Engineering Information

Engineering Information First Edition

Edited by Maninder Singh Harpreet Singh Amanpreet Singh

/'

Engineering Information1

WEIGHT, MELTING POINT AND SPECIFICHEAT OF METALS

Metal Weight Melting Point SpecificLb. cu. ft. T. Heat

Aluminium 167 1,210 .219Brass 537 1,850 .092

Bronze 532 1,675Cast Iron 450 2,200 .144Copper 554 1,940 .0936Lead 709 620 .0305Mane! 455 2,480Nickls 540 2,600 .109Steel 490 2,500 .116Tin 455 446 .0553Zinc 428 785 .0935

WEIGHT FOR MILD STEEL FLATS(Weight per foot in. Lbs.)

Width in Thickness in InchesInches 1116 118 311 6 1/4 5116 3/8 \Iz 5/8 3/4 7/8 1

6 1.23 2.55 3.38 5.13 6.38 7.65 10.20 12.75 15.30 17.85 20.405 1.06 2.13 3.19 4.25 5.31 6.38 8.50 10.63 12.75 14.88 17.004\1z .956 1.91 2.87 3.83 4.78 5.74 7.65 9.56 11.48 13.39 15.304 .850 1.70 2.55 3.40 4.35 5.10 6.80 8.50 10.20 11.90 13.603\1z .744 1.49 2.23 2.98 3.72 4.46 5.95 7.44 8.93 10.41 11.903 .638 1.28 1.91 2.55 3.19 3.83 5.10 6.38 7.65 8.93 10.202% .584 1.17 1.75 2.34 2.92 3.51 4.68 5.84 7.01 8.18 9.352\4 .531 1.06 1.59 2.13 2.66 3.19 4.25 5.31 6.38 7.44 8.502 .425 .850 1.28 1.70 2.13 2.55 3.40 4.25 5.10 5.95 6.801V. .372 .744 1.12 1.49 1.86 2.23 2.98 3.72 4.46 5.21 5.95IV2 .319 .638 .956 1.28 1.59 1.91 2.55 3.19 3.83 4.46 5.101\4 .266 .53! .797 1.06 1.33 1.59 2.13 2.66 3.19 - -3/4 .213 .425 .638 .850 1.06 1.28 1.70 2.13 2.55 - -

1 .319 .637 - - -- - - - -1 .625 .570 - - - - - - -

Preet Ferozepuria


M.ETRIC CONVERSION TABLEGallons In to Litres Lbs in to Kgs. Miles in to K. Mitres

0-22 1 4-55 2-205 1 0-454 0-62 10-44 2 9-09 4-409 2 0-907 1-24 20-66 3 13-64 6-614 3 1-361 1-86 30-88 4 18-18 8-819 4 1-814 2-49 41-10 5 22-73 11-023 5 2-268 3 -11 51-32 6 27-28 13-228 6 2-722 3 -53 61-54 7 31-39 15-432 7 3-175 4-35 71-76 8 36-37 17-637 8 3-629 4-97 81-98 9 40-91 19-842 9 4-082 5-59 92-20 10 45-46 22-046 10 4-536 6-21 10

VOLUM.E CONVERSION TABLEGallon to Litres Gallon to Li tr es

15 - 3-30 26 - 5-7216 - 3-52 27 - 5-9417 - 3-74 28 - 6-1618 - 3-96 29 .,.- 6-3819 - 4-18 30 - 6-6020 - 4-40 31 - 6-8221 - 4-62 32 - 7-0422 - 4-84 33 - 7-2623 - 5-06 34 - 7-4824 - 5-28 35 - 7-7025 - 5.50

Preet Ferozepuria

·Engineering Infornzation3

SQUARES CUBES, SQUARE ROOTS AND CUBE ROOTSNo. Square Cube Square Cube

Root Root

1/8 .015 .0019 .353 .51/4 .062 .0156 .500 .6293/8 .140 .0527 .612 .7211/2 .256 .1250 .760 .7935/8 .390 .244 .790 .8553/4 .562 .421 . X66 .9087/8 .765 .670 835 .956I 1 1 I 1H'i 2.250 3.375 I. 224 1.142 4 8 1.414 1.262 ~'2 6.250 15.625 I. 581 1.35

