 2,058 2,071 2,066 2,028 2,041 1,607 1,570

Columbus 2,399 2,378 2,375 2,365 2,343 2,340 1,841 1,819

1A1 1A2 1A3 1B1 1B2 1B3 1C1 1C2


7-16

Annual energy cost savings associated with the use of enthalpy heat recovery were determinedby calculating annual energy costs for all enthalpy cases and subtracting the results from thebaseline annual energy costs presented in Chapter 3. Results for both the elementary and highschool, both on an absolute and per square foot basis, are summarized in Tables 7-12 and 7-13and Tables 7-14 and 7-15 respectively. Example results for the first eight HVAC systems (1A1to 1C2) for both the elementary and the high school are plotted in Figure 7-3 and 7-4; the balanceof these enthalpy energy savings data can be found in plots presented in Appendix D. Reducedannual energy costs for elementary schools using enthalpy heat exchange ranged from a low of$3,005 per year (Cincinnati, 1B2) to a high of $66,387 per year (Columbus, 4C3). On a persquare foot basis, this ranged from a low of $0.05 savings per square foot per year (Cincinnati,1B2) to a high of $1.03 savings per square foot per year (Cleveland, 4C3). Similarly, for thehigh school, reduced annual energy costs using enthalpy heat exchange ranged from a low of$8,928 per year (Cleveland, 4B3) to a high of $95,640 per year (Columbus, 4C3). On a persquare foot basis, this ranged from a low of $0.07 savings per square foot per year (Cleveland,4B3) to a high of $0.79 savings per square foot per year (Columbus, 4C3). As seen in Figures 7-3 and 7-4, the maximum savings are somewhat independent of a given location. Climate,building design and the amount of demand electrical energy consumed appear to be responsiblefor the results shown.


7-17


EnergyEnthapyEnergy

AnnualSavings

BaselineEnergy

EnthapyEnergy

AnnualSavings

BaselineEnergy

EnthapyEnergy

AnnualSavings

1A1 $87,169 $74,217 $12,952 $78,352 $74,886 $3,467 $65,656 $59,677 $5,978

1A2 $66,349 $63,355 $2,994 $70,705 $69,119 $1,586 $57,092 $53,098 $3,994

1A3 $65,195 $59,663 $5,532 $70,678 $68,889 $1,789 $54,783 $51,718 $3,065

1B1 $87,166 $74,204 $12,962 $78,602 $74,998 $3,603 $65,634 $59,651 $5,983

1B2 $66,347 $63,342 $3,005 $70,954 $69,231 $1,724 $57,071 $53,073 $3,998

1B3 $65,192 $59,651 $5,541 $70,925 $69,001 $1,925 $54,763 $51,739 $3,024

1C1 $89,427 $74,754 $14,673 $110,225 $89,592 $20,633 $77,472 $62,471 $15,001

1C2 $74,708 $64,542 $10,166 $102,588 $83,829 $18,759 $73,858 $58,059 $15,799

1C3 $74,086 $61,739 $12,347 $102,543 $83,587 $18,956 $73,174 $57,299 $15,875

1D1 $87,884 $74,411 $13,473 $78,789 $75,126 $3,663 $65,659 $59,672 $5,987

1D2 $67,066 $63,550 $3,516 $71,147 $69,359 $1,788 $57,095 $53,093 $4,002

1D3 $65,911 $59,859 $6,052 $71,120 $69,122 $1,997 $54,789 $51,795 $2,994

2A1 $89,457 $77,357 $12,100 $83,248 $79,179 $4,069 $68,928 $63,328 $5,600

2A2 $68,656 $65,627 $3,030 $74,277 $72,716 $1,561 $58,520 $56,094 $2,426

2A3 $67,265 $61,908 $5,357 $74,624 $72,381 $2,243 $57,690 $54,424 $3,266

2B1 $89,461 $77,349 $12,112 $83,490 $79,290 $4,200 $68,919 $63,306 $5,613

2B2 $68,661 $65,619 $3,042 $74,139 $72,826 $1,313 $58,510 $56,071 $2,438

2B3 $67,269 $61,900 $5,369 $74,866 $72,492 $2,374 $57,680 $54,437 $3,243

2C1 $92,196 $77,971 $14,225 $115,418 $94,787 $20,631 $80,535 $65,616 $14,919

2C2 $77,072 $67,070 $10,002 $106,311 $88,323 $17,987 $75,998 $60,572 $15,426

2C3 $76,454 $63,939 $12,515 $107,030 $87,989 $19,042 $75,826 $59,527 $16,299

2D1 $90,256 $77,595 $12,661 $83,663 $79,420 $4,244 $68,926 $63,322 $5,605

2D2 $69,456 $65,865 $3,591 $74,312 $72,956 $1,356 $58,518 $56,088 $2,430

2D3 $68,065 $62,146 $5,919 $75,040 $72,622 $2,418 $57,688 $54,486 $3,202

3A1 $90,051 $72,492 $17,559 $120,475 $97,017 $23,458 $88,973 $71,442 $17,531

3B1 $89,938 $72,412 $17,526 $120,354 $98,753 $21,602 $88,830 $71,333 $17,497

3C1 $124,060 $86,692 $37,368 $182,459 $125,563 $56,896 $149,204 $87,600 $61,604

3D1 $91,678 $73,222 $18,456 $120,629 $96,940 $23,689 $89,075 $71,374 $17,701

4A1 $88,793 $75,674 $13,118 $88,495 $79,531 $8,964 $69,675 $62,171 $7,504

4A2 $70,525 $63,934 $6,591 $81,235 $72,950 $8,285 $61,870 $54,306 $7,563

4A3 $68,508 $61,030 $7,478 $81,222 $72,645 $8,577 $60,607 $53,074 $7,533

4B1 $88,646 $75,653 $12,993 $88,401 $79,601 $8,801 $69,465 $62,134 $7,332

4B2 $70,378 $63,912 $6,466 $81,142 $73,568 $7,573 $61,703 $54,500 $7,203

4B3 $68,361 $61,008 $7,353 $81,128 $75,622 $5,506 $60,488 $53,917 $6,571

4C1 $111,054 $76,414 $34,640 $150,870 $94,782 $56,088 $125,405 $64,677 $60,728

4C2 $99,623 $65,538 $34,085 $143,608 $88,208 $55,399 $124,280 $59,187 $65,093

4C3 $98,536 $63,232 $35,303 $143,586 $87,895 $55,690 $124,622 $58,235 $66,387

4D1 $90,138 $75,912 $14,227 $88,660 $79,727 $8,932 $69,609 $62,160 $7,449

4D2 $71,870 $64,171 $7,699 $81,400 $73,155 $8,245 $61,877 $54,339 $7,538

4D3 $69,854 $61,267 $8,587 $81,386 $72,842 $8,544 $60,564 $53,133 $7,431

Table 7-12: Annual Enthalpy Energy Cost Savings for Elementary Schools ($/Year)


7-18


EnergyEnthapyEnergy

AnnualSavings

BaselineEnergy

EnthapyEnergy

AnnualSavings

BaselineEnergy

EnthapyEnergy

AnnualSavings

1A1 $1.35 $1.15 $0.20 $1.22 $1.16 $0.05 $1.02 $0.93 $0.09

1A2 $1.03 $0.98 $0.05 $1.10 $1.07 $0.02 $0.89 $0.82 $0.06

1A3 $1.01 $0.93 $0.09 $1.10 $1.07 $0.03 $0.85 $0.80 $0.05

1B1 $1.35 $1.15 $0.20 $1.22 $1.16 $0.06 $1.02 $0.93 $0.09

1B2 $1.03 $0.98 $0.05 $1.10 $1.07 $0.03 $0.89 $0.82 $0.06

1B3 $1.01 $0.93 $0.09 $1.10 $1.07 $0.03 $0.85 $0.80 $0.05

1C1 $1.39 $1.16 $0.23 $1.71 $1.39 $0.32 $1.20 $0.97 $0.23

1C2 $1.16 $1.00 $0.16 $1.59 $1.30 $0.29 $1.15 $0.90 $0.25

1C3 $1.15 $0.96 $0.19 $1.59 $1.30 $0.29 $1.14 $0.89 $0.25

1D1 $1.36 $1.15 $0.21 $1.22 $1.17 $0.06 $1.02 $0.93 $0.09

1D2 $1.04 $0.99 $0.05 $1.10 $1.08 $0.03 $0.89 $0.82 $0.06

1D3 $1.02 $0.93 $0.09 $1.10 $1.07 $0.03 $0.85 $0.80 $0.05

2A1 $1.39 $1.20 $0.19 $1.29 $1.23 $0.06 $1.07 $0.98 $0.09

2A2 $1.07 $1.02 $0.05 $1.15 $1.13 $0.02 $0.91 $0.87 $0.04

2A3 $1.04 $0.96 $0.08 $1.16 $1.12 $0.03 $0.90 $0.84 $0.05

2B1 $1.39 $1.20 $0.19 $1.30 $1.23 $0.07 $1.07 $0.98 $0.09

2B2 $1.07 $1.02 $0.05 $1.15 $1.13 $0.02 $0.91 $0.87 $0.04

2B3 $1.04 $0.96 $0.08 $1.16 $1.12 $0.04 $0.90 $0.84 $0.05

2C1 $1.43 $1.21 $0.22 $1.79 $1.47 $0.32 $1.25 $1.02 $0.23

2C2 $1.20 $1.04 $0.16 $1.65 $1.37 $0.28 $1.18 $0.94 $0.24

2C3 $1.19 $0.99 $0.19 $1.66 $1.37 $0.30 $1.18 $0.92 $0.25

2D1 $1.40 $1.20 $0.20 $1.30 $1.23 $0.07 $1.07 $0.98 $0.09

2D2 $1.08 $1.02 $0.06 $1.15 $1.13 $0.02 $0.91 $0.87 $0.04

2D3 $1.06 $0.96 $0.09 $1.16 $1.13 $0.04 $0.90 $0.85 $0.05

3A1 $1.40 $1.12 $0.27 $1.87 $1.51 $0.36 $1.38 $1.11 $0.27

3B1 $1.40 $1.12 $0.27 $1.87 $1.53 $0.34 $1.38 $1.11 $0.27

3C1 $1.93 $1.35 $0.58 $2.83 $1.95 $0.88 $2.32 $1.36 $0.96

3D1 $1.42 $1.14 $0.29 $1.87 $1.50 $0.37 $1.38 $1.11 $0.27

4A1 $1.38 $1.17 $0.20 $1.37 $1.23 $0.14 $1.08 $0.96 $0.12

4A2 $1.09 $0.99 $0.10 $1.26 $1.13 $0.13 $0.96 $0.84 $0.12

4A3 $1.06 $0.95 $0.12 $1.26 $1.13 $0.13 $0.94 $0.82 $0.12

4B1 $1.38 $1.17 $0.20 $1.37 $1.24 $0.14 $1.08 $0.96 $0.11

4B2 $1.09 $0.99 $0.10 $1.26 $1.14 $0.12 $0.96 $0.85 $0.11

4B3 $1.06 $0.95 $0.11 $1.26 $1.17 $0.09 $0.94 $0.84 $0.10

4C1 $1.72 $1.19 $0.54 $2.34 $1.47 $0.87 $1.95 $1.00 $0.94

4C2 $1.55 $1.02 $0.53 $2.23 $1.37 $0.86 $1.93 $0.92 $1.01

4C3 $1.53 $0.98 $0.55 $2.23 $1.36 $0.86 $1.93 $0.90 $1.03

4D1 $1.40 $1.18 $0.22 $1.38 $1.24 $0.14 $1.08 $0.96 $0.12

4D2 $1.12 $1.00 $0.12 $1.26 $1.14 $0.13 $0.96 $0.84 $0.12

4D3 $1.08 $0.95 $0.13 $1.26 $1.13 $0.13 $0.94 $0.82 $0.12

Table 7-13: Annual Enthalpy Energy Cost Savings for Elementary Schools ($/Ft2/Year)


7-19


EnergyEnthapyEnergy

AnnualSavings

BaselineEnergy

EnthapyEnergy

AnnualSavings

BaselineEnergy

EnthapyEnergy

AnnualSavings

1A1 $150,390 $126,706 $23,684 $161,542 $150,308 $11,234 $120,884 $108,186 $12,699

1A2 $135,594 $118,948 $16,646 $154,039 $144,104 $9,935 $114,784 $104,465 $10,319

1A3 $127,977 $114,764 $13,213 $155,961 $146,677 $9,284 $114,999 $105,284 $9,715

1B1 $150,102 $126,550 $23,553 $161,370 $150,166 $11,204 $120,476 $108,024 $12,451

1B2 $135,306 $118,791 $16,515 $153,866 $143,962 $9,904 $114,503 $104,303 $10,200

1B3 $127,689 $114,608 $13,082 $155,788 $146,535 $9,253 $114,718 $105,123 $9,595

1C1 $193,683 $143,187 $50,496 $281,848 $202,615 $79,233 $218,221 $139,691 $78,530

1C2 $186,206 $138,535 $47,671 $275,502 $196,893 $78,609 $216,979 $137,324 $79,655

1C3 $183,552 $137,218 $46,334 $277,801 $199,209 $78,591 $217,885 $137,636 $80,248

1D1 $153,906 $127,945 $25,961 $161,767 $150,432 $11,335 $120,742 $108,229 $12,514

1D2 $139,110 $120,186 $18,923 $154,263 $144,221 $10,042 $114,844 $104,508 $10,336

1D3 $131,493 $116,003 $15,490 $156,184 $146,794 $9,391 $115,058 $105,327 $9,731

2A1 $152,450 $128,490 $23,961 $163,705 $152,212 $11,493 $123,030 $109,525 $13,505

2A2 $136,799 $120,356 $16,443 $156,075 $145,942 $10,132 $116,193 $105,981 $10,213

2A3 $129,290 $116,109 $13,181 $157,890 $148,421 $9,470 $116,542 $106,673 $9,868

2B1 $152,158 $128,340 $23,818 $163,507 $152,065 $11,442 $122,620 $109,362 $13,258

2B2 $136,507 $120,207 $16,301 $155,885 $145,804 $10,081 $115,896 $105,818 $10,078

2B3 $128,997 $115,959 $13,038 $157,693 $148,282 $9,410 $116,244 $106,511 $9,734

2C1 $193,087 $142,580 $50,507 $279,580 $200,630 $78,949 $215,423 $137,825 $77,598

2C2 $184,590 $137,362 $47,228 $272,330 $194,624 $77,706 $214,157 $135,156 $79,001

2C3 $182,118 $136,199 $45,918 $274,737 $197,040 $77,697 $215,102 $135,404 $79,698

2D1 $155,819 $129,633 $26,186 $163,912 $152,328 $11,584 $122,894 $109,561 $13,333

2D2 $140,169 $121,500 $18,669 $156,283 $146,067 $10,216 $116,240 $106,017 $10,223

2D3 $132,659 $117,253 $15,406 $158,097 $148,524 $9,573 $116,588 $106,709 $9,879

3A1 $144,017 $117,587 $26,430 $196,519 $160,750 $35,768 $140,739 $114,298 $26,442

3B1 $143,814 $117,451 $26,362 $196,383 $160,547 $35,836 $140,477 $114,187 $26,290

3C1 $190,656 $133,236 $57,420 $284,280 $195,113 $89,167 $225,636 $131,568 $94,068

3D1 $146,250 $118,463 $27,788 $196,755 $160,659 $36,095 $142,002 $114,283 $27,719

4A1 $150,065 $129,169 $20,896 $165,214 $154,838 $10,376 $121,845 $109,809 $12,037

4A2 $136,064 $119,637 $16,428 $157,883 $148,325 $9,558 $116,721 $106,093 $10,628

4A3 $128,554 $115,487 $13,066 $159,872 $150,963 $8,910 $117,082 $107,020 $10,062

4B1 $149,780 $129,003 $20,777 $165,075 $154,680 $10,394 $121,441 $109,628 $11,813

4B2 $135,780 $119,471 $16,308 $157,744 $148,167 $9,577 $116,443 $105,912 $10,531

4B3 $128,272 $115,322 $12,950 $159,733 $150,805 $8,928 $116,805 $106,839 $9,966

4C1 $199,590 $143,698 $55,892 $295,197 $205,061 $90,136 $232,238 $138,367 $93,871

4C2 $192,663 $137,910 $54,753 $289,156 $199,043 $90,113 $231,004 $135,826 $95,179

4C3 $190,180 $136,575 $53,604 $291,485 $201,414 $90,071 $231,912 $136,271 $95,640

4D1 $153,802 $130,399 $23,402 $165,443 $154,963 $10,480 $121,695 $109,836 $11,859

4D2 $139,801 $120,867 $18,934 $158,119 $148,450 $9,669 $116,772 $106,121 $10,652

4D3 $132,293 $116,718 $15,575 $160,108 $151,095 $9,012 $117,135 $107,048 $10,087

Table 7-14: Annual Enthalpy Energy Cost Savings for High Schools ($/Year)


7-20


EnergyEnthapyEnergy

AnnualSavings

BaselineEnergy

EnthapyEnergy

AnnualSavings

BaselineEnergy

EnthapyEnergy

AnnualSavings

1A1 $1.25 $1.05 $0.20 $1.34 $1.25 $0.09 $1.00 $0.90 $0.11

1A2 $1.13 $0.99 $0.14 $1.28 $1.20 $0.08 $0.95 $0.87 $0.09

1A3 $1.06 $0.95 $0.11 $1.29 $1.22 $0.08 $0.95 $0.87 $0.08

1B1 $1.25 $1.05 $0.20 $1.34 $1.25 $0.09 $1.00 $0.90 $0.10

1B2 $1.12 $0.99 $0.14 $1.28 $1.19 $0.08 $0.95 $0.87 $0.08

1B3 $1.06 $0.95 $0.11 $1.29 $1.22 $0.08 $0.95 $0.87 $0.08

1C1 $1.61 $1.19 $0.42 $2.34 $1.68 $0.66 $1.81 $1.16 $0.65

1C2 $1.55 $1.15 $0.40 $2.29 $1.63 $0.65 $1.80 $1.14 $0.66

1C3 $1.52 $1.14 $0.38 $2.31 $1.65 $0.65 $1.81 $1.14 $0.67

1D1 $1.28 $1.06 $0.22 $1.34 $1.25 $0.09 $1.00 $0.90 $0.10

1D2 $1.15 $1.00 $0.16 $1.28 $1.20 $0.08 $0.95 $0.87 $0.09

1D3 $1.09 $0.96 $0.13 $1.30 $1.22 $0.08 $0.95 $0.87 $0.08

2A1 $1.27 $1.07 $0.20 $1.36 $1.26 $0.10 $1.02 $0.91 $0.11

2A2 $1.14 $1.00 $0.14 $1.30 $1.21 $0.08 $0.96 $0.88 $0.08

2A3 $1.07 $0.96 $0.11 $1.31 $1.23 $0.08 $0.97 $0.89 $0.08

2B1 $1.26 $1.07 $0.20 $1.36 $1.26 $0.09 $1.02 $0.91 $0.11

2B2 $1.13 $1.00 $0.14 $1.29 $1.21 $0.08 $0.96 $0.88 $0.08

2B3 $1.07 $0.96 $0.11 $1.31 $1.23 $0.08 $0.96 $0.88 $0.08

2C1 $1.60 $1.18 $0.42 $2.32 $1.66 $0.66 $1.79 $1.14 $0.64

2C2 $1.53 $1.14 $0.39 $2.26 $1.62 $0.64 $1.78 $1.12 $0.66

2C3 $1.51 $1.13 $0.38 $2.28 $1.64 $0.64 $1.79 $1.12 $0.66

2D1 $1.29 $1.08 $0.22 $1.36 $1.26 $0.10 $1.02 $0.91 $0.11

2D2 $1.16 $1.01 $0.15 $1.30 $1.21 $0.08 $0.96 $0.88 $0.08

2D3 $1.10 $0.97 $0.13 $1.31 $1.23 $0.08 $0.97 $0.89 $0.08

3A1 $1.20 $0.98 $0.22 $1.63 $1.33 $0.30 $1.17 $0.95 $0.22

3B1 $1.19 $0.97 $0.22 $1.63 $1.33 $0.30 $1.17 $0.95 $0.22

3C1 $1.58 $1.11 $0.48 $2.36 $1.62 $0.74 $1.87 $1.09 $0.78

3D1 $1.21 $0.98 $0.23 $1.63 $1.33 $0.30 $1.18 $0.95 $0.23

4A1 $1.25 $1.07 $0.17 $1.37 $1.28 $0.09 $1.01 $0.91 $0.10

4A2 $1.13 $0.99 $0.14 $1.31 $1.23 $0.08 $0.97 $0.88 $0.09

4A3 $1.07 $0.96 $0.11 $1.33 $1.25 $0.07 $0.97 $0.89 $0.08

4B1 $1.24 $1.07 $0.17 $1.37 $1.28 $0.09 $1.01 $0.91 $0.10

4B2 $1.13 $0.99 $0.14 $1.31 $1.23 $0.08 $0.97 $0.88 $0.09

4B3 $1.06 $0.96 $0.11 $1.33 $1.25 $0.07 $0.97 $0.89 $0.08

4C1 $1.66 $1.19 $0.46 $2.45 $1.70 $0.75 $1.93 $1.15 $0.78

4C2 $1.60 $1.14 $0.45 $2.40 $1.65 $0.75 $1.92 $1.13 $0.79

4C3 $1.58 $1.13 $0.44 $2.42 $1.67 $0.75 $1.92 $1.13 $0.79

4D1 $1.28 $1.08 $0.19 $1.37 $1.29 $0.09 $1.01 $0.91 $0.10

4D2 $1.16 $1.00 $0.16 $1.31 $1.23 $0.08 $0.97 $0.88 $0.09

4D3 $1.10 $0.97 $0.13 $1.33 $1.25 $0.07 $0.97 $0.89 $0.08

Table 7-15: Annual Enthalpy Energy Cost Savings for Elementary Schools ($/Ft2/Year)


7-21

$0

$10,000

$20,000

$30,000

$40,000

$50,000

$60,000

HVAC System Types

Figure 7-3: OSFC Elementary School Annual Site Cost Savings with Enthalpy Heat Recovery ($/Year)


Cincinnati $12,952 $2,994 $5,532 $12,962 $3,005 $5,541 $14,673 $10,166

Cleveland $3,467 $1,586 $1,789 $3,603 $1,724 $1,925 $20,633 $18,759

Columbus $5,978 $3,994 $3,065 $5,983 $3,998 $3,024 $15,001 $15,799

1A1 1A2 1A3 1B1 1B2 1B3 1C1 1C2


7-22

$0

$20,000

$40,000

$60,000

$80,000

$100,000

HVAC System Types

Figure 7-4: OSFC High School Annual Site Cost Savings with Enthalpy Heat Recovery ($/Year)


Cincinnati $23,684 $16,646 $13,213 $23,553 $16,515 $13,082 $50,496 $47,671

Cleveland $11,234 $9,935 $9,284 $11,204 $9,904 $9,253 $79,233 $78,609

Columbus $12,699 $10,319 $9,715 $12,451 $10,200 $9,595 $78,530 $79,655

1A1 1A2 1A3 1B1 1B2 1B3 1C1 1C2


7-23

In addition to net first costs, and differential annual energy costs, it is necessary to determinedifferential service and maintenance costs to estimate the cost effectiveness (i.e., differential life-cycle costs) of enthalpy heat recovery systems. Differential service, maintenance and repaircosts associated with reduced plant cooling and heating systems were determined on anannualized basis. Annual preventative maintenance costs for the enthalpy heat exchangers wereincluded in these costs. The methods used to determine these values can be found in Chapter 4.The combination of annualized energy savings and service, maintenance and repair savings forthe elementary and the high school are summarized in Tables 7-16 and 7-17. Columns 2-4 foreach of the tables summarize annual energy cost savings for the three cities described in detail inTables 7-12 and 7-14. Columns 5-7 of each table summarize differential service, maintenanceand replacement costs for each HVAC system in all three cities for both building types. The lastthree columns of each table summarize combined annual savings of energy and service,maintenance and replacement that can be used to offset differential first costs for enthalpy heatrecovery equipment.

Overall cost benefits of enthalpy heat recovery equipment were determined by computing bothnet present values (NPV) and paybacks (PB). In each case, the differential first cost of a givenoption was compared to differential energy savings as described earlier. NPV’s were calculatedby discounting 20 years of savings using a 6% hurdle rate.

Results are presented in Tables 7-18 and 7-19 for the elementary and high schools respectively.Examples of payback results (HVAC system options 1A1- 1C2) are shown in Figures 7-5 and 7-6 for the elementary and high school respectively; the balance of the system options can be foundin Appendix D.

For the elementary school, NPVs ranged from -$65,045 (Cleveland, 1A2) to $887,794(Columbus, 3C1) and paybacks ranged from nearly instantaneous (Columbus, 3C1) to 104.5years (Cleveland, 1A2). However, most of the paybacks were less than 25 years and over halfwere less than six years. Consistently, systems based on water-cooled screw chillers produce thepoorest NPVs and PBs. This is tied directly back to the smallest equipment size reduction forthese systems as shown in Table 7-4. For the high school, NPVs ranged from -$83,915(Cleveland, 4D3) to $1,166,479 (Columbus, 3C1) and paybacks ranged from nearlyinstantaneous (Columbus, 3C1) to 20.0 years (Cleveland, 1A2). In all cases the benefits wouldbe lower if only a portion of the building systems used enthalpy heat recovery. In addition, theresults are dependent on the interest rate and time intervals selected for the analyses.

Given school building lives are generally in excess of 20 years, it would appear that enthalpyheat recovery should be considered for all high school cases and a majority of elementary schoolcases.


