“Enfoque de aproximación a la cadena de mercado participativo (PMCA) (Participatory Market Chain Approach)”

7/29/2019 Enfoque de aproximacin a la cadena de mercado participativo (PMCA) (Participatory Market Chain Approach)

1/63

ISSN 0256-8748

Social Sciences

Working Paper

No. 2008 - 1

Work

ingPap

er

2008-1

Facilitating pro-poor marketchain innovation:An assessment of the participatory

market chain approach in UgandaDouglas Horton


2/63

PapaAn d in aisaregi on al in itiative thatworkswi thorgan ization sof researchan d d evel opmen tof the potatosectorin

Bol ivia, Ecuad oran d Peruusin g the marketchai n approachasapowerf ul f ramework tobrin g togetherresearch

organ ization san d awid erran ge of partn erstopromote pro-poorin n ovation s. I tsmain purpose i ttol in k researchto

d evel opmen ttoimprove the f ood securityan d tocon tri bute tothe red uction of poverty. I n Bol iviai tworkswiththePROI NPAF oun d ation , in Ecuad orwithI NI APan d in Peru, i tsstrategi cpartn eristhe proj ectI NCOPA.

PapaAn d in aiscoord in ated bythe I n tern ation al PotatoCen ter(CI P) withf in an cial resourcesan d strategicsupportof

the SwissAgen cyf orDevel opmen tan d Cooperation (SDC). Otherresourcescome f romNe wZeal an d sI n tern ation al

Aid an d Devel opmen tAge n cy(NZAid ) aswel l asf romUK De partmen tf orI n tern ation al Devel opmen t(DF I D), who

special l ycon tributed tothe proj ectPMCA-Ugan d a, d ocumen ted in thi sworkin g paper.

PapaAndina

PRAPACEisthe F ren chacron ymf orRegion al Potatoan d SweetpotatoI mprovemen tNetwork i n Eastern an d Cen tral

Af rica. I td evel oped outof PRAPAC, an etwork establ ished in 1982bythe I n tern ation al PotatoCen ter(CI P), n ation al

researchin sti tutesof Burun d i, Rwan d aand DRCon gotol in k theirpotatoprogrammes.

Curren tl yPRAPACE, based in Kampal a, Ugan d a, col l aborateswithpotatoan d sweetpotatoprogramsof ten ASARECA

(Associ ati on f orStren gthen in g Agri cul tural Researchin Eastern an d Cen tral Af ri ca) membe rcoun tri esi n the regi on .

These coun triesare: Burun d i, DRCon go, Eri trea, Ethiopi a, Ken ya, Mad agascar, Rwan d a, Sud an , Tan zan iaan d Ugan d a.

The purpose of PRAPACEi sen han ced prod uctivi ty, val ue ad d ed an d competi ti ven essof the regi on al potatoan d

sweetpotatosystems

The n etwork isun d erthe auspicesof ASARECAan d isaf f i l iated withCI P, whichprovid esbackstoppin g f orthe f l owof

improved germpl asm, scien ti f i ci n f ormation , train in g, an d ad min istrative support. The Un ited State Agen cyf orI n ter-

n ation al Devel opmen t-EastAf rica(USAI D-EA) an d researchin sti tutesof the ten membercoun triesare the maj or

d on ors. Otherd on orsin cl ud ed UK Departmen tf orI n tern ation al Devel opmen t(DF I D) an d I n tern ation al Devel opmen t

ResearchCen ter(I DRC).

PRAPACE

www. cipotato. org/ papan d in a

www. prapace. org


3/63


4/63

gp

I nternational PotatoCenter(CI P),2008

I SSN0256- 8 7 48

CI Ppub l ications contrib ute importantdevel opmentinf ormation tothepub l ic arena. Readers are encouraged toquote orreproduce material

f romthemin theirown pub l ications. As copyrighthol derCI Prequests

acknowl edgement,and acopyof the pub l ication where the c itation

ormaterial appears. Pl ease send acopytothe Communi cation and

Pub l i c Awareness Departmentatthe address b el ow.

I nternational PotatoCenter

P. O. Box1558,L ima12,Peru

ci p@cgiar. org www. c ipotato. org

Produced b ythe CI PCommuni cation and Pub l i c

Awareness Department(CPAD)

C orrectcitation:

ProductionC oordinator

Cecil iaLaf osse

DesignandLayout

El enaTaipe and contrib utions f romGraphic Arts

Printed i n Perub yComercial Grf icaSucre

Press run: 150

Apri l 2008

Facilitatingpro-poormarket

chaininnovation:

An assessmentof the participatory

marketchain approachin Uganda

Horton,D. F ac i l i tatingpro- poormarke tchain innovation: Anassessmentof the participatorymarke tchain approachin

Uganda. I nternational PotatoCenter(CI P),L ima,Peru. 2008. 46p.


5/63

i i i

Tabl eof Cont ent sAcr onyms i vSummar y vi i iI nt r oduct i on 1St udyobj ect i ves andmet h ods 4Backgr oundont h epar t i c i pator ymar ket ch ai nappr oach 5 Or i gi nanddevel opment of t h eappr oach 5 Mai nFeat ur es of t h eappr oach 7

Ti mel i nef or i nt r oduct i ont h ePMCA 10Keyact or s, r ol es, andmot i vat i ons 15 R &DOr gani zat i ons 15 Mar ket ch ai nact or s 18 Mot i vat i ons f or i nvol vement 18Assessment of t h est r at egi es empl oyedt oi nt r oduceth ePMCA 20 St r at egi es empl oyed 20 Ch al l enges andi mpr ovedst r at egi es 23I nnovati onh i stor i es 25 P ot at ogr oup 25 Sweet pot at ogr oup 26 Veget abl egr oup 28 Fact or s th at h avest i mul at edi nnovat i on 30R esul t s t odat e 32 Commer ci al , t ech nol ogi cal , andi nst i t ut i onal i nnovat i ons 32 Devel opment of capaci t yt oi nnovat e 36

Gr owi ngi nter est i nth ePMCA 40P r ospect s f or t h ef ut ur e 42 P r ospect s f or f ut ur euseof t h eP MCA i nUganda 42 P r ospect s f or useof t h ePMCA wi t h ot h er commodi t i es 43 Pr ospect s f or f ut ur euseof t h ePMCA i not h er count r i es 44R ef er ences 45


6/63

i v

ACRONYMSA2N Af r i c a2000 Net wor k (h eadquar t er edi nKampal a, Uganda)

ASAR ECA Associ at i onf or St r engt h eni ngAgr i cul t ural R esear ch i nEast er nandCentr al Af r i ca

CI CS Compet i t i veness andI nvestment Cl i mat eSt r ategy, th eSecr etar i at f or wh i ch i sbasedi nUgandas Mi ni st r yof Fi nanc e, P l anni ngandEconomi c Devel opment

CI P I nt er nat i onal Pot at oCent er (Cent r oI nt er naci onal del aPapa)

DANI DA Dani sh I nt er nat i onal Devel opment Agency

DFI D Depar t ment f or I nt er nat i ona l Devel opment, Uni t edKi ngdom

FAUEX Feder at i onof Ass oci at i ons of UgandanExpor ter s

I NCOPA Pr oj ect f or Pot at o I nnovat i on and Compet i t veness i n Per u (Pr oyect o deI nnovaci nTecnol gi c ayCo mpet i t i vi daddel aP apa)

NAADS Nat i onal Agr i cul t ur al Advi sor ySer vi ces, Uganda

NAR O Nati onal Agr i cul tur al R esear ch Or gani zati on, Uganda

NGO Non-Gover nment al Or gani zat i on

OFSP Or ange-f l esh edSweet pot at o

P MCA P ar t i c i pat or yMar k et Ch ai nAppr oach

P R AP ACE R egi onal P ot at oandSweet pot at oI m pr ovement Networ k i n East er nandC ent r al

Af r i c aR &D R esear ch anddevel opment

R AAKS R api dAppr ai sal of Agr icul t ur al Knowl edgeS yst ems

R I UP R esear ch I nt o Use Pr ogr amme (a pr ogr am of DFI D managed by Nat ur alR esour ces I nt er nat i onal L t d.)

SDC Swi ss Agencyf or Devel opment andCooper at i on

SOSSP A Sor ot i Sweet pot at o P r oducer s Ass oci at i on

UNBS UgandanNat i onal Bur eau of St andar ds

UNFFE UgandaNat i onal Far mer sFeder at i on

UNI DO Uni tedNati ons I ndustr i al Devel opment Or gani zat i on

ZAR DI Zonal Agr i cul t ur al R esear ch andDevel opment I nst i t ut e(wi t h i nNAR O, Uganda)


7/63

v

Abst r ac tTh ePar t i c i pat or yMar ket Ch ai nAppr oach (P MCA)was devel opedbyt h eP apaAndi naR egi onal

I ni t i at i ve of t h e I nt er nat i onalPot at o Cent er (CI P) t o i mpr ove th ecompeti t i veness of pot at o

mar ket ch ai ns andsmal l pot at o pr oduc er s i nt h eAndeanr egi onof Sout h Amer i ca. B egi nni ngi n

2005, C I P andPapaAndi napar t ner edwi t h t h eR egi onal Pot at o andSweet pot at oI mpr ovement

Net wor k i n East er n andCent r al Af r i ca (PR APACE) andsever al l oc al r ese ar ch anddevel opment

(R &D) or gani zat i ons t o i nt r oducet h eappr oach i nt o Uganda andappl yi t i n t h ecommodi t y

ch ai ns f or pot at oes, sweet pot at oes, and vege t abl es . Th e st udy r epor t ed on h er e was

conduct edt oass ess t h epr ocess of i nt r oduci ngt h ePMCA i nt oUgandaandt h er esul t s t odat e,

t oassess t h epr ospect s f or f ut ur euseof t h ePMCA i nUgandaandel sewh er ei nt h er egi on, and

t o i dent i f yessent i al el ement s of a st r at egy f or i nt r oduci ngt h eP MCA i nt o newset t i ngs. T h e

over al l concl usi on i s th at t h e PMCA h as pr oven ef f ect i ve i n Uganda f or st r engt h eni ng

i nnovat i oncapaci t yandf or devel opi ngmar k et c h ai n i nnovat i ons t h at benef i t smal l f ar mer s as

wel l as ot h er mar ket c h ai n act or s. Val uabl ec apa ci ti es f or i nnovat i onh ave been devel oped,

par t i cul ar l yi nt h er eal ms of knowl edge, at t i t ude s, sk i l l s, andsoci al capi t al . Th esenewcapaci t i es

ar epot ent i al l yval uabl eass et s f or st i mul at i ngf ut u r ei nnovat i ons i nmar ket ch ai ns i nUgandaor

i n oth er countr i es of th e r egi on. Th e appl i cati on and r esul t s of t h e PMCA to date h ave

st i mul at ed consi der abl e i nt er est i n t h e approach i n Ugandan R &Dor gani zat i ons, i n pol i cyc i r c l es, andamongt h ose mar ket ch ai n act or s wh o h avepar ti ci patedi n or h ear dabout th e

wor k. Yet , f ol l ow-up wor k i s needed t o ensu r e t h at pr ot ot ype i nnovat i ons ar e adequat el y

r ef i nedandt oc onsol i dat et h emul t i -st akeh ol der pl at f or ms andsoci al capi t al c r eat ed. Basedon

th eexper i ences assessed, i t i s c oncl udedt h at t h eP MCA h as pot ent i al val ue as a means t o

st i mul at epr o-poor i nnovat i oni nUgandaandi n ot h er count r i es of t h er egi on. Keyel ement s of

ast r at egyf or i nt r oduci ngt h ePMCA i nt onewset t i ngs ar ei dent i f i ed.