I3 ') 27 1. 732 1.443'.( 12.250 42.875 uno 1.51,-4 16 64 2 1.684'/ 20.250 91.125 2.221 1.66/2

5 25 125 2.236 1. 715'/" 30.150 166.375 2.345 I. 766 36 216 2.449 un6~-i 42.250 274.625 2.549 1.867 49 343 2.645 1.917~~ 56.250 421.875 2.738 \.958 64 512 8.828 28'/2 72.250 614.125 2.915 2.049 81 729 3. 2.089~'2 90.250 857.875 3.082 2.1110 100 1000 3.162 2.15101;2 110.250 1157.625 3.240 2.1811 121 1331. 3.316 2.22I 11;2 132.250 1520.575 3.391 2.2512 144 1728 3.364 2.29

Preet Ferozepuria

/


\VEIGHT OF METAL LB./SQ./FT .1 BARS AND PLATES1/16 1/8 3fl6 1.:4 5/16 3ig 7/16

Iron 2.6 50 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5

Sted 2.55 5.10 7.65 10.20 12.75 15.30 17.85

Brass 2.78 5.50 8.33 11. 10 13.88 16.65 19.43

Copper 2.86 5.72 8.58 11.44 14.30 17.16 20.02

Lead 2.71 7.42 11.13 14.84 18.56 22.27 25.9X

Zinc 2.37 5.75 7.12 9.49 11. 87 14.24 16.61

Moncl 2.90 5.80 8.70 11.60 14.50 17.45 20.3

112 9/16 5i8 11/16 3/4 loan

Iron 20.0 22.5 25.6 27.5 30.0 40.0

Steel 20.40 22.95 25.50 28.05 30.60 40.80

Brass 22.20 24.98 27.75 30.53 33.30 44.40

Copper 22.88 25.73 28.69 31.45 34.31 45.75

Lead 29.69 23.40 37.11 40.82 44.53 59.38

Zinc 18.29 21.36 23.37 26.11 21.58 37.98

Monel 23.40 26.15 29.25 42.15 35.10 46.80

Preet Ferozepuria

EngiJzeering In/Orn~ation5 11

I

I~~••••••••••••••••••••••••••u.••n.••••"

TABLE

SQUARE AND ROUND STEEL BARS FORR 0 N

DEDUCT 2 PER CENTSnO\VS t~JEIGHT PER RUNNING FOOT

WEIGHT OFi

Dla ntSide

1.' 8

3 1 ()

lJ,

5 16

" "-,; •..'\

7!I 6

I 1 i'J

I 9,'16

SiR

11 il6

3/4

13/16

7/3

I 5i] 6

SquareLb.

Round

Lb.

. OS 3

.120 . :)94

.213 .167

.3:1 2 .2(; I

.479 376

.651 .511

.851 .658

.845

l.37 1.04

1.61 1. 5 0

1.91 1. ') I

1. 772.25

2.61 '2.05

2.99 2.35

2

3.40

13,6

2.63

10.7

3 3 O. 6 24.1

4 54.4 43 8

5

6

28.1 66.9

96.3122.5

Preet Ferozepuria

Engineering InformationI 6

I

I WHITWORTH STANDARD BOLTS AND NUTSiI!

D. of D. per Diam. at Width Width Thickness, Area at

I bolt Inch bottom of bottom of across flats across bolt head Nutthread thread corners

Ins. Ins. Ins. sq. Ins. sq. Ins. Ins. Ins.

1. li8 7 .942] 697 1.8605 2.148] .9843 I .1/fJ,

I .1/4 7 1.0670 .894 2.048] 2.3651 1.0937 I . 1/4II 13/8 6 1.1616 106 2 2146 2.5571 1.2031 1.3i8

1. 1/2 6 I.n66 1.3 2.4134 'L.n67 1.3125 1. 1/2

1.5/8 5 1.]689 1.472 2.3763 2.9748 1.4218 I .5/8'.