7-24

E.S. - Energy Cost Savings E.S. - S & M Savings E.S. - Net Annual SavingsHVACSystemOption Cleveland Cincinnati Columbus Cleveland Cincinnati Columbus Cleveland Cincinnati Columbus

1A1 $3,467 $12,952 $5,978 $6,011 $5,379 $5,519 $9,478 $18,331 $11,497

1A2 $1,586 $2,994 $3,994 -$886 -$950 -$936 $699 $2,044 $3,058

1A3 $1,789 $5,532 $3,065 $425 $254 $292 $2,214 $5,786 $3,357

1B1 $3,603 $12,962 $5,983 $6,011 $5,379 $5,519 $9,614 $18,342 $11,502

1B2 $1,724 $3,005 $3,998 -$886 -$950 -$936 $837 $2,055 $3,062

1B3 $1,925 $5,541 $3,024 $425 $254 $292 $2,350 $5,795 $3,316

1C1 $20,633 $14,673 $15,001 $5,832 $5,215 $5,351 $26,464 $19,888 $20,352

1C2 $18,759 $10,166 $15,799 -$1,066 -$1,115 -$1,104 $17,693 $9,051 $14,695

1C3 $18,956 $12,347 $15,875 $246 $89 $124 $19,202 $12,436 $15,999

1D1 $3,663 $13,473 $5,987 $5,942 $5,316 $5,454 $9,605 $18,789 $11,441

1D2 $1,788 $3,516 $4,002 -$955 -$1,013 -$1,000 $833 $2,503 $3,002

1D3 $1,997 $6,052 $2,994 $356 $191 $227 $2,354 $6,242 $3,221

2A1 $4,069 $12,100 $5,600 $6,011 $5,379 $5,519 $10,080 $17,479 $11,119

2A2 $1,561 $3,030 $2,426 -$54 -$186 -$157 $1,507 $2,843 $2,268

2A3 $2,243 $5,357 $3,266 $425 $254 $292 $2,668 $5,611 $3,558

2B1 $4,200 $12,112 $5,613 $6,011 $5,379 $5,519 $10,211 $17,491 $11,132

2B2 $1,313 $3,042 $2,438 -$54 -$186 -$157 $1,258 $2,855 $2,281

2B3 $2,374 $5,369 $3,243 $425 $254 $292 $2,800 $5,623 $3,535

2C1 $20,631 $14,225 $14,919 $5,832 $5,215 $5,351 $26,462 $19,439 $20,270

2C2 $17,987 $10,002 $15,426 -$234 -$351 -$325 $17,753 $9,651 $15,101

2C3 $19,042 $12,515 $16,299 $246 $89 $124 $19,288 $12,604 $16,423

2D1 $4,244 $12,661 $5,605 $5,942 $5,316 $5,454 $10,186 $17,977 $11,059

2D2 $1,356 $3,591 $2,430 -$123 -$250 -$222 $1,233 $3,342 $2,208

2D3 $2,418 $5,919 $3,202 $356 $191 $227 $2,774 $6,109 $3,429

3A1 $23,458 $17,559 $17,531 $12,854 $11,659 $11,923 $36,313 $29,218 $29,454

3B1 $21,602 $17,526 $17,497 $12,854 $11,659 $11,923 $34,456 $29,185 $29,420

3C1 $56,896 $37,368 $61,604 $11,969 $10,846 $11,094 $68,864 $48,214 $72,698

3D1 $23,689 $18,456 $17,701 $12,165 $11,026 $11,278 $35,854 $29,482 $28,979

4A1 $8,964 $13,118 $7,504 $8,312 $7,490 $7,672 $17,275 $20,609 $15,176

4A2 $8,285 $6,591 $7,563 $1,414 $1,161 $1,217 $9,699 $7,752 $8,780

4A3 $8,577 $7,478 $7,533 $2,726 $2,365 $2,445 $11,302 $9,843 $9,978

4B1 $8,801 $12,993 $7,332 $8,312 $7,490 $7,672 $17,112 $20,483 $15,004

4B2 $7,573 $6,466 $7,203 $1,414 $1,161 $1,217 $8,987 $7,627 $8,420

4B3 $5,506 $7,353 $6,571 $2,726 $2,365 $2,445 $8,232 $9,718 $9,016

4C1 $56,088 $34,640 $60,728 $7,354 $6,612 $6,776 $63,442 $41,252 $67,504

4C2 $55,399 $34,085 $65,093 $456 $282 $321 $55,856 $34,368 $65,414

4C3 $55,690 $35,303 $66,387 $1,768 $1,486 $1,548 $57,459 $36,789 $67,935

4D1 $8,932 $14,227 $7,449 $7,507 $6,752 $6,919 $16,440 $20,979 $14,368

4D2 $8,245 $7,699 $7,538 $610 $423 $464 $8,855 $8,122 $8,002

4D3 $8,544 $8,587 $7,431 $1,921 $1,627 $1,692 $10,466 $10,213 $9,123

Table 7-16: Enthapy Heat Recovery Annualized Energy and Service, Maintenance andReplacement Cost Savings for Elementary School HVAC System Options


7-25

H.S. - Energy Cost Savings H.S. - S & M Savings H.S. - Net Annual SavingsHVACSystemOption Cleveland Cincinnati Columbus Cleveland Cincinnati Columbus Cleveland Cincinnati Columbus

1A1 $11,234 $23,684 $12,699 $8,583 $7,637 $7,846 $19,818 $31,321 $20,545

1A2 $9,935 $16,646 $10,319 $698 $402 $467 $10,633 $17,048 $10,787

1A3 $9,284 $13,213 $9,715 $1,384 $1,031 $1,109 $10,669 $14,244 $10,824

1B1 $11,204 $23,553 $12,451 $8,583 $7,637 $7,846 $19,788 $31,190 $20,298

1B2 $9,904 $16,515 $10,200 $698 $402 $467 $10,603 $16,917 $10,667

1B3 $9,253 $13,082 $9,595 $1,384 $1,031 $1,109 $10,637 $14,113 $10,704

1C1 $79,233 $50,496 $78,530 $7,783 $6,903 $7,098 $87,017 $57,399 $85,627

1C2 $78,609 $47,671 $79,655 -$102 -$332 -$281 $78,507 $47,339 $79,374

1C3 $78,591 $46,334 $80,248 $584 $297 $360 $79,175 $46,631 $80,609

1D1 $11,335 $25,961 $12,514 $8,009 $7,110 $7,309 $19,343 $33,071 $19,822

1D2 $10,042 $18,923 $10,336 $124 -$125 -$70 $10,166 $18,798 $10,265

1D3 $9,391 $15,490 $9,731 $810 $504 $571 $10,200 $15,994 $10,302

2A1 $11,493 $23,961 $13,505 $8,583 $7,637 $7,846 $20,076 $31,598 $21,352

2A2 $10,132 $16,443 $10,213 $698 $402 $467 $10,831 $16,845 $10,680

2A3 $9,470 $13,181 $9,868 $1,384 $1,031 $1,109 $10,854 $14,212 $10,978

2B1 $11,442 $23,818 $13,258 $8,583 $7,637 $7,846 $20,026 $31,455 $21,104

2B2 $10,081 $16,301 $10,078 $698 $402 $467 $10,780 $16,703 $10,545

2B3 $9,410 $13,038 $9,734 $1,384 $1,031 $1,109 $10,794 $14,069 $10,843

2C1 $78,949 $50,507 $77,598 $7,783 $6,903 $7,098 $86,733 $57,410 $84,696

2C2 $77,706 $47,228 $79,001 -$102 -$332 -$281 $77,605 $46,896 $78,719

2C3 $77,697 $45,918 $79,698 $584 $297 $360 $78,281 $46,215 $80,059

2D1 $11,584 $26,186 $13,333 $8,009 $7,110 $7,309 $19,593 $33,296 $20,642

2D2 $10,216 $18,669 $10,223 $124 -$125 -$70 $10,339 $18,543 $10,153

2D3 $9,573 $15,406 $9,879 $810 $504 $571 $10,383 $15,910 $10,450

3A1 $35,768 $26,430 $26,442 $15,733 $14,198 $14,537 $51,501 $40,628 $40,979

3B1 $35,836 $26,362 $26,290 $15,733 $14,198 $14,537 $51,569 $40,560 $40,827

3C1 $89,167 $57,420 $94,068 $14,522 $13,087 $13,404 $103,689 $70,507 $107,472

3D1 $36,095 $27,788 $27,719 $14,814 $13,354 $13,677 $50,909 $41,142 $41,395

4A1 $10,376 $20,896 $12,037 $8,583 $7,637 $7,846 $18,959 $28,534 $19,883

4A2 $9,558 $16,428 $10,628 $698 $402 $467 $10,257 $16,830 $11,096

4A3 $8,910 $13,066 $10,062 $1,384 $1,031 $1,109 $10,294 $14,098 $11,171

4B1 $10,394 $20,777 $11,813 $8,583 $7,637 $7,846 $18,978 $28,414 $19,659

4B2 $9,577 $16,308 $10,531 $698 $402 $467 $10,275 $16,710 $10,998

4B3 $8,928 $12,950 $9,966 $1,384 $1,031 $1,109 $10,312 $13,981 $11,075

4C1 $90,136 $55,892 $93,871 $7,783 $6,903 $7,098 $97,919 $62,795 $100,969

4C2 $90,113 $54,753 $95,179 -$102 -$332 -$281 $90,011 $54,421 $94,897

4C3 $90,071 $53,604 $95,640 $584 $297 $360 $90,656 $53,901 $96,001

4D1 $10,480 $23,402 $11,859 $8,009 $7,110 $7,309 $18,489 $30,512 $19,168

4D2 $9,669 $18,934 $10,652 $124 -$125 -$70 $9,793 $18,809 $10,582

4D3 $9,012 $15,575 $10,087 $810 $504 $571 $9,822 $16,079 $10,658

Table 7-17: Enthapy Heat Recovery Annualized Energy and Service, Maintenance andReplacement Cost Savings for High School HVAC System Options


7-26

E. S. School - Enthalpy-NPV E. S. School - Enthalpy-PBHVACSystemOption Cleveland Cincinnati Columbus Cleveland Cincinnati Columbus

1A1 $49,696 $156,109 $76,650 6.2 3.0 4.8

1A2 -$65,045 -$43,606 -$33,300 104.5 32.8 22.4

1A3 -$41,962 $4,548 -$24,535 30.4 10.7 18.8

1B1 $52,763 $157,603 $78,110 6.0 2.9 4.7

1B2 -$61,967 -$42,099 -$31,855 85.5 32.0 21.9

1B3 -$38,908 $6,028 -$23,603 28.0 10.4 18.6

1C1 $240,853 $170,586 $174,763 2.4 2.9 2.9

1C2 $126,191 $33,390 $96,729 4.3 7.8 4.9

1C3 $149,198 $77,447 $117,023 3.7 5.2 4.2

1D1 $51,248 $161,443 $76,087 6.1 2.9 4.8

1D2 -$63,421 -$38,260 -$33,864 87.6 26.8 22.8

1D3 -$40,274 $9,868 -$26,003 28.6 9.9 19.5

2A1 $56,603 $146,333 $72,311 5.9 3.1 5.0

2A2 -$41,509 -$21,336 -$28,999 39.0 19.0 24.3

2A3 -$36,753 $2,545 -$22,233 25.2 11.0 17.7

2B1 $59,606 $147,850 $73,859 5.6 3.0 4.8

2B2 -$42,859 -$19,819 -$27,451 45.5 18.4 23.5

2B3 -$33,750 $4,062 -$21,092 23.5 10.7 17.4

2C1 $240,827 $165,439 $173,823 2.4 3.0 2.9

2C2 $141,156 $53,367 $114,741 3.5 5.9 3.9

2C3 $150,187 $79,381 $121,886 3.7 5.2 4.0

2D1 $57,908 $152,132 $71,707 5.8 3.0 5.0

2D2 -$44,557 -$15,537 -$29,603 47.6 16.1 24.9

2D3 -$35,448 $8,345 -$23,622 24.2 10.1 18.4

3A1 $494,741 $406,919 $411,056 0.0 0.0 0.0

3B1 $477,473 $410,233 $414,426 0.0 0.0 0.0

3C1 $847,519 $605,913 $887,794 0.0 0.0 0.0

3D1 $490,387 $410,777 $406,446 0.0 0.0 0.0

4A1 $185,306 $224,596 $162,049 0.7 0.6 0.8

4A2 $84,351 $64,234 $75,537 2.8 3.2 2.9

4A3 $108,445 $93,455 $94,610 1.9 2.0 2.0

4B1 $187,457 $226,852 $163,839 0.5 0.4 0.6

4B2 $80,211 $66,491 $75,173 2.5 2.8 2.5

4B3 $77,254 $95,711 $87,343 2.1 1.6 1.8

4C1 $692,167 $440,572 $741,035 0.6 0.8 0.5

4C2 $591,096 $348,712 $703,908 0.9 1.3 0.7

4C3 $615,188 $381,727 $738,169 0.8 1.1 0.6

4D1 $176,770 $229,807 $153,765 0.7 0.5 0.8

4D2 $75,720 $69,445 $67,599 2.9 2.9 3.0

4D3 $99,899 $98,665 $85,792 1.9 1.8 2.1

Table 7-18: Enthalpy Heat Recovery NPVs and PBs for the Elementary School Cases


7-27

H. S. School - Enthalpy-NPV H. S. School - Enthalpy-PBHVACSystemOption Cleveland Cincinnati Columbus Cleveland Cincinnati Columbus

1A1 $40,330 $187,674 $60,670 9.4 5.5 8.5

1A2 -$64,727 $24,226 -$50,985 17.6 10.0 16.2

1A3 -$74,955 -$17,693 -$60,513 18.5 12.7 17.1

1B1 $45,452 $191,189 $62,950 9.2 5.3 8.4

1B2 -$59,610 $27,740 -$47,243 17.1 9.8 15.9

1B3 -$69,851 -$14,180 -$56,770 18.0 12.5 16.8

1C1 $792,836 $470,028 $790,071 2.4 3.3 2.2

1C2 $695,522 $354,905 $718,612 2.6 4.0 2.4

1C3 $692,551 $337,027 $722,828 2.7 4.2 2.5

1D1 $35,642 $208,438 $53,084 9.6 5.2 8.8

1D2 -$69,335 $44,989 -$56,263 18.3 9.1 17.0

1D3 -$79,576 $3,070 -$65,791 19.3 11.3 17.9

2A1 $43,295 $190,850 $69,925 9.3 5.4 8.2

2A2 -$62,462 $21,901 -$52,210 17.2 10.2 16.4

2A3 -$72,832 -$18,062 -$58,749 18.2 12.7 16.8

2B1 $48,183 $194,231 $72,200 9.1 5.3 8.0

2B2 -$57,580 $25,282 -$48,637 16.8 10.0 16.1

2B3 -$68,047 -$14,681 -$55,177 17.8 12.5 16.6

2C1 $789,579 $470,156 $779,388 2.4 3.3 2.3

2C2 $685,166 $349,821 $711,106 2.6 4.0 2.4

2C3 $682,292 $332,260 $716,515 2.8 4.3 2.5

2D1 $38,507 $211,019 $62,484 9.5 5.1 8.4

2D2 -$67,345 $42,070 -$57,555 18.0 9.2 17.1

2D3 -$77,482 $2,107 -$64,094 18.9 11.3 17.6

3A1 $547,936 $426,741 $429,988 0.8 1.0 1.0

3B1 $554,185 $430,983 $433,370 0.7 0.8 0.9

3C1 $1,118,548 $743,783 $1,166,479 0.7 0.9 0.6

3D1 $542,346 $433,744 $435,893 0.8 0.9 0.9

4A1 $30,484 $155,703 $53,079 9.9 6.0 8.8

4A2 -$69,049 $21,723 -$47,441 18.2 10.2 15.7

4A3 -$79,252 -$19,371 -$56,532 19.2 12.8 16.5

4B1 $36,165 $159,351 $55,631 9.6 5.9 8.6

4B2 -$63,369 $25,371 -$43,441 17.6 10.0 15.4

4B3 -$73,576 -$15,695 -$52,513 18.6 12.6 16.2

4C1 $912,750 $527,213 $961,230 2.1 3.1 1.9

4C2 $822,334 $431,419 $891,861 2.3 3.5 2.1

4C3 $819,093 $415,707 $894,565 2.4 3.8 2.2

4D1 $25,838 $179,090 $45,576 10.1 5.6 9.1

4D2 -$73,614 $45,111 -$52,636 19.0 9.1 16.4

4D3 -$83,915 $4,045 -$61,708 20.0 11.2 17.3

Table 7-19: Enthalpy Heat Recovery NPVs and PBs for the High School Cases


7-28

0

10

20

30

40

50

Years

HVAC System Types

Figure 7-5: OSFC Elementary School Paybacks with Enthalpy Heat Recovery (Years)


Cincinnati 3.0 32.8 10.7 2.9 32.0 10.4 2.9 7.8

Cleveland 6.2 104.5 30.4 6.0 85.5 28.0 2.4 4.3

Columbus 4.8 22.4 18.8 4.7 21.9 18.6 2.9 4.9

1A1 1A2 1A3 1B1 1B2 1B3 1C1 1C2


7-29

0

5

10

15

20

Years

HVAC System Types

Figure 7-6: OSFC High School Paybacks with Enthalpy Heat Recovery (Years)

(HVAC Systems 1A1- 1C2)

Cincinnati 5.5 10.0 12.7 5.3 9.8 12.5 3.3 4.0

Cleveland 9.4 17.6 18.5 9.2 17.1 18.0 2.4 2.6

Columbus 8.5 16.2 17.1 8.4 15.9 16.8 2.2 2.4

1A1 1A2 1A3 1B1 1B2 1B3 1C1 1C2


7-30

7.3 ENTHALPY HEAT RECOVERY - OBSERVATIONS

In reviewing the data presented in this chapter on the use of enthalpy heat exchangers, thefollowing observations were made:

• In general, the overall economics for use of enthalpy heat recovery appear to be quitepositive; the technology has maximum benefits for the all-electric cases.

• For the elementary school, NPVs ranged from -$65,045 (Cleveland, 1A2) to $887,794(Columbus, 3C1) and paybacks ranged from nearly instantaneous (Columbus, 3C1) to 104.5years (Cleveland, 1A2). However, over 75% of the cases have positive NPVs and paybacksof less than 11 years. Consistently, systems based on water-cooled screw chillers producethe poorest NPVs and PBs while all-electric systems produce the best NPVs and PBs.

• For the high school, NPVs ranged from -$83,915 (Cleveland, 4D3) to $1,166,479(Columbus, 3C1) and paybacks ranged from nearly instantaneous (Columbus, 3C1) to 20.0years (Cleveland, 1A2).

• Given building lives in excess of 20 years, it would appear that enthalpy heat recovery shouldbe considered in all high school cases and the majority of elementary school cases.


8-1

8.0 OCCUPANCY-BASED VENTILATION ANALYSES

Increasingly, there is interest in determining how changes to ventilation (or fresh air) flow ratesinto schools would impact HVAC costs. Revisions to the American Society of Heating,Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) Standard 62 regarding the amount ofventilation air to provide to building occupants and indoor spaces over the past 75 years reflectsthe on-going debate as to how much fresh air is enough. One of the issues affecting this debateis the cost of providing given amounts of fresh air to indoor spaces. During this work, the HAPbaseline work assumed 15 CFM/person of fresh air is provided to all spaces. In this Chapter, theenergy and cost impacts of less (10 vs 15 CFM/person) and more (20 vs 15 CFM/person)ventilation or fresh air to school spaces is summarized. The scope of this evaluation was all 40HVAC system options for a high school building located in Columbus, Ohio.

8.1 APPROACH TO OCCUPANCY-BASED VENTILATION (i.e., IAQ) ANALYSES


1. Re-run HAP 80 times (re-run 40 Columbus High School HVAC options for two differentventilation rates – 10 and 20 CFM/person in a single city – Columbus, OH).

2. Estimate differential life cycle costs for all 80 cases based re-sized equipment needsassociated with lower (10 CFM/person) or greater (20 CFM/person) ventilation air systems.The base system used 15 CFM/person. Develop incremental first equipment costs andannualized energy and service, maintenance and replacement costs to determine differentiallife-cycle costs for each of the 80 cases. Cost data were based on information obtained fromRS Means CostWorks 2000®.

3. Complete cost-benefit [Net Present Value (NPV) based on incremental first costs anddiscounted (6%) annualized savings or costs over a 20-year period. Note, paybacks were notcalculated for the IAQ cases since they are instantaneous for the 10 vs 15 CFM/person cases(less plant equipment used and lower annual energy and service, maintenance andreplacement costs) and are always significant for the 20 vs 15 CFM/person cases (more plantequipment and higher energy and service, maintenance and replacement costs).

4. Summarize NPV results and observations.

8.2 OCCUPANCY-BASED VENTILATION RESULTS

To complete this analysis, HAP was rerun assuming lower and higher ventilation air rates (10CFM per person and 20 CFM per person respectively. This provided changes in equipment sizesand energy consumption needed to maintain space comfort at different fresh air flowrates. Asummary of equipment size changes is presented in Tables 8-1, 8-2 and 8-3. Table 8-1summarizes cooling equipment sizes for 36 of the cases (all but heat pump cases), Table 8-2summarizes heating equipment sizes for the same 36 cases and Table 8-3 summarizes the fourheat pump cases.


8-2

HS Cooling Equipment (RT)HVACSystemOption

Cooling Plant

Base Case 10 CFM 20 CFM1A1 Air Cooled Screw Chiller 340 325 370

1A2 Water Cooled Screw Chiller 340 325 370

1A3 Water Cooled Centrifugal Chiller 340 325 400

1B1 Air Cooled Screw Chiller 340 325 370

1B2 Water Cooled Screw Chiller 340 325 370

1B3 Water Cooled Centrifugal Chiller 340 325 400

1C1 Air Cooled Screw Chiller 340 325 370

1C2 Water Cooled Screw Chiller 340 325 370

1C3 Water Cooled Centrifugal Chiller 340 325 400

1D1 Air Cooled Screw Chiller 340 325 370

1D2 Water Cooled Screw Chiller 340 325 370

1D3 Water Cooled Centrifugal Chiller 340 325 400

2A1 Air Cooled Screw Chiller 340 325 370












3A1 Water Source Heat Pump Multiple units Multiple units Multiple units

3B1 Water Source Heat Pump Multiple units Multiple units Multiple units

3C1 Water Source Heat Pump Multiple units Multiple units Multiple units

3D1 Water Source Heat Pump Multiple units Multiple units Multiple units

4A1 Air Cooled Screw Chiller 340 325 370












Table 8-1: Cooling Equipment Chiller Sizes (RT) for ThreeFresh Air Ventilation Rates (High School - Columbus, OH)


8-3

HS Cooling Equipment (MBTUH)HVACSystemOption

Heating Plant

Base Case 10 CFM 20 CFM1A1 NG Boiler - Atmospheric Burner 7,000 4,500 7,000

1A2 NG Boiler - Atmospheric Burner 7,000 4,500 7,000


1B1 NG Boiler - Power Burner 7,000 4,500 7,000



1C1 Electric Boiler 5,734 3,800 5,734



1D1 Oil Boiler - Power Burner 7,000 4,500 7,000































Table 8-2: Heating Equipment Boiler Sizes (MBTUH) for ThreeFresh Air Ventilation Rates (High School – Columbus, OH)


8-4

HS Base Case HS 10 CFM HS 20 CFMHeatPump

# CarrierModel #

(50HQ series)

CarrierModel #

(50HQ series)

CarrierModel #

(50HQ series

1 006 006 006

2 015 015 019

3 015 015 019

4 019 015 019

5 015 015 019

6 006 006 006

7 030 024 036

8 096 096 096

9 030 024 042

10 019 019 019

11 019 015 019

12 019 015 019

13 019 019 019

14 024 024 024

15 006 006 006

16 006 006 006

17 009 009 009

18 006 006 006

19 012 009 015

20 006 006 006

21 006 006 006

22 006 006 006

23 006 006 006

24 009 006 009

25 006 006 006

26 006 006 006

27 009 009 009

28 006 006 009

29 006 006 006

30 006 006 006

31 006 006 006

32 042 036 042

33 036 036 042

34 042 036 042

35 042 036 048

36 042 036 048

37 030 024 042

Table 8-3: Listing of Changes in Heat Pump ModelNumbers for the Four Heat Pump Cases


8-5


# CarrierModel #

(50HQ series)

CarrierModel #

(50HQ series)

CarrierModel #

(50HQ series

38 036 024 042

39 006 006 006

40 006 006 006

41 63 48 79

42 060 048 060

43 042 036 042

44 048 042 048

45 042 030 042

46 042 036 048

47 060 060 072

48 006 006 006

49 006 006 006

50 006 006 006

51 006 006 006

52 006 006 006

53 042 036 060

54 120 120 120

55 036 036 036

56 006 006 006

57 006 006 006

58 012 012 012

59 006 006 006

60 009 009 009

61 019 019 019

62 183 137 229

63 006 006 006

64 006 006 006

65 006 006 006

66 006 006 009

67 006 006 006

68 015 012 015

69 048 042 048

70 036 030 036

71 036 030 036

72 006 006 006

73 030 024 042

Table 8-3: Listing of Changes in Heat Pump ModelNumbers for the Four Heat Pump Cases – Continued


8-6


# CarrierModel #

(50HQ series)

CarrierModel #

(50HQ series)

CarrierModel #

(50HQ series

74 030 030 042

75 030 030 042

76 030 030 042

77 030 030 042

78 036 030 042

79 030 030 042

80 030 030 042

81 012 012 012

82 006 006 006

83 096 072 096

84 006 006 006

85 048 048 048

86 006 006 009

87 006 006 009

88 030 030 042

89 030 024 042

90 030 024 042

91 030 030 042

92 030 030 042

93 030 030 042

94 030 030 042

95 030 030 042

96 030 024 042

Table 8-3: Listing of Changes in Heat Pump ModelNumbers for the Four Heat Pump Cases - Continued


8-7


Energy20 CFMEnergy

IncreasedEnergy Use

BaselineEnergy

10 CFMEnergy

DecreasedEnergy Use

1A1 7,429 8,694 1,265 7,429 6,329 1,101

1A2 7,263 8,518 1,256 7,263 6,167 1,095

1A3 7,384 8,670 1,286 7,384 6,289 1,096

1B1 7,354 8,622 1,268 7,354 6,285 1,069

1B2 7,187 8,446 1,259 7,187 6,123 1,064

1B3 7,309 8,598 1,289 7,309 6,244 1,064

1C1 6,513 7,569 1,057 6,513 5,647 866

1C2 6,346 7,394 1,048 6,346 5,486 860

1C3 6,468 7,546 1,078 6,468 5,607 861

1D1 7,339 8,573 1,235 7,339 6,260 1,079

1D2 7,172 8,398 1,226 7,172 6,098 1,074

1D3 7,293 8,549 1,256 7,293 6,219 1,074

2A1 7,335 8,601 1,266 7,335 6,252 1,084

2A2 7,165 8,421 1,255 7,165 6,087 1,078

2A3 7,292 8,581 1,288 7,292 6,238 1,054

2B1 7,260 8,527 1,267 7,260 6,205 1,055

2B2 7,090 8,346 1,256 7,090 6,041 1,049

2B3 7,217 8,506 1,289 7,217 6,192 1,025

2C1 6,449 7,504 1,055 6,449 5,595 855

2C2 6,279 7,324 1,044 6,279 5,430 849

2C3 6,406 7,484 1,078 6,406 5,581 825

2D1 7,249 8,483 1,235 7,249 6,185 1,064

2D2 7,079 8,303 1,224 7,079 6,020 1,058

2D3 7,206 8,463 1,257 7,206 6,171 1,035

3A1 7,000 8,565 1,565 7,000 5,468 1,532

3B1 6,935 8,480 1,546 6,935 5,428 1,506

3C1 6,389 7,718 1,329 6,389 5,100 1,289

3D1 6,941 8,483 1,542 6,941 5,433 1,508

4A1 7,751 9,206 1,455 7,751 6,508 1,243

4A2 7,585 9,031 1,446 7,585 6,348 1,237

4A3 7,707 9,183 1,476 7,707 6,469 1,238

4B1 7,676 9,212 1,536 7,676 6,452 1,223

4B2 7,510 9,037 1,527 7,510 6,292 1,218

4B3 7,632 9,189 1,557 7,632 6,413 1,219

4C1 6,785 7,963 1,177 6,785 5,787 999

4C2 6,620 7,788 1,168 6,620 5,626 993

4C3 6,742 7,940 1,198 6,742 5,748 994

4D1 7,654 9,072 1,418 7,654 6,434 1,220

4D2 7,489 8,897 1,409 7,489 6,274 1,214

4D3 7,610 9,049 1,439 7,610 6,396 1,215

Table 8-4: Annual Site Energy Savings and Incremental Use for 15 vs 10and 15 vs 20 CFM/Person Ventilation Scenarios (MMBTUH/Year)


8-8


Energy20 CFMEnergy

IncreasedEnergy Use

BaselineEnergy

10 CFMEnergy

DecreasedEnergy Use

1A1 61.7 72.1 10.5 61.7 52.5 9.1

1A2 60.3 70.7 10.4 60.3 51.2 9.1

1A3 61.3 71.9 10.7 61.3 52.2 9.1

1B1 61.0 71.6 10.5 61.0 52.2 8.9

1B2 59.6 70.1 10.4 59.6 50.8 8.8

1B3 60.7 71.4 10.7 60.7 51.8 8.8

1C1 54.0 62.8 8.8 54.0 46.9 7.2

1C2 52.7 61.4 8.7 52.7 45.5 7.1

1C3 53.7 62.6 8.9 53.7 46.5 7.1

1D1 60.9 71.1 10.2 60.9 51.9 9.0

1D2 59.5 69.7 10.2 59.5 50.6 8.9

1D3 60.5 70.9 10.4 60.5 51.6 8.9

2A1 60.9 71.4 10.5 60.9 51.9 9.0

2A2 59.5 69.9 10.4 59.5 50.5 8.9

2A3 60.5 71.2 10.7 60.5 51.8 8.8

2B1 60.3 70.8 10.5 60.3 51.5 8.8

2B2 58.8 69.3 10.4 58.8 50.1 8.7

2B3 59.9 70.6 10.7 59.9 51.4 8.5

2C1 53.5 62.3 8.8 53.5 46.4 7.1

2C2 52.1 60.8 8.7 52.1 45.1 7.0

2C3 53.2 62.1 8.9 53.2 46.3 6.8

2D1 60.2 70.4 10.2 60.2 51.3 8.8

2D2 58.7 68.9 10.2 58.7 50.0 8.8

2D3 59.8 70.2 10.4 59.8 51.2 8.6

3A1 58.1 71.1 13.0 58.1 45.4 12.7

3B1 57.5 70.4 12.8 57.5 45.0 12.5

3C1 53.0 64.0 11.0 53.0 42.3 10.7

3D1 57.6 70.4 12.8 57.6 45.1 12.5

4A1 64.3 76.4 12.1 64.3 54.0 10.3

4A2 62.9 74.9 12.0 62.9 52.7 10.3

4A3 64.0 76.2 12.2 64.0 53.7 10.3

4B1 63.7 76.4 12.7 63.7 53.5 10.2

4B2 62.3 75.0 12.7 62.3 52.2 10.1

4B3 63.3 76.3 12.9 63.3 53.2 10.1

4C1 56.3 66.1 9.8 56.3 48.0 8.3

4C2 54.9 64.6 9.7 54.9 46.7 8.2

4C3 55.9 65.9 9.9 55.9 47.7 8.2

4D1 63.5 75.3 11.8 63.5 53.4 10.1

4D2 62.1 73.8 11.7 62.1 52.1 10.1

4D3 63.2 75.1 11.9 63.2 53.1 10.1

Table 8-5: Annual Site Energy Savings and Incremental Use for 15 vs 10and 15 vs 20 CFM/Person Ventilation Scenarios (MBTUH/Ft2/Year)


8-9

For the 10 CFM/person case, most cooling systems were 15 RT smaller than for the base caseand for the 20 CFM/person case, the cooling systems were generally 30 to 60 RT larger than forthe base case. Similarly, for heating, the 10 CFM/person case, the heating systems were 1,534to 2,500 MBTU smaller than the base case and for the 20 CFM/person case, the heating systemswere 0 to 1,500 larger than for the base case. The heat pump data are Carrier equipmentnumbers; a “006” model number implies a 0.5 RT unit, a “012” model number implies a 1-RTunit. Total tonnage for the heat pump cases is provided later during the first cost discussion.

Annual reduced site energy consumption for the 10 CFM/person cases and increased site energyconsumption for the 20 CFM/person cases are summarized in Table 8-4 (MMBTUH/Year) andTable 8-5 (MBTUH/Ft2/Year). For the 10 CFM/person case, Figure 8-1 summarizes energysavings for the first eight HVAC options (1A1 to 1C2). For the 20 CFM/person case, Figure 8-2summarizes energy costs for the first eight HVAC options (1A1 to 1C2). Plots of all the datacontained in Table 8-4 are contained in Appendix E. In comparing the 10 vs 15 CFM/personcases, annual energy savings ranged a low of 825 million BTUH per year (2C3) to a high of1,532 million BTUH per year (3A1). On a per square foot basis, this ranged from a low of 6.8thousand BTUH per square foot per year (2C3) to a high of 12.7 thousand BTUH per square footper year (3A1). In comparing the 20 vs 15 CFM/person cases, annual site energy increased froma low of 1,048 million BTUH per year (1C2) to a high of 1,565 per year (3A1). On a per squarefoot basis, this ranged from a low of 8.7 thousand BTUH per square foot per year (1C2) to a highof 13.0 BTUH per square foot per year (3A1).