8/63

vi

Acknowl edgement s

Th eaut h or woul dl i ke t oack nowl edget h eencour agement , assi st anceandsuppor t pr ovi ded

bymanypeopl edur i ngth epr epar at i on of t h i s st udy. Ber gaL emaga, I mmacul at eSeki t t o, and

Sar ah Mayanj acoor di nat edmyvi si t s t oUganda i nJ ul y2006andSeptember -Oct ober 2007and

pr ovi dedi nval uabl ei nf or mati on andi nsi gh t s i n to t h epr ocess of i nt r oduci ngth eP MCA i nto

Uganda. Th omas Ber net suppl ement edt h i s wi th addi ti onal backgr oundi nf or mati on on th e

t h eor et i cal andpr act i cal aspect s of devel opi ng t h eP MCA i n t h eAndes andi nt r oduci ngt h e

appr oach t o Uganda. Mar t h a Amer u, R ach el Wakul i r a, an d ot h er member s of P R AP ACEpr ovi dedi nval uabl eassi st ancedur i ngmyvi si t s.

Manypeopl ei nvol vedi n t h eP MCA exer c i se i n Ugandagener ousl yt ook t i mef r omt h ei r busy

sch edul es t o meet wi t h me andexpl ai n t h e wo r k of t h ei r c ommodi t ygr oups . I n par t i c ul ar ,

Beat r i ce Akel l o, L ucyAl i guma, J oh n Kavuma, P et er L usembo, andDama l i eMagal a pr ovi ded

uni quei nsi gh t s i nt ot h epr os andcons of t h ePMCA, t h ei nt r i caci es ofi t s appl i cat i on, andt h e

opti ons f or f ut ur ewor k t opr omot epr o-poor i nnovat i oni nUganda.

DanKi sauzi andPet er Ngat egi zeco nt r i but edsi gni f i cant l yt ot h eanal ysi s byask i ngch al l engi ng

quest i ons about t h e sust ai nabi l i t yof t h e PMCA, i t s pr act i cal benef i t s, and ways t o move

f or war df r omt h ewor k begunandt h er esul t s ach i evedt odate.

At CI P , P amel aAnder son, C h ar l es Cr i ssman, Andr Devaux, Gr ah amTh i el e , Cl audi oVel asco, and

Th omas Zsc h ockepr ovi dedencour agement andgui dancef or t h est udyandusef ul f eedback

onpr el i mi nar yr esul t s.


9/63

vi i

Th eDepar t ment f or I nt er nat i onal Devel opment (D FI D), Uni t edKi ngdomt h r ough i t s Cr op P ost -

H ar vest Pr ogr amme, pr ovi ded f undi ng f or P h ase 1, and t h e Associ at i on f or St r engt h eni ng

Agr i cul t ur al R esear ch i nEast er nandCent r al Afr i ca(ASAR ECA) pr ovi dedf undi ngf or Ph ase3of

t h eP MCA i nUganda. Wi th out th esuppor t of DF I D, th ewor k r epor t edonh er ewoul dnot h ave

begun. Andwi th out th esuppor t of ASAR ECA, i t woul dnot h ave beenc ompl et ed.

L ast but not l east , t h anks t ot h emanyi ndi vi du al s andor gani zati ons th at par t i ci patedact i vel y

dur i ngt h i s f i r s t exer c i sewi t h t h eP MC A i n Af r ica, maki ngsi gni f i cant co nt r i but i ons bot h t ot h e

appr oach i t sel f andt oth i s st udy.


10/63

vi i i

SUMMARYTh i s r epor t pr esent s r esul t s of a st udyof t h ePar t i ci pat or yMar ket Ch ai n Appr oach (PMCA) i n

Ugandac ommi ssi onedbyt h ePapaAndi naI ni t i at i veandt h eI mpact Enh ancement Di vi si onof

t h eI nt er nat i onal P ot at oCent er (CI P ) andth eR egi onal Pot at oandSweet pot at oI mpr ovement

Net wor k i n East er n andCent r al Af r i ca (PR APACE). Th e st udywas c ar r i edout to assess t h e

pr oc ess of i nt r oduci ng, val i dat i ng, andr ef i ni ng t h ePMCA i nUganda, t oass ess t h emai nr esul t s

obtai nedi n Ugandat odat e, t o eval uat et h epr ospect s f or f ut ur euseof t h eP MCA i n Uganda

andel sewh er ei n Sub-Sah ar an Af r i ca, andt oi dent i f ykeyel ement s of an ef f ect i ves t r at egyf or

i nt r oduci ngt h ePMCA i nnewset t i ngs.

Backgro undo n the PMCA

Cont empor ar yagr i cul t ur al devel opment i s t aki ng pl acei n th ec ontext of r api dur bani zat i on

and mar ket i nt egr at i on. I n mo der ni zi ng agr i cul t ur al mar ket s,smal l f ar mer s ar e of t en at a

si gni f i cant di sadvant ager el at i ve t ol ar ger commer ci al f ar mer s, wh obenef i t f r omeconomi es of

sc al e and bet t er acc ess t o i nf o r mat i on, ser vi ces, t ech nol ogy , and capi t al . Th e P MCA was

devel opedbyCI P s P apa Andi na R egi onal I ni t i at i vet oi mpr ove th ecompeti ti veness of pot at o

mar ket ch ai ns andof smal l pot at o pr oducer s i n t h eAndes of Sout h Amer i ca. Th i s wor k was

suppor t edbyt h eSwi ss Agencyf or Devel opmen t andCooper at i on (SDC). T h eP MCA engages

th osewh o mak et h ei r l i vi ngfr oma mar ket ch ai n th eso-cal l edmar ke t ch ai n act or sand

agr i cul tur al ser vi cepr ovi der s (such as r esear cher s, cr edi t pr ovi der s anddevel opment wor ker s)

i n f aci l i t at edgr oup pr ocesses i n wh i ch mar ketoppor t uni t i es ar ei dent i f i edandass essedand

i nnovat i ons ar edevel oped. Th ePMCA i s i mpl ement edi n3ph ases:

Ph ase1. Fami l i ar i zat i onwi th th emar ket ch ai nandt h ekeyact or s.

Ph ase2. J oi nt anal ysi s of pot ent i al busi ness oppor t uni t i es.

Ph ase3. Devel opment of mar ket -dr i veni nnovat i ons.

A r esear ch anddevel opment (R &D) or gani zat i on i ni t i at es th eP MCA bysel ect i ngth emar ket

ch ai ns on wh i ch t o wor k, i dent i f yi ngpot ent i al R &Dpar t ner s andc ar r yi ng out expl or ator y,

di agnost i c mar ket r esear ch . Keygoal s of Ph ase1ar et obecome f ami l i ar wi t h mar ket ch ai ns and

mar ket ch ai n act or s, and t o mot i vat e t h es e ac t o r s t o par t i c i pat e i n t h e P MC A pr oc es s. I n

P h ase2, th eR &Dor gani zat i onf ac i l i t at es meet i ngs t h at ar edesi gnedt of ost er mut ual t r ust and

knowl edge sh ar i ngamongpar ti ci pants. I n Ph ase 3, th e mar ket c h ai n act or s col l abor ate i n

pr act i cal i nnovat i onpr ocess es, wi t h suppor t f r omR &Dor gani zat i ons.


11/63

i x

I ntro ducing the PMCA to UgandaBegi nni ngi n 2005, t h eP apaAndi na I ni t i at i ve andPR APACE par tner ed wi t h sever al l ocal R &D

or gani zat i ons t oi nt r oducet h eP MCA i nt oUganda andappl i edi t i n t h ec ommodi t ych ai ns f or

pot at oes, sweet pot at oes, and veget abl es. Fund i ng f or t h i s wor k was pr ovi ded byth e

Depar t ment f or I nt er nat i onal Devel opment of t h e Uni t ed Ki ngdom(DFI D), CI P , and t h e

Associ at i onf or St r engt h eni ngAgr i cul t ur al R esear ch i nEast er nandCent r al Af r i ca(ASAR ECA).

Manyor gani zat i ons and i ndi vi dual s h ave pl ayed keyr ol es i n i nt r oduc i ng, val i dat i ng, and

r ef i ni ngt h ePMCA i nUganda. Th esei ncl udeani n t er nat i onal agr i cul t ur al r esear ch cent er (CI P),

anAndean-basedpar t ner sh i p pr ogr am(P apaAndi na), anAf r i canr egi onal commodi t ypr ogr am

(PR APACE), a Nat i onal Agr i cul t ur al R esear chOr gani zat i on (NAR O-Mukono), a mi ni st r y-l evel

pr oj ect (Compet i t i veness and I n vest ment Cl i mat e St r at egy, CI CS ), a non-gover nmental

or gani zat i on(Af r i ca2000 Net wor k, A2N), an dapr i vat ec ompany(t h eS semwangaGr oup).

Strate gie se mplo ye dto intro duce the PMCA

Sever al st r at egi es wer eempl oyedt oi nt r oduce, val i dat e, andr ef i net h ePMCA i nUganda:

1. Par t i c i pat or ypl anni ng, dec i si onmaki ng , andeval uat i oni nvol vi ngl ocal act or s;

2. A st udyt our t oPer u andBol i vi a;

3. PMCA t r ai ni ng, i nc l udi nguse of a P MCA User Gui de, h ands-on wor k wi th th ePMCA,

andbackst oppi ngandcoach i ng;

4. Knowl edgesh ar i ngamongpr act i t i oner s;

5. L ear ni ng-or i ent edeval uat i ons.

Th ese st r at egi es wer eef f ect i vei n mot i vati ng peopl eanddevel opi ngpr of ess i onal capaci t i es

andsoci al capi tal f or car r yi ngout t h ePMCA. Fur t h er mor e, i mpl ement at i onof t h eappr oach h as

r esul t edi n a number of commer ci al andi nst i t ut i onal i nnovat i ons. Never t h el ess, t h eUgandan

PMCA pr act i t i oner s bel i evet h eywoul dh avebene f i tedfr omaccess t omor epr act i cal t r ai ni ng

mat er i al s (i nc l udi ngcasest udi es), mor ef r eque nt anddi r ect access t ogui dance, coach i ng, and

f eedback f r omaP MCA exper t , mor eef f or t s by CI P andPR APACE t obui l dcommi t ment t ot h e

P MCA at seni or management l evel wi t h i n t h ei r or gani zat i ons , andf ol l ow-up af t er compl et i on

of P h ase3.

Re sultsto date

Th e r esul t s of t h i s wor k wi th th ePMCA h aveexceededi ni t i al expe ct at i ons . T h eP MC A h as

pr oven usef ul i n Uganda bot h f or st r engt h en i ngi nnovat i on capaci t yandf or devel opi ngpr o-


12/63

x

poor mar ket c h ai n i nnovat i ons. Val uabl e capa ci t i es f or i nnovati on h ave been cr eat ed,

par t i cul ar l yi nt h er eal ms of knowl edge, at t i t ude s, sk i l l s, andsoci al capi t al . Th esenewcapaci t i es

ar e val uabl e assets th at can be appl i edi n th e futur e to st i mul ate i nnovat i on not onl yi n

Ugandas pot at o, s weet pot at o, and veget abl e ma r ket ch ai ns, but i n ot h er c h ai ns, bot h i n

Ugandaandi not h er par t s of Sub-Sah ar anAf r i ca.

Th e commodi t yt eams t h at appl i ed t h e P MCA h ave devel oped a number of commer ci al

i nnovati ons. Th ef i r st th r eeof th esei nnovat i ons h avepr oven t h ei r mar ket vi abi l i tyandar ei n

commer ci al pr oduct i on; t h eot h er s ar ei n t h ef or mof pr ot ot ypes t h at ar e bei ngt est edand

r ef i ned.

I nnovat i ons i nc ommer ci al pr oduct i on:

I mpr ovedpackagi ngandl abel i ngf or al e adi ngUgandanpot at ocr i sp pr oduct .

A new sweet pot at o var i et y succ essf ul l y i ntr oduced i nt o Ugandas l eadi ng

super mar ket .

Ani mpr ovedcommer ci al t omat osaucepr oduct .

I nnovat i ons bei ngtest edandr ef i ned:

A newor angesweet pot at ocr i sp pr oduct devel opedandtest ed.

Twobr ands of composi t ef l our cont ai ni ngor ange-f l esh edsweet pot at oes devel oped,

wi t h at t r ac t i vepackagi ng.

A t omat och i l i appet i zer pr oduct , ah ot pepper past epr oduct andapi ckl edh ot pepper

pr oduct devel opedandbei ngt est ed.