1.3/4 5 1.4938 1753 2.7578 3.1844 1.5312 1.3/4

I2 4.5 1.7154 2.31 3.1491 3.6862 1. 57 2

2. 1/4 4 1.9298 2.925 3.546 4.0945 1.9687 2.1/4

i 1.1/2 4 2.1798 3.732 3.894 4.4964 2.1825 2.112I

i 2.3/4 3.1 2.3841 4.464 4.181 4.8278 2.4062 2.3/4I!I 3 3.5 2.6]41 5.45 4531 5.2319 2.625 3

I 3. 114 3.25 2.8560 6 406 4.85 5.6002 2.843 3.114i

3.112 3.25 3.1060 7.577 5.175 5.9755 2.062 3.1/2

3.3/4 3 3.3231 8.673 5.55 6.4085 3.281 3.3/4

4 3 3.57] 1 10.027 5.95 6.8704 3.5 4

4.112 . 2.875 4.0546 12.912 6.825 7.8819 3.9037 4.12

5 2.75 4.534 16.15 7.8 9.0066 4.375 5

,

Preet Ferozepuria

EngineeJ~ingInforJnation7

\VHITWORTH STANDARD BOLTS AND NUTSf) of T. per Daim at Area atb o It Inch bottom bottom

of Thread of thread

Ins. Tns. Ins. sq.1/4 20 .1860 .0275/16 18 .2414 .0463/8 16 .2950 .0687 fl6 14 .3460 .0941/2 12 .3933 .1219116 12 .4558 .1645/8 11 .5086 .20311!\ 6 11 .561 I .2563/4 10 .6219 .30413116 10 .8644 3.667/S 9 .7327 .422

1 8 .7399 .554

Width Width Thickness ofacross across bo It headflats corners nut

Ins. Ins. Ins. Ins..525 .6U62 .2187 114.6014 .6944 .2734 51! 6.7094 .8191 .3281 3/8.8204 .9473 .3281 7/16

.9191 1.0612 .4375 1/21.011 1.1674 .4921 9/16 I

I.l 01 1.2713 .5468 5/8

I1.2011 1.3869 .60 IS 11.161.3012 1.5024 .6562 3/41.39 1.6050 .7109 13/16 I

I

1.4788 1.7075 .7656 7/81.6701 1. 9284 .875

.

Preet Ferozepuria


SAFE LOADS ON STUDS AND BOLTSG. GENERAL ENGINEERING

Dj a of Safe Load that one stud or bolt Stud or will carry (mild steel)G250500900150021503000425055007000Per· Sq.1.2I2 to 42 to 43 to 73

Bolt Inch1125/83/47/811.1 i81. 1 i8!.J/81.1/2Safe Load on FoundationsMade GroundSoft ClayHard Clay or LoamDry Compact SandDry Coaree GravelOrdinary rockContinuationH:ud RockLoose beds with pilingLoose heds with Concscte

11450<)0071<)02830424057407650937011600

footto n

91.822.75

H. t-lydroIic Engineeringone stud or bolt Stud or will carry (mild steel)Di a of Safe Load that

Bo It Inch1:3/422.1/233.11244,1/255.1/2Safe Load on Masoriar y:GraniteLimestoneSandstoneCement Concrete 5-1Cement Concrete 10-1Lime :'::oncreteRnck in MotorRnck in Mot orRu bb l y

G11,00016,00026,10038, I005300073,10090,000113,000138,000

H15,6000 Lb20,800

Per Sq. foot:30 ton15 "20

"15 "7.5

"2 to 4 "3.5 "8 (0 12 "3.5

Preet Ferozepuria

Gallon of Water = 10 lb. Currie Petroleum = 81/, lb.1 Cubic Feet of Water ~61;' glas. (approx.) 621.-': lb = 7.48 U.L. Gal.1 U.S. Gal = 231 cub. in. = 0.1307 cub. ft.I Ib Water at 62°F~OO 16 cub. ft.B.I. GaL = 217.418 cub. in. I cwt of water = 1.8 cub. ft. = 11.2 gal.British = 1.2009 V.S. Gal. I ton of water = 35.9 cub. ft. = 224 gal.I Inch of Ra infa l l = 22.622 gals. per Acre = 100 tons (approx.)