8-10

0

2,500

5,000

7,500

10,000

HVAC System Types

Figure 8-1: OSFC Columbus High School Annual Site Energy Use for 15 vs 10 SCFM/Person (MMBTU/Year)


Baseline 7,429 7,263 7,384 7,354 7,187 7,309 6,513 6,346

10 CFM 6,329 6,167 6,289 6,285 6,123 6,244 5,647 5,486

Savings 1,101 1,095 1,096 1,069 1,064 1,064 866 860

1A1 1A2 1A3 1B1 1B2 1B3 1C1 1C2


8-11

0

2,500

5,000

7,500

10,000

HVAC System Types

Figure 8-2: OSFC Columbus High School Annual Site Energy Use for 15 vs 20 SCFM/Person (MMBTU/Year)


Baseline 7,429 7,263 7,384 7,354 7,187 7,309 6,513 6,346

20 CFM 8,694 8,518 8,670 8,622 8,446 8,598 7,569 7,394

Costs 1,265 1,256 1,286 1,268 1,259 1,289 1,057 1,048

1A1 1A2 1A3 1B1 1B2 1B3 1C1 1C2


8-12

Annual energy savings for the 10 CFM/person cases and costs for the 20 CFM/person cases aresummarized in Table 8-6 ($/Year) and Table 8-7 ($/Ft2/Year). For the 10 CFM/person case,Figure 8-3 summarizes energy savings for the first eight HVAC options (1A1 to 1C2). For the20 CFM/person case, Figure 8-4 summarizes energy costs for the first eight HVAC options (1A1to 1C2). Plots of all the data contained in Table 8-6 are contained in Appendix E. In comparingthe 10 vs 15 CFM/person cases, annual energy savings ranged a low of $7,627 per year (2B3) toa high of $55,022 per year (3C1). On a per square foot basis, this ranged from a low of $0.06 persquare foot per year (2B3) to a high of $0.46 per square foot per year (3C1). In comparing the20 vs 15 CFM/person cases, annual energy costs ranged a low of $10,186 per year (1D2) to ahigh of $54,740 per year (3C1). On a per square foot basis, this ranged from a low of $0.08 persquare foot per year (1D2) to a high of $0.46 per square foot per year (3C1).

In all cases, the maximum savings (10 CFM/person cases), or maximum increased (20CFM/person cases) annual energy costs are associated with the all electric HVAC systemoptions. This is primarily related to reduced or increased electric demand charges associatedwith smaller or larger plant equipment requirements tied to the treatment of less or more freshair. In addition, the HVAC system options with water-based chiller plants tended to have theleast amount of savings or lowest increased annual energy costs of all the options evaluated.


8-13


Energy20 CFMEnergy

AnnualCost

BaselineEnergy

10 CFMEnergy

AnnualSavings

1A1 $120,884 $132,481 $11,596 $120,884 $111,278 $9,607

1A2 $114,784 $125,069 $10,285 $114,784 $106,047 $8,737

1A3 $114,999 $125,692 $10,694 $114,999 $106,512 $8,487

1B1 $120,476 $132,085 $11,609 $120,476 $111,039 $9,437

1B2 $114,503 $124,758 $10,254 $114,503 $105,939 $8,564

1B3 $114,718 $125,433 $10,716 $114,718 $106,404 $8,313

1C1 $218,221 $260,695 $42,474 $218,221 $183,903 $34,318

1C2 $216,979 $259,386 $42,407 $216,979 $182,701 $34,278

1C3 $217,885 $260,516 $42,631 $217,885 $183,604 $34,281

1D1 $120,742 $132,263 $11,521 $120,742 $111,165 $9,578

1D2 $114,844 $125,029 $10,186 $114,844 $106,153 $8,690

1D3 $115,058 $125,705 $10,647 $115,058 $106,618 $8,440

2A1 $123,030 $134,558 $11,528 $123,030 $113,505 $9,525

2A2 $116,193 $126,977 $10,783 $116,193 $107,593 $8,600

2A3 $116,542 $127,305 $10,763 $116,542 $108,747 $7,794

2B1 $122,620 $134,149 $11,530 $122,620 $113,254 $9,366

2B2 $115,896 $126,568 $10,671 $115,896 $107,463 $8,433

2B3 $116,244 $127,026 $10,781 $116,244 $108,618 $7,627

2C1 $215,423 $257,808 $42,385 $215,423 $180,980 $34,442

2C2 $214,157 $256,462 $42,305 $214,157 $179,756 $34,401

2C3 $215,102 $257,655 $42,552 $215,102 $180,879 $34,224

2D1 $122,894 $134,342 $11,448 $122,894 $113,393 $9,501

2D2 $116,240 $126,760 $10,520 $116,240 $107,686 $8,554

2D3 $116,588 $127,308 $10,720 $116,588 $108,840 $7,748

3A1 $140,739 $162,321 $21,582 $140,739 $119,909 $20,830

3B1 $140,477 $161,989 $21,512 $140,477 $119,774 $20,703

3C1 $225,636 $280,375 $54,740 $225,636 $170,614 $55,022

3D1 $142,002 $162,405 $20,403 $142,002 $119,983 $22,018

4A1 $121,845 $136,059 $14,214 $121,845 $111,621 $10,224

4A2 $116,721 $128,676 $11,955 $116,721 $107,134 $9,587

4A3 $117,082 $129,316 $12,234 $117,082 $107,713 $9,369

4B1 $121,441 $136,106 $14,665 $121,441 $111,342 $10,099

4B2 $116,443 $128,780 $12,338 $116,443 $106,939 $9,504

4B3 $116,805 $129,486 $12,681 $116,805 $107,518 $9,288

4C1 $232,238 $273,416 $41,178 $232,238 $187,508 $44,730

4C2 $231,004 $272,116 $41,111 $231,004 $186,315 $44,689

4C3 $231,912 $273,248 $41,336 $231,912 $187,218 $44,693

4D1 $121,695 $135,800 $14,105 $121,695 $111,552 $10,143

4D2 $116,772 $128,512 $11,740 $116,772 $107,191 $9,581

4D3 $117,135 $129,263 $12,128 $117,135 $107,770 $9,365

Table 8-6: Annual Site Energy Savings and Incremental Costs for 15 vs 10and 15 vs 20 CFM/Person Ventilation Scenarios ($/Year)


8-14


Energy20 CFMEnergy

AnnualCost

BaselineEnergy

10 CFMEnergy

AnnualSavings

1A1 $1.00 $1.10 $0.10 $1.00 $0.92 $0.08

1A2 $0.95 $1.04 $0.09 $0.95 $0.88 $0.07

1A3 $0.95 $1.04 $0.09 $0.95 $0.88 $0.07

1B1 $1.00 $1.10 $0.10 $1.00 $0.92 $0.08

1B2 $0.95 $1.04 $0.09 $0.95 $0.88 $0.07

1B3 $0.95 $1.04 $0.09 $0.95 $0.88 $0.07

1C1 $1.81 $2.16 $0.35 $1.81 $1.53 $0.28

1C2 $1.80 $2.15 $0.35 $1.80 $1.52 $0.28

1C3 $1.81 $2.16 $0.35 $1.81 $1.52 $0.28

1D1 $1.00 $1.10 $0.10 $1.00 $0.92 $0.08

1D2 $0.95 $1.04 $0.08 $0.95 $0.88 $0.07

1D3 $0.95 $1.04 $0.09 $0.95 $0.88 $0.07

2A1 $1.02 $1.12 $0.10 $1.02 $0.94 $0.08

2A2 $0.96 $1.05 $0.09 $0.96 $0.89 $0.07

2A3 $0.97 $1.06 $0.09 $0.97 $0.90 $0.06

2B1 $1.02 $1.11 $0.10 $1.02 $0.94 $0.08

2B2 $0.96 $1.05 $0.09 $0.96 $0.89 $0.07

2B3 $0.96 $1.05 $0.09 $0.96 $0.90 $0.06

2C1 $1.79 $2.14 $0.35 $1.79 $1.50 $0.29

2C2 $1.78 $2.13 $0.35 $1.78 $1.49 $0.29

2C3 $1.79 $2.14 $0.35 $1.79 $1.50 $0.28

2D1 $1.02 $1.11 $0.10 $1.02 $0.94 $0.08

2D2 $0.96 $1.05 $0.09 $0.96 $0.89 $0.07

2D3 $0.97 $1.06 $0.09 $0.97 $0.90 $0.06

3A1 $1.17 $1.35 $0.18 $1.17 $1.00 $0.17

3B1 $1.17 $1.34 $0.18 $1.17 $0.99 $0.17

3C1 $1.87 $2.33 $0.45 $1.87 $1.42 $0.46

3D1 $1.18 $1.35 $0.17 $1.18 $1.00 $0.18

4A1 $1.01 $1.13 $0.12 $1.01 $0.93 $0.08

4A2 $0.97 $1.07 $0.10 $0.97 $0.89 $0.08

4A3 $0.97 $1.07 $0.10 $0.97 $0.89 $0.08

4B1 $1.01 $1.13 $0.12 $1.01 $0.92 $0.08

4B2 $0.97 $1.07 $0.10 $0.97 $0.89 $0.08

4B3 $0.97 $1.07 $0.11 $0.97 $0.89 $0.08

4C1 $1.93 $2.27 $0.34 $1.93 $1.56 $0.37

4C2 $1.92 $2.26 $0.34 $1.92 $1.55 $0.37

4C3 $1.92 $2.27 $0.34 $1.92 $1.55 $0.37

4D1 $1.01 $1.13 $0.12 $1.01 $0.93 $0.08

4D2 $0.97 $1.07 $0.10 $0.97 $0.89 $0.08

4D3 $0.97 $1.07 $0.10 $0.97 $0.89 $0.08

Table 8-7 Annual Energy Savings and Incremental Costs for 15 vs 10and 15 vs 20 CFM/Person Ventilation Scenarios ($/Ft2/Year)


8-15

$0

$50,000

$100,000

$150,000

$200,000

$250,000

HVAC System Types

Figure 8-3: OSFC Columbus High School Annual Site Energy Savings for 15 vs 10 SCFM/Person (MBTU/Year)


Baseline $120,884 $114,784 $114,999 $120,476 $114,503 $114,718 $218,221 $216,979

10 CFM $111,278 $106,047 $106,512 $111,039 $105,939 $106,404 $183,903 $182,701

Savings $9,607 $8,737 $8,487 $9,437 $8,564 $8,313 $34,318 $34,278

1A1 1A2 1A3 1B1 1B2 1B3 1C1 1C2


8-16

$0

$50,000

$100,000

$150,000

$200,000

$250,000

$300,000

HVAC System Types

Figure 8-4: OSFC Columbus High School Annual Site Energy Cost for 15 vs 20 SCFM/Person (MBTU/Year)


Baseline $120,884 $114,784 $114,999 $120,476 $114,503 $114,718 $218,221 $216,979

20 CFM $132,481 $125,069 $125,692 $132,085 $124,758 $125,433 $260,695 $259,386

Costs $11,596 $10,285 $10,694 $11,609 $10,254 $10,716 $42,474 $42,407

1A1 1A2 1A3 1B1 1B2 1B3 1C1 1C2


8-17

Incremental equipment first costs were calculated by subtracting or adding the cost of coolingand heating plant costs from either the 10 CFM/person, or the 20 CFM/person HVAC systemoptions from their equivalent baseline plant costs presented initially in Chapter 3. It wasassumed that ductwork and terminal unit costs would remain constant over the range of sizechanges considered.

Reduced first costs for the 10 CFM/person cases and increased first costs for the 20 CFM/personcases are summarized in Table 8-6. For the 10 CFM/person cases, reduced costs ranged from alow of $21,361 (4C1) to a high of $106,530 (3D1) and for the 20 CFM/person cases, increasedcosts ranged from a low of $13,236 (multiple cases) to a high of $113,496 (3D1). Table 8-7displays this same information on a 1 ft.2/year basis.

Table 8-8 summarizes differential HVAC system option first costs. They were derived fromcooling, heating and heat pump differential costs. Plant first cost differences for the coolingportion of the plant, the heating portion of the plant and the heat pumps are shown in Tables 8-9,8-10 and 8-11 respectively. Note that summary data contained in Table 8-8 includes the RSMeans CostWorks 2000® City Index correction factor for Columbus, Ohio of 0.977 whereas thedata contained in Tables 8-9, 8-10 and 8-11 do not. Thus, to obtain the total differential cost fora given HVAC system option, one must add up the cooling and heating differential costs andthen multiply this total by the city correction factor.

Table 8-11 provides details on the build-up of differential first costs for the cooling portion of thefour heat pump HVAC system options contained in Table 8-8. For all 96 zones, the heat pumpswere sized, costed and compared for the baseline cases, the 10 CFM/person cases and the 20CFM/person cases. Costing included cooling tower costs as indicated at the bottom of the table.The total heat pump plant capacity for the baseline case was 423 RT. For the 10 CFM/personcase, the total capacity dropped to 362 RT whereas for the 20 CFM/person case, the totalcapacity increased to 485 RT.


8-18

High SchoolHVACSystemOption

Air System

Base 10 CFM 20 CFM1A1 VAV with Reheat $0 -$40,373 $13,236

1A2 VAV with Reheat $0 -$40,435 $13,360

1A3 VAV with Reheat $0 -$40,878 $28,494

1B1 VAV with Reheat $0 -$40,373 $13,236

1B2 VAV with Reheat $0 -$40,435 $13,360

1B3 VAV with Reheat $0 -$40,878 $28,494

1C1 VAV with Reheat $0 -$25,205 $13,236

1C2 VAV with Reheat $0 -$25,267 $13,360

1C3 VAV with Reheat $0 -$25,710 $28,494

1D1 VAV with Reheat $0 -$41,076 $13,236

1D2 VAV with Reheat $0 -$41,138 $13,360

1D3 VAV with Reheat $0 -$41,581 $28,494

2A1 Series Fan Powered VAV Box $0 -$40,373 $13,236



2B1 Series Fan Powered VAV Box $0 -$40,373 $13,236



2C1 Series Fan Powered VAV Box $0 -$25,205 $13,236



2D1 Series Fan Powered VAV Box $0 -$41,076 $13,236



3A1 Water Source Heat Pump $0 -$105,967 $113,074

3B1 Water Source Heat Pump $0 -$105,967 $113,074

3C1 Water Source Heat Pump $0 -$95,301 $103,393

3D1 Water Source Heat Pump $0 -$106,530 $113,496

4A1 Dual Duct VAV $0 -$33,622 $33,489

4A2 Dual Duct VAV $0 -$33,684 $33,613

4A3 Dual Duct VAV $0 -$34,127 $48,747

4B1 Dual Duct VAV $0 -$33,622 $33,489

4B2 Dual Duct VAV $0 -$33,684 $33,613

4B3 Dual Duct VAV $0 -$34,127 $48,747

4C1 Dual Duct VAV $0 -$21,361 $25,403

4C2 Dual Duct VAV $0 -$21,423 $25,527

4C3 Dual Duct VAV $0 -$21,866 $40,661

4D1 Dual Duct VAV $0 -$34,184 $33,911

4D2 Dual Duct VAV $0 -$34,246 $34,035

4D3 Dual Duct VAV $0 -$34,690 $49,169

Table: 8-8 Total Differential First Costs for HVAC System Options for Both the 10 andthe 20 CFM/Person Cases - Columbus H. S. w/ City Index Correction


8-19

HS Cooling Equipment ($)HVACSystemOption

Cooling Plant

Base 10 CFM 20 CFM1A1 Air Cooled Screw Chiller $163,622 $156,848 $177,170

1A2 Water Cooled Screw Chiller $230,253 $223,416 $243,928

1A3 Water Cooled Centrifugal Chiller $246,562 $239,271 $275,727

1B1 Air Cooled Screw Chiller $163,622 $156,848 $177,170

1B2 Water Cooled Screw Chiller $230,253 $223,416 $243,928

1B3 Water Cooled Centrifugal Chiller $246,562 $239,271 $275,727

1C1 Air Cooled Screw Chiller $163,622 $156,848 $177,170

1C2 Water Cooled Screw Chiller $230,253 $223,416 $243,928

1C3 Water Cooled Centrifugal Chiller $246,562 $239,271 $275,727

1D1 Air Cooled Screw Chiller $163,622 $156,848 $177,170

1D2 Water Cooled Screw Chiller $230,253 $223,416 $243,928

1D3 Water Cooled Centrifugal Chiller $246,562 $239,271 $275,727

2A1 Air Cooled Screw Chiller $163,622 $156,848 $177,170












3A1 Water Source Heat Pump $800,664 $719,842 $895,670

3B1 Water Source Heat Pump $800,664 $719,842 $895,670

3C1 Water Source Heat Pump $800,664 $719,842 $895,670

3D1 Water Source Heat Pump $800,664 $719,842 $895,670













Table 8-9: Cooling Plant First Costs for HVAC System Options for the Base Case, 10and the 20 CFM/Person Cases - Columbus H.S. w/City Index Correction


8-20

HS Heating Equipment ($)HVACSystemOption

Heating Plant

Base 10 CFM 20 CFM1A1 NG Boiler - Atmospheric Burner $104,728 $70,178 $104,728

1A2 NG Boiler - Atmospheric Burner $104,728 $70,178 $104,728


1B1 NG Boiler - Power Burner $104,728 $70,178 $104,728



1C1 Electric Boiler $71,507 $52,482 $71,507



1D1 Oil Boiler - Power Burner $127,814 $92,545 $127,814































Table 8-10: Heating Plant First Costs for HVAC System Options for the Base Case, 10and the 20 CFM/Person Cases – Columbus H.S. w/City Index Correction


8-21

HS Base Case HS 10 CFM HS 20 CFM Equipment Cost Differential from BaseHeatPump

# CarrierModel #

(50HQ series)

CarrierModel #

(50HQ series)

CarrierModel #

(50HQ series

Base Case 10 CFM 20 CFM 10 CFM 20 CFM

1 006 006 006 $3,552 $3,552 $3,552 $0 $0

2 015 015 019 $4,802 $4,802 $5,357 $0 $555

3 015 015 019 $4,802 $4,802 $5,357 $0 $555

4 019 015 019 $5,357 $4,802 $5,357 -$555 $0

5 015 015 019 $4,802 $4,802 $5,357 $0 $555

6 006 006 006 $3,552 $3,552 $3,552 $0 $0

7 030 024 036 $6,885 $6,052 $7,718 -$833 $833

8 096 096 096 $16,049 $16,049 $16,049 $0 $0

9 030 024 042 $6,885 $6,052 $8,551 -$833 $1,666

10 019 019 019 $5,357 $5,357 $5,357 $0 $0

11 019 015 019 $5,357 $4,802 $5,357 -$555 $0

12 019 015 019 $5,357 $4,802 $5,357 -$555 $0

13 019 019 019 $5,357 $5,357 $5,357 $0 $0

14 024 024 024 $6,052 $6,052 $6,052 $0 $0

15 006 006 006 $3,552 $3,552 $3,552 $0 $0

16 006 006 006 $3,552 $3,552 $3,552 $0 $0

17 009 009 009 $3,969 $3,969 $3,969 $0 $0

18 006 006 006 $3,552 $3,552 $3,552 $0 $0

19 012 009 015 $4,385 $3,969 $4,802 -$417 $417

20 006 006 006 $3,552 $3,552 $3,552 $0 $0

21 006 006 006 $3,552 $3,552 $3,552 $0 $0

22 006 006 006 $3,552 $3,552 $3,552 $0 $0

23 006 006 006 $3,552 $3,552 $3,552 $0 $0

24 009 006 009 $3,969 $3,552 $3,969 -$417 $0

25 006 006 006 $3,552 $3,552 $3,552 $0 $0

26 006 006 006 $3,552 $3,552 $3,552 $0 $0

27 009 009 009 $3,969 $3,969 $3,969 $0 $0

28 006 006 009 $3,552 $3,552 $3,969 $0 $417

29 006 006 006 $3,552 $3,552 $3,552 $0 $0

30 006 006 006 $3,552 $3,552 $3,552 $0 $0

31 006 006 006 $3,552 $3,552 $3,552 $0 $0

32 042 036 042 $8,551 $7,718 $8,551 -$833 $0

33 036 036 042 $7,718 $7,718 $8,551 $0 $833

34 042 036 042 $8,551 $7,718 $8,551 -$833 $0

35 042 036 048 $8,551 $7,718 $9,384 -$833 $833

36 042 036 048 $8,551 $7,718 $9,384 -$833 $833

37 030 024 042 $6,885 $6,052 $8,551 -$833 $1,666

Table 8-11: Heat Pump Plant First Costs for HVAC System Options for the Base Case,10 and the 20 CFM/Person Cases


8-22


# CarrierModel #

(50HQ series)

CarrierModel #

(50HQ series)

CarrierModel #

(50HQ series

BaseCase

10CFM

20CFM

10CFM

20CFM

38 036 024 042 $7,718 $6,052 $8,551 -$1,666 $833

39 006 006 006 $3,552 $3,552 $3,552 $0 $0

40 006 006 006 $3,552 $3,552 $3,552 $0 $0

41 63 48 79 $47,032 $36,506 $58,260 -$10,526 $11,228

42 060 048 060 $11,051 $9,384 $11,051 -$1,666 $0

43 042 036 042 $8,551 $7,718 $8,551 -$833 $0

44 048 042 048 $9,384 $8,551 $9,384 -$833 $0

45 042 030 042 $8,551 $6,885 $8,551 -$1,666 $0

46 042 036 048 $8,551 $7,718 $9,384 -$833 $833

47 060 060 072 $11,051 $11,051 $11,051 $0 $0

48 006 006 006 $3,552 $3,552 $3,552 $0 $0

49 006 006 006 $3,552 $3,552 $3,552 $0 $0

50 006 006 006 $3,552 $3,552 $3,552 $0 $0

51 006 006 006 $3,552 $3,552 $3,552 $0 $0

52 006 006 006 $3,552 $3,552 $3,552 $0 $0

53 042 036 060 $8,551 $7,718 $11,051 -$833 $2,499

54 120 120 120 $19,382 $19,382 $19,382 $0 $0

55 036 036 036 $7,718 $7,718 $7,718 $0 $0

56 006 006 006 $3,552 $3,552 $3,552 $0 $0

57 006 006 006 $3,552 $3,552 $3,552 $0 $0

58 012 012 012 $4,385 $4,385 $4,385 $0 $0

59 006 006 006 $3,552 $3,552 $3,552 $0 $0

60 009 009 009 $3,969 $3,969 $3,969 $0 $0

61 019 019 019 $5,357 $5,357 $5,357 $0 $0

62 183 137 229 $131,242 $98,962 $163,523 -$32,281 $32,281

63 006 006 006 $3,552 $3,552 $3,552 $0 $0

64 006 006 006 $3,552 $3,552 $3,552 $0 $0

65 006 006 006 $3,552 $3,552 $3,552 $0 $0

66 006 006 009 $3,552 $3,552 $3,969 $0 $417

67 006 006 006 $3,552 $3,552 $3,552 $0 $0

68 015 012 015 $4,802 $4,385 $4,802 -$417 $0

69 048 042 048 $9,384 $8,551 $9,384 -$833 $0

70 036 030 036 $7,718 $6,885 $7,718 -$833 $0

71 036 030 036 $7,718 $6,885 $7,718 -$833 $0

72 006 006 006 $3,552 $3,552 $3,552 $0 $0

73 030 024 042 $6,885 $6,052 $8,551 -$833 $1,666

74 030 030 042 $6,885 $6,885 $8,551 $0 $1,666

Table 8-11: Heat Pump Plant First Costs for HVAC System Options for the Base Case,10 and the 20 CFM/Person Cases – Continued


8-23


# CarrierModel #

(50HQ series)

CarrierModel #

(50HQ series)

CarrierModel #

(50HQ series

BaseCase

10CFM

20CFM

10CFM

20CFM

75 030 030 042 $6,885 $6,885 $8,551 $0 $1,666

76 030 030 042 $6,885 $6,885 $8,551 $0 $1,666

77 030 030 042 $6,885 $6,885 $8,551 $0 $1,666

78 036 030 042 $7,718 $6,885 $8,551 -$833 $833

79 030 030 042 $6,885 $6,885 $8,551 $0 $1,666

80 030 030 042 $6,885 $6,885 $8,551 $0 $1,666

81 012 012 012 $4,385 $4,385 $4,385 $0 $0

82 006 006 006 $3,552 $3,552 $3,552 $0 $0

83 096 072 096 $16,049 $11,051 $16,049 -$4,999 $0

84 006 006 006 $3,552 $3,552 $3,552 $0 $0

85 048 048 048 $9,384 $9,384 $9,384 $0 $0

86 006 006 009 $3,552 $3,552 $3,969 $0 $417

87 006 006 009 $3,552 $3,552 $3,969 $0 $417

88 030 030 042 $6,885 $6,885 $8,551 $0 $1,666

89 030 024 042 $6,885 $6,052 $8,551 -$833 $1,666

90 030 024 042 $6,885 $6,052 $8,551 -$833 $1,666

91 030 030 042 $6,885 $6,885 $8,551 $0 $1,666

92 030 030 042 $6,885 $6,885 $8,551 $0 $1,666

93 030 030 042 $6,885 $6,885 $8,551 $0 $1,666

94 030 030 042 $6,885 $6,885 $8,551 $0 $1,666

95 030 030 042 $6,885 $6,885 $8,551 $0 $1,666

96 030 024 042 $6,885 $6,052 $8,551 -$833 $1,666

Cooling Tower $64,357 $55,085 $73,781 -$9,272 $9,424

TOTALS $800,664 $719,842 $895,670 -$80,822 $95,006

Total RT 423 362 485

Table 8-11: Heat Pump Plant First Costs for HVAC System Options for the Base Case,10 and the 20 CFM/Person Cases - Continued

Incremental service, maintenance and repair costs were calculated similarly to differential firstequipment costs. Incremental values were determined by subtracting the annualized service,maintenance and repair costs of cooling and heating plant costs from either the 10 CFM/person,or the 20 CFM/person HVAC system options from their equivalent baseline plant service andmaintenance costs presented earlier in Chapter 4. Again, it was assumed that differentialductwork and terminal unit service, maintenance and repair costs would remain constant over therange of size changes considered.


8-24

Reduced annual service, maintenance and repair costs for the 10 CFM/person cases andincreased annual service, maintenance and repair costs for the 20 CFM/person cases aresummarized in Table 8-12. For the 10 CFM/person cases, reduced annual costs ranged from alow of $1,215 (4C2) to a high of $9,519 (3A1 and 3B1) and for the 20 CFM/person cases,increased annual costs ranged from a low of $779 (multiple cases) to a high of $10,093 (3A1 and3B1).

Table 8-12 was derived from cooling, heating and heat pump differential annual/servicemaintenance and repair costs. Service, maintenance and repair cost differences for the coolingportion of the plant, the heating portion of the plant and the heat pumps are shown in Tables 8-13, 8-14 and 8-15 respectively. Note that summary data contained in Table 8-12 includes the RSMeans CostWorks 2000® City Index correction factor for Columbus, Ohio of 0.977 whereas thedata contained in Tables 8-13, 8-14 and 8-15 do not.