A mar ket st al l / k i osk devel opedf or sel l i ng cl ean, s or t ed, andgr adedsweet pot at oes i n

Kampal as l ar gest open-ai r mar ket .

Asi def r omt h ecommer ci al i nnovat i ons, useof t h ePMCA h as al sol edt oi mpor t ant i nst i t ut i onal

and t ech nol ogi cal i nnovat i ons. Mot i vat ed byh i s par t i c i pat i on i n t h e veget abl e gr oup, an

expor t er h as est abl i sh eda cont r act f ar mi ng sc h eme f or pr oduci ngandexpor t i ngfr esh h ot

pepper s. As ar esul t of t h ewor k of th eswee t pot at ocommodi t ygr oup, a Sweet pot at oMar ket

Ch ai nC l ub,r epr esent i ngal l mar ket segment s, h a s al sobeenest abl i sh ed. P ar t i c i pant s h opeto

f or mal i zet h ec l ub as a mar ket ch ai n associ at i on, t os er veas apl at f or mf or f ut ur ei nnovat i on

pr ocess es.


13/63

xi

Some commer ci al i nnovat i ons h ave sti mul ated subsequent i nsti tuti onal i nnovat i ons. Faced

wi t h an unr el i abl e suppl yof f r esh pot at oes f or pr ocess i ng, th e pot at o commodi t ygr oup

or gani zedameet i ngi nt h eKabal e pot at opr oduci ngr egi on, f or pr ocess or s andmar ket agent s

t o meet wi t h pot at o f ar mer s andexpl or e ways t o bet t er or gani zet h esuppl yof pot at oes t o

Kampal a-basedpr ocessor s.

Todat e, r el at i vel yf ew t ech nol ogi cal i nnovat i ons h aver esul t edf r omt h ePMCA wor k. H owever ,

t h er ear esomecases. For exampl e, t h eh ot -pe pper cont r act f ar mi ngsc h emement i onedabove

(an i nst i t ut i onal i nnovat i on) i nc l udes t h e pr ovi si on of tech ni cal assi st ance to smal l f ar mer s,

wh i ch i ncl udes t h euseof i mpr ovedpl ant i ng mat er i al (at ech nol ogi cal i nnovat i on).

P rospe c tsf o r sustaine duse o f the PMCA in Uganda

Th eappl i cat i onandr esul t s of t h ePMCA h avest i mul at edconsi der abl ei nt er est i nt h eappr oach

i n Ugandan R &Dor gani zat i ons, i n pol i cyc i r c l e s, andamongmar ket ch ai n act or s wh o h ave

par t i ci patedi nth ewor k or h ear dabout i t . Th eZonal Agr i cul tur al R &DI nsti tuteof th eNAR Oi n

Mukonoi s c ommi t t edt oc ont i nui ngi t s l eader sh i p of t h esweet potat ocommodi t ygr oup, and

pl ans t oext enduseof t h eP MCA t ooneaddi t i onal commodi t yi n t h enear f ut ur e. P MCA wor k

h as beeni ncor por at edi nt oth e i nst i t ut es budget . Th eDi r ect or of NAR Oh as expr ess edi nt er est

i n mai nst r eami nguseof t h eP MCA t h r ough out t h eor gani zat i on. Th eNat i onal Coor di nat or of

t h e CI CS S ecr et ar i at h as c ommitt ed th e secr etar i at to appl yi ng t h e P MC A t o t wo newcommodi t i es wi t h expor t pot ent i a l . Th ePr esi dent of t h eFeder at i onof Ass oci at i ons of Ugandan

Expor t er s (FAUEX), h as st at edh i s st r ongsuppor t f or cont i nuedappl i cat ionof t h ePMCA i nt h e

count r y.

Wi t h t h ecompl et i onof P h ase3of t h ePMCA, t h e r ol eof P apaAndi nai n i nt r oduci ng, val i dat i ng

andr ef i ni ngth eappr oach h as ended. Th emai n i ss ues nowar ewh owi l l l eadfutur ewor k wi t h

t h ePMCA, h owt h ewor k wi l l beor gani zed, and h owth enecessar yr esour ce s wi l l bemar sh al ed.

PMCA par t i ci pant s h avei dent i f i edf i vesh or t-ter mpr i or i t i es:

Fol l ow-up wi t h speci f i c commer ci al i nnovat i ons t oensur et h at t h enewpr oduct s ar e

adequat el yr ef i ned andmovei nt oc omme r c i al pr oduc t i on;

Str ength en l i nks between t h e on-goi ng mar ket i nnovat i on pr ocesses and

t ech nol ogi cal i nnovat i onneededf or f ar mer s t or espondtot h enewmar ket demands;

Assi st t h eexi st i ngc ommodi t ygr oups t o est abl i sh mul t i -stakeh ol der pl at f or ms t h at

cans uppor t cont i nuedf ut ur ei nnovat i oni nt h ei r r es pec t i vec ommodi t i es;


14/63

xi i

R evi ewt h est at us of t h ei nnovat i ons i ns i xt oni nemont h s; Suppor t newappl i cat i ons of t h e P MCA i not h er commodi t ych ai ns.

Po te ntial use o f the PMCA e lse whe re in Sub-Saharan Af rica

L i keUganda, ot h er c ount r i es i nt h er egi onc oul d benef i t f r omuseof t h ePMCA. I nt r oduci ngt h e

appr oach el sewh er ewoul dbel e ss costl yandcoul dbeach i evedmor equi ckl ybecauseot h er

count r i es coul d benef i t f r om t h e consi der abl e capaci t yt hat Uganda h as devel oped f or

appl i cat i onof t h ePMCA.

Basedon exper i ences wi t h t h e P MCA i n t h e Andes andUganda (see Devauxet al ., 2007),

succ ess wi t h t h eP MCA i n newset t i ngs i s l i kel yt o begr eat est wh er eR &Dor gani zat i ons ar e

open t oexper i ment i ngwi t h ne wappr oac h es f or f ac i l i t at i ngi nnovat i on pr oce sses andwh er e

th er ear eR &Dpr of essi onal s wh o ar ek nowl edg eabl e about mar ket ch ai ns andexper i enced

wi th f aci l i tati on of teamwor k. Appr opr i at e comm odi t ych ai ns f or wor k wi th th ePMCA h ave

h i gh t r ansact i ons cost s t h at c oul dpot ent i al l yber educedth r ough col l ec t i veact i on andof f er

pot ent i al f or pr oduct di f f er ent i at i on andval ue addi t i on. I mpl ement at i onof t h eP MCA i s ai ded

bycapabl e l eader sh i p wi t h i n t h e c h ai n and pr evi ous posi ti ve exper i ences wi t h c ol l ec t i ve

act i on.

Ke ye le me ntso f acapaci tyde ve lo pme ntstrate gy

Basedont h i s assessment of exper i ences wi th th e PMCA i nUganda, i t i s concl udedth at f utur e

wor k t oi nt r oducet h eP MCA i nt onewset t i ngs sh oul dbegui dedbya capaci t ydevel opment

st r at egywi t h t h ef ol l owi ngkeyel ements:

1. P ar t i c i pat or ypl anni ng, dec i si on-maki ng , andeval uat i on, i nvol vi ngl ocal act or s;

2. I nt er act i onandnegot i at i onwi t h seni or manager s i nl eadR &Dor gani zat i ons t oensur e

i nst i t ut i onal commi t ment t oexper i ment i ngwi th th ePMCA;

3. A st udyt our t oUgandaor anot h er si t ewh er eth ePMCA h as beensuccessful l yused, to

meet wi t h PMCA pr act i t i oner s andobser ver esul ts;

4. A compr eh ensi vetr ai ni ngstr ategyi ncl ud i ngf or mal PMCA tr ai ni ngwor ks h ops, usi ngt h ePMCA User Gui deandcompl ement ar yt r ai ni ngmat er i al s;pr act i cal h ands-onwor k

wi t h t h eP MCA, i n commodi t ygr oups;and back st oppi ngandcoach i ngpr ovi dedby

exper i enced PMCA f aci l i tator s, i nvol v i ng bot h f ace-t o-f ace and vi r t ual

communi cat i ons;

5. Knowl edgesh ar i ngamongt h ePMCA pr act i t i oner s wor ki ngi ndi f f er ent t eams;

6. L ear ni ng-or i ent edeval uat i ons toi mpr ovet h epr ocess anddocument r esul t s.


15/63

xi i i

Wh en i nt r oduci ngth ePMCA tonewset t i ngs, i t n eeds t obekept i n mi ndth at each si t uat i on

pr esent s a uni que combi nat i on of soci o-econom i c, pol i t i cal , i nst i t ut i onal andt ech nol ogi cal

condi t i ons, andt h at t h e appr oach wi l l needt o bec ust omi zedf or use i n each count r yand

mar ket ch ai n. I ssues of appr opr i at eness of t h eappr oach andi nst i t ut i onal sust ai nabi l i t ysh oul d

bedeal t wi t h as pr i or i t i es f r omt h eout set of anypr ocess of i nt r oduct i on.


16/63


17/63

C I P S O C I A L S C I E N C E S WO R K I N G P A P E R 2 0 0 8 - 1

F A C I L I T A T I N G P R O - P O O R M A R K E T C H A I N I N N O VA T I O N 1

Fac i l i t at i ngpr o-poor mar ket c h ai n i nnovat i on:An assessment of t h epar t i c i pat or ymar ket c h ai nappr oach i n Uganda

I NTRODUCTI ON

I n Af r i c a as el s ewh er e, agr i cul t ur al devel opment i s t aki ng pl ace i n th e cont ext of r api d

ur bani zat i on andmar ket i nt egr at i on. Th el i vel i h oods of smal l f ar mer s ar ei nf l uencedmor eand

mor e byth e demands of ur ban consumer s, mar k et i nt er medi ar i es, and f ood i ndust r i es. I n

moder ni zi ngagr i cul t ur al mar ket s, smal l f ar mer s ar eof t enat asi gni f i cant di sadvant ager el at i veto

l ar ger commer ci al f ar mer s, wh o benef i t f r om economi es of sc al e and bet t er access t o

i nf or mat i on, ser vi ces, t ech nol ogy, andcapi t al .

C ol l ect i veact i on, usual l yi n t h ef or mof f ar mer cooper at i ves, h as been pr oposedas onewayt o

i mpr ovet h epr ospect s of smal l f ar mer s i n emer gi ngh i gh -val ueagr i cul tur al mar kets . Si nce th e

l at e 1990s, t h e I nt er nat i onal Pot at o Cent er s (CI P) P apa Andi na net wor k h as wor kedwi t h i t s

par t ner s i n Sout h Amer i ca t o i mpr ove t h e c omp et i t i veness of smal l pot at o pr oducer s i n t h e

Andes t h r ough i nnovati veappr oa c h es t oc ol l ec t i veact i on i nvol vi ngnot onl ysmal l f ar mer s but

oth er s wh os el i vel i h oods dependon t h epr oduct i on andmar ket i ngof agr i cul t ur al commodi t i es.

Over t i me, t h eydevel opedt h eP ar t i c i pat or yMa r k et C h ai nAppr oach (P MC A), wh i ch br i ngs smal l

f ar mer s t oget h er wi t h ot h er mar ket ch ai n act or s, r esear ch er s, andser vi cepr ovi der s t opr oduce

andsh ar ek nowl edge, bui l dtr ust , anddevel op i nnovat i ons th at be nef i t smal l f ar mer s as wel l as

ot h er mar ket ch ai nact or s.

Basedon ear l ysuccesses wi t h t h eP MCA i n t h eAndean r egi on, i n 2004, th eCr op Post-H ar vest

P r ogr amme of t h e Uni t ed Ki ngdoms Depar tme nt f or I nter nat i onal Devel opment (DFI D)

encour aged Papa Andi na t o i nt r oduce and t est t h e PMCA i n Uganda, wh er e t h e r esul t s of

sweet pot at or esear ch anddevel o pment (R &D) wer ebei ngconst r ai nedbymar ket i ngpr obl ems.