Lbs.12345678910111213141516171819

MercurySprem OilKeroseneSulphuric AcidHydrochloric Acid

Engineerzng Information9

FLUID MEMORANDA

Gallon of milk weights approximately 1Ol/~ lb.

125.9 Ib./ gal. Tu r b e nt in e8.8 lb./gal. Al c o h a l3.0 Ib./gal. Petrol

18.5 lb./gal. Nitric Acid12,1 Ib./gal. Acetic Acid

Lbs Into Kilos

Kls. Lbs. KIs. Lbs.0.454 20 9.071 390.907 21 9.525 401.361 22 9.979 41I. 814 23 10.432 422.268 24 10.886 432.721 25 11.339 443.175 26 11.793 453.629 27 12.246 504.082 28 12.700 554.536 29 13.154 604.889 30 13.607 655.443 31 14.061 705.996 32 14.514 756.350 33 14.968 806.804 34 15.421 857.957 35 15.857 907.771 36 16.329 958.164 37 16.782 1008.818 38 17.236

8.7 Ib./gal.8.0 Ib./gal.

f 7.5 Ib./gal.16.3 lb./gal.10.4 1b./gal.

Kls.17.68918.14318.59619.05019.50419.95720.41122.67924.94627.21429.48231.75034.01636.28838.55440.82043.08945.357

Preet Ferozepuria

Engineering InfiJrmation1 0

GENERAL CONVERSION TABLE~lultiply by To Convert To

2.54 Inches Centirnet ers .3937

30.48 Feet Centimeters .3228

9.14 Yards Metres 1.094

1,609.3 Mile Metres .000621

1,853.27 Nautical Mile Metres .000539

6.45 Square Inches Sq.cum. .155

0.93 Square Feets Sq. Metres 10.764

.836 Square Yards Sq. Metres 1.196

16.39 Cu b ic Inches Cub. ems. .061

28.3 Cubic Feet Litres .0353

6.24 Cubic Feet Gallons .1602

.765 Cubic Yards Cub. Metres 1.308

.3732 Pounds (Troy) Kiiogrames 2.68

31.1 Pounds (Tr oy) Grammes .032216

45.36 pound (Avoir) Kilogrammes 2.2046

7,000 Pound (Avoir) Grams .000148

28.35 Ounces (Avoir) Grammes .0353

.065 Grains Grammes 15.38

50.8 Cwt Kilogrammes .0968

0.90 German candies English candles 1. 1111

9.55 Cer c e ls candles .1074

To Obtain FromMultiply by above

Preet Ferozepuria

Engineering Infornzation11

GENERAL CONVERSION TABLE - (CONTD.)

Multiply by To Convert To

.737 Joules Ft. lb. 1.375

88 Miles/hour Ft./mm. .01134

179 Metres/Sec Ft.lmin. .00508

1.8 C.H.U. B.Th.U. .5555

.0000208 Centipoise lb. force sec.lsq.ft . 4.8000

1.488 Lb.per ft. kgm. per metre 0.672

0.496 Lb.per yd. " " 2.016

3,333.33 Tons.per ft. " " 0.0003

1,111.11 Tons.per yd. " " 0.0009

0.2818 Lb. per mile Kgm.lKilometre 3.548

10.936 Tons. Der sq. ft. Tones cub. metre 0.0914

1.215 Tons per .sq. yd. " " 0.823

1.329 Tons per Cub. yd. Tonnes Sq. metre 0.752

0.01426 Grairns per gallon gm. per litre 70.12

48.905 gallons per sq. ft. liters /sq. metre 0.0204

25.8. Inch tons Kilgrammetre 0.0287

0.477 Lb. per Hp. Kgm. per cheval 2.235

0.0916 Sq. ft. per Hp. Sq. metres / cheval 10.913

0.0279 Cub. ft. Per H.P. Cub. metres/ cheval 35.806

2.713 Heat units per Hp. Calories / sq. metre 0.369

~O16.0 Tons kilogrammes .000984

To Obtain from Multiply by above

Preet Ferozepuria


GENERAL CONVERSION TABLE - (CONTD.)