8-25

High SchoolHVACSystemOption

Air System

Base 10 CFM 20 CFM1A1 VAV with Reheat $0 -$3,774 $4,184

1A2 VAV with Reheat $0 -$2,071 $779

1A3 VAV with Reheat $0 -$2,555 $3,493

1B1 VAV with Reheat $0 -$3,774 $4,184

1B2 VAV with Reheat $0 -$2,071 $779

1B3 VAV with Reheat $0 -$2,555 $3,493

1C1 VAV with Reheat $0 -$3,133 $4,184

1C2 VAV with Reheat $0 -$1,430 $779

1C3 VAV with Reheat $0 -$1,914 $3,493

1D1 VAV with Reheat $0 -$3,236 $4,184

1D2 VAV with Reheat $0 -$1,534 $779

1D3 VAV with Reheat $0 -$2,018 $3,493


2A2 Series Fan Powered VAV Box $0 -$2,071 $779



2B2 Series Fan Powered VAV Box $0 -$2,071 $779



2C2 Series Fan Powered VAV Box $0 -$1,430 $779



2D2 Series Fan Powered VAV Box $0 -$1,534 $779


3A1 Water Source Heat Pump $0 -$9,519 $10,093

3B1 Water Source Heat Pump $0 -$9,519 $10,093

3C1 Water Source Heat Pump $0 -$9,086 $9,679

3D1 Water Source Heat Pump $0 -$9,089 $9,771

4A1 Dual Duct VAV $0 -$3,438 $5,194

4A2 Dual Duct VAV $0 -$1,735 $1,788

4A3 Dual Duct VAV $0 -$2,219 $4,503

4B1 Dual Duct VAV $0 -$3,438 $5,194

4B2 Dual Duct VAV $0 -$1,735 $1,788

4B3 Dual Duct VAV $0 -$2,219 $4,503

4C1 Dual Duct VAV $0 -$2,918 $4,866

4C2 Dual Duct VAV $0 -$1,215 $1,460

4C3 Dual Duct VAV $0 -$1,699 $4,175

4D1 Dual Duct VAV $0 -$3,008 $4,871

4D2 Dual Duct VAV $0 -$1,305 $1,465

4D3 Dual Duct VAV $0 -$1,789 $4,180

Table 8-12: Total Differential Service, Maintenance and Repair Costs forHVAC System Options for Both the 10 and the 20 CFM/Person Cases –Columbus H. S. w/ City Index Corrections


8-26

HS Cooling Equipment ($)HVACSystemOption

Cooling PlantBase 10 CFM 20 CFM

























3A1 Water Source Heat Pump $82,908 $74,542 $92,206

3B1 Water Source Heat Pump $82,908 $74,542 $92,206

3C1 Water Source Heat Pump $82,908 $74,542 $92,206

3D1 Water Source Heat Pump $82,908 $74,542 $92,206













Table 8-13: Cooling Plant Differential Service, Maintenance and Repair Costsfor HVAC System Options for Both the and the 20 CFM/Person Cases


8-27

HS Heating Equipment ($)HVACSystemOption

Heating PlantBase 10 CFM 20 CFM









































Table 8-14: Heating Plant Differential Service, Maintenance and Repair Costsfor HVAC System Options for Both the 10 and the 20 CFM/Person Cases


8-28


# CarrierModel #

(50HQ series)

CarrierModel #

(50HQ series)

CarrierModel #

(50HQ series

BaseCase

10 CFM 20 CFM 10 CFM 20 CFM

1 006 006 006 $409 $409 $409 $0 $0

2 015 015 019 $486 $486 $520 $0 $34

3 015 015 019 $486 $486 $520 $0 $34

4 019 015 019 $520 $486 $520 -$34 $0

5 015 015 019 $486 $486 $520 $0 $34

6 006 006 006 $409 $409 $409 $0 $0

7 030 024 036 $614 $563 $666 -$51 $51

8 096 096 096 $1,181 $1,181 $1,181 $0 $0

9 030 024 042 $614 $563 $717 -$51 $103

10 019 019 019 $520 $520 $520 $0 $0

11 019 015 019 $520 $486 $520 -$34 $0

12 019 015 019 $520 $486 $520 -$34 $0

13 019 019 019 $520 $520 $520 $0 $0

14 024 024 024 $563 $563 $563 $0 $0

15 006 006 006 $409 $409 $409 $0 $0

16 006 006 006 $409 $409 $409 $0 $0

17 009 009 009 $434 $434 $434 $0 $0

18 006 006 006 $409 $409 $409 $0 $0

19 012 009 015 $460 $434 $486 -$26 $26

20 006 006 006 $409 $409 $409 $0 $0

21 006 006 006 $409 $409 $409 $0 $0

22 006 006 006 $409 $409 $409 $0 $0

23 006 006 006 $409 $409 $409 $0 $0

24 009 006 009 $434 $409 $434 -$26 $0

25 006 006 006 $409 $409 $409 $0 $0

26 006 006 006 $409 $409 $409 $0 $0

27 009 009 009 $434 $434 $434 $0 $0

28 006 006 009 $409 $409 $434 $0 $26

29 006 006 006 $409 $409 $409 $0 $0

30 006 006 006 $409 $409 $409 $0 $0

31 006 006 006 $409 $409 $409 $0 $0

32 042 036 042 $717 $666 $717 -$51 $0

33 036 036 042 $666 $666 $717 $0 $51

34 042 036 042 $717 $666 $717 -$51 $0

35 042 036 048 $717 $666 $769 -$51 $51

36 042 036 048 $717 $666 $769 -$51 $51

37 030 024 042 $614 $563 $717 -$51 $103

Table 8-15: Heat Pump Plant Differential Service, Maintenance and Repair Costs forHVAC System Options for Both the 10 and the 20 CFM/Person Cases


8-29


# CarrierModel #

(50HQ series)

CarrierModel #

(50HQ series)

CarrierModel #

(50HQ series

BaseCase


38 036 024 042 $666 $563 $717 -$103 $51

39 006 006 006 $409 $409 $409 $0 $0

40 006 006 006 $409 $409 $409 $0 $0

41 63 48 79 $6,845 $5,300 $8,492 -$1,545 $1,648

42 060 048 060 $872 $769 $872 -$103 $0

43 042 036 042 $717 $666 $717 -$51 $0

44 048 042 048 $769 $717 $769 -$51 $0

45 042 030 042 $717 $614 $717 -$103 $0

46 042 036 048 $717 $666 $769 -$51 $51

47 060 060 072 $872 $872 $872 $0 $0

48 006 006 006 $409 $409 $409 $0 $0

49 006 006 006 $409 $409 $409 $0 $0

50 006 006 006 $409 $409 $409 $0 $0

51 006 006 006 $409 $409 $409 $0 $0

52 006 006 006 $409 $409 $409 $0 $0

53 042 036 060 $717 $666 $872 -$51 $154

54 120 120 120 $1,387 $1,387 $1,387 $0 $0

55 036 036 036 $666 $666 $666 $0 $0

56 006 006 006 $409 $409 $409 $0 $0

57 006 006 006 $409 $409 $409 $0 $0

58 012 012 012 $460 $460 $460 $0 $0

59 006 006 006 $409 $409 $409 $0 $0

60 009 009 009 $434 $434 $434 $0 $0

61 019 019 019 $520 $520 $520 $0 $0

62 183 137 229 $19,202 $14,465 $23,939 -$4,737 $4,737

63 006 006 006 $409 $409 $409 $0 $0

64 006 006 006 $409 $409 $409 $0 $0

65 006 006 006 $409 $409 $409 $0 $0

66 006 006 009 $409 $409 $434 $0 $26

67 006 006 006 $409 $409 $409 $0 $0

68 015 012 015 $486 $460 $486 -$26 $0

69 048 042 048 $769 $717 $769 -$51 $0

70 036 030 036 $666 $614 $666 -$51 $0

71 036 030 036 $666 $614 $666 -$51 $0

72 006 006 006 $409 $409 $409 $0 $0

73 030 024 042 $614 $563 $717 -$51 $103

Table 8-15: Heat Pump Plant Differential Service, Maintenance and Repair Costs forHVAC System Options for Both the 10 and the 20 CFM/Person Cases -Continued


8-30


# CarrierModel #

(50HQ series)

CarrierModel #

(50HQ series)

CarrierModel #

(50HQ series

BaseCase


74 030 030 042 $614 $614 $717 $0 $103

75 030 030 042 $614 $614 $717 $0 $103

76 030 030 042 $614 $614 $717 $0 $103

77 030 030 042 $614 $614 $717 $0 $103

78 036 030 042 $666 $614 $717 -$51 $51

79 030 030 042 $614 $614 $717 $0 $103

80 030 030 042 $614 $614 $717 $0 $103

81 012 012 012 $460 $460 $460 $0 $0

82 006 006 006 $409 $409 $409 $0 $0

83 096 072 096 $1,181 $872 $1,181 -$309 $0

84 006 006 006 $409 $409 $409 $0 $0

85 048 048 048 $769 $769 $769 $0 $0

86 006 006 009 $409 $409 $434 $0 $26

87 006 006 009 $409 $409 $434 $0 $26

88 030 030 042 $614 $614 $717 $0 $103

89 030 024 042 $614 $563 $717 -$51 $103

90 030 024 042 $614 $563 $717 -$51 $103

91 030 030 042 $614 $614 $717 $0 $103

92 030 030 042 $614 $614 $717 $0 $103

93 030 030 042 $614 $614 $717 $0 $103

94 030 030 042 $614 $614 $717 $0 $103

95 030 030 042 $614 $614 $717 $0 $103

96 030 024 042 $614 $563 $717 -$51 $103

Cooling Tower $4,609 $4,301 $4,922 -$308 $313

$82,908 $74,542 $92,206 -$8,366 $9,298

Total RT 423 362 485

Table 8-15: Heat Pump Plant Differential Service, Maintenance and Repair Costs forHVAC System Options for Both the 10 and the 20 CFM/Person Cases -Continued


8-31

Table 8-15 provides details on the build-up of differential service, maintenance and repair costsfor the cooling portion of the four heat pump HVAC system options contained in Table 8-11. Forall 96 zones, the heat pumps were sized, costed and compared for the baseline cases, the 10CFM/person cases and the 20 CFM/person cases. Costing included cooling tower costs asindicated at the bottom of the table.

To determine the relative costs of each of the HVAC system options against one another, NetPresent Values for each option were calculated. Results are summarized in Table 8-16 andFigures 8-5 to 8-8. These calculations were based on the sum of the following inputs that havebeen presented in the previous tables contained in this Chapter:

1. Differential system plant first cost2. Discounted stream of differential annual energy operating costs for 20 years3. Discounted differential stream of plant service and maintenance costs for 20 years.

Service and maintenance costs included:

• scheduled service and maintenance• annualized repair and replacement costs.

Annualized energy costs included:

• site electrical energy• site natural gas energy• site fuel oil energy.


8-32

High SchoolHVACSystemOption 10 CFM 20 CFM

1A1 -$193,849 $194,240

1A2 -$164,410 $140,254

1A3 -$167,529 $191,218

1B1 -$191,905 $194,387

1B2 -$162,421 $139,909

1B3 -$165,540 $191,471

1C1 -$454,764 $548,398

1C2 -$434,837 $508,696

1C3 -$440,867 $557,542

1D1 -$188,056 $193,371

1D2 -$158,406 $139,120

1D3 -$161,525 $190,681

2A1 -$192,914 $193,461

2A2 -$162,836 $145,976

2A3 -$159,585 $192,014

2B1 -$191,085 $193,473

2B2 -$160,917 $144,691

2B3 -$157,666 $192,222

2C1 -$456,192 $547,384

2C2 -$436,251 $507,531

2C3 -$440,209 $556,636

2D1 -$187,174 $192,541

2D2 -$156,841 $142,959

2D3 -$153,589 $191,515

3A1 -$454,070 $476,388

3B1 -$452,612 $475,586

3C1 -$830,618 $842,266

3D1 -$463,327 $459,586

4A1 -$190,324 $256,093

4A2 -$163,549 $191,240

4A3 -$167,043 $240,713

4B1 -$188,884 $261,268

4B2 -$162,593 $195,631

4B3 -$166,105 $245,840

4C1 -$567,880 $553,526

4C2 -$547,941 $513,819

4C3 -$553,984 $562,667

4D1 -$185,023 $251,558

4D2 -$159,109 $185,498

4D3 -$162,621 $236,220

Table 8-16: NPV Summaries for 10 vs 15 CFM/Personand 20 vs 15 CFM/Person HVAC System Options


8-33

-$1,000,000 -$750,000 -$500,000 -$250,000 $0 $250,000 $500,000 $750,000 $1,000,000

1A1

1A2

1A3

1B1

1B2

1B3

1C1

1C2

1C3

1D1

HVAC System Types

Figure 8-5: OSFC Columbus High School Differential Life Cycle Costs ($)

(HVAC Systems 1A1 - 1D1)

20 CFM Cost $194,240 $140,254 $191,218 $194,387 $139,909 $191,471 $548,398 $508,696 $557,542 $193,371

10 CFM Savings -$193,849 -$164,410 -$167,529 -$191,905 -$162,421 -$165,540 -$454,764 -$434,837 -$440,867 -$188,056

1A1 1A2 1A3 1B1 1B2 1B3 1C1 1C2 1C3 1D1


8-34

-$1,000,000 -$750,000 -$500,000 -$250,000 $0 $250,000 $500,000 $750,000 $1,000,000

1D2

1D3

2A1

2A2

2A3

2B1

2B2

2B3

2C1

2C2

HVAC System Types


(HVAC Systems 1D2 - 2C2)

20 CFM Cost $139,120 $190,681 $193,461 $145,976 $192,014 $193,473 $144,691 $192,222 $547,384 $507,531

10 CFM Savings -$158,406 -$161,525 -$192,914 -$162,836 -$159,585 -$191,085 -$160,917 -$157,666 -$456,192 -$436,251

1D2 1D3 2A1 2A2 2A3 2B1 2B2 2B3 2C1 2C2


8-35

-$1,000,000 -$750,000 -$500,000 -$250,000 $0 $250,000 $500,000 $750,000 $1,000,000

2C3

2D1

2D2

2D3

3A1

3B1

3C1

3D1

4A1

4A2

HVAC System Types


(HVAC Systems 2C3 - 4A2)

20 CFM Cost $556,636 $192,541 $142,959 $191,515 $476,388 $475,586 $842,266 $459,586 $256,093 $191,240

10 CFM Savings -$440,209 -$187,174 -$156,841 -$153,589 -$454,070 -$452,612 -$830,618 -$463,327 -$190,324 -$163,549

2C3 2D1 2D2 2D3 3A1 3B1 3C1 3D1 4A1 4A2


8-36

-$1,000,000 -$750,000 -$500,000 -$250,000 $0 $250,000 $500,000 $750,000 $1,000,000

4A3

4B1

4B2

4B3

4C1

4C2

4C3

4D1

4D2

4D3

HVAC System Types


(HVAC Systems 4A3 - 4D3)

20 CFM Cost $240,713 $261,268 $195,631 $245,840 $553,526 $513,819 $562,667 $251,558 $185,498 $236,220

10 CFM Savings -$167,043 -$188,884 -$162,593 -$166,105 -$567,880 -$547,941 -$553,984 -$185,023 -$159,109 -$162,621

4A3 4B1 4B2 4B3 4C1 4C2 4C3 4D1 4D2 4D3


8-37

Note in both the tables and the figures that negative NPVs represent the 10 vs 15 CFM/personcases indicate the total net savings over the 20-year interval considered. Similarly, positive NPVvalues for the 20 vs 15 CFM/person case represent a net cost over a 20-year time frame.

For the 10 vs 15 CFM/person cases (reduced ventilation or fresh air), the minimum savingscalculated were $153,589 (2D3) and the maximum savings were $830,618 (3C1). For the 20 vs15 CFM/person cases (increased ventilation or fresh air), the minimum savings calculated were$139,120 (1D2) and the maximum savings were $842,266 (3C1). The least impacted cases usewater-cooled chillers and the highest impacted case is the all-electric heat pump case.

To gain a feel for the overall magnitude of these values, they were compared total baseline life-cycle costs reported in Table 4-10. For the 10 vs 15 CFM/person cases, typical savings of 5.2%were seen with values ranging from approximately 4.9% to 17.9%. For the 20 vs 15 CFM/personcases, typical costs of 5.8% were seen with values ranging from approximately 4.5% to 18.1%.

8.3 OCCUPANCY-BASED VENTILATION RESULTS - OBSERVATIONS

In reviewing the data presented in this chapter on decreasing (10 vs 15 CFM/person) versusincreasing (20 vs 15 CFM/person) ventilation/fresh air to conditioned spaces in a high schoolbuilding in Columbus, Ohio, the following observations were made:

• From a life-cycle perspective, decreasing ventilation air to school spaces saves $153,589(2D3) to $830,618 (3C1), or 4.9% to 17.9% of baseline life cycle costs. Typical savingswere about 5.2%.

• From a life-cycle perspective, increasing ventilation air to school spaces costs $139,120(1D2) to $842,266 (3C1) or 4.5% to 18.1% of baseline life cycle costs. Typical increasedcosts were about 5.8%.

• Reduced equipment first costs for the 10 CFM/person cases ranged from a low of $21,361(4C1) to a high of $106,530 (3D1).

• Increased equipment first costs for the 20 CFM/person cases ranged from a low of $13,236(multiple cases) to a high of $113,496 (3D1).

• Reduced annual energy costs for the 10 vs 15 CFM/person cases ranged a low of $7,627 peryear (2B3) to a high of $55,022 per year (3C1). On a per square foot basis, this ranged froma low of $0.06 per square foot per year (2B3) to a high of $0.46 per square foot per year(3C1).

• Increased annual energy costs for the 20 vs 15 CFM/person cases ranged a low of $10,186per year (1D2) to a high of $54,740 per year (3C1). On a per square foot basis, this rangedfrom a low of $0.08 per square foot per year (1D2) to a high of $0.46 per square foot per year(3C1).


9-1

9.0 GEOTHERMAL HEAT PUMP ANALYSES

Geothermal heat pumps are increasingly being touted as a high efficiency alternative forproviding space heating and cooling to buildings. Conceptually, the technology is very similar inoperation to conventional air to air heat pumps except that for geothermal heat pumps the airreservoir is replaced by the earth. In this case, the ground provides a consistent, moderatetemperature source (for heating energy) and sink (for cooling energy) to provide heating andcooling for buildings. Many public and private studies and demonstrations have been completedregarding the design, application and performance of geothermal heat pumps. The GeothermalHeat Pump Consortium (http://www.geoexchange.org/) and the Energy Information Agency(EIA) (http://www.eia.doe.gov/index.html) and the Geothermal Heat Pump Consortium(http://www.geoexchange.com) web sites provide excellent resources for work in this area.

This work focuses specifically on comparison of the annual energy consumption and cost ofgeothermal heat pumps in an elementary school and high school in Cincinnati, Cleveland andColumbus, OH and compares these results against the 40 baseline systems discussed earlier.

9.1 APPROACH TO GEOTHERMAL HEAT PUMP ANALYSES

As described earlier, the geothermal heat pump is analogous to the air to air heat pumps (Cases3A1, 3B1, 3C1 and 3D1) evaluated earlier in Chapters 3 and 4 except that the earth, rather thanthe air serves as the heat source or sink. For these analyses, we have assumed that vertical,closed-loop ground-loops would be used to provide the source or sink conditions. Perhaps themost critical element for determining geothermal annual energy loads and costs is the variationin down-hole (or reservoir) temperature with time. The variations in the ground-looptemperature will impact the performance or efficiency of the individual heat pump units. Thisdecision is critical because one can either:

• Install insufficient ground-loop heat exchange surface which may not allow the heat pumpsto provide design day capacities.

• Install too much ground-loop heat exchange surface which allows the heat pumps to easilyprovide design day capacities, but penalizes the systems from a first-cost perspective.

The key is to provide sufficient ground-loop heat exchange surface such that the design daycapacities can be meet while keeping the annual mean ground reservoir temperature essentiallyconstant. In reviewing actual data from two demonstration schools, one in Kentucky and one inNebraska, the month-to-month ground loop temperatures remained essentially constant duringthe year suggesting that the design could be overly conservative and would penalize life-cycleeconomics for these systems. Unfortunately, very little data exists on optimal ground-looptemperatures (hour-by hour or even month-to-month) to use for running energy models like HAPon an hour-by hour basis.

In the absence of established “curves” for ground-loop temperatures, L&A derived thesetemperatures by reviewing several ground-source heat pump design articles (e.g., OklahomaState University "Geothermal Heat Pumps Introductory Guide"), ARI geothermal heat pump test

http://www.geoexchange.org/


9-2

standards (for interfacing test temperatures), experimental ground-loop data from Kentucky andNebraska school demonstration projects (Daniel Boone and Maxey schools respectively) andsubsurface temperature information in Ohio to arrive at the mean month-to-month ground-looptemperatures. These data are shown in Table 9-1 and Figure 9-1. These monthly mean valueswere used in all HAP geothermal heat pump simulations.

Month Mean Temp. (F)

January 50

February 55

March 58

April 63

May 65

June 70

July 75

August 80

September 75

October 65

November 60

December 55

Table 9-1: Assumed Geothermal Heat PumpGround-Loop Temperatures by Month

Figure 9-1: Plot of Assumed Geothermal Heat Pump Ground-Loop Temperatures byMonth

FIGURE 9-1: GROUND-LOOP MONTHLY TEMPERATURES

50

5558

6365

70

75

80

75

65

60

55

40

50

60

70

80

90

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Month

Tem

pera

ture

(F)


9-3

HAP automatically adjusted the heat pump efficiencies used in the model based on thesemonthly mean ground loop temperatures.

For geothermal heat pump HAP model architecture, design loads, weather data and utility rateswere held constant to match the interfacing conditions used for the other 40 HVAC systemoptions. Integrated Water Source Heat Pumps are used for the HAP modeling similar to thestandard Water Source Heat Pump systems. The difference in the modeling from the standardheat pump system comes from not selecting a cooling tower or boiler to reject/add heat to thewater loop. Instead the Constant Water Temperature Model is used. This utilizes the monthlyaverages shown in Table 9-1 and Figure 9-1 as the entering water temperature to the buildingfrom the ground loop.

9.2 GEOTHERMAL HEAT PUMP RESULTS

Geothermal heat pump annual energy consumption and costs for both an elementary and highschool were determined as part of this work. Results were then compared to the other 40 HVACsystem options.

9.2.1 Geothermal Case Annual Site and Source Energy Consumption

Table 9-2 summarizes site energy consumption in units of million BTU/Year by school type andlocation.

Building Type Elec. Nat. Gas Fuel Oil Site Energy Source Energy Max.& Location (kWH) (MCF) (Gallons) (MMBTU) (MMBTU) (kW)

Elem. SchoolCincinnati 854,446 0 0 2,915 9,718 443Cleveland 896,719 0 0 3,060 10,199 539Columbus 865,200 0 0 2,952 9,840 503

High SchoolCincinnati 1,499,019 0 0 5,115 17,049 682Cleveland 1,571,865 0 0 5,363 17,877 805Columbus 1,523,422 0 0 5,198 17,326 771

Table 9-2: Annual Site and Source Energy Consumption for Geothermal Cases

These data are the result of hour by hour energy HAP output for each system and each fuel. Inthese geothermal heat pump cases, no auxiliary boiler or boiler fuel was used for low ambientconditions as was needed for the air-to-air heat baseline heat pump cases. It was assumed that theground-loop would be able to meet design loads even at very low ambient conditions. Note thatmonthly average ground-loop temperatures were used in these analyses.


9-4

The following U.S. Department of Energy energy conversion factors were used to develop totalsite energy values presented in this table:

Electricity: 3,412 BTU per kW-hrNatural Gas: 1,030 BTU per cubic footFuel Oil: 138,690 BTU per gallon.

The geothermal heat pump cases are all-electric based systems. The total electrical energy usedis lower than conventional heat pump systems due to the lack of back-up heat and higher part-load performance. Annual elementary school geothermal site electric energy consumptionranged from a low of 854,446 kWH/year or 2,915 MMBTU/year (Cincinnati) to a high of896,719 kWH/year or 3,060 MMBTU/year (Cleveland). Annual high school geothermal siteelectric energy consumption ranged from a low of 1,499,019 kWH/year or 5,115 MMBTU/year(Cincinnati) to a high of 1,571,865 kWH/year 5,363 BTU/year (Cleveland).

Sorts of the geothermal annual site energy consumption, for both buildings in all three locations,against baseline site energy results are presented in Tables 9-3 and 9-4. For the elementaryschool, site energy consumption ranked 28th, 25th and 27rd of 41 HVAC system options evaluatedfor Cincinnati, Cleveland and Columbus respectively. These levels were 28.5 to 39.5% higherthan the best HVAC system options and 63.5 to 70.5% of the highest energy consuming HVACsystem options. Similarly, for the high school, site energy consumption ranked 1st, 1st and 1st of41 HVAC system options evaluated for Cincinnati, Cleveland and Columbus respectively.These levels were the best of the HVAC system options from a site energy perspective and were63.8% to 69.3% of the highest energy consuming HVAC system options. The differencesbetween the elementary school and high school rankings stem primarily from the different typesof spaces and loads between the two building types.

Source (energy used to produce electricity, natural gas or fuel oil) energy consumption, in unitsof million BTU/Year, was determined for both buildings for all three cities. The following siteto source energy conversion factors were used to develop total source energy values presented inthis table:

Electricity: 30% of source BTUs converted to site BTUsNatural Gas: 90% of source BTUs converted to site BTUsFuel Oil: 80% of source BTUs converted to site BTUs

Annual elementary school geothermal source energy consumption ranged from a low of 9,718MMBTU/year (Cincinnati) to a high of 10,199 MMBTU/year (Cleveland). Annual high schoolgeothermal source energy consumption ranged from a low of 17,049 MMBTU/year (Cincinnati)to a high of 17,877 BTU/year (Cleveland).


9-5

HVAC Cincinnati HVAC Cleveland HVAC ColumbusOPTION E.S. OPTION E.S. OPTION E.S.

1C2 2,090 1C2 2,381 1C2 2,212

1C3 2,131 1C3 2,413 1C3 2,256

1D2 2,238 2C2 2,515 2C2 2,297

2C2 2,239 1C1 2,519 2C3 2,349

1B2 2,244 2C3 2,557 1C1 2,368

1A2 2,249 1D2 2,606 1D2 2,398

1C1 2,270 1B2 2,620 1B2 2,406

1D3 2,279 1A2 2,624 1A2 2,412

1B3 2,285 1D3 2,638 1D3 2,442

1A3 2,290 1B3 2,652 1B3 2,451

2C3 2,296 1A3 2,656 1A3 2,456

2D2 2,401 2C1 2,673 2C1 2,470

2B2 2,410 1D1 2,744 2D2 2,482

2A2 2,414 2D2 2,751 2B2 2,494

1D1 2,419 1B1 2,758 2A2 2,498

1B1 2,424 1A1 2,762 2D3 2,535

1A1 2,430 2B2 2,769 2B3 2,547

2C1 2,448 2A2 2,773 2A3 2,550

2D3 2,457 2D3 2,792 1D1 2,554

2B3 2,466 2B3 2,811 1B1 2,562

2A3 2,471 2A3 2,814 1A1 2,568

2D1 2,609 2D1 2,909 2D1 2,656

2B1 2,618 2B1 2,927 2B1 2,667

2A1 2,622 2A1 2,931 2A1 2,671

4C2 2,734 Geo System 3,060 4C2 2,863

4C3 2,778 4C2 3,194 4C3 2,909

4C1 2,908 4C3 3,227 Geo System 2,952

Geo System 2,915 4C1 3,328 4C1 3,014

4B2 3,037 4D2 3,625 4B2 3,210

4D2 3,038 4B2 3,627 4D2 3,212

4A2 3,071 4D3 3,658 4D3 3,235

4B3 3,081 4B3 3,660 4A2 3,248

4D3 3,082 4A2 3,671 4B3 3,256

4A3 3,115 4A3 3,704 4A3 3,294

4B1 3,210 4D1 3,759 4B1 3,361

4D1 3,212 4B1 3,761 4D1 3,363

4A1 3,245 4A1 3,805 4A1 3,399

3C1 3,741 3C1 4,307 3C1 3,942

3B1 4,084 3B1 4,771 3B1 4,334

3D1 4,087 3D1 4,772 3D1 4,337

3A1 4,124 3A1 4,820 3A1 4,378

Table 9-3: Baseline Site Energy Consumption (MMBTU/Year) for theElementary School Case – Sorted by HVAC System Option


9-6

HVAC Cincinnati HVAC Cleveland HVAC ColumbusOPTION H.S. OPTION H.S. OPTION H.S.

Geo System 5,115 Geo System 5,363 Geo System 5,198

2C2 6,025 2C2 6,769 2C2 6,279

1C2 6,077 1C2 6,823 1C2 6,346

3C1 6,086 2C3 6,879 3C1 6,389

2C3 6,156 3C1 6,891 2C3 6,406

1C3 6,199 2C1 6,924 2C1 6,449

2C1 6,223 1C3 6,929 1C3 6,468

1C1 6,264 1C1 6,972 1C1 6,513

4C2 6,325 4C2 7,160 4C2 6,620

4C3 6,447 4C3 7,266 4C3 6,742

4C1 6,510 4C1 7,307 4C1 6,785

3B1 6,564 3B1 7,533 3B1 6,935

3D1 6,569 3D1 7,537 3D1 6,941

3A1 6,622 3A1 7,605 3A1 7,000

2D2 6,746 2D2 7,683 2D2 7,079

2B2 6,754 2B2 7,704 2B2 7,090

2A2 6,823 1D2 7,758 2A2 7,165

1D2 6,824 2A2 7,783 1D2 7,172

1B2 6,835 1B2 7,783 1B2 7,187

2D3 6,877 2D3 7,793 2D3 7,206

2B3 6,884 2B3 7,815 2B3 7,217

1A2 6,904 2D1 7,838 2D1 7,249

2D1 6,944 2B1 7,860 2B1 7,260

1D3 6,946 1A2 7,862 1A2 7,263

2B1 6,952 1D3 7,863 2A3 7,292

2A3 6,954 1B3 7,889 1D3 7,293

1B3 6,957 2A3 7,893 1B3 7,309

1D1 7,011 1D1 7,907 2A1 7,335

2A1 7,021 1B1 7,932 1D1 7,339

1B1 7,022 2A1 7,938 1B1 7,354

1A3 7,026 1A3 7,967 1A3 7,384

1A1 7,091 1A1 8,011 1A1 7,429

4D2 7,111 4D2 8,148 4D2 7,489

4B2 7,127 4B2 8,182 4B2 7,510

4A2 7,196 4D3 8,254 4A2 7,585

4D3 7,233 4A2 8,260 4D3 7,610

4B3 7,249 4B3 8,288 4B3 7,632

4D1 7,296 4D1 8,295 4D1 7,654

4B1 7,312 4B1 8,329 4B1 7,676

4A3 7,319 4A3 8,366 4A3 7,707

4A1 7,382 4A1 8,407 4A1 7,751

Table 9-4: Baseline Site Energy Consumption (MMBTU/Year) for theHigh School Case – Sorted by HVAC System Option


9-7

Sorts of the geothermal annual source energy consumption, for both buildings in all threelocations, against baseline source energy results are presented in Tables 9-5 and 9-6. For theelementary school, source energy consumption ranked 37th, 33th and 28rd of 41 HVAC systemoptions evaluated for Cincinnati, Cleveland and Columbus respectively. These levels were 60.1to 65.6% higher than the best HVAC system options and 71.4 to 77.9% of the highest energyconsuming HVAC system options. Similarly, for the high school, source energy consumptionranked 28st, 27st and 27st of 41 HVAC system options evaluated for Cincinnati, Cleveland andColumbus respectively. These levels were 13.7 to 15.3% higher than the best of the HVACsystem options from a site energy perspective and were 73.4% to 78.6% of the highest energyconsuming HVAC system options.