To i nt r oduce andt est t h e P MCA i n Uganda, P a pa Andi na devel opeda j oi nt pr oj ect wi t h t h e

R egi onal Pot at o and Sweet pot at o I mpr ovemen t Net wor k i n East er n and C ent r al Af r i ca

(PR APACE). Th i s capaci t y-devel opment pr oj ect i nc l udedonl yt h ef i r st of t h ePMCAs th r eeph ases,

becauseDFI Dsuppor t was avai l a bl eonl yf or 2005. Af t er P h ase1was compl et edat t h eendof

2005, t h er ewas ash or t br eak i n act i vi t i es unt i l P apa Andi na, P R AP ACE, andCI P s Sweet pot at o

P r oj ect i n Uganda wer eabl et o br i ngtogeth er th ef undi ngneed edfor Ph ase2. L ater , wh en


18/63


2 F A C I L I T A T I N G P R O - P O O R M A R K E T C H A I N I N N O VA T I O N

Ph ase2 was compl et edi n August 2006, t h er ewa s anoth er del ayunt i l f undi ngf or Ph ase3was

obtai nedf r omt h eAssoci at i on f o r St r engt h eni ngAgr i cul t ur al R esear ch i n East er n andCent r al

Af r i ca (ASAR ECA). PR APACE took t h el eadi n nego t i at i ngth i s f undi ng, wi th suppor t f r omPapa

Andi na andCI P s I mpact Enh ancement Di vi si on. I mpl ement at i on of P h ase 3began i n Febr uar y

2007andwas compl et edi nSept ember of t h esameyear .

Th osewh oh avesuppor t edt h epr ocess of i nt r oduci ng, val i dat i ng, andr ef i ni ngt h ePMCA andar e

consi der i ngusi ngt h eappr oach i nt h efut ur ear eeager t oknowt h er esul t s of t h ewor k i nUganda.

For t h i s r eason, P apaAndi na andPR APACE commi ss i onedth est udyr epor t edh er e. As t h ef i r st

pi l ot t est s of t h e PMCA h ave r ecent l ybeen compl et ed and manyi nnovat i ons ar e j ust now

ent er i ngi nt oc ommer ci al appl i cat i on, i t i s t ooear l yt oassess i t sul t i mat ebenef i t s andi mpact s i n

Uganda;t h esewi l l emer geover a pe r i odof year s. Never th el ess, i t i s possi bl etoassess th eear l y

r esul ts of th ewor k andr espondto t h ef ol l owi ngt ypes of quest i on:

H owef f ect i veh as t h epr ocess of i nt r oduci ng, val i dat i ng, andr ef i ni ngth eP MCA beeni n

Uganda?

H owusef ul h as t h ePMCA pr ovent obe?

Wh at h avebeenth epr ac ti cal r esul ts t odate?

Wh at h avebeent h emai nc h a l l enges f aceddur i ngt h ei nt r oduct i onanduseof t h ePMCA

i nUganda?

I s useof t h ePMCA sust ai nabl e?

Wh at ar e t h e pr ospect s f or usi ngt h e PMCA i n ot h er set t i ngs bot h i n Uganda and

el sewh er ei nt h er egi on?

Wh at ar et h eess ent i al el ement s of an ef f ect i vest r at egyf or i nt r oduci ngth eP MCA i nt o

newset t i ngs (c ount r i es or commodi t ych ai ns)?

Th i s r epor t addr ess es t h esequesti ons i nt h ef ol l owi ngway:

Sect i on2pr esent s t h est udyobj ect i ves, met h ods, andi nf or mat i onsour ces.

Sect i on 3pr ovi des backgr oundi nf or mat i on on t h ege nesi s of t h eP MCA i n P apaAndi nas wor k

wi t h smal l f ar mer s i nSout h Amer i caanddesc r i bes t h emai nf eat ur es of t h eappr oach .

Sect i on 4summar i zes t h et i mel i neof act i vi t i es c ar r i edout t oi nt r oduce, va l i date, andr ef i neth e

P MCA i nUganda.

Sect i on 5 i dent i f i es t h e keyi nst i t ut i onal act or s t hat h ave t aken up t h e P MCA i n Uganda and

comment s on t h ei r r easons f or doi ngso. I t t h en comment s on t h emot i vat i ons of keyact or s f or

get t i ng, andst ayi ng, i nvol ved.


19/63



Sect i on 6desc r i bes andass ess es t h e var i ous st r ategi es th at h avebeen usedt o i nt r oduce t h e

P MCA i n Uganda, not es somech al l enges f acedbyUgandans i n i mpl ement i ngt h ePMCA, and

i dent i f i es somear eas i nwh i ch t h estr at egi es us edt oi nt r oduceth ePMCA coul dbei mpr oved.

Sect i on 7 desc r i bes t h e i nnovat i on pr ocesses t h at h ave t aken pl ace i n t h e t h r ee commodi t y

gr oups (f ocusi ngonpot at o, sweet po t at oandveget abl es r espect i vel y ), i nt h ef or mof i nnovat i on

h i s t or i es . Th ese h i stor i es i l l ustr ate h owdi f fer ent act i vi t i es and event s t r i gger ed l ear ni ng

pr ocess es, wh i ch somet i mes l edto commer ci al , t ech nol ogi cal , or i nst i t ut i onal i nnovat i ons. Th i s

sect i onends byi dent i f yi ngsomecommonf a ct or s t h at h avest i mul at edi nnovat i on.

Sect i on8pul l s t oget h er i nf or mat i onont h emai nr esul t s t odat eof t h esef i r st appl i cat i ons of t h e

P MCA i n Uganda. I t desc r i bes th e commer ci al , i nst i t ut i onal , and t ech nol ogi cal i nnovat i ons

pr oduc ed, t h e i nnovat i on capaci t i es devel oped, and t h e i nt er est st i mul at ed i n t h e P MCA i n

Uganda.

Th ef i nal sect i on of t h er epor t ,Sect i on 9, di scusses t h epr ospect s f or f utur euseof t h ePMCA i n

Ugandaandbeyond.


20/63



STUDY OBJ ECTI VES ANDMETHODSTh i s st udywas commi ssi onedbyPapaAndi na, CI Ps I mpact Enh ancement Di vi si on, andP R AP ACE

t o: (1) ass ess t h epr ocess of i nt r oduci ng, val i dat i n g, andr ef i ni ngth eP MCA i n Uganda;(2) ass ess

t h emai nr esul t s obtai nedi nUgandat odat e;(3 ) assess t h epr ospect s f or f ut ur euseof t h ePMCA

i nUgandaandel sewh er ei nS ub-S a h ar an Af r i c a;and(4) i dent i f yessent i al el ement s of anef f ect i ve

st r at egyf or i nt r oduci ngt h ePMCA i nnewset t i ngs.

Th e st udydr aws on a number of i nf or mat i on sour ces, i nc l udi ng keyi nf or mant i nt er vi ews,

par ti ci pator yr evi ewexer c i ses, pr oj ect document s, anddi r ect obser vat i ons. Th eaut h or r ecei ved

excel l ent pr ogr ess andact i vi t yr e por t s pr epar edbyCI P, PapaAn di na, PR APACE, andpar t i ci pat i ng

Ugandanor gani zat i ons.

I n2006, t h eaut h or r evi ewedt h er esul t s of P h as es 1and2, andpr ovi dedsuggest i ons f or Ph ase3

(Hor ton, 2006). Pr i or t ot r avel i ngt o Uganda i n 2006, h ei nt er vi ewed17peopl ewh o h adbeen

i nvol vedi n t h eUganda wor k, i nPer u, Bol i vi a, an dTh eNeth er l ands. I nJ ul y2006, h etr avel edt o

Ugandaf or t endays. Dur i ngth i s vi si t , h emet wi t h keyi ndi vi dual s i nvol vedwi th th ei ntr oduct i on

of t h eP MCA to Uganda andat t endedmeet i ngs of PMCA pr act i t i oner s andcommodi t ygr oups.

Dur i ng t h i s vi si t , a r evi ewwor ksh op was or gani zed i n wh i ch t h e t h r ee commodi t yt eams

pr esent edpr ogr ess r epor t s on t h ei r act i vi t i es andpar t i c i pant s ass ess edt h est r at egi es usedt o

i nt r oduce, val i dat e, andr ef i neth ePMCA. P ar t i ci pan t s al soi dent i f i edwh at t h eybel i evedwer et h emost i mpor t ant r esul t s of t h eP MCA t odat ean ddevel opeda l i st of suggest i ons f or i mpr ovi ng

wor k wi t h t h e P MC A. Dur i ng t h i s vi si t , th e auth or dr af teda r evi ewr epor t , pr esent ed and

di sc ussedpr el i mi nar yf i ndi ngs wi t h agr oup of i nt e r est edpar t i es, andr ecei vedusef ul f eedback.

I n Sept ember 2007, t h eaut h or r et ur nedto Ugan da f or 16days t o at t end t h eF i nal P MC A Event

(wi t h over 250 par t i ci pant s), i nt er vi ewP MCA par t i c i pant s andst akeh ol der s, andobser ve t h e

i nnovat i ons devel oped. A secondpar ti ci pator yr evi ewwor ksh op was or gani zed t o devel op

i nnovat i on h i st or i es f or t h et h r eecommodi t ygr oups , i dent i f ych al l enges f acedbyt h egr oups i n

i mpl ement i ngt h ePMCA, andbr ai nst or monsc enar i o s f or f ut ur ewor k wi t h t h ePMCA andmar ket

ch ai n i nnovat i on mor ebr oadl y. Dur i ngth i s vi si t, th eauth or dr af tedaprel i mi nar yver si onof th e

pr esent r epor t , di sc ussed st udyf i ndi ngs wi t h st akeh ol der s, andobtai ned val uabl e f eedback.

L at er , comment s on pr el i mi nar yver si ons of th i s r epor t wer epr ovi dedbyBeat r i ceAkel l o, L ucy

Al i guma, Th omas Ber net , Andr Devaux, B er g a L emaga, Damal i e Maga l a, Sar ah Mayanj a,

I mmacul at e Seki t t o, andGr ah am Th i el e. Never th el ess, th e auth or i s f ul l yr esponsi bl e f or any

r emai ni nger r or s andomi ssi ons.


21/63



BACKG ROUNDONTHE PARTI CI PATORY MARKET CHAI NAPPROACHOrigin andde ve lo pme nto f the appro ach

I mpo rtance o f marke tc hain inno vatio n f o r r ural po ve rtyre duc tio n

I n Uganda, as el sewh er e, agr i cul t ur al devel opm ent i s t ak i ng p l ac e i n t h e c ont ext of r api d

ur bani zat i on andmar ket i nt egr at i on. Ur ban c onsumer demandandgl obal mar ket f or ces ar e

i ncr easi ngl ydr i vi ngagr i cul t ur al devel opment , conf r ont i ngf ar mer s wi t h newmar ket ch al l enges

as wel l as oppor tuni t i es. Ur bani zati on andi ncr ea si ngpar ti ci pat i on of women i n t h el abor f or ce

ar e st i mul at i nga di et ar yt r ansi t i on f r omt r adi ti onal st apl e f oods t owar ds conveni ence f oods,

ani mal pr ot ei n, f r esh dai r ypr oduct s, andh i gh er consumpti onof f r esh f r ui t s andveget abl es. Th e

i mpor t ance of packaged f oods an d super mar ket s i s gr owi ng. De mandi s al so i ncr easi ngf or

h i gh er qual i t yf oods t h at meet i ncr easi ngsaf et y st andar ds. S uper mar ket s ar ebecomi ngmaj or

pl ayer s i n ver ti cal l yi ntegr ated f ood mar keti ng syst ems. As a r esul t of al l t h ese t r ends, t h e

pr oduct i onpr act i ces andl i vel i h oods of smal l f ar mer s ar ebei ngi nf l uencedmor eandmor ebyt h e

demands of ur ban consumer s, mar ket i nt er med i ar i es, and f ood i ndust r i es (H enson, 2007;

Wi l k i nsonandR och a, 2006).