Multiply by

4.546

10.0

.454

70.3

2.3

0.7

.068

1.575

4.883

.593

16.02

.0998

. J 833

.33

1.014

764

33.000

.76

.44

0.1

0.252

14.7

To Convert To

Gallons

Gallons of water

Pounds of water

Lb. per sq. inch

Litres

pounds

Litres

Gm. /sq. cm.

Head of water (ft.)

" " CM)

Atmospheres

Kgrns. /sq. mm

Kgm. / sq. metre

Kgm. /cub, met

.22

.1

2.202

.0142

.434

1.4285

14.7

.635.

.205

i.686

0.62

10.02

7.23

3.

Tons per sq. m.

Lb. per sq. ft.

Lb. per Cub. yd .

Lb. per cub. ft.

Lb. per gallon

Fo o lb .

Foot-to

Hares-power

Kgm. / metre

Kilgrammetres

Torin e-metr es

Force de ch eva l .9861

.00134\Vatts

Ft. lb. ! mm.

Kg. m. ! sec ..

Ft. lb. ! min.

Kg. m. sec.

Calories

Lb. sq. Inch.

.01316

.327

10.

3.97

.068

Watts

Heat unit

Atmospheres

To Obtain From Multiply by above

Preet Ferozepuria

Engineering Infornzotion13

CONVERSION POWER TABLS

One horse power in terms of per mm. per sec.per hour

Water cub. feet x feet fall 31,731

85,800

13,750

6.38xl06

528.8

1.430Fluid gallons flow x lb. per sq. inpressure

Fluid cub. feet flow x le. per sq. in pressure

Fluid cub. feet flow x inches water gauge 6.346

Lb. OF heat unit (each. 778ft. lb.)

Lb. DC heat units (each 1400 ft. lb.)

2545 42.24

1415

623.65

23.6

Ki logram ·C heat units (Metric h.p.)

Steam. lb. evaporated from and at 212 OF

Fuel burnt lb. at 14,000 heat units per lb.

Fuel burnt lb. at 12.725 heat units per lb.

Fuel Oil burnt, at 19.99 heat units per lb.

Lighting gas burnt cub. ft. at 500 heat unit.

per cub. ft.

producer gas burnt cub. feet at 127 heat

10.45

2.63 0.0438

0.1818

0.2

0.18

3.03,+-103

2.3..,.103

2.16..,.133

5 1

20

1/6units per cub. foot 20

Jooules Watt-s cs=107 Ergs.