9-8


1A2 5,840 1A2 6,149 1A2 5,943

1B2 5,845 1B2 6,161 1B2 5,950

1D2 5,946 1A3 6,257 1D2 6,077

1A3 5,976 1B3 6,268 1A3 6,091

1B3 5,981 1D2 6,316 1B3 6,098

1D3 6,083 1D3 6,423 2A2 6,176

2A2 6,197 2A2 6,451 2B2 6,186

2B2 6,204 2B2 6,465 1D3 6,226

2D2 6,314 2A3 6,590 2D2 6,313

2A3 6,384 2B3 6,604 2A3 6,352

2B3 6,392 1A1 6,610 2B3 6,362

1A1 6,440 1B1 6,622 1A1 6,463

1B1 6,445 2D2 6,626 1B1 6,470

2D3 6,502 2D3 6,765 2D3 6,488

1D1 6,547 1D1 6,776 1D1 6,597

2A1 6,891 2A1 6,978 2A1 6,754

2B1 6,898 2B1 6,992 2B1 6,764

1C2 6,966 2D1 7,153 2D1 6,891

4B2 6,980 4B2 7,567 4B2 7,097

2D1 7,008 4A2 7,608 4A2 7,132

4A2 7,011 4B3 7,677 4B3 7,250

1C3 7,102 4A3 7,718 4A3 7,285

4B3 7,127 4D2 7,853 4D2 7,328

4A3 7,159 1C2 7,935 1C2 7,372

4D2 7,182 4D3 7,963 4D3 7,454

4D3 7,329 4B1 8,012 1C3 7,521

2C2 7,465 1C3 8,042 4B1 7,600

4B1 7,559 4A1 8,053 4A1 7,636

1C1 7,566 4D1 8,298 2C2 7,655

4A1 7,591 2C2 8,383 2C3 7,831

2C3 7,653 1C1 8,396 4D1 7,832

4D1 7,761 2C3 8,522 1C1 7,892

2C1 8,159 2C1 8,910 2C1 8,233

4C2 9,113 Geo System 10,199 4C2 9,543

4C3 9,260 4C2 10,648 4C3 9,696

4C1 9,692 4C3 10,758 Geo System 9,840

Geo System 9,718 3B1 11,083 4C1 10,047

3B1 10,068 4C1 11,093 3B1 10,393

3A1 10,105 3A1 11,128 3A1 10,434

3D1 10,298 3D1 11,391 3D1 10,656

3C1 12,471 3C1 14,357 3C1 13,140

Table 9-5: Baseline Source Energy Consumption (MMBTU/Year) for theElementary School Case – Sorted by HVAC System Option


9-9


1B2 14,789 1B2 15,719 1B2 15,058

2B2 14,846 2B2 15,746 2B2 15,075

1A2 14,849 1A2 15,785 1A2 15,124

2A2 14,907 2A2 15,814 2A2 15,141

1B3 15,195 1B3 16,070 1B3 15,464

1A3 15,255 2B3 16,115 2B3 15,498

4B2 15,257 1A3 16,137 1A3 15,529

2B3 15,281 2A3 16,182 2A3 15,564

1D2 15,282 1B1 16,216 4B2 15,569

4A2 15,314 2B1 16,265 2D2 15,603

2D2 15,323 1A1 16,282 1D2 15,603

2A3 15,342 4B2 16,328 1B1 15,614

1B1 15,413 2A1 16,332 4A2 15,631

1A1 15,473 1D2 16,335 2B1 15,641

2B1 15,507 2D2 16,349 1A1 15,679

2A1 15,568 4A2 16,391 2A1 15,707

4B3 15,665 4B3 16,682 4B3 15,975

1D3 15,689 1D3 16,686 1D3 16,008

4A3 15,723 2D3 16,717 2D3 16,026

2D3 15,758 4A3 16,745 4A3 16,037

4D2 15,775 4B1 16,819 4B1 16,121

4B1 15,875 1D1 16,831 4D2 16,142

1D1 15,907 2D1 16,867 1D1 16,159

4A1 15,932 4A1 16,882 2D1 16,169

2D1 15,983 4D2 16,979 4A1 16,183

4D3 16,184 4D3 17,333 4D3 16,548

4D1 16,393 4D1 17,470 4D1 16,694

3B1 16,938 Geo System 17,877 Geo System 17,326

3A1 16,997 3B1 18,445 3B1 17,469

Geo System 17,049 3A1 18,516 3A1 17,534

3D1 17,258 3D1 18,872 3D1 17,834

2C2 20,084 2C2 22,563 2C2 20,931

1C2 20,256 1C2 22,744 1C2 21,154

3C1 20,286 2C3 22,931 3C1 21,295

2C3 20,518 3C1 22,971 2C3 21,354

1C3 20,662 2C1 23,081 2C1 21,498

2C1 20,744 1C3 23,096 1C3 21,559

1C1 20,880 1C1 23,241 1C1 21,710

4C2 21,082 4C2 23,866 4C2 22,066

4C3 21,491 4C3 24,220 4C3 22,472

4C1 21,700 4C1 24,357 4C1 22,618

Table 9-6: Baseline Source Energy Consumption (MMBTU/Year) for theHigh School Case – Sorted by HVAC System Option


9-10

9.2.2 Geothermal Heat Pump Annual Energy Costs

Tables 9-7 summarizes site energy consumption in terms of dollars per year for the elementaryand high school buildings respectively.

For both the elementary and high school, annual site energy costs are highest in Cleveland.Lowest annual costs are seen in Columbus for both the elementary school and the high school.Elementary school annual energy consumption ranged from a low of $85,400/year (Columbus)to a high of $121,427/year (Cleveland). High school annual site energy costs ranged from a lowof $136,106/year (Columbus) to a high of $201,972/year (Cleveland).

Building Type Annual& Location Energy Cost

Elem. School

Cincinnati $87,982Cleveland $121,427Columbus $85,400

High School

Cincinnati $141,193Cleveland $201,972Columbus $136,106

Table 9-7: Summary of Annual Energy Costsfor Geothermal Heat Pump Cases

Sorts of the geothermal annual energy costs, for both buildings in all three locations, againstbaseline site energy results are presented in Tables 9-8 and 9-9. Tables 9-8 and 9-9 shows howthe geothermal heat pump option compares with the other 40 baseline systems on an annualenergy cost basis. For the elementary school, annual energy cost ranked 26th, 37rd and 34th of 41HVAC system options evaluated for Cincinnati, Cleveland and Columbus respectively.Similarly, for the high school, annual energy costs 19th, 31th and 28th of 41 HVAC systemoptions evaluated for Cincinnati, Cleveland and Columbus.

Absolute annual energy cost differences between the baseline HVAC system options and thegeothermal heat pump option are summarized in Table 9-10. Positive values imply annual energycost savings using a geothermal heat pump; negative values indicate higher annual energy costsfor the geothermal heat pump option.


9-11


1B3 $65,192 1A3 $70,678 1B3 $54,763

1A3 $65,195 1A2 $70,705 1A3 $54,783

1D3 $65,911 1B3 $70,925 1D3 $54,789

1B2 $66,347 1B2 $70,954 1B2 $57,071

1A2 $66,349 1D3 $71,120 1A2 $57,092

1D2 $67,066 1D2 $71,147 1D2 $57,095

2A3 $67,265 2B2 $74,139 2B3 $57,680

2B3 $67,269 2A2 $74,277 2D3 $57,688

2D3 $68,065 2D2 $74,312 2A3 $57,690

4B3 $68,361 2A3 $74,624 2B2 $58,510

4A3 $68,508 2B3 $74,866 2D2 $58,518

2A2 $68,656 2D3 $75,040 2A2 $58,520

2B2 $68,661 1A1 $78,352 4B3 $60,488

2D2 $69,456 1B1 $78,602 4D3 $60,564

4D3 $69,854 1D1 $78,789 4A3 $60,607

4B2 $70,378 4B3 $81,128 4B2 $61,703

4A2 $70,525 4B2 $81,142 4A2 $61,870

4D2 $71,870 4A3 $81,222 4D2 $61,877

1C3 $74,086 4A2 $81,235 1B1 $65,634

1C2 $74,708 4D3 $81,386 1A1 $65,656

2C3 $76,454 4D2 $81,400 1D1 $65,659

2C2 $77,072 2A1 $83,248 2B1 $68,919

1B1 $87,166 2B1 $83,490 2D1 $68,926

1A1 $87,169 2D1 $83,663 2A1 $68,928

1D1 $87,884 4B1 $88,401 4B1 $69,465

Geo System $87,982 4A1 $88,495 4D1 $69,609

4B1 $88,646 4D1 $88,660 4A1 $69,675

4A1 $88,793 1C3 $102,543 1C3 $73,174

1C1 $89,427 1C2 $102,588 1C2 $73,858

2A1 $89,457 2C2 $106,311 2C3 $75,826

2B1 $89,461 2C3 $107,030 2C2 $75,998

3B1 $89,938 1C1 $110,225 1C1 $77,472

3A1 $90,051 2C1 $115,418 2C1 $80,535

4D1 $90,138 3B1 $120,354 Geo System $85,400

2D1 $90,256 3A1 $120,475 3B1 $88,830

3D1 $91,678 3D1 $120,629 3A1 $88,973

2C1 $92,196 Geo System $121,427 3D1 $89,075

4C3 $98,536 4C3 $143,586 4C2 $124,280

4C2 $99,623 4C2 $143,608 4C3 $124,622

4C1 $111,054 4C1 $150,870 4C1 $125,405

3C1 $124,060 3C1 $182,459 3C1 $149,204

Table 9-8: Baseline Annual Site Energy Cost ($/Year) for theElementary School Case – Sorted from Smallest to Largest


9-12


1B3 $127,689 1B2 $153,866 1B2 $114,503

1A3 $127,977 1A2 $154,039 1B3 $114,718

4B3 $128,272 1D2 $154,263 1A2 $114,784

4A3 $128,554 1B3 $155,788 1D2 $114,844

2B3 $128,997 2B2 $155,885 1A3 $114,999

2A3 $129,290 1A3 $155,961 1D3 $115,058

1D3 $131,493 2A2 $156,075 2B2 $115,896

4D3 $132,293 1D3 $156,184 2A2 $116,193

2D3 $132,659 2D2 $156,283 2D2 $116,240

1B2 $135,306 2B3 $157,693 2B3 $116,244

1A2 $135,594 4B2 $157,744 4B2 $116,443

4B2 $135,780 4A2 $157,883 2A3 $116,542

4A2 $136,064 2A3 $157,890 2D3 $116,588

2B2 $136,507 2D3 $158,097 4A2 $116,721

2A2 $136,799 4D2 $158,119 4D2 $116,772

1D2 $139,110 4B3 $159,733 4B3 $116,805

4D2 $139,801 4A3 $159,872 4A3 $117,082

2D2 $140,169 4D3 $160,108 4D3 $117,135

Geo System $141,193 1B1 $161,370 1B1 $120,476

3B1 $143,814 1A1 $161,542 1D1 $120,742

3A1 $144,017 1D1 $161,767 1A1 $120,884

3D1 $146,250 2B1 $163,507 4B1 $121,441

4B1 $149,780 2A1 $163,705 4D1 $121,695

4A1 $150,065 2D1 $163,912 4A1 $121,845

1B1 $150,102 4B1 $165,075 2B1 $122,620

1A1 $150,390 4A1 $165,214 2D1 $122,894

2B1 $152,158 4D1 $165,443 2A1 $123,030

2A1 $152,450 3B1 $196,383 Geo System $136,106

4D1 $153,802 3A1 $196,519 3B1 $140,477

1D1 $153,906 3D1 $196,755 3A1 $140,739

2D1 $155,819 Geo System $201,972 3D1 $142,002

2C3 $182,118 2C2 $272,330 2C2 $214,157

1C3 $183,552 2C3 $274,737 2C3 $215,102

2C2 $184,590 1C2 $275,502 2C1 $215,423

1C2 $186,206 1C3 $277,801 1C2 $216,979

4C3 $190,180 2C1 $279,580 1C3 $217,885

3C1 $190,656 1C1 $281,848 1C1 $218,221

4C2 $192,663 3C1 $284,280 3C1 $225,636

2C1 $193,087 4C2 $289,156 4C2 $231,004

1C1 $193,683 4C3 $291,485 4C3 $231,912

4C1 $199,590 4C1 $295,197 4C1 $232,238

Table 9-9: Baseline Annual Site Energy Cost ($/Year) for theHigh School Case – Sorted from Smallest to Largest


9-13


1A1 -$814 -$43,075 -$19,744 $9,197 -$40,430 -$15,222

1A2 -$21,634 -$50,722 -$28,308 -$5,599 -$47,933 -$21,322

1A3 -$22,787 -$50,749 -$30,616 -$13,215 -$46,010 -$21,107

1B1 -$816 -$42,825 -$19,765 $8,910 -$40,602 -$15,630

1B2 -$21,635 -$50,473 -$28,329 -$5,887 -$48,106 -$21,603

1B3 -$22,790 -$50,502 -$30,636 -$13,503 -$46,184 -$21,388

1C1 $1,445 -$11,202 -$7,928 $52,490 $79,876 $82,115

1C2 -$13,274 -$18,839 -$11,542 $45,013 $73,530 $80,873

1C3 -$13,897 -$18,884 -$12,226 $42,360 $75,829 $81,779

1D1 -$98 -$42,638 -$19,741 $12,714 -$40,205 -$15,364

1D2 -$20,917 -$50,280 -$28,304 -$2,083 -$47,709 -$21,263

1D3 -$22,072 -$50,307 -$30,610 -$9,699 -$45,787 -$21,048

2A1 $1,474 -$38,179 -$16,471 $11,258 -$38,267 -$13,076

2A2 -$19,326 -$47,150 -$26,880 -$4,393 -$45,897 -$19,913

2A3 -$20,717 -$46,803 -$27,710 -$11,903 -$44,081 -$19,565

2B1 $1,479 -$37,937 -$16,481 $10,966 -$38,464 -$13,486

2B2 -$19,321 -$47,288 -$26,890 -$4,685 -$46,086 -$20,210

2B3 -$20,713 -$46,561 -$27,720 -$12,195 -$44,279 -$19,862

2C1 $4,214 -$6,009 -$4,865 $51,894 $77,608 $79,317

2C2 -$10,911 -$15,116 -$9,402 $43,398 $70,358 $78,051

2C3 -$11,528 -$14,396 -$9,573 $40,925 $72,766 $78,996

2D1 $2,274 -$37,764 -$16,473 $14,627 -$38,059 -$13,212

2D2 -$18,526 -$47,115 -$26,882 -$1,024 -$45,689 -$19,866

2D3 -$19,918 -$46,387 -$27,712 -$8,534 -$43,874 -$19,518

3A1 $2,069 -$952 $3,574 $2,824 -$5,453 $4,633

3B1 $1,956 -$1,072 $3,431 $2,621 -$5,588 $4,371

3C1 $36,077 $61,032 $63,805 $49,464 $82,308 $89,530

3D1 $3,696 -$798 $3,676 $5,058 -$5,217 $5,895

4A1 $810 -$32,932 -$15,724 $8,872 -$36,758 -$14,261

4A2 -$17,457 -$40,191 -$23,530 -$5,128 -$44,088 -$19,385

4A3 -$19,474 -$40,205 -$24,792 -$12,639 -$42,099 -$19,024

4B1 $663 -$33,026 -$15,934 $8,588 -$36,897 -$14,665

4B2 -$17,604 -$40,285 -$23,696 -$5,413 -$44,228 -$19,663

4B3 -$19,621 -$40,299 -$24,911 -$12,921 -$42,239 -$19,301

4C1 $23,072 $29,443 $40,006 $58,398 $93,225 $96,132

4C2 $11,641 $22,181 $38,880 $51,470 $87,184 $94,898

4C3 $10,553 $22,159 $39,222 $48,987 $89,513 $95,805

4D1 $2,156 -$32,767 -$15,791 $12,609 -$36,529 -$14,411

4D2 -$16,112 -$40,027 -$23,522 -$1,391 -$43,853 -$19,334

4D3 -$18,129 -$40,041 -$24,835 -$8,900 -$41,864 -$18,971

Table 9-10: Differential Annual Site Energy Cost ($/Year) for Both theElementary and High School Geothermal Heat Pump Cases


9-14

9.2.3 Geothermal Heat Pump Life Cycle Costs

Tables 9-11 summarizes geothermal life cycle costs for four system configurations using thesame methodology outline in Chapter 4. Cost are the sum of system first costs 20 years ofenergy and service, repair and replacement costs discounted 6% per year. Data are also shown inFigures 9-1 and 9-2 for the elementary and high schools respectively. A value of $966.27/RTwas used to estimate the cost of the installed well field, piping headers and circulating pumps.This was the average of two suppliers in Ohio and the value used in the Maxey school inLincoln, Nebraska. The installed cost of the elementary and high school systems, not correctedfor local city cost indexes, were $1,058,041 and $1,432,368 respectively. Geothermal heatpump first costs included the costs of the individual heat pumps and well field installation costs.Unlike the baseline air-to-air heat pump cases, no cooling tower or supplemental heating systemswere included in the geothermal case first costs.

Elementary School PV High School PVHVACSystem

Number Cincinnati Cleveland Columbus Cincinnati Cleveland Columbus

3A1 - Geo $3,285,977 $3,739,791 $3,296,783 $4,474,558 $5,225,838 $4,469,900

Table 9-11: Geothermal Heat Pump Life Cycle Costs

Analogous efforts were completed to calculated annual service, repair and replacement costs forthe geothermal cases. Annual service costs used were $400 per year for the elementary schooland $600 per year for the high school. Annualized repair costs were $4,053 per year for theelementary school and $5,653 for the high school. This was based on incurring repair costs of1/20th of the system first cost every 5th year. Annualized replacement costs for the elementaryand high schools were estimated at $20,267 and $28,263 respectively.

Geothermal life cycle costs for the elementary school ranged from a low of $3,285,977(Cincinnati) to a high of $3,739,791 (Cleveland). Geothermal life cycle costs for the high schoolranged from a low of $4,469,900 (Columbus) to a high of $5,225,838 (Cleveland).

9.3 GEOTHERMAL HEAT PUMP OBSERVATIONS

The following conclusions and observations were made as a result of analyses completed ongeothermal heat pumps.

• Geothermal heat pumps offer considerable annual energy savings over all-electric HVACsystem options. Overall geothermal annual energy costs are mid-range for the 41 systemsevaluated.

• Annual elementary school geothermal site electric energy consumption ranged from a low of854,446 kWH/year or 2,915 MMBTU/year (Cincinnati) to a high of 896,719 kWH/year or3,060 MMBTU/year (Cleveland). Annual high school geothermal site electric energyconsumption ranged from a low of 1,499,019 kWH/year or 5,115 MMBTU/year (Cincinnati)to a high of 1,571,865 kWH/year 5,363 BTU/year (Cleveland).


9-15

• For the elementary school, site energy consumption ranked 28th, 25th and 27rd of 41 HVACsystem options evaluated for Cincinnati, Cleveland and Columbus respectively. These levelswere 28.5 to 39.5% higher than the best HVAC system options and 63.5 to 70.5% of thehighest energy consuming HVAC system options.

• Similarly, for the high school, site energy consumption ranked 1st, 1st and 1st of 41 HVACsystem options evaluated for Cincinnati, Cleveland and Columbus respectively. These levelswere the best of the HVAC system options from a site energy perspective and were 63.8% to69.3% of the highest energy consuming HVAC system options.

• For both the elementary and high school, annual site energy costs are highest in Cleveland.Lowest annual costs are seen in Columbus for both the elementary school and the highschool. Elementary school annual energy consumption ranged from a low of $85,400/year(Columbus) to a high of $121,427/year (Cleveland). High school annual site energy costsranged from a low of $136,106/year (Columbus) to a high of $201,972/year (Cleveland).

• For the elementary school, annual energy cost ranked 26th, 37rd and 34th of 41 HVAC systemoptions evaluated for Cincinnati, Cleveland and Columbus respectively. Similarly, for thehigh school, annual energy costs 19th, 31th and 28th of 41 HVAC system options evaluated forCincinnati, Cleveland and Columbus.


10-1

10.0 DAYLIGHTING ANALYSES

Daylighting, or the use of natural light to illuminate building spaces, has recently receivedincreased attention in the popular press. Perhaps of most interest to schools have been reportssuggesting certain forms of daylighting are responsible for improved student test scores onstandardized tests. In general, diffused light has been found to be more effective than directdaylight found on clear days. These impacts were recognized in the 1950s and 1960s but largelyforgotten with energy conservation measures built into school architecture in the 1970s as aresponse to the energy crises of that period. From 1980 until the present, windows have beenused in classrooms in a limited manner, principally to provide views to the outdoors by thebuilding occupants. To help the reader with terminology used in this section, a list of daylightingrelated definitions follows this section of the report.

The objective of this daylighting work was to evaluate two daylighting approaches and todetermine the impact of each one on annual energy costs. Daylighting may be economicallyattractive on educational benefits if the trade-off between increased HVAC loads and reducedlighting loads associated with daylighting options is nearly neutral from an annual energyperspective.

10.1 APPROACH TO DAYLIGHTING ANALYSES

Daylighting is the method of lighting classrooms using diffuse natural light. The amount ofavailable daylight varies over the day and by season. Geographic location and local conditionsdetermine the extent to which daylighting can be implemented – including the orientation of thebuilding. Overheating from solar gain and heat loss because of insufficient thermal insulationmust be minimized in daylighting design to minimize HVAC system effects.

Daylighting cannot be a total substitute for classroom electric lighting. Electric lighting is neededwhen daylight levels are too low to provide general ambient levels and at night.

Classrooms can be effectively lighted using sidelighting from windows. The quantity of lightadmitted depends on the glazing and the width and height of the windows. 30 to 50% glass towall area is the optimum range. The effectiveness of the sidelight technique is limited to adistance of about 2.5 times the height of the opening. The north exposure is best, south is nextbest and the east and west exposures should be avoided, due to direct sunlight that causes criticalbrightness and thermal problems.

10.1.1 Window Glazing Characteristics

The key to daylighting classrooms lies in the window specification. Using proper glazingtechnology and appropriate design can create a net reduction in building energy. The importantcharacteristics are visible light transmittance, solar heat gain coefficient, shading coefficient, andU-value. For effective “cool” daylighting, glazing is chosen that has high visible lighttransmittance VLT or Tvis, low solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC), and low overall heat transfer(U-value).


10-2

10.1.2 Cool Daylighting

As its name implies, the techniques of cool daylighting, provide natural light without theadmittance of unnecessary solar heat gains and glare. Cool daylighting is the successfulapplication of daylighting to today’s challenge of internally load-dominated buildings. The goalis to use daylight to reduce the need for electric lighting while simultaneously reducing the needfor space cooling.

The questions to be answered from the analysis are:

1. Is there sufficient daylight available in Ohio to consider a daylighting strategy forlighting classrooms?

2. How does adding window area to allow more daylight in classrooms affect the HVACsystems with regard to annual kWh consumption and cost?

3. How much savings can be realized by using photo-sensors and electronic dimming ballastsfor classroom fluorescent systems to provide a daylight harvesting control strategy?

10.1.3 Daylighting Modeling Method

Building Spaces Selected for Daylighting

Two classrooms from the high school plans and two classrooms in the elementary school planswere selected as the daylighting prototypes. The reason two classrooms were selected is so thatclassrooms with north-facing glass and south-facing glass were modeled for their impact on thebuilding energy use. Typical layouts with students facing a whiteboard at the short end of theroom and daylight coming into the space at the student’s left or right hand side were maintained.

Analysis of Elementary School Plans

Architectural Characteristics:

The elementary school is sited correctly for daylight access with classroom windows either onthe north wall or on the south wall. The long dimension of the classrooms is along the windowwall, providing good penetration for daylighting. However, the ceiling height is only 9 feet,which is usually too low for effective daylight penetration from windows. The windowsspecified are for view only and are low-e, insulating glass with the bottom pane moveable (tiltingout) with aluminum frames. The window area is less than 20% of the wall area, which is notenough to provide adequate daylight levels.


10-3

Lighting

The lighting of several classrooms in the elementary school plan was analyzed. In each case,lighting was overdesigned. Although energy-efficient T8 lamps and electronic ballasts werespecified, the light level at the desktops calculated to 100 foot candles (FC) from the electriclighting systems. Two wall-mounted switches in each classroom control two, 2-lamp ballasts ineach 4-lamp fixture to provide two lighting levels (100% and 50%) by in-board/out-boardswitching.

Analysis of High School Plans

Architectural Characteristics

The high school is oriented well for daylight access with either north or south facing classroomwindows. However, the longest dimension of most rooms runs north and south and is too deepfor good daylight penetration. Ceiling height is 10 feet, which is a good height for daylightpenetration using high windows. However, the windows specified are not high windows and arefor view only. They are single pane clear glass with aluminum frames. The window area is only20% of the wall area, which is not enough to provide adequate daylight levels.

Lighting

The lighting design of several classrooms was analyzed. In each case, lighting was overdesigned.Although new technology, T8 lamps and electronic ballasts were specified, the light level at thedesktops calculated to 100 FC from only the electric lighting systems. Two wall-mountedswitches in each classroom provide two lighting levels (100% and 50%) by in-board/out-boardswitching.

10.1.4 Modeling Trade-offs and Assumptions

As the designs of the elementary school and the high school were evaluated from the daylightingperspective, it became apparent that the current designs are not ideal for daylighting. Some ofthe major findings were:

1. The classrooms are overlighted. During the initial phase of this work, it was discovered thatthe fluorescent classroom lighting in both school plans was overdesigned. Both classroomscalculated to 100 FC. To avoid skewing the energy results when lighting levels were loweredfor the daylighting case, the base case was modified using the lower (60 FC level). Reducingthe lighting to the design manual recommendations of 50 – 60 FC results in reducing both theelectrical and thermal loads, which would unfairly reward the daylighting cases beforedaylighting were even applied.

In addition, most daylighting baselines assume the use of low-E glazings; low-E glazingswere not used in the architectural plans of the original energy baselines.


10-4

2. The geometry of the high school classrooms is not conducive to good daylighting.Specifically, the designs with the long wall dimension perpendicular to the window wallimpacts daylighting options.

3. The current ceiling heights of the elementary school classrooms are too low for gooddaylighting design.

To address the first item, two intermediate levels of modeling were completed that created anintermediate set of baselines using low E glazings and lower lighting levels. These intermediatebaselines allowed both a direct comparison with baseline modeling results as well as adetermination of the direct energy impacts of daylighting. Items 2 and 3 were not addressed inthis work but are offered as suggestions for future school designs incorporating daylighting.

10.1.5 Modeling Method

A method was devised to evaluate the impact of daylighting on the energy use of the selectedschools by using a combination of computer models since HAP does not directly allow for theevaluation of daylighting. Lighting Technologies’ LumenMicro (LM) 7.5, a lighting designprogram, was used for the lighting design. Output from this model was then entered into HAP tocomplete energy simulations.

As noted in the previous section, an intermediate baseline case was developed where the lightingdesign was done with no daylight contribution using lighting equipment similar to that specifiedin the school plans used in this study. The target Illuminance was set to achieve 60 FC(maintained) at the desktops to meet the Ohio Schools architectural manual lighting requirement.Two-lamp and three-lamp T8 fixtures were used in early models. Two-lamp fixtures proved tobe the most energy-effective solution and were used for the prototype daylight designs.

The daylighting calculations part of the LumenMicro program was then used to determine thedaylight contribution using proto-typical classrooms with a larger percentage of view windowsthan originally specified (~30% for south facing glass and ~40% for north facing glass). Severalcombinations of Tvis values, SHGC and U-values for the actual windows were used to determinea good window solution to provide adequate daylighting with high Tvis values, low SHGC, andlow U-values. LM requires geographical location (latitude and longitude), date, and skycondition to complete the daylighting calculations.

10.1.6 Modeling Method – Details

Sky conditions were derived from local climatological data published by the National ClimaticData Center 1999 data for Columbus, Ohio (40 degrees latitude, 82 degrees, 53' longitude).

Sky condition data provided from the 3-hour observations of the monthly local (NOAA)climatological reports required some manipulation to obtain the three categories of skyconditions required by the LumenMicro program. Table 10-1 below shows these inputconditions.


10-5

Sky Cover Minimum Maximum LM Sky Condition

Clear 0/8 Clear

Few 1/8 2/8 P. Cloudy

Sct 3/8 4/8 P. Cloudy

Bkn 5/8 7/8 Cloudy

Ovc 8/8 Cloudy

Table 10-1: Sky Conditions Used for Columbus, Ohio

The 41 weeks from January thru mid-June and from mid-August thru mid-December were usedto represent a school year. Four of the (3-hour) observations/day (7A, 10A, 1P, 4P) that span theschool day were used.

A representative day was created from the 20 observations for each school week (5 days). Thecount of each of the three sky conditions (clear, partly cloudy, cloudy) was tabulated andconverted to a percentage of the 20 total observations, using a spreadsheet. The percent of eachsky condition was then applied to the total classroom hours for the week (40), deriving the hoursper week for each sky condition. A summary of the 1999 data is shown in Table 10-2 below.

Sky Condition Number ofObservations

%

Clear 76 9.3

Partly Cloudy 288 35.1

Cloudy 456 55.6

Totals 820 100.0

Table 10-2: Integrated Sky Conditions

Note that nearly 56% of the classroom days in Central Ohio in 1999 were classified as cloudy.This compares favorable with other U. S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationComparative Climatic annual data that shows Columbus has an average of 48% possiblesunshine (52% cloudy).

Using the three sky conditions and one representative day of each school week, daylightingcalculations for Columbus, Ohio were made using LumenMicro. The output was a plot of iso-footcandle traces, along with a plot of illuminance values in a grid measured at the desktop level.

An analysis of each printout was made to determine the percentage of electric lighting that wouldbe required to supplement the daylight to provide the 60 FC required at the desktops. Two zonesof fixtures were developed, each with a photo-sensor to control the fixtures in a window zone(half of the fixtures -- nearest the windows) and in a room zone (the other half of the fixtures --farthest from the windows). The percentage of electric light required to supplement the daylightwas converted to the wattage of a representative electronic dimming ballast to determine theelectrical energy savings. A spreadsheet was used to tabulate the results.