I n cont empor ar yagr i cul t ur al mar ket s, smal l f ar mer s ar e of t en at a si gni f i cant di sadvant age i n

r el at i ont ol ar ger commer ci al f ar mer s wh ocansuppl yl ar ger vol u mes of qual i t y-assur edpr oduct s

andh avebet t er access t oi nf or mat i on, ser vi ces, t ech nol ogyandcapi t al (J oh nson andBer degu,

2004). Smal l f ar mer s l i mi t edaccess t o ph ysi cal andf i nanci al r esour ces r estr i cts th ei r abi l i tyto

expandt h ei r sc al eof oper at i ons andi nvest i nt e ch nol ogi es t h at i ncr easeef f i ci encyandaddval ue

t opr i mar ypr oduct i on. Manysmal l f ar mer s al so h avel i mi t edt ech ni cal ski l l s andpoor acc ess t o

i nf or mat i onandt r ai ni ngf or i mpr ovi ngt h ei r pr oduct i onpr act i ces. Th el i mi t edmar ket sur pl us of

i ndi vi dual smal l f ar mer s i nf l at es per -uni t cost sof assembl y, h andl i ng, an dtr anspor t at i on. Smal l

f ar mer s al so l ack basi c k nowl edgeof t h emar ket i ngsyst em, cur r ent i nf o r mat i on on pr i ces and

mar ket condi t i ons, andbar gai ni ngpower (Kr ui j ssen, Kei zer , andGi ul i ani , 2007;Ber degu, 2001).

A r ecent st udyof newmar ket s andi nst i t ut i ons (H enson, 2007) i dent i f i es a number of capaci t i es

t h at count r i es needto ent er and mai nt ai n a pr esence i n h i gh -val uemar ket s. Th ese i nc l ude, i n

i ncr easi ngor der of compl exi t yandcost : capaci t y t opr oducet obasi c qual i t yst andar ds;c apaci t y

tosuppl yonar el i abl ebasi s tostr i ct quanti ty,t i mi ng, andqual i t y-cont r ol r equi r ement s; capaci t y

t o compl ywi t h st r i ct f oodsaf et yandqual i t yst andar ds; advancedl ogi st i cal capaci t yt o enabl e

i dent i t ypr eser vat i onandt r aceabi l i t yt h r ough t h esuppl ych ai n;andf i nal l y, c apaci t yt ounder t ake

pr oduct i nnovat i on on a cont i nuous basi s t o ma i nt ai n andenh ance val ue as mar ket s evol ve.

Countr i es andsect or s t h at began oper at i ng i n h i gh -val ue mar ket s ear l yon h ave si gni f i cant

advantages over ot h er s, because t h eyh avedeve l opedt h ei r c apaci t i esover t i me. L at e-c omer s


22/63



nowf acemuch gr eat er i ni t i al ch al l enges t o en t er newmar ket s, andt h eywi l l needt o devel op

t h ei r capaci t i es much mor er api dl y.

Mar ket -ch ai n i nnovat i on i s an ur gent pr i or i t yf or count r i es ands ect or s t h at ar e not al r eady

par t i ci pat i ngact i vel yi n h i gh -val ue mar ket s. As desc r i bedi n t h e next sect i on, t h e P MCA was

devel opedto assi st mar ket ch ai n act or s t owor k wi t h R &Dor gani zat i ons andot h er agr i cul t ur al

ser vi cepr ovi der s t odevel op th ecapaci ti es needed toenter andth r i vei n h i gh val ueagr i cul t ur al

mar ket s i nways th at be nef i t smal l f ar mer s.

De ve lo pme nto f the PMCA

Var i ous appr oach es h avebeenpr oposedtoi mpr ov et h epr ospect s of smal l f ar mer s i nagr i cul t ur al

mar ket s, i ncl udi ngcol l ect i veact i on vi a f ar mer or gani zat i ons andcooper at i ves (Sh eph er d, 2007;

Ch i r wa et al ., 2005). Th ePMCA en gages s mal l f ar mer s, mar ket agent s, andagr i cul t ur al ser vi ce

pr ovi der s i n a col l ect i ve act i on pr ocess ai medat f ost er i ngpr o-poor mar ket -ch ai n i nnovat i on.

Such i nnovat i on i mpr oves t h ec ompet i t i veness of mar ket ch ai ns andbenef i t s smal l f ar mer s as

wel l as ot h er mar ket ch ai n ac t or s. Th e PMCA emer gedf r omwor k car r i edout byCI Ps S oci al

Sc i enceDepar t ment , P apaAndi na, andnat i onal R &Dor gani zat i ons i nt h eAndes.

I n 2002, CI P soci al sci enti sts, Papa Andi na, and th e Pr oj ect f or Potato I nnovat i on and

Compet i t i veness i n P er u (I NCOP A Pr oj ect ) began wor k i ng wi th a par t i ci pator yappr oach tost i mul at eagr i cul t ur al i nnovat i on known as R api d Appr ai sal of Agr i cul tural Knowl edgeSyst ems

(R AAKS). Th i s appr oach , devel ope dbyEngel andSal omon (2003), br i ngs di ver se st akeh ol der s

t ogeth er i n a f l exi bl e, par ti ci pator ypr ocess to sti mul at esoci al l ear ni ng, bui l dt r ust , andf ost er

i nnovat i on among pot at o mar ket ch ai n act or s. Papa Andi na was sear c h i ng f or a pr ac ti c al

appr oach t obr i ngmar ket ch ai nact or s t oget h er t odevel op i nnovat i oncapaci tyi nmar ket ch ai ns

andt opr oducemar ket -l edi nnovat i ons. Wor ki ngi n t h econt ext of th emar ket ch ai nspur r edth e

devel opment of newmet h ods, f or exampl e f or bui l di ngt r ust amongpeopl e wh o pr evi ousl y

di st r ust edoneanot h er , andf or devel opi ngne wpr oduct s. A newappr oach emer ged, t h at was

namedt h ePar ti ci pator yMar ket Ch ai n Appr oach . Th i s was documentedi n a P MCA User Gui de

(Ber net , Th i el eandZsc h ock e, 2006). I n2003, wh enth eI NCOPA mar ket ch ai nwor k was r evi ewed

i n an Andean r egi onal wor k sh op , par t i c i pant s f r omB ol i vi a becamei nt er est edi n t h eappr oach

anddeci dedt o begi n exper i ment i ngwi t h i t at h ome. Over t h enext f ewyear s, t h eP MCA was

devel opedanddocumentedbase donth ewor k i nB ol i vi aandPer u (Devauxet al ., 2007).


23/63



Main Fe atur e so f the appro achAn ac tio n r e se arc h appro ac h

1

Th ePMCA i s a par t i c i pat or yact i on r esear ch appr oach f or i dent i f yi ngbusi ness oppor t uni t i es i n

mar ket ch ai ns t h at ar ei mpor t ant t osmal l f ar mer s,andt h enc ar r yi ngout R & Dact i vi ti es t oexpl oi t

t h eoppor t uni t i es. Act i onr esear chi s ar ef l ec t i vepr ocess of pr ogr ess i vepr obl emsol vi ngl edbyan

appl i edr esear ch er wor ki ngwi t h at eamor as par t of acommu ni tyof pr act i ce. Th i s appr oach i s

wi del yused i n management c onsul t i ng and or gani zat i onal devel opment st udi es, wh er e an

appl i edr esear ch er wor ks wi t h an or gani zat i ons member s t odef i nea pr ob l emt h at i s amenabl e

t oappl i edr esear ch andth en t oc ar r yout t h er esear ch neededto r esol vet h epr obl em. Most of

t h e r esear ch i s gener al l ydone byt h e or gani zat i ons member s, wh o de vel op appl i edr esear ch

capaci t i es dur i ngt h eact i onr esear ch pr ocess. Th ePMCA appl i es t h epr i nci pl es of act i onr esear ch

t of ost er mar ket c h ai ni nnovat i on.

De sc riptio n o f the PMCA

Th ePMCA engages t h osewh omaketh ei r l i vi ngf r om amar ket ch ai nth e so-cal l edmar ket c h ai n

act or s and agr i cul tur al ser vi ce pr ovi der s (s uch as r esear ch er s, cr edi t pr ovi der s, and

devel opment wor ker s) i nfaci l i tatedgr oup pr ocesse s i nwh i ch mar ket oppor t uni t i es ar ei dent i f i ed

andassessed, andi nnovat i ons ar edevel oped. Th ePMCA i s i mpl ementedi n3ph ases:

P h ase1. Fami l i ar i zat i onwi th th emar ket ch ai nandt h ekeyact or s.Ph ase2. J oi nt anal ysi s of pot ent i al busi ness oppor t uni t i es.

P h ase3. Devel opment of mar k et -dr i veni nnovat i ons.

As i l l ustr atedi nExh i bi t 1, aR &Dor gani zat i on i ni t i at es th eP MCA bysel ect i ngth emar ket c h ai ns

on wh i ch t o wor k, i dent i f yi ngpotenti al R &Dpar t ner s andcar r yi ngout expl or ator y, di agnost i c

mar ket r esear ch . Keygoal s of Ph ase 1ar et o be comef ami l i ar wi t h mar ket ch ai ns andmar ket

ch ai nact or s, andt omot i vatemar ket ch ai nact or s topar t i ci pat ei nt h ePMCA pr ocess. I nP h ase2,

t h eR &Dor gani zat i onf ac i l i t at es meet i ngs t h at ar edesi gnedt of ost er mut ual t r ust andknowl edge

sh ar i ng among par t i ci pants. I n Ph ase 3, th e ma r ket ch ai n actor s c ol l abor ate i n pr act i cal

i nnovat i onpr ocess es, wi t h suppor t f r omR &Dor gani zat i ons.

1Usef ul i nt r oduct i ons t oact i onr esear ch andot h er f or ms ofact i oni nqui r yar eavai l abl ei nWi ki pedi a(www.wi k i pedi a.or g).


24/63



Dur i ng Ph ase1, di agnost i c r esear ch i s c ar r i edout i nor der t o becomef ami l i ar wi t h keymar ket

ch ai n act or s andunder st andth ei r i nt er est s, pr obl ems andi deas. Th i s ph asei s expect edt ot ake

t wot of our mont h s andmayi nvol ve20 to40 i n t er vi ews wi t h di ver semar ket ch ai n act or s. Th i s

ph aseends wi t h a publ i c event t h at br i ngs t oget h er i ndi vi dual s wh o h avebeen i nvol vedi nth e

P MCA pr ocess sof ar , i nc l udi ngmar ket ch ai nact or s andr epr esent at i ves of r esear ch or gani zat i ons

andot h er ser vi cepr ovi der s, t odi sc uss r esul t s of t h emar ket sur veyandt oexch angei deas. Some

i ndi vi dual s wh o h avenot been i nvol vedsof ar may al s obei nvi t ed, t o gai n t h ei r i nt er est i nt h e

P MCA pr ocess andmot i vat et h emt o par t i c i pat ei nf ut ur eac t i vi t i es .

I n P h as e 2 , t h emat i c (c ommodi t y) gr oups ar e est a bl i sh ed t o expl or e pot ent i al mar ket

oppor t uni t i es. Th el eadR &Dor gani zat i onf ac i l i t ates gr oup meet i ngs wh er emar ket oppor t uni t i es

ar ei dent i f i edanddi sc ussed. Th emai nc h al l engedu r i ngt h i s ph asei s t okeep par t i ci pant s f ocused

on mar ket oppor t uni t i es (r at h er t h an, f or exampl e, pr oduct i on pr obl ems). Si xto t en meet i ngsmaybe neededt o anal yzepotenti al mar ket oppo r tuni ti es. I n somecases, speci al i zedmar ket

st udi es (f or exampl e, f ocus gr oups) maybeneed edto compl ement t h e gr oup wor k. At a f i nal

event , t h emar ket oppor t uni t i es ar e di sc uss edwi t h a wi der audi enceandnewmember s wi t h

compl ementar yknowl edgeandexper i encear eencour agedt oj oi nP h ase3.

Marke tChain Acto rsLe adin R&DOr anizatio n

Toget t oknow t h edi f f er ent mar ket c h ai nac t or s,wi t h t h ei r ac ti vi t i es, i nt er est s, i deas, and

pr obl ems, et c .