Hgr amrnetress

273.753 4562.38c

8.813

23.83

3.82

0.707

0.393

0 ..1757

.73""106

50.5""106

55""106

36..,.106

1

720

1

.746

Kilowatte

K.H.P. hr = 273742.9 kg-m 0.7456 k.w, = 841.6kg.cal

76.0398

Preet Ferozepuria


ATOMIC WEIGHT (0 = 16)Element and symbol Atom Wt. Valency

Alurni nurn Al 26.27 3Antimony Sb 12.076 5Argon A 39.944 -Arsenic As 74.93 3,5Barium Ba 137.36 -Bismuth Bi 208.0 3,5Boron B 10.872 3,4Bromine Br 79.93 1,5,7Cadmium Cd 112.4 2Ca l c iunm Ca 40.07 2Carbon C 12.0 2,4Chlorine Cl 35.45 1,5,7Chr om inum Cr 52.01 3,6Cobalt Co 58.95 2,3Copper Cu 63.57 1,2Fluorine F 19.0 1Gold Au 197.2 1,3Helium Ae 4.003 -Hydrogen H 1.008 1,3,5Iodine I 126.9 1Ir id iun Ir 193.1 2,3,4Iron Fe 55.84 2,3Lead Pb 207.2 2,4Lit hum Li 6.94 IMa ane s ium Mg 24.32 2Manganese Mn 54.93 2,3,4Mercury Hg 200.6 1,2Molybdenum Mo 95.95 3,6Neon Ne 20.18 -Nickel Ni 58.69 2,3,4Nitrogen N 14.01 3,5Oxygen 0 16.00 2Phosphorous P 30.98 3,5Platinum Pt. 195.2 2,4Potassium K 39.1 1Radium Ra 226.05 2Selenium' Se 78.9 2,6silicon Si 28.06 4silver Ag 107.88 1sodium Na 23.0 1Seontium Sr 47.63 2sulphur S 32.6 2,4Tellurium Te 127.61 2,6Titanium Ti 87.90 3,4tin Sn 118.7 2,4Tungsten W 884.0 3,4,6Uranium U 338.07 4,6Vanadiu V 50.90 Ho5Zin Na 65.38 2Zitcotum Zr 91.22 4

Preet Ferozepuria


HYDRAULIC AND GAS ENGINEERING

HYDRAULIC MEMORANDAImperial Gallun = 1.2 United States Gallon.1 ft. = 12 inches = .305 metres 1 mwtre = 3.28 ft. = 39.87 ins.1 cubic foot = 6.25 gallons '= 28.2 litres = .0283 cubic metres.1 cubic metre = 1000 litres = 220 gallons = 35.32 cubic feet.I gallons = 277.27 cu. ins. = 16 cu. ft. = 4.543 litres = .004543 cu.in.I litre- .00 I cubic metres x .035 cubic feet = .22 gallons.I cubic foot of water weights 2205 lb. = 220.5 imperial gallons.1 gallons oof water weight lO lb. Petrolium 82 lb. I gallonsa.1 ton of water = 35.9 eu. ft. 244 imp. galls = 1000 litres Capp.)1 ton petroleum 275 imperial gallons.1 litre of water weight 1 Kilogramme = 2.204 lb.Density of water - 62.4 lb . ./cu. ft. gm./cu.cm.Density of Oil - 50 lb. Ib./cu ft. = 0.8 gm.icu. cm.Density of Air 0.078 lb. cu. ft. = 0.00125 gm.icu. cm.1 United States gallon = 231.0 cubic inches.I United States gallon = 3.8 litres. 1 litre 246 U.S. gallon.1 cubic foot of water = 7.476 United States gallons.Pressure of atmophers=- 14.7 lb. per square iinch,Pressure in lb. per sq. inch = head of water in feet X .424Head in feet = pressure in lb. per sq. inch x 2.3 I.300 lb. /in" working pressure = 700 ft. head = 20 atmos. or 21 kilos/sq. cm.

The quantity of water in cub. ft. flowing through a pipe at the rate of 3 feet per second in foundapproximately by sequaring the diameter of the pipe in inches.

1 brake horse power = 33,000 ft. lb. per min.= 550 ft. lb, pwe awx.

I for-cede cheval = 75 kilogrammetres per sec. = 542.5. ft. lb./sec.

MEASUREMENT OF FLOW OF WATERWater delivered into a tank provided with him circulation orifices of such a size that are "drowned."

Preet Ferozepuria

Engineering Information "'\

16

Head Velocity Velocity Oritic Diameter (inches)over (Tbe or ) .x 6Centre 4 5 6 7 8 laIns. FUm. FUm. G. G. G. G. G. G.

pm. p.m. p.m. p.m. p.m. p.m.la 439 272 148 23112 482 298 162 253 36414 519 321 175 273 392 53516 555 344 188 292 420 573 75018 586 363 198 308 447 606 79220 621 385 209 327 471 644 839 131222 652 404 220 344 495 675 881 147426 681 422 230 358 517 704 920 1437

The quanitity of water discharged over a 90° triangular noten where Q = quantity (cu. ft. min.) andH = Head of water in ins. is given by Gal. min. = 1,9052 Ht H

Head measured from crest of notch to surface of still water.The discharge of water over a rectangular notch per inch. Width For other widths, multiply by width

in inches.