10-6

Table 10-3 shows the percent relative light output and the watts/fixture (2-lamp fixture w/T8lamps and minimum 5% dimming electronic ballast and the resulting power density for eachlevel).

Percent RelativeLight Output

Watts per Fixture Watts per Classroom(832 SF)/(16 fixtures)

Power Density(W/SF)

100% 64 1,024 1.2380% 57 912 1.1070% 50 800 0.9650% 40 640 0.7730% 30 480 0.5820% 25 400 0.485% 14 224 0.27

Table 10-3: Light Output Assumptions

10.2 DAYLIGHTING RESULTS

The daylighting cases were found to reduce annual energy cost for all combinations of HVACequipment except those with electric boilers. Additional heat is needed when internal loads, suchas lighting, are reduced. With the all electric cases, the energy saved from reducing the lightingis offset by a slight increase in the overall electric demand charge. With the other cases, oneobtains a slight savings from the reduced electric energy and demand cost versus the added costfor the additional heat added from natural gas or fuel oil.

A comprehensive design approach, integrating daylighting into the whole building design wouldbe expected to result in even higher savings than found in this study.

The classrooms with south facing glass had the least reduction in lighting power fromdaylighting, due in part to the number of days in which additional shading was required toprevent glare and excessive light levels.

Average school year lighting power densities (watts/SF) tabulated by the spreadsheet are shownin Table 10-4.

Classroom South Exposure North Exposure

Elementary 1.04 0.84

High School 1.10 0.93

Table 10-4: Average School Year Lighting Power Densities

Note that when rapid-start electronic dimming ballast are not dimmed, they consume more powerthan fixed-light, electronic instant-start ballasts at full light output.


10-7

The values of lighting power densities shown in the Table 10-4 were used as inputs to the HAPcomputer simulations to determine the effects on HVAC performance for each of 40 systemcombinations.

However, before these runs could be performed, two adjustments were required. Since there wasno low E window glazing included in the original base cases, and since the classroom lightingwas overdesigned, two intermediate baseline cases were developed to allow for a directcalculation of annual daylighting energy costs or benefits.

10.2.1 Elementary School Results

The adjusted baseline (low E glazing and lower lighting levels) and the daylighting results fromthe HAP simulations for the elementary school are shown in Tables 10-5 and 10-6 respectively.Annual energy savings in terms of energy (kWh), and energy cost ($), do not provide the samedegree of savings due to the impact of demand charges in the cost calculations. Using low Eglazing in the original windows provided annual energy savings ranging from 0.3% to 4.3% andannual energy cost savings ($/year) ranging from –0.5% to 2.8%. When the classroom lightingreduced to 60 FC (maintained), annual energy savings (including low E glass) ranged from 3.1%to 13.3% and annual cost savings ranged from 1.0% to 10.4%. For the daylighting cases, theglass areas were increased and low E glass and daylight harvesting control were used in thesimulations. Annual energy savings for the daylighting-only cases ranged from –1.6% to 3.1%and annual energy cost savings ranged from –1.2% to 2.7%. The negative annual energy costsavings occur for the HVAC system options that employed electric boilers. All others casesprovided positive savings.


10-8

HVACSystemOption


(kWh)


(kWh)

Difference

(%)

Savings

( % )


Difference

( % )

Savings

( % )


(kWh)

Difference

( % )

Savings

( % )

1A1 476,059 455,795 95.7% 4.3% 398,249 87.4% 12.6% 391,763 98.4% 1.6%

1A2 430,333 422,751 98.2% 1.8% 366,651 86.7% 13.3% 360,069 98.2% 1.8%

1A3 443,414 427,976 96.5% 3.5% 378,125 88.4% 11.6% 366,349 96.9% 3.1%

1B1 477,825 457,534 95.8% 4.2% 400,037 87.4% 12.6% 393,672 98.4% 1.6%

1B2 432,099 424,490 98.2% 1.8% 368,438 86.8% 13.2% 361,978 98.2% 1.8%

1B3 445,179 429,715 96.5% 3.5% 379,911 88.4% 11.6% 368,258 96.9% 3.1%

1C1 693,900 670,465 96.6% 3.4% 618,811 92.3% 7.7% 627,505 101.4% -1.4%

1C2 648,174 637,421 98.3% 1.7% 587,212 92.1% 7.9% 595,810 101.5% -1.5%

1C3 661,254 642,646 97.2% 2.8% 598,686 93.2% 6.8% 602,090 100.6% -0.6%

1D1 479,000 458,693 95.8% 4.2% 401,227 87.5% 12.5% 394,947 98.4% 1.6%

1D2 433,274 425,649 98.2% 1.8% 369,630 86.8% 13.2% 363,253 98.3% 1.7%

1D3 446,355 430,874 96.5% 3.5% 381,102 88.4% 11.6% 369,533 97.0% 3.0%

2A1 499,372 477,994 95.7% 4.3% 418,525 87.6% 12.4% 411,831 98.4% 1.6%

2A2 448,525 441,906 98.5% 1.5% 384,905 87.1% 12.9% 378,164 98.2% 1.8%

2A3 463,985 447,149 96.4% 3.6% 396,411 88.7% 11.3% 384,050 96.9% 3.1%

2B1 501,193 479,784 95.7% 4.3% 420,464 87.6% 12.4% 413,902 98.4% 1.6%

2B2 450,345 443,696 98.5% 1.5% 386,843 87.2% 12.8% 380,235 98.3% 1.7%

2B3 465,806 448,939 96.4% 3.6% 398,350 88.7% 11.3% 386,121 96.9% 3.1%

2C1 723,913 698,836 96.5% 3.5% 657,897 94.1% 5.9% 667,423 101.4% -1.4%

2C2 673,066 662,747 98.5% 1.5% 624,277 94.2% 5.8% 633,756 101.5% -1.5%

2C3 688,526 667,991 97.0% 3.0% 635,783 95.2% 4.8% 639,642 100.6% -0.6%

2D1 502,406 480,976 95.7% 4.3% 421,758 87.7% 12.3% 415,282 98.5% 1.5%

2D2 451,559 444,887 98.5% 1.5% 388,137 87.2% 12.8% 381,616 98.3% 1.7%

2D3 467,019 450,131 96.4% 3.6% 399,644 88.8% 11.2% 387,502 97.0% 3.0%

3A1 734,648 727,692 99.1% 0.9% 679,564 93.4% 6.6% 676,876 99.6% 0.4%

3B1 735,670 728,725 99.1% 0.9% 680,847 93.4% 6.6% 677,962 99.6% 0.4%

3C1 1,155,353 1,152,100 99.7% 0.3% 1,115,858 96.9% 3.1% 1,125,265 100.8% -0.8%

3D1 736,353 729,413 99.1% 0.9% 681,320 93.4% 6.6% 678,689 99.6% 0.4%

Table 10-5: Adjusted Annual Baseline Energy (Low E glazing and lower lighting levels) and Daylighting AnnualEnergy Usage for Elementary School Cases


10-9

HVACSystemOption


(kWh)


(kWh)

Difference

(%)

Savings

( % )


Difference

( % )

Savings

( % )


(kWh)

Difference

( % )

Savings

( % )4A1 508,948 487,536 95.8% 4.2% 428,381 87.9% 12.1% 423,123 98.8% 1.2%

4A2 464,659 455,792 98.1% 1.9% 398,926 87.5% 12.5% 393,636 98.7% 1.3%

4A3 478,114 461,597 96.5% 3.5% 412,709 89.4% 10.6% 402,333 97.5% 2.5%

4B1 509,858 488,444 95.8% 4.2% 429,319 87.9% 12.1% 424,106 98.8% 1.2%

4B2 465,570 456,700 98.1% 1.9% 399,864 87.6% 12.4% 394,619 98.7% 1.3%

4B3 479,024 462,504 96.6% 3.4% 413,647 89.4% 10.6% 403,317 97.5% 2.5%

4C1 883,341 860,276 97.4% 2.6% 814,037 94.6% 5.4% 826,875 101.6% -1.6%

4C2 839,052 828,532 98.7% 1.3% 784,582 94.7% 5.3% 797,388 101.6% -1.6%

4C3 852,507 834,335 97.9% 2.1% 798,366 95.7% 4.3% 806,086 101.0% -1.0%

4D1 510,465 489,048 95.8% 4.2% 429,945 87.9% 12.1% 424,761 98.8% 1.2%

4D2 466,177 457,304 98.1% 1.9% 400,490 87.6% 12.4% 395,274 98.7% 1.3%

4D3 479,632 463,109 96.6% 3.4% 414,273 89.5% 10.5% 403,972 97.5% 2.5%

Min = 422,751 0.3% 366,651 3.1% 360,069 -1.6%

Max = 1,152,100 4.3% 1,115,858 13.3% 1,125,265 3.1%

Table 10-5: Adjusted Annual Baseline Energy (Low E glazing and lower lighting levels) and Daylighting AnnualEnergy Usage for Elementary School Cases - Continued


10-10

HVACSystemOption


($)


($)

Difference

(%)

Savings

( % )


Energy ($)

Difference

( % )

Savings

( % )


($)

Difference

( % )

Savings

( % )1A1 $65,656 $64,580 98.4% 1.6% $57,835 89.6% 10.4% $57,129 98.8% 1.2%

1A2 $57,092 $56,335 98.7% 1.3% $50,469 89.6% 10.4% $49,767 98.6% 1.4%

1A3 $54,783 $53,285 97.3% 2.7% $48,210 90.5% 9.5% $46,940 97.4% 2.6%

1B1 $65,634 $64,555 98.4% 1.6% $57,813 89.6% 10.4% $57,112 98.8% 1.2%

1B2 $57,071 $56,312 98.7% 1.3% $50,448 89.6% 10.4% $49,750 98.6% 1.4%

1B3 $54,763 $53,259 97.3% 2.7% $48,187 90.5% 9.5% $46,923 97.4% 2.6%

1C1 $77,472 $76,021 98.1% 1.9% $70,157 92.3% 7.7% $70,613 100.7% -0.7%

1C2 $73,858 $72,742 98.5% 1.5% $67,234 92.4% 7.6% $67,710 100.7% -0.7%

1C3 $73,174 $71,682 98.0% 2.0% $66,575 92.9% 7.1% $66,903 100.5% -0.5%

1D1 $65,659 $64,587 98.4% 1.6% $57,845 89.6% 10.4% $57,137 98.8% 1.2%

1D2 $57,095 $56,342 98.7% 1.3% $50,479 89.6% 10.4% $49,776 98.6% 1.4%

1D3 $54,789 $53,290 97.3% 2.7% $48,219 90.5% 9.5% $46,948 97.4% 2.6%

2A1 $68,928 $67,717 98.2% 1.8% $60,918 90.0% 10.0% $60,124 98.7% 1.3%

2A2 $58,520 $58,814 100.5% -0.5% $53,120 90.3% 9.7% $52,356 98.6% 1.4%

2A3 $57,690 $56,083 97.2% 2.8% $51,012 91.0% 9.0% $49,648 97.3% 2.7%

2B1 $68,919 $67,706 98.2% 1.8% $60,913 90.0% 10.0% $60,120 98.7% 1.3%

2B2 $58,510 $58,802 100.5% -0.5% $53,115 90.3% 9.7% $52,352 98.6% 1.4%

2B3 $57,680 $56,072 97.2% 2.8% $51,007 91.0% 9.0% $49,643 97.3% 2.7%

2C1 $80,535 $79,001 98.1% 1.9% $73,870 93.5% 6.5% $74,265 100.5% -0.5%

2C2 $75,998 $75,289 99.1% 0.9% $70,674 93.9% 6.1% $71,104 100.6% -0.6%

2C3 $75,826 $74,269 97.9% 2.1% $69,987 94.2% 5.8% $70,323 100.5% -0.5%

2D1 $68,926 $67,719 98.2% 1.8% $60,923 90.0% 10.0% $60,123 98.7% 1.3%

2D2 $58,518 $58,816 100.5% -0.5% $53,126 90.3% 9.7% $52,354 98.5% 1.5%

2D3 $57,688 $56,085 97.2% 2.8% $51,018 91.0% 9.0% $49,646 97.3% 2.7%

3A1 $88,973 $88,621 99.6% 0.4% $83,718 94.5% 5.5% $83,169 99.3% 0.7%

3B1 $88,830 $88,480 99.6% 0.4% $83,602 94.5% 5.5% $83,034 99.3% 0.7%

3C1 $149,204 $148,788 99.7% 0.3% $147,341 99.0% 1.0% $149,100 101.2% -1.2%

Table 10-6: Adjusted Annual Baseline Energy Costs (Low E glazing and lower lighting levels) and Daylighting AnnualEnergy Costs for Elementary School Cases


10-11

HVACSystemOption


($)


($)

Difference

(%)

Savings

( % )


Energy ($)

Difference

( % )

Savings

( % )


($)

Difference

( % )

Savings

( % )3D1 $89,075 $88,723 99.6% 0.4% $83,839 94.5% 5.5% $83,293 99.3% 0.7%

4A1 $69,675 $68,389 98.2% 1.8% $62,547 91.5% 8.5% $61,950 99.0% 1.0%

4A2 $61,870 $61,126 98.8% 1.2% $55,055 90.1% 9.9% $54,461 98.9% 1.1%

4A3 $60,607 $59,537 98.2% 1.8% $54,046 90.8% 9.2% $52,983 98.0% 2.0%

4B1 $69,465 $68,177 98.1% 1.9% $62,330 91.4% 8.6% $61,727 99.0% 1.0%

4B2 $61,703 $60,957 98.8% 1.2% $54,883 90.0% 10.0% $54,282 98.9% 1.1%

4B3 $60,488 $59,412 98.2% 1.8% $53,914 90.7% 9.3% $52,845 98.0% 2.0%

4C1 $125,405 $123,253 98.3% 1.7% $121,038 98.2% 1.8% $122,008 100.8% -0.8%

4C2 $124,280 $122,446 98.5% 1.5% $120,289 98.2% 1.8% $121,258 100.8% -0.8%

4C3 $124,622 $122,594 98.4% 1.6% $120,639 98.4% 1.6% $121,479 100.7% -0.7%

4D1 $69,609 $68,323 98.2% 1.8% $62,479 91.4% 8.6% $61,881 99.0% 1.0%

4D2 $61,877 $61,129 98.8% 1.2% $55,061 90.1% 9.9% $54,465 98.9% 1.1%

4D3 $60,564 $59,617 98.4% 1.6% $54,118 90.8% 9.2% $53,055 98.0% 2.0%

Min = $53,259 -0.5% $48,187 1.0% $46,923 -1.2%

Max = $148,788 2.8% $147,341 10.4% $149,100 2.7%

Table 10-6: Adjusted Annual Baseline Energy Costs (Low E glazing and lower lighting levels) and Daylighting AnnualEnergy Costs for Elementary School Cases - Continued


10-12

10.2.2 High School Results

The adjusted baseline results and the daylighting results from the HAP simulations for the highschool are shown in Tables 10-7 and 10-8 respectively. Using low E glazings for the originalwindows provided annual energy savings that ranged from 0.1% to 0.4% and annual cost savingsthat ranged from 0.2% to 1.0%. When the classroom lighting was reduced to 60 FC, annualenergy savings (including low E glass) ranged from 2.0 to 6.8% and annual cost savings rangedfrom 1.2% to 5.9%. For the daylighting-only cases, annual energy savings ranged from –0.3% to2.3% and annual energy cost savings ranged from –0.6% to 2.4%. The negative savings occur forHVAC system options that employed electric boilers. As noted earlier, when interior electricalloads that produce heat are reduced (such as lighting), the heating system is required to make upthis loss.


10-13

HVACSystemOption


(kWh)


(kWh)

Difference

(%)

Savings

( % )


Difference

( % )

Savings

( % )


(kWh)

Difference

( % )

Savings

( % )1A1 979,208 976,652 99.7% 0.3% 912,523 93.4% 6.6% 893,673 97.9% 2.1%

1A2 930,337 929,267 99.9% 0.1% 866,239 93.2% 6.8% 846,513 97.7% 2.3%

1A3 965,981 964,569 99.9% 0.1% 901,233 93.4% 6.6% 881,548 97.8% 2.2%

1B1 981,652 978,257 99.7% 0.3% 914,135 93.4% 6.6% 895,321 97.9% 2.1%

1B2 932,780 930,872 99.8% 0.2% 867,851 93.2% 6.8% 848,161 97.7% 2.3%

1B3 968,425 966,174 99.8% 0.2% 902,845 93.4% 6.6% 883,195 97.8% 2.2%

1C1 1,908,821 1,900,499 99.6% 0.4% 1,842,276 96.9% 3.1% 1,841,502 100.0% 0.0%

1C2 1,859,949 1,853,116 99.6% 0.4% 1,795,993 96.9% 3.1% 1,794,343 99.9% 0.1%

1C3 1,895,594 1,888,418 99.6% 0.4% 1,830,985 97.0% 3.0% 1,829,377 99.9% 0.1%

1D1 982,727 979,326 99.7% 0.3% 915,214 93.5% 6.5% 896,416 97.9% 2.1%

1D2 933,856 931,941 99.8% 0.2% 868,931 93.2% 6.8% 849,258 97.7% 2.3%

1D3 969,500 967,243 99.8% 0.2% 903,923 93.5% 6.5% 884,291 97.8% 2.2%

2A1 996,643 993,632 99.7% 0.3% 928,170 93.4% 6.6% 909,802 98.0% 2.0%

2A2 946,827 945,384 99.8% 0.2% 880,920 93.2% 6.8% 861,399 97.8% 2.2%

2A3 984,035 982,223 99.8% 0.2% 917,599 93.4% 6.6% 898,334 97.9% 2.1%

2B1 998,943 995,173 99.6% 0.4% 929,742 93.4% 6.6% 911,413 98.0% 2.0%

2B2 949,128 946,926 99.8% 0.2% 882,492 93.2% 6.8% 863,010 97.8% 2.2%

2B3 986,335 983,764 99.7% 0.3% 919,171 93.4% 6.6% 899,946 97.9% 2.1%

2C1 1,890,187 1,881,748 99.6% 0.4% 1,833,761 97.4% 2.6% 1,838,297 100.2% -0.2%

2C2 1,840,372 1,833,500 99.6% 0.4% 1,786,510 97.4% 2.6% 1,789,892 100.2% -0.2%

2C3 1,877,581 1,870,339 99.6% 0.4% 1,823,189 97.5% 2.5% 1,826,828 100.2% -0.2%

2D1 999,976 996,203 99.6% 0.4% 930,790 93.4% 6.6% 912,488 98.0% 2.0%

2D2 950,161 947,954 99.8% 0.2% 883,540 93.2% 6.8% 864,084 97.8% 2.2%

2D3 987,369 984,793 99.7% 0.3% 920,219 93.4% 6.6% 901,019 97.9% 2.1%

3A1 1,286,676 1,284,221 99.8% 0.2% 1,222,567 95.2% 4.8% 1,206,891 98.7% 1.3%

3B1 1,287,695 1,285,233 99.8% 0.2% 1,223,671 95.2% 4.8% 1,210,060 98.9% 1.1%

3C1 1,872,373 1,867,135 99.7% 0.3% 1,829,898 98.0% 2.0% 1,835,700 100.3% -0.3%

3D1 1,288,372 1,285,908 99.8% 0.2% 1,226,436 95.4% 4.6% 1,210,786 98.7% 1.3%

4A1 998,575 995,735 99.7% 0.3% 932,781 93.7% 6.3% 916,255 98.2% 1.8%

Table 10-7: Adjusted Annual Baseline Energy (Low E glazing and lower lighting levels) and Daylighting AnnualEnergy Usage for High School Cases


10-14

HVACSystemOption


(kWh)


(kWh)

Difference

(%)

Savings

( % )


Difference

( % )

Savings

( % )


(kWh)

Difference

( % )

Savings

( % )4A2 950,029 948,664 99.9% 0.1% 886,765 93.5% 6.5% 869,210 98.0% 2.0%

4A3 985,733 984,017 99.8% 0.2% 921,873 93.7% 6.3% 904,525 98.1% 1.9%

4B1 1,001,332 997,444 99.6% 0.4% 934,510 93.7% 6.3% 918,024 98.2% 1.8%

4B2 952,787 950,371 99.7% 0.3% 888,494 93.5% 6.5% 870,981 98.0% 2.0%

4B3 988,491 985,724 99.7% 0.3% 923,602 93.7% 6.3% 906,295 98.1% 1.9%

4C1 1,988,672 1,980,128 99.6% 0.4% 1,929,978 97.5% 2.5% 1,936,224 100.3% -0.3%

4C2 1,940,126 1,933,057 99.6% 0.4% 1,883,963 97.5% 2.5% 1,889,179 100.3% -0.3%

4C3 1,975,830 1,968,410 99.6% 0.4% 1,919,071 97.5% 2.5% 1,924,493 100.3% -0.3%

4D1 1,002,477 998,584 99.6% 0.4% 935,665 93.7% 6.3% 919,205 98.2% 1.8%

4D2 953,931 951,512 99.7% 0.3% 889,650 93.5% 6.5% 872,160 98.0% 2.0%

4D3 989,635 986,864 99.7% 0.3% 924,759 93.7% 6.3% 907,474 98.1% 1.9%

Min = 929,267 0.1% 866,239 2.0% 846,513 -0.3%

Max = 1,980,128 0.4% 1,929,978 6.8% 1,936,224 2.3%

Table 10-7: Adjusted Annual Baseline Energy (Low E glazing and lower lighting levels) and Daylighting AnnualEnergy Usage for High School Cases - Continued


10-15

HVACSystemOption


($)


($)

Difference

(%)

Savings

( % )


Energy ($)

Difference

( % )

Savings

( % )


($)

Difference

( % )

Savings

( % )1A1 $120,884 $120,390 99.6% 0.4% $113,948 94.6% 5.4% $111,816 98.1% 1.9%

1A2 $114,784 $114,537 99.8% 0.2% $107,776 94.1% 5.9% $105,378 97.8% 2.2%

1A3 $114,999 $114,766 99.8% 0.2% $108,134 94.2% 5.8% $105,528 97.6% 2.4%

1B1 $120,476 $119,942 99.6% 0.4% $113,499 94.6% 5.4% $111,367 98.1% 1.9%

1B2 $114,503 $114,200 99.7% 0.3% $107,435 94.1% 5.9% $104,929 97.7% 2.3%

1B3 $114,718 $114,428 99.7% 0.3% $107,793 94.2% 5.8% $105,187 97.6% 2.4%

1C1 $218,221 $217,160 99.5% 0.5% $211,939 97.6% 2.4% $211,902 100.0% 0.0%

1C2 $216,979 $215,956 99.5% 0.5% $210,763 97.6% 2.4% $210,703 100.0% 0.0%

1C3 $217,885 $216,853 99.5% 0.5% $211,652 97.6% 2.4% $211,593 100.0% 0.0%

1D1 $120,742 $120,210 99.6% 0.4% $113,766 94.6% 5.4% $111,629 98.1% 1.9%

1D2 $114,844 $114,543 99.7% 0.3% $107,775 94.1% 5.9% $105,196 97.6% 2.4%

1D3 $115,058 $114,772 99.8% 0.2% $108,132 94.2% 5.8% $105,524 97.6% 2.4%

2A1 $123,030 $122,466 99.5% 0.5% $116,041 94.8% 5.2% $113,948 98.2% 1.8%

2A2 $116,193 $115,921 99.8% 0.2% $109,450 94.4% 5.6% $107,356 98.1% 1.9%

2A3 $116,542 $116,296 99.8% 0.2% $109,795 94.4% 5.6% $107,286 97.7% 2.3%

2B1 $122,620 $122,023 99.5% 0.5% $115,596 94.7% 5.3% $113,504 98.2% 1.8%

2B2 $115,896 $115,578 99.7% 0.3% $109,006 94.3% 5.7% $106,912 98.1% 1.9%

2B3 $116,244 $115,953 99.7% 0.3% $109,453 94.4% 5.6% $106,945 97.7% 2.3%

2C1 $215,423 $214,299 99.5% 0.5% $210,664 98.3% 1.7% $211,291 100.3% -0.3%

2C2 $214,157 $213,073 99.5% 0.5% $209,464 98.3% 1.7% $210,061 100.3% -0.3%

2C3 $215,102 $214,009 99.5% 0.5% $210,396 98.3% 1.7% $211,000 100.3% -0.3%

2D1 $122,894 $122,299 99.5% 0.5% $115,868 94.7% 5.3% $113,769 98.2% 1.8%

2D2 $116,240 $115,922 99.7% 0.3% $109,286 94.3% 5.7% $107,177 98.1% 1.9%

2D3 $116,588 $116,297 99.7% 0.3% $109,795 94.4% 5.6% $107,285 97.7% 2.3%

3A1 $140,739 $140,479 99.8% 0.2% $134,657 95.9% 4.1% $132,635 98.5% 1.5%

3B1 $140,477 $140,220 99.8% 0.2% $134,398 95.8% 4.2% $132,520 98.6% 1.4%

3C1 $225,636 $224,864 99.7% 0.3% $222,023 98.7% 1.3% $223,448 100.6% -0.6%

Table 10-8: Adjusted Annual Baseline Energy Costs (Low E glazing and lower lighting levels) and Daylighting AnnualEnergy Costs for High School Cases


10-16

HVACSystemOption


($)


($)

Difference

(%)

Savings

( % )


Energy ($)

Difference

( % )

Savings

( % )


($)

Difference

( % )

Savings

( % )3D1 $142,002 $140,542 99.0% 1.0% $134,878 96.0% 4.0% $132,855 98.5% 1.5%

4A1 $121,845 $121,414 99.6% 0.4% $115,285 95.0% 5.0% $113,375 98.3% 1.7%

4A2 $116,721 $116,463 99.8% 0.2% $110,090 94.5% 5.5% $107,791 97.9% 2.1%

4A3 $117,082 $116,844 99.8% 0.2% $110,597 94.7% 5.3% $108,314 97.9% 2.1%

4B1 $121,441 $120,966 99.6% 0.4% $114,839 94.9% 5.1% $112,931 98.3% 1.7%

4B2 $116,443 $116,123 99.7% 0.3% $109,753 94.5% 5.5% $107,461 97.9% 2.1%

4B3 $116,805 $116,504 99.7% 0.3% $110,260 94.6% 5.4% $107,984 97.9% 2.1%

4C1 $232,238 $231,228 99.6% 0.4% $228,414 98.8% 1.2% $229,382 100.4% -0.4%

4C2 $231,004 $230,032 99.6% 0.4% $227,245 98.8% 1.2% $228,186 100.4% -0.4%

4C3 $231,912 $230,930 99.6% 0.4% $228,137 98.8% 1.2% $229,084 100.4% -0.4%

4D1 $121,695 $121,238 99.6% 0.4% $115,088 94.9% 5.1% $113,175 98.3% 1.7%

4D2 $116,772 $116,452 99.7% 0.3% $110,079 94.5% 5.5% $107,783 97.9% 2.1%

4D3 $117,135 $116,833 99.7% 0.3% $110,586 94.7% 5.3% $108,306 97.9% 2.1%

Min = $114,200 0.2% $107,435 1.2% $104,929 -0.6%

Max = $231,228 1.0% $228,414 5.9% $229,382 2.4%

Table 10-8: Adjusted Annual Baseline Energy Costs (Low E glazing and lower lighting levels) and Daylighting AnnualEnergy Costs for High School Cases - Continued


10-17

10.3 DAYLIGHTING RESULTS – OBSERVATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

In reviewing the data shown in section 10.2, the following observations were made:

• There is sufficient diffuse daylight available in Ohio to consider using daylighting as a sourcefor lighting Ohio school classrooms

• The additional glass area required for daylighting will not cause any significant heating orcooling load changes (unless electric boilers are used to heat the building)

• Daylighting can be used without incurring higher energy cost

• The use of a second control zone, identified as the room zone in actual architectural drawings(comprising the second half of the classroom fixtures located farthest from the windows),does not provide enough control savings to be practical.

• The higher initial cost to implement daylight harvesting controls will be incurred only for themanual (teacher) control stations and the photo-sensors (1 per classroom). These controlcosts could be paid from the annual savings. Costs of the dimming ballasts should notexceed the cost of existing specified two electronic ballasts for each fixture required toprovide two-level in-board/out-board control.

• The higher initial cost of the additional window area could be covered by the expected chillerplant downsizing when daylighting is integrated into the building design right from the outset

Recommendations:

The following recommendations are offered as a result of completing these daylighting analyses:

• From an architectural standpoint, consider high window head heights up to 11 feet. Alsoconsider raising the head height to the ceiling to eliminate the contrast between the dark wallarea above the window and a bright window in current designs. When compared withcontinuous windows, daylight distribution with high head heights is more uniform andpenetrates deeper into the room. However, the use of higher head heights may require ahigher floor-to-floor height than used in current practice. Higher floor-to-floor height wouldalso increase the volume of each room to be heated and cooled. Another alternative would beto raise the ceiling near the window.

• Consider the “finger” plan building layout with multiple rows of single classrooms, each withwindows on two sides. This is sometimes called the California plan, popular in the 1950’sand early 60’s when it was specified by the California Department of Education architecturaldesign.

• Orient the building so that the longest facades face north or south. This orientation exposesthe majority of windows to sun angles that are easy to manage.

• Classrooms with south facing glass require that some additional shading be added to accountfor those times of the year where low sun angles are seen. Also, horizontal blinds, manuallycontrolled by the classroom teacher, could provide this shading function. Use of blinds onthe south facing windows is also recommended to prevent glare and over lighting.


10-18

• Light shelves may be more effective than manually controlled blinds on south facingclassroom windows and should be investigated further.

• Finally, orient lighting so that the long direction of the fluorescent fixtures is parallel to thewindows. When the building is oriented with the longest facades facing north or south, thewhiteboard should be along one of the short ends. The architectural design manual requiresthe long direction of the lighting fixtures to be parallel to the whiteboard.