Toanal yze i napar t i ci pator ymanner pot enti al

joi nt mar ket oppor t uni t i es

Obje tive pe r Phase

Toi mpl ement j oi nt i nnovat i ons

newpr oduct s newt ech nol o gi es

I nter est

Tr ust

Col l abor at i on

L eader sh ip

Fac i l i t at i on

Bac ks t oppi ng

Phase 1

Phase 2

Phase 3

Event

Event

Fi nal Event

Exhibit1.The threephasesof the

PMCA.


25/63



Ph ase3f ocuses on t h eact i vi t i es neededt ol aunch speci f i c i nnovat i ons. Th et i mer equi r edmay

var y dependi ng upon t h e compl exi tyof t h e i n novat i on, t h e capaci t yof t h e gr oup, and

bi oph ysi cal , soc i o-economi c , andi nst i t ut i onal condi t i ons. A r ough est i mat e of t h et i meneeded,

basedonexper i encei nBol i vi aandPer u, i s th r ee tosi xmont h s. Ph ase3cl oses wi th al ar geevent

t o wh i c h a muc h wi der gr oup i s i nvi t ed, i nc l udi ng f or exampl e, pol i ti cal of f i ci al s, donor

r epr esent at i ves andmember s of t h epr ess.

Basedonexper i ences wi th th ePMCA i nPer u andBol i vi a, 12 t o15month s seems t obeadequat e

t oi mpl ement t h eth r eeph ases of t h ePMCA.


26/63



TI MEL I NE FORI NTRODUCTI ONTHE PMCATh epr ocess of i nt r oduci ngth eP MCA i n Ugandai n vol vedanumber of act i vi t i es over twoanda

h al f year s. Th emai nact i vi t i es i ncl udedt r ai ni ngwor ks h ops i nUgandaand t h eAndes, asur veyof

R &Dor gani zat i ons wi t h i nt er est andexper ti sei n mar ket-ch ai n devel opment , mar ket sur veys,

gr oup meet i ngs, f ocus gr oups, backst oppi ngvi s i t s f r omP MC A exper ts, r evi ews of pr ogr ess, and

assor t edpr oduct -devel opment act i vi ti es r el atedtospeci f i c i nnovat i ons devel ope dbyt h et h r ee

commodi t ygr oups dur i ngPh ase3(s eeP h ot ogr aph s 1and2 andExh i bi t 2).

Dur i ngPh ase1(Mar ch t oDecember 2005), ac o r egr oup of R &Dpr of essi onal s was f or medand

gai nedf ami l i ar i t ywi t h t h es el ect edmar ket ch ai ns andmar ket ch ai n act or s. Th i s ph ase began

wi t h a vi si t byth eUgandan coor di nati on teamt o t h eAndes. Th i s was f ol l owedbya sur veyof

R &Dor gani zat i ons andt h ef i r st P MCA t r ai ni ngwor k sh ops i nUgandai n Apr i l . Pr oposal s f or each

mar ket c h ai n wer et h en pr epar edandr evi ewed i n MayandJ une. Fi f t een Ugandans, wh ower e

expect edtopar t i ci pat ei n th ePMCA pr ocess, t r avel edt o P er u andBol i vi a f or a st udyt our and

second t r ai ni ng wor k sh op i n J ul y. Af t er pr epar at i on of wor k-pl ans and budget s f or t h r ee

commodi t ygr oups, di agnost i c r esear ch was car r i ed out f or th e sel ected mar ket c h ai ns i n

September andOct ober . I n Oct ober , aP MCA spec i al i st f r omCI P vi si t edUganda t osuppor t t h e

mar ket ch ai nr esear ch andassi st i npr epar at i onsf or th ef i nal event s of P h ase1, wh i ch wer eh el d

i nNovember . I nDecember , ar evi ewwor ks h op f or Ph ase1was c ar r i edout , wi t h par t i c i pant s f r om

Uganda, Kenya, Tanzani a, P er u andBol i vi a.

P h ase 2 began af t er a t wo-month del ay, dur i ng wh i ch f undi ngwas negot i at edf r omPR AP ACE,

CI P s Sweet pot at oPr ogr am, andP apaAndi na. P h ase2 begani nMar ch 2006wi t h t h et h i r dP MCA

tr ai ni ngwor ksh op. Subsequent l y, a number of commodi t ygr oup meet i ngs wer eh el dtoassess

pot ent i al mar ket oppor t uni t i es. I nJ ul yar evi ewof pr ogr ess i n i nt r oduci ngandt est i ngt h ePMCA

i n Ugandawas car r i edout (Hor ton, 2006), andi n August , f i nal event s wer eh el df or each of th e

t h r eec ommodi t ygr oups. Sever al mar ket oppor tuni t i es wer ei denti f i edby th eth r eegr oups (see

Exh i bi t 3).


27/63



1a. Fieldvi si tduri ng f i rstPMCA trai ni ng workshopi n Ug anda. 1b. Vi si ttof armerassoci ati on,APROTAC,i nColomi ,Cochabamba,Boli vi a.

1d. DanKi sauzi,Director,Capaci tyStreng theni ng andEastern

Af ri ca,RIUPProg ramme,andBoli vi anf armer,LaPaz,Boli vi a.

1c. Vi si ttopotatocri spprocessi ng en terpri se,Lucana,i nCochabamba,Boli vi a.

Photograph1. Capaci tybui ldi ngonPMCA i nUg andaandtheAndes.


28/63



2a. Parti c i pantsi nPMCA trai ni ng i nUg anda. 2b. Rapi dmarketapprai sali nUchumi Supermarket

i nKampala,Ug anda,aspartof PMCA trai ni ng .

2c. SweetpotatoGroup: f i naleventof Phase 1.

2e. Bi g Fi nalEvent:i ntrod ucti onbyPeterLusembo

f romNARO-ZARDIMukono.

2d. Medi ai nteresti nPMCA: potatocri spprocessor

bei ng i ntervi ewedatthe Fi nalBig Event.

Photograph2.Appli cati ono f

PMCA i nUg anda.


29/63



Exhibit2 . Ti mel i neof maj or act i vi t i es usedt oi nt r oduceth ePMCA toUganda

Mo nth/ Ye ar Majo r ac tivity

P h ase 1

3/05 I ni t i al vi si t of Ugandanpr oj ect coor di nat or s t oPer u

3-4/05 Sur veyof R &Dor gani zat i ons

4/05 Fi r st P MCA t r ai ni ngwor ksh op

5-6/05 P r epar at i onandr evi ewof commodi t ymar ket ch ai npr oposal s

7/05 St udyvi si t andsecondP MCA t r ai ni ngwor ks h op i nPer u andBol i vi a

8/05 Pr epar at i onof wor k-pl ans andbudget s f or t h r eecommodi t ygr oups

9-10/05 Di agnost i c r esear ch oncommodi t ych ai ns andmar ket ch ai nact or s

10/05 Backst oppi ngvi si t byPMCA speci al i st f r omCI P, L i ma

11/05 Fi nal event s f or P h ase1(separ at eevent s f or t h e3gr oups)

12/05 R evi ewwor ksh op for Ph ase1

P h ase 2

3/06 Th i r dP MCA t r ai ni ngwor ksh op: I ni t i ati onof Ph ase2

4-7/06 Meet i ngs of commodi t y gr oups andsub-gr oups

7/06 R evi ewof pr ogr ess wi t h Ph ases 1and2

8/06 Fi nal event s f or P h ase2 (separ at eevent s f or t h e3gr oups)

P h ase 3

2/07 Four t h P MCA t r ai ni ngwor ksh op: I ni ti ati onof Ph ase3

2-4/07 R api dmar ket sur veys: t oasse ss mar ket c ondi t i ons andcompet i t i on

2-4/07 Focus gr oups: t ot est pr oduct s under devel opment

2,7,9/07 Backst oppi ngvi s i t byP M C A s pec i al i s t f r omC I P , L i ma

5-7/07 Addi t i onal r api dmar ket sur veys

5-8 /07 Addi t i onal f oc us gr oups

7-8/07 Wor k wi t h mar ket i ngspeci al i st s, gr aph i c desi gner s, et c.

9/07 Fi nal event f or P h ase3(wi t h st akeh ol der s of al l 3commodi t ygr oups)

9/07 R evi ewof r esul t s of t h eent i r ePMCA pr ocess


30/63



Exhibit3. Mar ket oppor t uni t i es i dent i f i eddur i ngPh ase2

Po tato G r o up

I mpr ovedcr i sps : pr ocessi ng, packagi ng, l abel i ng(br andi ng)

Ef f i c i ent useof pr ocess i ngwa st e: bi ogas andani mal f eed

Gr adedwar epot at obags (tor e spondt oqual i t yr equi r ement s of ur banc l i ent s, pr ocessor s, et c.)

Swe e tpo tato G r o up

Non-or ange-f l esh edsweet pot at o(OFS P ) f or ur bans uper mar ket (wi th i mpr ovedbaggi ng)

OFSP f or pr ocess i ngi nt ocomposi tef l our (wi th i mpr ovedpackagi ng)

Di f f er ent var i et i es f or expor t

P r omot i onof l ocal var i et i es i nur banar easDemandcr eat i onespeci al l yf or h eal t h yOFS P var i eti es

Ve ge table G ro up

Qual i t yt omat oes f or ur banmar k et s (i nc l udi ngsuper mar ket s)

Tomat opr ocess i ng: sol ar dr yi ngandt omat o pur ee(i ncl udi ngsauce, ch i l i , j ui ce, past e)

I mpr ovi ngpackagi ng, l abel i ngandmer ch and i si ngof t omat oandh ot pepper pr oduct s

Qual i t yh ot pepper f or expor t (pot ent i al l yor gani c)

Pi ck l edh ot pepper i nvi negar

Sol ar dr i edh ot pepper andh ot pepper past e

P est i c i def r omh ot pepperSo ur ce :T. B er net . Tr i p r epor t : P MCA backstoppi ngi nUganda, August 22-29, 2006.

Af t er t h e compl et i on of Ph ase 2, t h er e was a si x-mont h gap i n act i vi t i es bef or e f undi ngwas

obtai nedf or Ph ase 3t h i s t i mef r omASAR ECA. Th ef i nal ph ase began wi t h t h e f our t h P MC A

tr ai ni ngwor ksh op. Th i s was f ol l owedbyt h r eema i n t ypes of act i vi t y, wh i c h c ont r i but edt ot h e

devel opment of speci f i c i nnovat i ons. R api dmar ket sur veys wer eusedt o gai n i nf or mat i on on

pr oduct s cur r ent l yi n t h emar ket , wi t h wh i ch proposednewpr oduct s woul dh avet o compet e.

Focus gr oups wer e or gani zedf or consumer s t o t est pr oposednewpr oduct s al ongsi de t h ose

cur r entl yavai l abl e i n t h e mar ket . Numer ous ad h oc act i vi t i es wer e car r i ed out, i ncl udi ng

consul t at i ons, t est s, vi s i ts topr ocessi ngfaci l i t i es,di sc uss i ons wi t h exper t s (f or exampl e, f r omt h e

Ugandan Nat i onal Bur eau of St andar ds (UNBS) an dt h eUni t edNat i ons I ndust r i al Devel opment

Or gani zat i on, (UNI DO)), andwor k wi t h gr aph i c de s i gner s andot h er s wi t h exper t i seneededf or

pr oduct devel opment . Di f f er ent act i vi t i es wer e car r i ed out by each of th e th r ee gr oups

dependi ngon t h et ypes of i nnovat i on t h eywer edevel opi ng. Act i vi t i es dur i ngth i s ph asewer e

mor e h ect i c and l ess pr edi ct abl e t h an t h eyh ad been i n Ph ases 1and 2, maki ng pl anni ng,

budget i ng, andcoor di nat i on mor edi f f i cul t . Th e f i nal event of Ph ase3was h el di n Sept ember

2007, i nvol vi ngst akeh ol der s f r omal l t h r eecommodi t ygr oups.