Head o in. 1/8 In. 1\7 In. 7/8 In. 112 In. 4/8 In. 3/4 In. 7/8 In.

Ins. ce.n eu.ft. eu. ft. ce. ft. ce.n. ce. ft. eo. ft. eu,ft.0 0.0 J 0.05 0.09 0.14 0.19 0.26 0.322 1.13 1.23 1.3 5 1.46 1.58 1.70 1. 82 1.95

4 3.20 3.35 3.50 3.66 3.81 3.97 4.14 4.306 5.87 6.06 6.25 6.44 6.62 6.82 7.01 7.218 9.05 9.26 9.47 9.69 9.91 10.13 10.35 10.5710 12.64 12.88 13.12 13.36 13.60 13.85 14.09 14.34.12 16.62 16.88 17.15 17.41 17.76 17.94 18.21 18.4714 20.95 21.23 21.15 . 21.80 22.08 22.37 22.65 22.9416 25.60 25.90 26.20 26.50 26.80 27.11 27.42 27.7218 30.54 30.86 31.18 31.50 31.82 31.10 32.47 32.8020 35.77 36.11 35.46 36.78 37.12 37.46 37.08 38.15

The maximum permissible values oof fineness modulus of combined aggregates for mixes of variousproportions are given in the Table below:

!

Preet Ferozepuria

....,

Engineering Infornzotion17

Finencs Modulus

Cubic feet of corn-bined aggregate, to Maximum size of Maximum size of

one wet. Cement aggregate 3"· aggre agate 1W'

4. 5.1 5.8

5. 4.9 5.6

6. 4.8 5.5

7. 4.7 5.4

8. 4.6 5.3

9. 4.5 5.2

if P = percentage of fine material by weight in the combined aggregate.A = The Fineness Modulus of coarse aggreagte.B = The maximum Permissible F. M. for the combined aggregate from Table above.C = The Finenes Modulus of fine aggregate.

(A-B)Then p =

(A- C)

Preet Ferozepuria


RECOMMENDED MIXES FOR VARIOUS TYPES OFCONSTRUCTION

Depends on whether concrets is to be tamped rodded or vibrated and on absorption ofwater by aggregate.

General R. C. Building worksubjected to ordinary stressedsuch as beams, slabs, columns,panel walls basement and retaining,walls, stairs, lintels, sills, roads,pavements, driveways, side sal ls,1100rs steps, bunkers and silosbridge construction dams andpiers etc. exposed to action ofwater and frost, machinefoundations subjected to vibrations,R.C. footings, R.C. piles.

1:2:4v,"to 1v,"

asrequired

Stiff of6.0 t06V, road edium

for others

Mass concrete work in colverts,retaining walls, compoundwalls and ordinary machine bases,foundation walls which need notbe water-tight.

Mass concrter for heavy wallsfoundations under column footingsand under heavy duty floors,concrete blocks, hollow blockconstruction (W' AGG)

1:3:5

1:4:8

1" t02"

1W' t02V, 1.00 to 10.5 Medium

7.5Stiff or

Medium

Preet Ferozepuria


RECOMMENDED MIXES FOR VARIOUS TYPES OFCONSTRUCTION

Depends on whether concrete is to be tamped, robbed, or vibrated and on absorption of Water byaggregate

Nature of Work

MixtureRe corn- Maximum Water Bastmended size of in gallons Consis-

Vol. aggregate per bag tencyproport to use of C.

1: 1:2 \Iz" to 314 3. t04.0 MediumLong span R.C:Arches High LoadR.C. Co lurns

Heavily stressed members ofstructures, small precast worksuch as posts and poles forFencing, Telegraphs, signals,Garden; furniture and decorativesand other work of very thinsections, watertight constructionsfor high heads, long piles.