• Design the classroom lighting so that it meets the prescribed light levels of 50 – 60 FC.Integrate the fluorescent lighting system with the daylighting. Indirect lighting systemsprovide uniform light reflected from the ceiling and integrate well with daylighting.Illuminance levels on the desktops can usually be set 25 – 35% lower than direct systems.Indirect systems are not the energy hogs they once were with energy performance in schoolapplications about 1 watt/SF.

• Use high color temperature (4100K or 5000K) and high color rendering (85 CRI) fluorescent(T8 or T5-HO) lamps to best complement the daylight.

• Use one zone of dimming control for those fluorescent fixtures closest to the window.

• Provide a manual control in each classroom where the fluorescent lighting is automaticallycontrolled to supplement the available daylight. Teachers are much more likely to accept theautomatic dimming of classroom lighting when a manual control is incorporated to allowthem to adjust the lighting level for local control such as for audio-visual, TV, or computerusage.

• Completion of a more detailed study of daylighting that is integrated into a school buildingdesign to evaluate the full impact of daylighting on new designs should be considered.Computer tools now in development will provide hourly simulation of daylighting as part ofthe HVAC interaction study instead of the two-part methodology used in this study.


10-19

Daylighting Definitions

Daylight: Diffuse sunlight.

Daylighting: Method of lighting building interiors using diffuse natural light.

Double-glazing: Term applied to two thicknesses of glass separated by an air space within anopening to improve insulation against heat transfer.

Glazing: Glass or plastic panes in a window, door, or skylight.

Header: The upper horizontal member of a window frame.

Illuminance: The total amount of visible light incident upon a point on a surface from alldirections above the surface. Illuminance is commonly called light level and is measured infootcandles (FC) in the U.S. and in lux in other parts of the world. (1 fc = 10.76 lux)

Low-emittance (low-E) coatings: Glazing coated with a microscopically thin, virtually invisiblemetal or a metal oxide layer deposited on a window-glazing surface to reduce the U-factor bysuppressing radiative heat flow. Low-e coatings are transparent to the solar spectrum (visiblelight and short-wave infrared (IR) radiation) and reflect long-wave IR radiation.

Solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC) and shading coefficient (SC): Window-glazing metricsthat compare the amount of total solar heat gain that enters a space through the glazing. Theglazing industry is replacing the older SC measure with the newer SHGC. SHGC is the ratio oftotal transmitted solar heat to incident solar energy on the outside of the window. The lower theSHGC, the lower the heat gain. SC = 1.15 x SHGC.

Solar radiation: The total radiant energy from the sun, including ultraviolet and infraredwavelengths as well as visible light.

Transmittance: The percentage of radiation that can pass through glazing. Transmittance can bedefined for different types of light or energy, e.g., visible transmittance, UV transmittance, ortotal solar energy transmittance.

U-value: The window glazing measure of overall heat transfer through the glazing due to theindoor and outdoor temperature difference. Units are Btu/h-ft2-ºF. The lower the U-value, thegreater a window’s resistance to heat flow and the better its insulating value.

Visible light: The portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that produces light that can be seen.Wavelengths range from 380 to 720 nanometers.


10-20

Visible light transmittance (VLT) or Tvis: This is a window-glazing characteristic thatmeasures the percentage of visible light striking the window glazing that enters the space.Glazings with high Tvis values appear relatively clear and provide good views.

Window: A glazed opening in an external wall of a building - an entire unit consisting of aframe sash and glazing, and any operable elements.

List of Appendices

A Through E

Appendix AEnergy Simulation

Appendix # Description System

A-1 OSFC Elementary School Energy Simulation – Cincinnati, VAVw/Reheat

1A1 – 1D3

A-2 OSFC Elementary School Energy Simulation – Cincinnati, VAVSFPMB w/Reheat

2A1 – 2D3

A-3 OSFC Elementary School Energy Simulation – Cincinnati, WaterSource Heat Pump

3A1 – 3D1

A-4 OSFC Elementary School Energy Simulation – Cincinnati, DualDuct VAV

4A1 – 4D3

A-5 OSFC Elementary School Energy Simulation – Cleveland, VAVw/Reheat

1A1 – 1D3

A-6 OSFC Elementary School Energy Simulation – Cleveland, VAVSFPMB w/Reheat

2A1 – 2D3

A-7 OSFC Elementary School Energy Simulation – Cleveland, WaterSource Heat Pump

3A1 – 3D1

A-8 OSFC Elementary School Energy Simulation – Cleveland, DualDuct VAV

4A-1 –4D3

A-9 OSFC Elementary School Energy Simulation – Columbus, VAVw/Reheat

1A1 – 1D3

A-10 OSFC Elementary School Energy Simulation – Columbus, VAVSFPMB w/Reheat

2A1 – 2D3

A-11 OSFC Elementary School Energy Simulation – Columbus, WaterSource Heat Pump

3A1 – 3D1

A-12 OSFC Elementary School Energy Simulation – Columbus, DualDuct VAV

4A1 –4D3

A-13 OSFC High School Energy Simulation – Cincinnati, VAVw/Reheat

1A1 – 1D3

A-14 OSFC High School Energy Simulation – Cincinnati, VAVSFPMB w/Reheat

2A1 – 2D3

A-15 OSFC High School Energy Simulation – Cincinnati, WaterSource Heat Pump

3A1 – 3D1

A-16 OSFC High School Energy Simulation – Cincinnati, Dual DuctVAV

4A1 – 4D3

A-17 OSFC High School Energy Simulation – Cleveland, VAVw/Reheat

1A1 – 1D3

A-18 OSFC High School Energy Simulation – Cleveland, VAVSFPMB w/Reheat

2A1 – 2D3

A-19 OSFC High School Energy Simulation – Cleveland, WaterSource Heat Pump

3A1 – 3D1

A-20 OSFC High School Energy Simulation – Cleveland, Dual DuctVAV

4A1 – 4D3

A-21 OSFC High School Energy Simulation – Columbus, VAVw/Reheat

1A1 – 1D3

A-22 OSFC High School Energy Simulation – Columbus, VAVSFPMB w/Reheat

2A1 – 2D3

A-23 OSFC High School Energy Simulation – Columbus, WaterSource Heat Pump

3A1 – 3D1

A-24 OSFC High School Energy Simulation – Columbus, Dual DuctVAV

4A1 – 4D3

$0

$50,000

$100,000

System Type

Appendix A-1 - OSFC Elementary School Energy Simulation - CincinnatiVAV w/ Reheat

(Electric Rate - CG&E_DS and Natural Gas Rate - CG&E_GS)


Natural Gas Cost (CG&E_GS Rate) $3,553 $3,553 $3,553 $3,506 $3,506 $3,506 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0

Electric Cost (CG&E_DS Rate) $83,616 $62,796 $61,642 $83,660 $62,841 $61,686 $89,427 $74,708 $74,086 $83,689 $62,870 $61,715

1A1 1A2 1A3 1B1 1B2 1B3 1C1 1C2 1C3 1D1 1D2 1D3

$87,169

$66,349 $65,195

$87,166

$65,192$66,347

$89,427

$74,708 $74,086

$87,884

$67,065 $65,910

$0

$50,000

$100,000

System Type

Appendix A-2 - OSFC Elementary School Energy Simulation - CincinnatiVAV SFPMB w/ Reheat

(Electric Rate - CG&E_DS and Natural Gas Rate CG&E_GS)

Fuel Oil Cost ($0.80/gallon) $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $4,675 $4,675 $4,675



2A1 2A2 2A3 2B1 2B2 2B3 2C1 2C2 2C3 2D1 2D2 2D3

$89,457

$68,657 $67,265

$89,461

$68,661 $67,269

$92,196

$76,454$77,072

$90,256

$69,456 $68,064

$0

$50,000

$100,000

System Type

Appendix A-3 - OSFC Elementary School Energy Simulation - CincinnatiWater Source Heat Pump


Fuel Oil Cost ($0.80/gallon) $0 $0 $0 $9,209

Natural Gas Cost (CG&E_GS Rate) $7,726 $7,527 $0 $0

Electric Cost (CG&E_DS Rate) $82,325 $82,411 $124,060 $82,469

3A1 3B1 3C1 3D1

$90,051 $89,938

$124,060

$91,678

$0

$50,000

$100,000

System Type

Appendix A-4 - OSFC Elementary School Energy Simulation - CincinnatiDual Duct VAV





4A1 4A2 4A3 4B1 4B2 4B3 4C1 4C2 4C3 4D1 4D2 4D3

$88,793

$70,525 $68,509

$88,646

$70,378 $68,362

$111,054

$99,623 $98,536

$90,138

$71,870 $69,853

$0

$50,000

$100,000

$150,000

System Type

Appendix A-5 - OSFC Elementary School Energy Simulation - ClevelandVAV w/ Reheat

(Electric Rate - CEI_SS and Natural Gas Rate - COH_GS)


Natural Gas Cost (COH_GS Rate) $6,653 $6,653 $6,653 $6,586 $6,586 $6,586 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0

Electric Cost (CEI SS Rate) $71,699 $64,052 $64,025 $72,015 $64,368 $64,339 $110,225 $102,588 $102,543 $72,222 $64,580 $64,552

1A1 1A2 1A3 1B1 1B2 1B3 1C1 1C2 1C3 1D1 1D2 1D3

$78,352 $70,705 $70,678 $78,601 $70,954 $70,925

$110,225 $102,588 $102,543

$78,789 $71,147 $71,119

$0

$50,000

$100,000

$150,000

System Type

Appendix A-6 - OSFC Elementary School Energy Simulation - ClevelandVAV SFPMB w/ Reheat




Electric Cost (CEI_SS Rate) $76,099 $67,128 $67,476 $76,408 $67,057 $67,784 $115,418 $106,311 $107,030 $76,622 $67,272 $67,999

2A1 2A2 2A3 2B1 2B2 2B3 2C1 2C2 2C3 2D1 2D2 2D3

$83,248 $74,277 $74,625 $83,490 $74,139 $74,866

$115,418 $106,311 $107,030

$83,663 $74,313 $75,040

$0

$50,000

$100,000

$150,000

System Type

Appendix A-7 - OSFC Elementary School Energy Simulation - ClevelandWater Source Heat Pump

(Electric Rate - CEI_SS and Natrual Gas Rate - COH_GS)


Natural Gas Cost (COH_GS Rate) $12,631 $12,329 $0 $0

Electric Cost (CEI_SS Rate) $107,845 $108,026 $182,459 $108,130

3A1 3B1 3C1 3D1

$120,476 $120,355 $120,629

$182,459

$0

$50,000

$100,000

$150,000

System Type

Appendix A-8 - OSFC Elementary School Energy Simulation - ClevelandDual Duct VAV



Natural Gas Cost (COH_FRGTS Rate) $11,846 $11,846 $11,846 $11,573 $11,573 $11,573 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0


4A1 4A2 4A3 4B1 4B2 4B3 4C1 4C2 4C3 4D1 4D2 4D3

$88,495 $81,236 $81,222 $88,401 $81,141 $81,128

$150,870 $143,608 $143,586

$88,659 $81,400 $81,386

$0

$50,000

$100,000

$150,000

System Type

Appendix A-9 - OSFC Elementary School Energy Simulation - ColumbusVAV w/ Reheat

(Electric Rate - AEP_GS3 and Natural Gas Rate - COH_GS)



Electric Cost (AEP_GS3 Rate) $60,282 $51,718 $49,409 $60,327 $51,763 $49,456 $77,472 $73,858 $73,174 $60,356 $51,793 $49,487

1A1 1A2 1A3 1B1 1B2 1B3 1C1 1C2 1C3 1D1 1D2 1D3

$65,656

$57,092 $54,783

$65,635

$57,071 $54,764

$77,472

$73,858 $73,174 $65,658

$57,095 $54,789

$0

$50,000

$100,000

$150,000

System Type

Appendix A-10 - OSFC Elementary School Energy Simulation - ColumbusVAV SFPMB w/ Reheat





2A1 2A2 2A3 2B1 2B2 2B3 2C1 2C2 2C3 2D1 2D2 2D3

$68,928

$58,519 $57,689

$68,918

$58,509 $57,680

$80,535 $75,998 $75,826

$68,926

$58,517 $57,687

$0

$50,000

$100,000

$150,000

System Type

Appendix A-11 - OSFC Elementary School Energy Simulation - ColumbusWater Source Heat Pumps




Electric Cost (AEP_GS3 Rate) $78,334 $78,459 $149,204 $78,549

3A1 3B1 3C1 3D1

$88,973 $88,830

$149,204

$89,075

$0

$50,000

$100,000

$150,000

System Type

Appendix A-12 - OSFC Elementary School Energy Simulation - ColumbusDual Duct VAV





4A1 4A2 4A3 4B1 4B2 4B3 4C1 4C2 4C3 4D1 4D2 4D3

$69,675

$61,870 $60,607

$69,465

$61,703 $60,488

$125,405 $124,280 $124,622

$69,609

$61,877 $60,564

$0

$50,000

$100,000

$150,000

$200,000

System Type

Appendix A-13 - OSFC High School Energy Simulation - CincinnatiVAV w/ Reheat

(Electric Rate - CG&E_DS and Natural Gas Rate CG&E_GS)




1A1 1A2 1A3 1B1 1B2 1B3 1C1 1C2 1C3 1D1 1D2 1D3

$150,390

$135,594

$127 977

$150,103

$135,306

$127,690

$193,683 $186,206 $183,552

$153,906

$139,110 $131,493

$0

$50,000

$100,000

$150,000

$200,000

System Type

Appendix A-14 - OSFC High School Energy Simulation - CincinnatiVAV SFPMB w/ Reheat





2A1 2A2 2A3 2B1 2B2 2B3 2C1 2C2 2C3 2D1 2D2 2D3

$152,450

$136,800

$129,290

$152,158

$136,508$128,998

$193,087$184,590 $182,118

$155,820

$140,169 $132,659

$0

$50,000

$100,000

$150,000

$200,000

System Type

Appendix A-15 - OSFC High School Energy Simulation - CincinnatiWater Source Heat Pump

(Electric Rate - CD&E_DS and Natural Gas Rate - CG&E_GS)


Natural Gas Cost (CG&E_GS Rate) $10,755 $10,465 $0 $0

Electric Cost (CG&E_DS Rate) $133,262 $133,348 $190,656 $133,407

3A1 3B1 3C1 3D1

$144,017 $143,813

$190,656

$146,250

$0

$50,000

$100,000

$150,000

$200,000

System Type

Appendix A-16 - OSFC High School Energy Simulation - CincinnatiDual Duct VAV





4A1 4A2 4A3 4B1 4B2 4B3 4C1 4C2 4C3 4D1 4D2 4D3

$150,065

$128,554

$149,780

$135,779$128,271

$199,590$192,663 $190,180

$153,801

$139,801 $132,292$136,064

$0

$50,000

$100,000

$150,000

$200,000

$250,000

$300,000

System Type

Appendix A-17 - OSFC High School Energy Simulation - ClevelandVAV w/ Reheat





1A1 1A2 1A3 1B1 1B2 1B3 1C1 1C2 1C3 1D1 1D2 1D3

$161,542

$154,039 $155,961 $161,370 $153,866 $155,788

$281,848 $275,502 $277,801

$161,767$154,263 $$156,184

$0

$50,000

$100,000

$150,000

$200,000

$250,000

$300,000

System Type

Appendix A-18 - OSFC High School Energy Simulation - ClevelandVAV SFPMB w/ Reheat





2A1 2A2 2A3 2B1 2B2 2B3 2C1 2C2 2C3 2D1 2D2 2D3

$156,075$157,890 $163,508

$155,886 $157,693

$279,580 $272,330 $274,737

$163,912

$156,282$158,097$163,704

$0

$50,000

$100,000

$150,000

$200,000

$250,000

$300,000

System Type

Appendix A-19 - OSFC High School Energy Simulation - ClevelandWater Source Heat Pump




Electric Cost (CEI_SS Rate) $179,042 $179,339 $284,280 $179,449

3A1 3B1 3C1 3D1

$196,519 $196,383 $196,755

$284,280

$0

$50,000

$100,000

$150,000

$200,000

$250,000

$300,000

System Type

Appendix A-20 - OSFC High School Energy Simulation - ClevelandDual Duct VAV





4A1 4A2 4A3 4B1 4B2 4B3 4C1 4C2 4C3 4D1 4D2 4D3

$165,214 $157,883 $159,873 $165,075 $157,744 $159,733

$295,197 $289,156 $291,485

$165,443 $158,119 $160,108

$0

$50,000

$100,000

$150,000

$200,000

System Type

Appendix A-21 - OSFC High School Energy Simulation - ColumbusVAV w/ Reheat

(Electric Rate - AEP_GS3 and Natural Gas Rate COH_GS)




1A1 1A2 1A3 1B1 1B2 1B3 1C1 1C2 1C3 1D1 1D2 1D3

$120,884$114,784 $114,999 $120,476 $114,503 $114,717

$218,221 $216,979 $217,885

$120,743 $114,844 $115,058

$0

$50,000

$100,000

$150,000

$200,000

System Type

Appendix A-22 - OSFC High School Energy Simulation - ColumbusVAV SFPMB w/ Reheat





2A1 2A2 2A3 2B1 2B2 2B3 2C1 2C2 2C3 2D1 2D2 2D3

$123,030 $116,193 $116,542

$122,620 $115,896 $116,244

$215,423 $214,157 $215,102

$122,894 $116,240 $116,588

$0

$50,000

$100,000

$150,000

$200,000

System Type

Appendix A-23 - OSFC High School Energy Simulation - ColumbusWater Source Heat Pumps




Electric Cost (AEP_GS3 Rate) $125,906 $126,034 $225,636 $127,322

3A1 3B1 3C1 3D1

$140,739 $140,477

$225,636

$142,001

$0

$50,000

$100,000

$150,000

$200,000

System Type

Appendix A-24 - OSFC High School Energy Simulation - ColumbusDual Duct VAV





4A1 4A2 4A3 4B1 4B2 4B3 4C1 4C2 4C3 4D1 4D2 4D3

$121,845 $116,721 $117,082

$121,441 $116,443 $116,805

$232,238 $231,004

$231,912

$121,696 $116,773 $117,135

Appendix BLife Cycle Costs ( $ )


B-1 OSFC Elementary Life Cycle Costs ( $ ) 1A1 – 1C2B-2 OSFC Elementary Life Cycle Costs ( $ ) 1C3 – 2B1B-3 OSFC Elementary Life Cycle Costs ( $ ) 2B2 – 2D3B-4 OSFC Elementary Life Cycle Costs ( $ ) 3A1 – 4B1B-5 OSFC Elementary Life Cycle Costs ( $ ) 4B2 – 4D3B-6 OSFC High School Life Cycle Costs ( $ ) 1A1 – 1C2B-7 OSFC High School Life Cycle Costs ( $ ) 1C3 – 2B1B-8 OSFC High School Life Cycle Costs ( $ ) 2B2 – 2D3B-9 OSFC High School Life Cycle Costs ( $ ) 3A1 – 4B1

B-10 OSFC High School Life Cycle Costs ( $ ) 4B2 – 4D3

$1,800,000

$2,000,000

$2,200,000

$2,400,000

$2,600,000

$2,800,000

$3,000,000

$3,200,000

$3,400,000

$3,600,000

HVAC System Types

Appendix B-1 - OSFC Elementary School Life Cycle Costs ($)


Cincinnati $2,261,461 $2,089,820 $1,992,541 $2,262,805 $2,091,178 $1,993,885 $2,273,361 $2,171,692

Cleveland $2,273,597 $2,259,071 $2,167,169 $2,277,957 $2,263,431 $2,171,512 $2,623,904 $2,609,503

Columbus $2,039,729 $2,009,998 $1,897,806 $2,040,889 $2,011,158 $1,898,981 $2,160,979 $2,188,021

1A1 1A2 1A3 1B1 1B2 1B3 1C1 1C2

$1,800,000

$2,000,000

$2,200,000

$2,400,000

$2,600,000

$2,800,000

$3,000,000

$3,200,000

$3,400,000

$3,600,000

HVAC System Types



Cincinnati $2,080,509 $2,287,288 $2,115,661 $2,018,368 $2,320,189 $2,170,636 $2,048,769 $2,321,616

Cleveland $2,517,401 $2,297,804 $2,283,345 $2,191,439 $2,365,151 $2,359,263 $2,247,842 $2,369,426

Columbus $2,094,461 $2,057,735 $2,028,004 $1,915,842 $2,110,400 $2,081,798 $1,964,275 $2,111,690

1C3 1D1 1D2 1D3 2A1 2A2 2A3 2B1

$1,800,000

$2,000,000

$2,200,000

$2,400,000

$2,600,000

$2,800,000

$3,000,000

$3,200,000

$3,400,000

$3,600,000

HVAC System Types

Appendix B-3 OSFC Elementary School Life Cycle Costs ($)


Cincinnati $2,172,063 $2,050,196 $2,337,603 $2,253,149 $2,140,160 $2,346,980 $2,197,426 $2,075,560

Cleveland $2,359,184 $2,252,116 $2,718,873 $2,711,426 $2,604,273 $2,389,114 $2,378,873 $2,271,805

Columbus $2,083,087 $1,965,565 $2,229,238 $2,267,987 $2,158,017 $2,128,345 $2,099,743 $1,982,220

2B2 2B3 2C1 2C2 2C3 2D1 2D2 2D3

$1,800,000

$2,000,000

$2,200,000

$2,400,000

$2,600,000

$2,800,000

$3,000,000

$3,200,000

$3,400,000

$3,600,000

HVAC System Types



Cincinnati $2,543,046 $2,545,447 $2,891,908 $2,571,823 $2,486,601 $2,344,233 $2,237,056 $2,488,608

Cleveland $3,027,582 $3,030,219 $3,693,610 $3,040,369 $2,614,983 $2,604,909 $2,513,164 $2,617,931

Columbus $2,560,640 $2,562,762 $3,209,445 $2,572,124 $2,296,441 $2,275,409 $2,175,216 $2,297,803

3A1 3B1 3C1 3D1 4A1 4A2 4A3 4B1

$1,800,000

$2,000,000

$2,200,000

$2,400,000

$2,600,000

$2,800,000

$3,000,000

$3,200,000

$3,400,000

$3,600,000

HVAC System Types



Cincinnati $2,346,239 $2,239,062 $2,700,720 $2,636,775 $2,540,251 $2,512,151 $2,369,783 $2,262,606

Cleveland $2,607,857 $2,516,112 $3,285,501 $3,275,394 $3,183,553 $2,627,896 $2,617,822 $2,526,074

Columbus $2,277,269 $2,177,619 $2,893,625 $2,949,214 $2,867,422 $2,305,998 $2,285,811 $2,185,040

4B2 4B3 4C1 4C2 4C3 4D1 4D2 4D3

$2,600,000

$3,000,000

$3,400,000

$3,800,000

$4,200,000

$4,600,000

$5,000,000

$5,400,000

HVAC System Types

Appendix B-6 - OSFC High School Life Cycle Costs ($)


Cincinnati $3,568,508 $3,309,636 $3,171,234 $3,570,224 $3,311,351 $3,172,949 $4,005,833 $3,830,911

Cleveland $3,790,284 $3,620,795 $3,593,209 $3,793,776 $3,624,279 $3,596,682 $5,108,087 $4,951,865

Columbus $3,254,888 $3,097,026 $3,048,756 $3,255,317 $3,098,918 $3,050,648 $4,311,459 $4,209,323

1A1 1A2 1A3 1B1 1B2 1B3 1C1 1C2

$2,600,000

$3,000,000

$3,400,000

$3,800,000

$4,200,000

$4,600,000

$5,000,000

$5,400,000

HVAC System Types



Cincinnati $3,749,436 $3,614,668 $3,355,795 $3,217,393 $3,626,601 $3,357,926 $3,220,747 $3,628,266

Cleveland $4,928,594 $3,800,680 $3,631,178 $3,603,582 $3,852,642 $3,681,699 $3,652,887 $3,855,846

Columbus $4,168,980 $3,259,530 $3,103,976 $3,055,706 $3,314,642 $3,148,333 $3,101,595 $3,315,053

1C3 1D1 1D2 1D3 2A1 2A2 2A3 2B1

$2,600,000

$3,000,000

$3,400,000

$3,800,000

$4,200,000

$4,600,000

$5,000,000

$5,400,000

HVAC System Types



Cincinnati $3,359,591 $3,222,413 $4,033,456 $3,846,842 $3,767,441 $3,671,074 $3,402,399 $3,265,221

Cleveland $3,684,994 $3,656,084 $5,119,622 $4,953,038 $4,931,011 $3,862,841 $3,691,899 $3,663,075

Columbus $3,150,042 $3,103,304 $4,314,507 $4,212,096 $4,172,208 $3,319,349 $3,155,138 $3,108,400

2B2 2B3 2C1 2C2 2C3 2D1 2D2 2D3

$2,600,000

$3,000,000

$3,400,000

$3,800,000

$4,200,000

$4,600,000

$5,000,000

$5,400,000

HVAC System Types



Cincinnati $3,733,698 $3,736,381 $4,211,895 $3,765,145 $3,752,433 $3,502,689 $3,365,500 $3,754,188

Cleveland $4,439,659 $4,443,574 $5,386,801 $4,450,181 $4,036,898 $3,869,390 $3,842,568 $4,040,770

Columbus $3,737,391 $3,739,500 $4,653,274 $3,757,817 $3,457,288 $3,310,622 $3,264,028 $3,457,762

3A1 3B1 3C1 3D1 4A1 4A2 4A3 4B1

Appendix CControls


C-1 OSFC Elementary School Energy Simulation – Cincinnati, VAVw/Reheat

1A1 – 1D3

C-2 OSFC Elementary School Energy Simulation – Cincinnati, VAVSFPMB w/Reheat

2A1 – 2D3

C-3 OSFC Elementary School Energy Simulation – Cincinnati, WaterSource Heat Pump

3A1 – 3D1

C-4 OSFC Elementary School Energy Simulation – Cincinnati, DualDuct VAV

4A1 – 4D3

C-5 OSFC Elementary School Energy Simulation – Cleveland, VAVw/Reheat

1A1 – 1D3

C-6 OSFC Elementary School Energy Simulation – Cleveland, VAVSFPMB w/Reheat

2A1 – 2D3

C-7 OSFC Elementary School Energy Simulation – Cleveland, WaterSource Heat Pump

3A1 – 3D1

C-8 OSFC Elementary School Energy Simulation – Cleveland, DualDuct VAV

4A-1 –4D3

C-9 OSFC Elementary School Energy Simulation – Columbus, VAVw/Reheat

1A1 – 1D3

C-10 OSFC Elementary School Energy Simulation – Columbus, VAVSFPMB w/Reheat

2A1 – 2D3

C-11 OSFC Elementary School Energy Simulation – Columbus, WaterSource Heat Pump

3A1 – 3D1

C-12 OSFC Elementary School Energy Simulation – Columbus, DualDuct VAV

4A1 –4D3

C-13 OSFC High School Energy Simulation – Cincinnati, VAVw/Reheat

1A1 – 1D3

C-14 OSFC High School Energy Simulation – Cincinnati, VAVSFPMB w/Reheat

2A1 – 2D3

C-15 OSFC High School Energy Simulation – Cincinnati, WaterSource Heat Pump

3A1 – 3D1

C-16 OSFC High School Energy Simulation – Cincinnati, Dual DuctVAV

4A1 – 4D3

C-17 OSFC High School Energy Simulation – Cleveland, VAVw/Reheat

1A1 – 1D3

C-18 OSFC High School Energy Simulation – Cleveland, VAVSFPMB w/Reheat

2A1 – 2D3

C-19 OSFC High School Energy Simulation – Cleveland, V WaterSource Heat Pump

3A1 – 3D1

C-20 OSFC High School Energy Simulation – Cleveland, Dual DuctVAV

4A1 – 4D3

C-21 OSFC High School Energy Simulation – Columbus, VAVw/Reheat

1A1 – 1D3

C-22 OSFC High School Energy Simulation – Columbus, VAVSFPMB w/Reheat

2A1 – 2D3

C-23 OSFC High School Energy Simulation – Columbus, WaterSource Heat Pump

3A1 – 3D1

C-24 OSFC High School Energy Simulation – Columbus, Dual DuctVAV

4A1 – 4D3

$0

$50,000

$100,000

System Type

Appendix C-1 OSFC Elementary School Energy Simulation - CincinnatiVAV w/ Reheat


Electric Cost (CG&E EH) $53,753 $45,263 $45,145




1A1 1A2 1A3 1B1 1B2 1B3 1C1 1C2 1C3 1D1 1D2 1D3

$87,344

$66,524 $65,370

$87,339

$65,365$66,520

$53,753 $45,263 $45,145

$87,884

$67,065 $65,910

$0

$50,000

$100,000

System Type

Appendix C-2 -OSFC Elementary School Energy Simulation - CincinnatiVAV SFPMB w/ Reheat

(Electric Rate - CG&E_DS and CG&E_EH and Natural Gas Rate CG&E_FT)

Electric Cost (CG&E_EH) $56,654 $47,836 $47,785




2A1 2A2 2A3 2B1 2B2 2B3 2C1 2C2 2C3 2D1 2D2 2D3

$89,652

$68,852 $67,460

$89,654

$68,854 $67,462

$56,654

$47,785$47,836

$90,256

$69,456 $68,064

$0

$50,000

$100,000

System Type

Appendix C-3 - OSFC Elementary School Energy Simulation - CincinnatiWater Source Heat Pump


Electric Cost (CG&E EH) $72,001


Natural Gas Cost (CG&E_FT Rate) $8,110 $7,901 $0 $0

Electric Cost (CG&E_DS Rate) $82,325 $82,411 $82,469

3A1 3B1 3C1 3D1

$90,435 $90,312

$72,001

$91,678

$0

$50,000

$100,000

System Type

Appendix C-4 - OSFC Elementary School Energy Simulation - CincinnatiDual Duct VAV