31/63



KEY ACTORS, ROLES , ANDMOTI VATI ONSI n i nt r oduci ngt h eP MCA, a number of th eappr oa ch s devel oper s andpr act i t i oner s f r omCI P,

PapaAndi na, andAndean par t ne r or gani zat i ons sh ar edt h ei r knowl edgeandexper i ence wi t h

Ugandan pr of ess i onal s, t h r ough f ace-to-f ace i n t er act i ons i n Uganda and t h e Andes. Not abl e

amongt h ese wer eC l audi o Vel asco andTh omas Ber net , wh o h adbeen deepl yi nvol vedwi t h

devel opi ngth ePMCA i nB ol i vi aandPer u. Af t er Ph ase1, Ber net was t h emai nper sont obackst op

t h ePMCA wor k i nUganda. Th omas Zsc h ocke, c o-aut h or of t h e PMCA User Gui de , vi si t edUganda

t wi cedur i ngPh ase1t oassi st wi th capaci ty devel opment . Gr ah amTh i el e, co-auth or of t h ePMCA

User Gui de al somadet wovi s i t s t obac k st op P M C A wor k i nUgandadur i ngP h ase3.

I nUganda, Ber gaL emaga, PR AP ACE Coor di nat or , pr ovi dedcont i nuous suppor t t ot h epr ocess of

i nt r oduci ngandt est i ngt h ePMCA. I mmacul at eSeki t t ocoor di nat edt h ewor k dur i ngP h ases 1and

2, and Sar ah Mayanj a coor di nat ed P h ase 3. Dur i ng P h ase 1, par t ner sh i p agr eement s wer e

negot i at edwi t h f our R &Dor gani zat i ons, wh i ch nomi nat edf our pr of ess i onal s (Beat r i ce Akel l o,

L ucyAl i guma, Damal i eMagal a, and Sar ah Mayanj a) t oser veas c or e t eaml eader s. Dur i ngP h ases

2 and3, t h ecommodi t yt eams qui ck l ygr ewt oi nc l ude20 Cor eTeamMember sr epr esent i ng14

R &Dor gani zat i ons mai nl ynon-gover nmental or ga ni zati ons (NGOs) but al soi ncl udi ngr esear ch

or gani zat i ons, ext ensi onpr oj ect s, andpr i vat ef i r ms.

I t i s notewor th yth at women pl ayedkeyr ol es i n l eadi ngt h eP MCA pr ocess i n Uganda, wh er easpr evi ousl yt h eyh ad been consi der ed out s i der s i n t h e mar k et i ng ar ena. Th e women wh o

coor di nat edth epr ocess andl edth ec ommodi t ygr oups pr ovedt obeexcel l ent f aci l i tat or s and

ment or s. As oneof t h ecoor di nat or s not ed:

Th epr ocess r equi r edski l l s i ncoach i ng, h andh ol di ngandal ot of pat i ence, s i ncedi f f er ent

opt i ons neededtobei dent i f i edandexpl or ed, an dat t i mes someact i v i t i es h adt ober epeat ed

unt i l th er esul ts wer eaccept abl e.

Th ewomenwh ol edt h egr oups h andl edt h esedi f f i cul t i es qui t ewel l .

Sar ah Mayanj a, C oor di nat or , P h ase3

R&DOrganizatio ns

Sever al R &Dor gani zat i ons wer ei nvol vedi n i n tr oduci ngandtesti ngth ePMCA i n Uganda. CI P

pr ovi ded th e over al l i nsti tuti onal umbr el l a f or th e ef f or t . Papa Andi na and CI Ps I mpact

Enh ancement Di vi si on ar e wor ki ng t o pr omot e t h e use of t h e PMCA i n newr egi ons and

suppor t ed t h e i mpl ement at i on of t h e PMCA i n Uganda. Wi th i n CI P, Papa Andi na l ed and

pr ovi dedback st oppi ngf or t h eef f or t . CI Ps Tr ai ni ngUni t pr ovi dedaddi t i onal exper t i sei nt r ai ni ng

andcapaci t ydevel opment. As an i nter nati onal agr i cul tur al r esear chcenter , CI P was i nt er est edi n


32/63



assessi ngt h eut i l i t yandf easi bi l i t yof t h ePMCA i nSub-Sah ar anAf r i cawh er ebi oph ysi cal , soci o-

economi c , andi nst i t ut i ona l condi t i ons ar ever ydi f f er ent f r omt h osei nt h eAndes, andwh er er ur al

pover t yr educt i oni s amor epr essi ngpr i or i t y.

I nUganda, f i vemai nR &Dor gani zat i ons pl ayed l eadi ngr ol es i ni ntr oduci ngth ePMCA. PR APACE

pr ovi ded over al l c oor di nat i on, t ech ni cal i nput s, and admi ni st r at i ve suppor t . Th e Af r i ca 2000

Net wor k (A2N), Mukono Zonal Agr i cul t ur al R &D I nst i t ut e (ZAR DI ), t h e Compet i ti veness

I nvestment Cl i mate Str ategy (CI CS) Secr etar i at, and th e Ssemwanga Gr oup nomi nat ed

pr of ess i onal s wh o becamel eader s of t h ecommo di t yt eams t h at t est edandi mpl ement edt h e

P MCA. Th eseor gani zat i ons ar ebr i ef l yi nt r oducedbel ow:

The Re gio nal P o tato andSwe e tpo tato I mpro ve m e ntNe two rk in Easte rn andCe ntral Af ric a

(PRAPACE)

P R AP ACE coor di nat edth ewor k i nUganda, pr ovi d edt ech ni cal i nput s, andadmi ni st er edf undi ng

f r omvar i ous sour ces. Ber ga L e maga, P R AP ACE Coor di nat or , was per sonal l yi nvol vedi n many

aspect s of t h ewor k. A pr oj ect coor di nat i on of f i ce was est abl i sh edat P R AP ACE h eadquar t er s i n

Kampal a, and an exper i enced manager wh o h ad pr evi ousl y coor di nat ed DFI D-f unded

sweetpotato pr oduct i on and ma r keti ng pr oj ect s ser ved as t h e Ugandan P MCA coor di nat or

dur i ngP h ases 1and2. P R APACEs mot i vati on f or par ti ci pati ngi n th i s r ol est emmedfr omi ts

i nter est i n h avi ng an ef f ect i ve appr oach f or expandi ng t h e ma r ket pot ent i al of pot at o andsweet pot at o, i mpor t ant commod i t i es f or t h enet wor k.

Ugandan par t ner s wer e i dent i f i ed t h r ough a su r veyof R &Dor gani zat i ons i n P h ase 1. Four

or gani zat i ons wer ei nvi tedtoassumel eader sh i p r ol es i n coor di nati ngth ewor k of commodi t y

gr oups i n P h ases 2 and3. Th esef our or gani zat i ons c ont i nuedi n t h ei r l eadr ol es t h r ough out t h e

P MCA pr ocess.

A f r ic a2000 Ne two rk-Uganda(A2N-Uganda)

A2N-Ugandai s a NGOt h at h as oper at edi nUganda si nce1990. I ts mi ssi oni s toal l evi at epover ty

bysuppor t i ng smal l h ol der f ar mer gr oups to under t ake i ni t i at i ves ge ar ed t owar ds l i vel i h ood

i mpr ovement andnat ur al r esour ces r egener at i on an dconser vati on. I t i s par t of th el ar ger A2N

net wor k oper at i ngi n 13Af r i can count r i es, wi t h h eadquar t er s i n Kampal a. Over t h eyear s, A2Ns

f ocus h as br oadened f r omconser vat i on-r el at ed act i vi t i es t o pr oduct i on suppor t and mar ket

access f or smal l f ar mer s. C onsequent l y, wh en t h eP MCA Coor di nat or cont act edA2Ns Execut i ve

Di r ect or , sh ewas eager f or h er or gani zat i on t opar t i c i pat ei nt h ePMCA exer c i seandgai naccess

t o t h i s newappr oach t o pr o-po or mar ket ch ai n i nnovati on. A r e centl yr ecr ui tedagr i cul tur al


33/63



economi st wi t h exper i encei n mar ket i ng, Sar ah Mayanj a, was assi gnedt o wor k wi t h t h e P MC A

t eam.

Muko no Zo nal Agric ultural R&DI nstitute (Z ARDI ), within the Natio nal Agric ultural

Re se arc h Organizatio n (NARO)

Th eMukonoI nst i t ut e(h encef or t h r ef er r edt osi mpl yas Mukono) i s oneof sevenzonal agr i cul t ur al

R &Di nst i t ut es r esponsi bl ef or adapti ver esear chandt ech nol ogydi ssemi nat i on i n Uganda. I t i s

t h e l ar gest zonal i nst i t ut e andt h e cl osest t oKampal a. Wh en t h e Di r ect or of Mukono, Pet er

L usembo, l ear nedabout t h ePMCA, h ewas ea ger tobecomei nvol ved. As h eput s i t :

Wh i l eI ammysel f abi ol ogi cal sc i e nt i st , I h av ecometor eal i zet h at al l our wor k must bedr i venby

t h emar ket . I f t h ef ar mer cannot sel l wh at weh el p

h i mpr oduce, weh avent r eal l yh el pedh i m.

L usemboass i gnedoneof h i s seni or sc i ent i st s, B e at r i ce Akel l o, an agr ono mi st wi t h a doct or at e

f r omR eadi ngUni ver s i t y, UK, t o wor k wi t h t h e PMCA t eam. H e h as al so r emai nedper sonal l y

i nvol vedt h r ough out t h ePMCA exer ci se.

Co mpe titive ne ssI nve stme ntClimate Strate gy(CI CS)Se cre tariat

Th i s h i gh -pr of i l e i ni t i at i ve, h oused i n th e Mini st r y of Fi nance, P l anni ng and Economi cDevel opment i s r esponsi bl ef or al l sect or s, but pa ys speci al at tent i on t o agr i cul t ur eduet o i t s

l ar ge r ol e i n th e economy. Th e Nat i onal Coor di nat or , P et er Ngat egi ze, i s an agr i cul t ur al

ec onomi st wh owor kedf or sever al year s f or t h eI n t er nat i onal L i vest ock Centr ef or Af r i ca. Wh en

cont act edbyt h ePMCA Coor di nat or , h ewant edt h eC I C S S ec r et ar i at t obei nvol ved, t oassess t h e

pot ent i al ut i l i t yof t h eappr oach . H er equest edt h atat r ust edconsul t ant , L ucyAl i gumawor k wi t h

t h e PMCA t eam. Ms. Al i guma i s an agr i cul t ur al economi st wi t h mar ket i ng exper i ence. Dr .

Ngat egi ze al so kept per sonal l yi n t ouch wi th th ePMCA pr ocess, bypar t i ci pat i ngi n th eFi nal

Event s of t h eth r eeph ases.

Sse mwangaG ro up

Th i s i s a pr i vat ec onsul t i ngcompany, ownedandoper at edbya post -h ar vest t ech nol ogi st , Dr .

J ames Ssemwanga, wh i c h spec i a l i zes i n mar ket i ng wor k and al so owns f ar ml and and a

h or t i cul t ur al pack i ngf ac i l i t y. Dr. Ssemwangawas i nt er est edi nwor ki ngwi t h t h ePMCA gr oup to

gai naccess t oapot ent i al l yval uab l eappr oach th at h ecoul dappl yi nh i s consul tanci es andal soi n

h i s f ar mi ng and mar ket i ng wor k. H e r equest ed one of h i s consul tant s, soci ol ogi st Damal i e


34/63



Magal a, t o j oi n t h e P MCA Cor e Team. H e al so became per sonal l yi nvol ved i n some of t h e

commodi t yt eamwor k andpar t i c i pat edi nt h e Fi nal Event s of t h eth r eePMCA ph ases.

I n addi t i on t ot h esef our R &Dor gani zat i ons th at pr ovi dedl eader sh i p f or t h ec ommodi t ygr oups

t h at i mpl ement edth eP MCA, sever al ot h er s al so par t i ci pat edi nt h egr oups, somet h r ough out t h e

ent i r epr ocess.