4A1 4A2 4A3 4B1 4B2 4B3 4C1 4C2 4C3 4D1 4D2 4D3

$89,133

$70,865 $68,849

$88,977

$70,709 $68,693 $61,967

$54,423 $54,012

$90,138

$71,870 $69,853

$0

$50,000

$100,000

$150,000

System Type

Appendix C-5 - OSFC Elementary School Energy Simulation - ClevelandVAV w/ Reheat

(Electric Rate - CEI_SS and CEI_Second Meter and Natural Gas Rate - COH_FRGTS)

Electric Cost (CEI_SM Rate) $71,543 $66,192 $67,050



Electric Cost (CEI_SS Rate) $71,699 $64,052 $64,025 $72,015 $64,368 $64,339 $72,222 $64,580 $64,552

1A1 1A2 1A3 1B1 1B2 1B3 1C1 1C2 1C3 1D1 1D2 1D3

$77,215

$69,568 $69,541

$77,476

$69,829 $69,800 $71,543 $66,192 $67,050

$78,789

$71,147 $71,119

$0

$50,000

$100,000

$150,000

System Type

Appendix C-6 - OSFC Elementary School Energy Simulation - ClevelandVAV SFPMB w/ Reheat


Electric Cost (CEI_SM) $72,453 $68,256 $68,731




2A1 2A2 2A3 2B1 2B2 2B3 2C1 2C2 2C3 2D1 2D2 2D3

$82,026 $73,055 $73,403 $82,280 $72,929 $73,656 $72,453 $68,256 $68,731 $83,663 $74,313 $75,040

$0

$50,000

$100,000

$150,000

System Type

Appendix C-7 - OSFC Elementary School Energy Simulation - ClevelandWater Source Heat Pump

(Electric Rate - CEI_SS and CEI_Second Meter and Natrual Gas Rate - COH_FRGTS)

Electric Cost (CEI_SM) $89,157


Natural Gas Cost (COH_FRGTS Rate) $10,470 $10,219 $0 $0

Electric Cost (CEI_SS Rate) $107,845 $108,026 $108,130

3A1 3B1 3C1 3D1

$118,315 $118,245 $120,629

$89,157

$0

$50,000

$100,000

$150,000

System Type

Appendix C-8 - OSFC Elementary School Energy Simulation - ClevelandDual Duct VAV






4A1 4A2 4A3 4B1 4B2 4B3 4C1 4C2 4C3 4D1 4D2 4D3

$86,468 $79,209 $79,195 $86,421 $79,161 $79,148 $79,862 $75,702 $76,585 $88,659 $81,400 $81,386

$0

$50,000

$100,000

$150,000

System Type

Appendix C- 9 - OSFC Elementary School Energy Simulation - ColumbusVAV w/ Reheat

(Electric Rate - AEP_GS3 and AEP_GS3 w/Rider 18 and Natural Gas Rate - COH_FRGTS)

Electric Cost (AEP_GS3 w/ Rider 18) $48,333 $45,945 $45,769



Electric Cost (AEP_GS3) $60,282 $51,718 $49,409 $60,327 $51,763 $49,456 $60,356 $51,793 $49,487

1A1 1A2 1A3 1B1 1B2 1B3 1C1 1C2 1C3 1D1 1D2 1D3

$64,738

$56,174 $53,865

$64,728

$56,164 $53,857

$48,333 $45,945 $45,769

$65,658

$57,095 $54,789

$0

$50,000

$100,000

$150,000

System Type

Appendix C-10 - OSFC Elementary School Energy Simulation - ColumbusVAV SFPMB w/ Reheat

(Electric Rate -AEP_GS3 and AEP_GS3 w/Rider 18 and Natural Gas Rate - COH_FRGTS)

Electric Cost (AEP_GS3 w/Rider 18) $50,245 $47,331 $47,442




2A1 2A2 2A3 2B1 2B2 2B3 2C1 2C2 2C3 2D1 2D2 2D3

$67,987

$57,578 $56,748

$67,987

$57,578 $56,749

$50,245 $47,331 $47,442

$68,926

$58,517 $57,687

$0

$50,000

$100,000

$150,000

System Type

Appendix C-11 - OSFC Elementary School Energy Simulation - ColumbusWater Source Heat Pumps


Electric Cost (AEP_GS3 w/Rider 18) $90,061



Electric Cost (AEP_GS3) $78,334 $78,459 $78,549

3A1 3B1 3C1 3D1

$87,154 $87,056

$90,061 $89,075

$0

$50,000

$100,000

$150,000

System Type

Appendix C-12 - OSFC Elementary School Energy Simulation - ColumbusDual Duct VAV






4A1 4A2 4A3 4B1 4B2 4B3 4C1 4C2 4C3 4D1 4D2 4D3

$68,058

$60,253 $58,990

$67,888

$60,126 $58,911

$74,706 $73,581 $73,922

$69,609

$61,877 $60,564

$0

$50,000

$100,000

$150,000

$200,000

System Type

Appendix C-13 - OSFC High School Energy Simulation - CincinnatiVAV w/ Reheat

(Electric Rate - CG&E_DS and CG&E_EH and Natural Gas Rate CG&E_FT)





1A1 1A2 1A3 1B1 1B2 1B3 1C1 1C2 1C3 1D1 1D2 1D3

$151,250

$136,454

$128,837

$150,945

$136,148

$128,532$121,250

$114,793 $113,036

$153,906

$139,110 $131,493

$0

$50,000

$100,000

$150,000

$200,000

System Type

Appendix C- 14 - OSFC High School Energy Simulation - CincinnatiVAV SFPMB w/ Reheat






2A1 2A2 2A3 2B1 2B2 2B3 2C1 2C2 2C3 2D1 2D2 2D3

$153,276

$137,626

$130,116

$152,966

$137,316

$129,806$121,363

$114,459 $112,840

$155,820

$140,169 $132,659

$0

$50,000

$100,000

$150,000

$200,000

System Type

Appendix C-15 - OSFC High School Energy Simulation - CincinnatiWater Source Heat Pump

(Electric Rate - CD&E_DS and CG&E_EH and Natural Gas Rate - CG&E_FT)

Electric Cost (CG&E_EH) $115,649


Natural Gas Cost (CG&E_FT Rate) $11,290 $10,986 $0 $0

Electric Cost (CG&E_DS Rate) $133,262 $133,348 $133,407

3A1 3B1 3C1 3D1

$144,552 $144,334

$115,649

$146,250

$0

$50,000

$100,000

$150,000

$200,000

System Type

Appendix C-16 - OSFC High School Energy Simulation - CincinnatiDual Duct VAV






4A1 4A2 4A3 4B1 4B2 4B3 4C1 4C2 4C3 4D1 4D2 4D3

$150,979

$129,468

$150,677

$136,676

$129,168$124,079 $117,914 $116,305

$153,801

$139,801 $132,292$136,978

$0

$50,000

$100,000

$150,000

$200,000

$250,000

$300,000

System Type

Appendix C-17 - OSFC High School Energy Simulation - ClevelandVAV w/ Reheat

(Electric Rate - CEI _SS and CEI_Separate Meter and Natural Gas Rate - COH_FRGTS)





1A1 1A2 1A3 1B1 1B2 1B3 1C1 1C2 1C3 1D1 1D2 1D3

$156,981 $149,478 $151,400 $156,894 $149,390 $151,312 $154 072

$149,611$152,695

$161,767 $154,263 $156,184

$0

$50,000

$100,000

$150,000

$200,000

$250,000

$300,000

System Type

Appendix C-18 - OSFC High School Energy Simulation - ClevelandVAV SFPMB w/ Reheat






2A1 2A2 2A3 2B1 2B2 2B3 2C1 2C2 2C3 2D1 2D2 2D3

$151,642 $153,457 $159,159$151,537 $153,344 $153,547 $148,993 $152,090

$156,282$163,912

$158,097$159,271

$0

$50,000

$100,000

$150,000

$200,000

$250,000

$300,000

System Type

Appendix C-19 - OSFC High School Energy Simulation - ClevelandWater Source Heat Pump


Electric Cost (CEI_SM) $150,152



Electric Cost (CEI_SS Rate) $179,042 $179,339 $179,449

3A1 3B1 3C1 3D1

$193,527 $193,466

$196,755

$150,152

$0

$50,000

$100,000

$150,000

$200,000

$250,000

$300,000

System Type

Appendix C-20 - OSFC High School Energy Simulation - ClevelandDual Duct VAV

(Electric Rate - CEI_SS and CEI_Second Meter and Natrual Gas Rate - COH_FRGTS)





4A1 4A2 4A3 4B1 4B2 4B3 4C1 4C2 4C3 4D1 4D2 4D3

$160,337 $153,006 $154,996 $160,284 $152,953 $154,942 $157,833 $153,443 $156,542 $165,443 $158,119 $160,108

$0

$50,000

$100,000

$150,000

$200,000

System Type

Appendix C-21 - OSFC High School Energy Simulation - ColumbusVAV w/ Reheat




Natural Gas Cost (COH_FRGTS Rate)$19,249 $19,249 $19,249 $18,855 $18,855 $18,855 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0


1A1 1A2 1A3 1B1 1B2 1B3 1C1 1C2 1C3 1D1 1D2 1D3

$116,907$110,807 $111,022

$116,581

$110,608 $110,822

$134,141 $132,899 $133,805

$120,743 $114,844 $115,058

$0

$50,000

$100,000

$150,000

$200,000

System Type

Appendix C-22 - OSFC High School Energy Simulation - ColumbusVAV SFPMB w/ Reheat






2A1 2A2 2A3 2B1 2B2 2B3 2C1 2C2 2C3 2D1 2D2 2D3

$119,202$112,366

$112,714 $118,873$112,149 $112,497

$132,505 $131,239 $132,185 $122,894$116,240 $116,588

$0

$50,000

$100,000

$150,000

$200,000

System Type

Appendix C-23 - OSFC High School Energy Simulation - ColumbusWater Source Heat Pumps


Electric Cost (AEP_GS3 w/Rider 18) $137,385



Electric Cost (AEP_GS3) $125,906 $126,034 $127,322

3A1 3B1 3C1 3D1

$138,201 $138,005 $137,385 $142,001

$0

$50,000

$100,000

$150,000

$200,000

System Type

Appendix C-24 - OSFC High School Energy Simulation - ColumbusDual Duct VAV

(Electric Rate - AEP_GS3 and AEP_GS3 w/Rider 18 and Natural Gas Rate - COH_FRGTS





4A1 4A2 4A3 4B1 4B2 4B3 4C1 4C2 4C3 4D1 4D2 4D3

$117,620$112,496 $112,857

$117,298$112,300 $112,662

$142,164

$116,773 $117,135

$140,930 $141,837

$121,696

Appendix DEnthalpy


D-1 OSFC Elementary School – Paybacks with Enthalpy HeatRecovery (Years)

1A1 – 1C2


1C3 – 2B1


2B2 – 2D3


3A1 – 4B1


4B2 – 4D3

D-6 OSFC High School – Paybacks with Enthalpy Heat Recovery(Years)

1A1 – 1C2


1C3 – 2B1


2B2 – 2D3


3A1 – 4B1


4B2 – 4D3

D-11 OSFC Elementary School – Annual Site Energy Savings withEnthalpy Heat Recovery (MMBTU/Year)

1A1-1C2


1C3 - 2B1


2B2 – 2D3


3A1 – 4B1


4B2 – 4D3

D-16 OSFC High School – Annual Site Energy Savings with EnthalpyHeat Recovery (MMBTU/Year)

1A1 – 1C2


1C3 – 2B1


2B2 – 2D3


3A1 – 4B1


4B2 – 4D3

0

10

20

30

40

50

Years

HVAC System Types

Appendix D-1 - OSFC Elementary School Paybacks with Enthalpy Heat Recovery (Years)


Cincinnati 3.0 32.8 10.7 2.9 32.0 10.4 2.9 7.8

Cleveland 6.2 104.5 30.4 6.0 85.5 28.0 2.4 4.3

Columbus 4.8 22.4 18.8 4.7 21.9 18.6 2.9 4.9

1A1 1A2 1A3 1B1 1B2 1B3 1C1 1C2

0

10

20

30

40

50

Years

HVAC System Types



Cincinnati 5.2 2.9 26.8 9.9 3.1 19.0 11.0 3.0

Cleveland 3.7 6.1 87.6 28.6 5.9 39.0 25.2 5.6

Columbus 4.2 4.8 22.8 19.5 5.0 24.3 17.7 4.8

1C3 1D1 1D2 1D3 2A1 2A2 2A3 2B1

0

10

20

30

40

50

Years

HVAC System Types



Cincinnati 18.4 10.7 3.0 5.9 5.2 3.0 16.1 10.1

Cleveland 45.5 23.5 2.4 3.5 3.7 5.8 47.6 24.2

Columbus 23.5 17.4 2.9 3.9 4.0 5.0 24.9 18.4

2B2 2B3 2C1 2C2 2C3 2D1 2D2 2D3

0

10

20

30

40

50

Years

HVAC System Types



Cincinnati 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 3.2 2.0 0.4

Cleveland 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 2.8 1.9 0.5

Columbus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 2.9 2.0 0.6

3A1 3B1 3C1 3D1 4A1 4A2 4A3 4B1

0

10

20

30

40

50

Years

HVAC System Types



Cincinnati 2.8 1.6 0.8 1.3 1.1 0.5 2.9 1.8

Cleveland 2.5 2.1 0.6 0.9 0.8 0.7 2.9 1.9

Columbus 2.5 1.8 0.5 0.7 0.6 0.8 3.0 2.1

4B2 4B3 4C1 4C2 4C3 4D1 4D2 4D3

0

5

10

15

20

Years

HVAC System Types

Appendix D-6 - OSFC High School Paybacks with Enthalpy Heat Recovery (Years)

(HVAC Systems 1A1- 1C2)

Cincinnati 5.5 10.0 12.7 5.3 9.8 12.5 3.3 4.0

Cleveland 9.4 17.6 18.5 9.2 17.1 18.0 2.4 2.6

Columbus 8.5 16.2 17.1 8.4 15.9 16.8 2.2 2.4

1A1 1A2 1A3 1B1 1B2 1B3 1C1 1C2

0

5

10

15

20

Years

HVAC System Types



Cincinnati 4.2 5.2 9.1 11.3 5.4 10.2 12.7 5.3

Cleveland 2.7 9.6 18.3 19.3 9.3 17.2 18.2 9.1

Columbus 2.5 8.8 17.0 17.9 8.2 16.4 16.8 8.0

1C3 1D1 1D2 1D3 2A1 2A2 2A3 2B1

0

5

10

15

20

Years

HVAC System Types



Cincinnati 10.0 12.5 3.3 4.0 4.3 5.1 9.2 11.3

Cleveland 16.8 17.8 2.4 2.6 2.8 9.5 18.0 18.9

Columbus 16.1 16.6 2.3 2.4 2.5 8.4 17.1 17.6

2B2 2B3 2C1 2C2 2C3 2D1 2D2 2D3

0

5

10

15

20

Years

HVAC System Types


(HVAC Systems 3A1- 4B1)

Cincinnati 1.0 0.8 0.9 0.9 6.0 10.2 12.8 5.9

Cleveland 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.8 9.9 18.2 19.2 9.6

Columbus 1.0 0.9 0.6 0.9 8.8 15.7 16.5 8.6

3A1 3B1 3C1 3D1 4A1 4A2 4A3 4B1

0

5

10

15

20

Years

HVAC System Types



Cincinnati 10.0 12.6 3.1 3.5 3.8 5.6 9.1 11.2

Cleveland 17.6 18.6 2.1 2.3 2.4 10.1 19.0 20.0

Columbus 15.4 16.2 1.9 2.1 2.2 9.1 16.4 17.3

4B2 4B3 4C1 4C2 4C3 4D1 4D2 4D3

0

500

1,000

1,500

HVAC System Types

Appendix D-11 - OSFC Elementary School Annual Site Energy Savings with Enthalpy Heat Recovery (MMBTU/Year)


Cincinnati 478 445 457 477 445 456 370 337

Cleveland 687 662 670 690 664 672 539 514

Columbus 601 572 582 601 572 582 466 438

1A1 1A2 1A3 1B1 1B2 1B3 1C1 1C2

0

500

1,000

1,500

HVAC System Types



Cincinnati 349 470 437 449 527 479 505 526

Cleveland 522 675 649 657 673 636 654 675

Columbus 448 590 562 572 583 545 565 584

1C3 1D1 1D2 1D3 2A1 2A2 2A3 2B1

0

500

1,000

1,500

HVAC System Types



Cincinnati 478 505 412 364 390 517 469 495

Cleveland 638 656 533 496 514 658 621 639

Columbus 546 566 458 419 440 572 533 554

2B2 2B3 2C1 2C2 2C3 2D1 2D2 2D3

0

500

1,000

1,500

HVAC System Types



Cincinnati 1,099 1,076 904 1,083 1,126 1,112 1,133 1,098

Cleveland 1,498 1,471 1,233 1,478 1,555 1,550 1,562 1,520

Columbus 1,278 1,253 1,051 1,261 1,291 1,280 1,298 1,260

3A1 3B1 3C1 3D1 4A1 4A2 4A3 4B1

0

500

1,000

1,500

HVAC System Types



Cincinnati 1,084 1,105 852 838 859 1,097 1,083 1,104

Cleveland 1,494 1,420 1,186 1,181 1,193 1,516 1,510 1,523

Columbus 1,221 1,155 978 967 985 1,259 1,248 1,244

4B2 4B3 4C1 4C2 4C3 4D1 4D2 4D3

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

HVAC System Types

Appendix D-16 - OSFC High School Annual Site Energy Savings with Enthalpy Heat Recovery (MMBTU/Year)


Cincinnati 2,177 2,151 2,147 2,145 2,118 2,115 1,667 1,640

Cleveland 2,095 2,058 2,071 2,066 2,028 2,041 1,607 1,570

Columbus 2,399 2,378 2,375 2,365 2,343 2,340 1,841 1,819

1A1 1A2 1A3 1B1 1B2 1B3 1C1 1C2

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

HVAC System Types



Cincinnati 1,637 2,128 2,101 2,098 2,141 2,112 2,110 2,106

Cleveland 1,583 2,045 2,007 2,020 2,042 2,006 2,019 2,012

Columbus 1,816 2,342 2,321 2,318 2,355 2,332 2,331 2,320

1C3 1D1 1D2 1D3 2A1 2A2 2A3 2B1

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

HVAC System Types



Cincinnati 2,077 2,075 1,638 1,609 1,607 2,091 2,063 2,060

Cleveland 1,976 1,989 1,566 1,530 1,543 1,994 1,957 1,971

Columbus 2,297 2,296 1,807 1,784 1,783 2,300 2,277 2,276

2B2 2B3 2C1 2C2 2C3 2D1 2D2 2D3

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

HVAC System Types



Cincinnati 1,709 1,679 1,410 1,682 2,320 2,302 2,292 2,288

Cleveland 1,733 1,703 1,431 1,707 2,221 2,198 2,193 2,195

Columbus 1,994 1,957 1,646 1,960 2,559 2,549 2,533 2,527

3A1 3B1 3C1 3D1 4A1 4A2 4A3 4B1

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

HVAC System Types



Cincinnati 2,271 2,261 1,766 1,748 1,739 2,264 2,247 2,237

Cleveland 2,173 2,167 1,691 1,669 1,663 2,165 2,143 2,138

Columbus 2,517 2,501 1,952 1,942 1,927 2,496 2,486 2,471

4B2 4B3 4C1 4C2 4C3 4D1 4D2 4D3

Appendix EIAQ Energy


E-1 OSFC Columbus High School – Annual Site Energy Use for a15 vs 10 SCFM/Person (MMBTU/Year)

1A1 – 1C2


1C3 – 2B1


2B2 – 2D3


3A1 – 4B1


4B2 – 4D3


1A1 – 1C2


1C3 – 2B1


2B2 – 2D3


3A1 – 4B1


4B2 – 4D3


1A1 – 1C2


1C3 – 2B1


2B2 –2D3


3A1 – 4B1


4B2 – 4D3


1A1 – 1C2


1C3 – 2B1


2B2 – 2D3


3A1 – 4B1


4B2-4D3

0

2,500

5,000

7,500

10,000

HVAC System Types

Appendix E-1 - OSFC Columbus High School Annual Site Energy Use for 15 vs 10 SCFM/Person (MMBTU/Year)


Baseline 7,429 7,263 7,384 7,354 7,187 7,309 6,513 6,346

10 CFM 6,329 6,167 6,289 6,285 6,123 6,244 5,647 5,486

Savings 1,101 1,095 1,096 1,069 1,064 1,064 866 860

1A1 1A2 1A3 1B1 1B2 1B3 1C1 1C2

0

2,500

5,000

7,500

10,000

HVAC System Types



Baseline 6,468 7,339 7,172 7,293 7,335 7,165 7,292 7,260

10 CFM 5,607 6,260 6,098 6,219 6,252 6,087 6,238 6,205

Savings 861 1,079 1,074 1,074 1,084 1,078 1,054 1,055

1C3 1D1 1D2 1D3 2A1 2A2 2A3 2B1

0

2,500

5,000

7,500

10,000

HVAC System Types



Baseline 7,090 7,217 6,449 6,279 6,406 7,249 7,079 7,206

10 CFM 6,041 6,192 5,595 5,430 5,581 6,185 6,020 6,171

Savings 1,049 1,025 855 849 825 1,064 1,058 1,035

2B2 2B3 2C1 2C2 2C3 2D1 2D2 2D3

0

2,500

5,000

7,500

10,000

HVAC System Types



Baseline 7,000 6,935 6,389 6,941 7,751 7,585 7,707 7,676

10 CFM 5,468 5,428 5,100 5,433 6,508 6,348 6,469 6,452

Savings 1,532 1,506 1,289 1,508 1,243 1,237 1,238 1,223

3A1 3B1 3C1 3D1 4A1 4A2 4A3 4B1

0

2,500

5,000

7,500

10,000

HVAC System Types



Baseline 7,510 7,632 6,785 6,620 6,742 7,654 7,489 7,610

10 CFM 6,292 6,413 5,787 5,626 5,748 6,434 6,274 6,396

Savings 1,218 1,219 999 993 994 1,220 1,214 1,215

4B2 4B3 4C1 4C2 4C3 4D1 4D2 4D3

0

2,500

5,000

7,500

10,000

HVAC System Types



Baseline 7,429 7,263 7,384 7,354 7,187 7,309 6,513 6,346

20 CFM 8,694 8,518 8,670 8,622 8,446 8,598 7,569 7,394

Costs 1,265 1,256 1,286 1,268 1,259 1,289 1,057 1,048

1A1 1A2 1A3 1B1 1B2 1B3 1C1 1C2

0

2,500

5,000

7,500

10,000

HVAC System Types



Baseline 6,468 7,339 7,172 7,293 7,335 7,165 7,292 7,260

20 CFM 7,546 8,573 8,398 8,549 8,601 8,421 8,581 8,527

Costs 1,078 1,235 1,226 1,256 1,266 1,255 1,288 1,267

1C3 1D1 1D2 1D3 2A1 2A2 2A3 2B1

0

2,500

5,000

7,500

10,000

HVAC System Types



Baseline 7,090 7,217 6,449 6,279 6,406 7,249 7,079 7,206

20 CFM 8,346 8,506 7,504 7,324 7,484 8,483 8,303 8,463

Costs 1,256 1,289 1,055 1,044 1,078 1,235 1,224 1,257

2B2 2B3 2C1 2C2 2C3 2D1 2D2 2D3

0

2,500

5,000

7,500

10,000

HVAC System Types

Appendix E-9 - Columbus High School Annual Site Energy Use for 15 vs 20 SCFM/Person (MMBTU/Year)


Baseline 7,000 6,935 6,389 6,941 7,751 7,585 7,707 7,676

20 CFM 8,565 8,480 7,718 8,483 9,206 9,031 9,183 9,212

Costs 1,565 1,546 1,329 1,542 1,455 1,446 1,476 1,536

3A1 3B1 3C1 3D1 4A1 4A2 4A3 4B1

0

2,500

5,000

7,500

10,000

HVAC System Types



Baseline 7,510 7,632 6,785 6,620 6,742 7,654 7,489 7,610

20 CFM 9,037 9,189 7,963 7,788 7,940 9,072 8,897 9,049

Costs 1,527 1,557 1,177 1,168 1,198 1,418 1,409 1,439

4B2 4B3 4C1 4C2 4C3 4D1 4D2 4D3

$0

$50,000

$100,000

$150,000

$200,000

$250,000

HVAC System Types

Appendix E-11 - OSFC Columbus High School Annual Site Energy Savings for 15 vs 10 SCFM/Person (MBTU/Year)


Baseline $120,884 $114,784 $114,999 $120,476 $114,503 $114,718 $218,221 $216,979

10 CFM $111,278 $106,047 $106,512 $111,039 $105,939 $106,404 $183,903 $182,701

Savings $9,607 $8,737 $8,487 $9,437 $8,564 $8,313 $34,318 $34,278

1A1 1A2 1A3 1B1 1B2 1B3 1C1 1C2

$0

$50,000

$100,000

$150,000

$200,000

$250,000

HVAC System Types



Baseline $217,885 $120,742 $114,844 $115,058 $123,030 $116,193 $116,542 $122,620

10 CFM $183,604 $111,165 $106,153 $106,618 $113,505 $107,593 $108,747 $113,254

Savings $34,281 $9,578 $8,690 $8,440 $9,525 $8,600 $7,794 $9,366

1C3 1D1 1D2 1D3 2A1 2A2 2A3 2B1

$0

$50,000

$100,000

$150,000

$200,000

$250,000

HVAC System Types



Baseline $115,896 $116,244 $215,423 $214,157 $215,102 $122,894 $116,240 $116,588

10 CFM $107,463 $108,618 $180,980 $179,756 $180,879 $113,393 $107,686 $108,840

Savings $8,433 $7,627 $34,442 $34,401 $34,224 $9,501 $8,554 $7,748

2B2 2B3 2C1 2C2 2C3 2D1 2D2 2D3

$0

$50,000

$100,000

$150,000

$200,000

$250,000

HVAC System Types



Baseline $140,739 $140,477 $225,636 $142,002 $121,845 $116,721 $117,082 $121,441

10 CFM $119,909 $119,774 $170,614 $119,983 $111,621 $107,134 $107,713 $111,342

Savings $20,830 $20,703 $55,022 $22,018 $10,224 $9,587 $9,369 $10,099

3A1 3B1 3C1 3D1 4A1 4A2 4A3 4B1

$0

$50,000

$100,000

$150,000

$200,000

$250,000

HVAC System Types



Baseline $116,443 $116,805 $232,238 $231,004 $231,912 $121,695 $116,772 $117,135

10 CFM $106,939 $107,518 $187,508 $186,315 $187,218 $111,552 $107,191 $107,770

Savings $9,504 $9,288 $44,730 $44,689 $44,693 $10,143 $9,581 $9,365

4B2 4B3 4C1 4C2 4C3 4D1 4D2 4D3

$0

$50,000

$100,000

$150,000

$200,000

$250,000

$300,000

HVAC System Types

Appendix E-16 - OSFC Columbus High School Annual Site Energy Cost for 15 vs 20 SCFM/Person (MBTU/Year)


Baseline $120,884 $114,784 $114,999 $120,476 $114,503 $114,718 $218,221 $216,979

20 CFM $132,481 $125,069 $125,692 $132,085 $124,758 $125,433 $260,695 $259,386

Costs $11,596 $10,285 $10,694 $11,609 $10,254 $10,716 $42,474 $42,407

1A1 1A2 1A3 1B1 1B2 1B3 1C1 1C2

$0

$50,000

$100,000

$150,000

$200,000

$250,000

$300,000

HVAC System Types



Baseline $217,885 $120,742 $114,844 $115,058 $123,030 $116,193 $116,542 $122,620

20 CFM $260,516 $132,263 $125,029 $125,705 $134,558 $126,977 $127,305 $134,149

Costs $42,631 $11,521 $10,186 $10,647 $11,528 $10,783 $10,763 $11,530

1C3 1D1 1D2 1D3 2A1 2A2 2A3 2B1

$0

$50,000

$100,000

$150,000

$200,000

$250,000

$300,000

HVAC System Types



Baseline $115,896 $116,244 $215,423 $214,157 $215,102 $122,894 $116,240 $116,588

20 CFM $126,568 $127,026 $257,808 $256,462 $257,655 $134,342 $126,760 $127,308

Costs $10,671 $10,781 $42,385 $42,305 $42,552 $11,448 $10,520 $10,720

2B2 2B3 2C1 2C2 2C3 2D1 2D2 2D3

$0

$50,000

$100,000

$150,000

$200,000

$250,000

$300,000

HVAC System Types



Baseline $140,739 $140,477 $225,636 $142,002 $121,845 $116,721 $117,082 $121,441

20 CFM $162,321 $161,989 $280,375 $162,405 $136,059 $128,676 $129,316 $136,106

Costs $21,582 $21,512 $54,740 $20,403 $14,214 $11,955 $12,234 $14,665

3A1 3B1 3C1 3D1 4A1 4A2 4A3 4B1

$0

$50,000

$100,000

$150,000

$200,000

$250,000

$300,000

HVAC System Types



Baseline $116,443 $116,805 $232,238 $231,004 $231,912 $121,695 $116,772 $117,135

20 CFM $128,780 $129,486 $273,416 $272,116 $273,248 $135,800 $128,512 $129,263

Costs $12,338 $12,681 $41,178 $41,111 $41,336 $14,105 $11,740 $12,128

4B2 4B3 4C1 4C2 4C3 4D1 4D2 4D3