Marke tchain acto rs

Mor et h an 100 mar ket c h ai n act or s i nc l udi ngr e pr esent at i ves of f ar mer sgr oups, l ocal mar ket

agent s, pr ocessor s, manager s of ur ban mar ket s, andexpor t er s par t i c i pat edi n ac t i vi t i es of t h e

commodi t ygr oups. Far mer s gr oups, usual l yes t abl i sh edbyNGOs or gover nmental agenci es

such as t h eNat i onal Agr i cul t ur al Advi sor ySer vi ces (NAADS) ar ecommon t h r ough out Uganda,

ands ever al of t h empar t i c i pat ed i nt h ecommodi t ygr oups. Var i ou s t ypes of mar ket agent s wer e

al soi nvol ved, i nc l udi ngsomewh opur ch asedcommo di t i es di r ect l yf r omfar mer s i npr oduct i on

zones, some basedi n l ar ge Kampal a mar ket s, an dsome wh o expor t agr i cul t ur al pr oduct s to

Eur opeandot h er r egi ons. Manyof t h emar ket c h ai n act or s par t i ci pat edspor adi cal l yi n PMCA

act i vi t i es, s omepar t i ci pat edear l yon andth en dr oppedout , ot h er s j oi nedth epr ocess dur i ng

P h ase2 or P h ase3, andaf ewpar t i c i pat edl oyal l y th r ough out th eent i r epr ocess. Twoexampl es of

mar ket ch ai nact or s wh ower ever yi nf l uent i al i n t h eP MCA pr ocess ar eTh omas B ukenyaandJ oh n

Kavuma, k eyact or s i nt h epot at oandveget abl e gr oups, r espec t i vel y. Th epot at ogr oup h adovert enpot at ocr i sp pr ocessor s wh opar t i ci pat edt h r ough out t h eent i r epr ocess. Despi t eth ei r bei ng

compet i t or s, th epr ocessor s wor kedwel l togeth er i nt h ei r quest t oi mpr ovet h ei r pr oduct s and

t h ei r busi nesses. Tr ader s f r omKal er wemar ket i n t h esweet pot at ogr oup wer eal sover yi nf l uent i al

i nth epr ocess.

Mo tivatio nsf o r invo lve me nt

Co re te amle ade rsandme mbe rs

A maj or r eason f or t h esepr of essional s t obecome, andst ay, i nvol vedwi th th ePMCA exer c i s e

of t eni nvest i ngsi gni f i cant amount s of unpai dt i me andef f or t was t ol ear nanewappr oach and

a set of tool s t h at t h eycoul d use i n t h ei r cur r ent or f ut ur e empl oyment . Sever al of t h ese

pr of ess i onal s s t at et h at t h eyexpe c t to wor k as P MCA consul t ant s i n t h ef ut ur e, andsomeof

t h emh aveal r eadydoneso. Over t i me, af ew cor eteammember s aban donedth epr ocess, but

si gni f i cantl y, al l of t h e l eaders cont i nuedt h r ough out t h e pr ocess, despi t et h e i nt er r upti ons i n

act i vi t i es bet weenph ases.


35/63



Re pre se ntative so f f arme rso rganizatio ns

Far mer s wer e mot i vat ed t o par t i c i pat e i n meet i n gs , vi si t s, f ocus gr oups and ot h er act i vi t i es

c ar r i edout dur i ngth ePMCA exer c i sei nor der t o meet ot h er mar ket ch ai nact or s, makebusi ness

cont act s, see h owt h ei r pr oduct s wer e bei ngpr ocess edor sol di n ur ban mar k et s, andobt ai n

t ech ni cal i nf or mat i onandadvi cef r ompar t i ci pat i ngR &Dpr of essi onal s or ot h er s pr esent at t h ese

encount er s. Th eysough t i nf or mat i onandadvi cenot onl yf or t h ecommodi t i es t h at wer esubj ect

toth ePMCA, but f or al l th ei r f ar menter pr i ses.

Marke tage nts

L ocal t r ader s s eemedt o be mot i vatedl ar gel yby th eoppor tuni tyto l ear n about l ocal mar ket

ch ai ns andbusi ness oppor t uni t i es, andt oest abl i s h usef ul cont act s f or t h ei r busi nesses. Expor ter s

wer eof t enmot i vat edbyt h epr ospect of i mpr ovi n gt h er el i abi l i t yof suppl i es of h i gh -qual i t yf r esh

pr oducef or expor t . As qual i t yst andar ds f or expor t s t oEur opeesc al at ed, t h eywer ech al l engedt o

devel op r el at i onsh i ps wi t h l ocal suppl i er s wh o th eycoul d count on to suppl yh i gh -qual i ty

pr oduc eat r easonabl epr i ces. Th eyal soneededtodevel op net wor ks of pr of essi onal s wh ocoul d

h el p th emsol ve t ech ni cal pr obl ems such as st or age or pest i ssues. For t h ese r easons, t h ei r

pr i mar yr easonf or par ti ci pat i ngi nt h ePMCA was t odevel op th ei r net wor ks of t r ust edpr oducer s,

mar ket agent s, r esear ch er s, andot h er ser vi cepr ovi der s.

Pr o ce sso rsTh e commodi t y gr oups i ncl uded pr ocess or s wh o pr oduc ed pot at o c r i s ps , por r i dge mi xes

cont ai ni ng or ange-f l esh ed sweetpotato f l our , andpr ocessedt omatoes andh ot pepper . Th e

potato cr i sps wer e al r eadyvi abl e good-qual i t ypr oduct s i n th e mar ket, andt h ei r pr oducer s

par ti ci pated i n th e commodi tygr oup mai nl y to l ear n h owto i mpr ove t h e packagi ng and

di st r i but i on of t h ei r pr oduct s and h owt o est abl i sh a mor e dependabl e suppl yof pot at oes

sui t abl efor pr ocessi ng. I nt h ecaseof th efl ourandveget abl epr ocessor s, t h eywer ei nt er est edi n

f i ndi ngways t oupgr adet h ei r pr oduct mar ket i ng, pr oduct qual i t y, andsour ces of i nput suppl y.


36/63



ASSE SS MENT OF THE S TRATEG I ES EMPLOYEDTO I NTRODUCE THE PMCAStrate gie se mplo ye d

Sever al st r at egi es wer eempl oyedtoi nt r oduce, val i dat e, andr ef i net h eP MCA i n Uganda. Th ese

canbesummar i zedas f ol l ows:

I nvol vi ngl ocal act or s i npr oj ect pl anni ng, r evi ew, anddeci si onmaki ng;

St udyt our t oPer u andBol i vi a;

Useof a P MCA User Gui de;

PMCA tr ai ni ng;

H ands-onwor k wi th th ePMCA ;

Backst oppi ngandcoach i ng; Knowl edgesh ar i ngamongpr act i t i oner s;

L ear ni ng-or i ent edeval uat i on.

I nvo lving lo cal ac to rsin pro je c tplanning, re vie wandde c isio n making

I n keepi ng wi th th e par ti ci pator ynatur e of th e PMCA, par ti ci pator ydeci si on-maki ng h as

ch ar act er i zedt h e PMCA wor k i n Uganda. Cor e t eammember s f r omR &Dor gani zat i ons wer e

i nvol vedi n pl anni ng, i mpl ement i ng, andeval ua t i ngeach ph ase of t h e wor k. Th e cor e team

member s, i nt ur n, engagedmar ket ch ai nact or s i n pl anni ngandr evi ewi ngeach gr oups act i vi t i es .

Th i s par t i c i pat or yappr oach f oster edt eamwor k andensur edt h at pr oj ect act i vi t i es r espondedto

t h eneeds andi nt er est s of t h ose i nvol ved. Th eut i l i t yof t h i s typeof s tr at egyi s suppor tedby

exper i encewi t h capaci t ydevel opment andi nst i t ut i onal ch angeel sewh er e(Hor t onet al ., 2003).

Studyto ur to Pe ruandBo livia

Ont h epr i nc i pl et h at seei ngi s bel i evi ng, a st udyt our t oP er u andBol i vi awas or gani zedf or 15

Ugandans f r omR &Dor gani zat i ons andmar ket ch ai nact or s. Dur i ngt h efi r st wor ksh op i nUganda,

f our commodi t ygr o ups wer eest abl i sh edt h at submi t t edpr oposal s t oPR AP ACE f or wor k wi t h t h e

P MCA. Th r eeof t h ese(pot at o, veget abl es andsw eet pot at oes) wer esel ect ed, andth emember s of

t h esegr oups wer ei nvi tedtopar t i ci pat ei nt h est udyvi si t andt h esecondP MCA wor k sh op i nt h e

Andes (seePh ot ogr aph s 1at o1d: Capaci t ybu i l di ngonP MCA i nUgandaandt h eAndes).

Th i s event pl ayedac r uci al r ol e i nt h ei nt r oduct i onanddevel opm ent of t h ePMCA i nUganda. B y

al l owi ngt h eUgandans t omeet wi t h peopl e wh oh addevel opedandappl i edt h eP MCA andt o

seei t i noper ati oni ni ts nat i veset t i ng, t h eUg andans becamec onvi ncedt h at t h ePMCA was f or

r eal andt h at i t was of pot ent i al val uei nUganda . Mor ebr oadl y, t h eyobser vedas ucc ess f ul R &D

i nter vent i on i n a newset t i ngonet h at al l owedt h emt oext r apol at el essons back h ome. Th ey

wer e not vi s i t i ngul tr a-moder n f aci l i t i es i n Nor th Amer i ca or Eur ope of l i t t l e r el evance t o


37/63



Uganda but pr oj ect s t h at made si mpl e yet si gni f i cant i mpr ovement s i n mar ket i ng under

condi t i ons not so di f f er ent f r omt h ose back h ome. Anot h er i mpor t ant r esul tof t h et r i p to t h e

Andes was t h ebondi ngt h at occur r edwi th i n th eUgandan gr oup, wh i ch f aci l i t atedteamwor k

uponth ei r r etur n.

Th eUgandans wer ever yi mpr essedwi t h t h e a ppr oac h andt h e r esul t s ac h i eved. Th ef ol l owi ng

quot at i oni l l ust r at es t h ei mpor t anceof t h i s exper i ence:

Somet i mes wh enyou r eador h ear about t h i ngs , y ou st i l l dont r eal l yunder st andt h em. B ut

seei ngi s bel i evi ng. Wesawwh at t h eyh addone i nBol i v i a, th esuccesses andt h eh i gh l evel of

mot i vat i on. Wes awandsai d, I f t h eycandoi t , wh ycant we? . Anoth er benef i t of t h et r i p was

th at i t cr eatedasor t of PMCA f ami l y. Af ter Bol i v i a, mywor k becamemuch ea s i er . Th at t r i p l edt o

amaj or i mpr ovement i nt eamwor k.

I mmacul at eSeki t t o, Ugandapr oj ec t coor di nat or , P h ases 1and2

Use o f the PMCA Use r G uide

BasedonP MCA wor k i nt h eAndes andi ni t i al wor k i nUganda, a P MCA User Gui de was pr epar ed

andpubl i sh edbyCI P (Ber net , Th i el e andZsch oc ke, 2006). Th i s publ i cat i on was essent i al f or

i nt r oduci ngt h eP MCA i n Uganda. Th ecommodi t y t eaml eader s andcor e member s f r equent l y

ment i ont h eval ueof t h e P MCA User Gui de , wh i c h pr ovi des l ear ner s wi th ah i gh l ystr uctur edset

of i nf or mat i on on t h eP MCA andgui de l i nes f or h owt o i mpl ement i t . Th e P MCA User Gui de i scl ear l yaval uabl er esour cef or i nt r oduci ngt h ePMCA i nt onewar eas.

PMCA training

Adul t l ear ni ng i s most ef f ect i ve wh en i t t ak e s pl ac e i n t h e c ont ext of pr act i cal act i vi t i es .

Cl ass r oomt r ai ni ngi s most ef f ect i vewh eni t r el at es t oi ssues of i mpor t ancetol ear ner s andwh en

i t i s c ombi nedwi t h pr act i cal exer ci ses. L ear ningal so h as i mpor t ant soc i al di mensi ons. Adul t s

gener al l yl ear nmor er api dl yi ngr oups wh er epar t i c i pant s br i ngdi ver seknowl edge, per spect i ves

and exper i ences to bear on a common t opi c. Th e mor e di ver s e t h e gr oup, t h e g

Documents

“Enfoque de aproximación a la cadena de mercado participativo (PMCA) (Participatory Market Chain Approach)”