R.C. Columns and memberssubjected to medium loads, walland floors of resirvour and tanks"cisterns, sewers, well kerbs and

platforms and other watertightconstructions, for maderate heads,non-surfgaced roof slabs, concretedeposited under water.

\Iz" to 3/4"1:2:2 4.5 to 5.0 Mediumor Soft.

1:3:2to

1:2:2:45.5 Medium

Preet Ferozepuria


RECOMMENDED MIXTURES FOR SEVERAL CLASSES FORCONSTRUCTION INTEDED PRIMARILY FOR

USE OF SMALL JOBSGallons of water to

add to each onesack batch

Trial Mixture forfirst batch

6

lI4

Kind of WorkMaximum

7'h.

Moistsandand

brokenstones

6

3'h.

3.6

C. ft.

aggregatesize

Foundations, wall, whichneed not be watertight, massconcrete for footings retainingwalls, compound walls machinefoundations etc.

Watertight basement wallsand pits walls above ground,dams, monsoon protectionswalls, and sundry small blockarticles

Storage ranks, bins andtroughs, Well curbs and plate.forms. Septic tanks and cisterns.Watertight floors side walksand roadways. Flagstones andslabs, pool linings, steps, stairsbeams, lintels cornor posts,gateposts, columns and piers.

Posts and poles for fancing,telegraphs and signals, Gardenfurniture, benches, boxes andflower pots. One work of verythin section.

Drysand·

6'h.

5Y.

4Y.

4Y.

3314

Wetsandand

brokenstones

5

5 4Y.

sandBraKen

stonesCement

sacks C. ft.

3

2.4

2.4

Ins

2

2.4 Ill,

3.6

2.4

Preet Ferozepuria


APPROXIMATE QUANTITY OF SURFACE WATERCARRIED BY AVERAGE AGGREGATES'"

Ycar wet sand 3/4 to ! gal. per c. ft.

About 1;2 gal .per c. ft.

About y, gal. per c.O ft.

About V. gal. per c. ft.

Mo de rat e ly we l sand

Moists and

Moist gravel or crushed rock

Approximate absrbtion of Aggregates

Average sabd 1.0 per cent. by weight

Pebbles and crushed limestone 1.0 per cent. by weight

Trap rock and granite 0.5 per cent. by weight

Porous sandstone 7.0 per cent. by weight

V~.ry light and porous aggregate may be as high as 25 percent by weight.

Strength of ordinary portland Cement Concrete at Iarios Ages

Approximate per ccnt a ge of strength of or dina rv Portland cement concrete different ages In compan-s on with the strength at i ye;.>r:

1. 1 davs old

3 months old

6 months old

1 ye ar old

60 p er cent.

8: 5 per cent.

95 per cent.

100 per cent.

Strength of Rapid-Hardening i"ort~and Cement Concrete(Laboratory cubes}

Age 3 Jays

Age 7 days

Age 28 days

12 month

3,853 labs. per sq. in.

S,360 lbs. per sq. In.

6,810 Ibs. per sq. in.

7,490 nibs. per sq. in.

* The coarser the aggregate, the less free water it will carry

Preet Ferozepuria

Engineering I11;,Tormation/"

22

ESTIMATINGQuantities -of Cement. Fine Aggregate

100 Cu. feet CompactAssumption- Voids I in sand 40% broken

Water

Nominal mix Water!Cement Cement Radio

Fine Aggregate (by weight) for InCoarse Aggregate ..

GallonsmrmmurnConsistency. per bag

1 1 - .25 2.81 1'(" - .28 3.11 2 - .30 3.31 2'(" - .35 3.91 3 - .40 4.41 4 - .53 5.91 6 - .70 7.8I 8 - .90 10.01 1 2 .30 3.3I 1'(" 3 .42 4.711 plJ 3'(" .48 5.3I 2 2 .42 4.7I 2 3 .50 5.51 2 3'(" .53 5.91 2 4 .55 6.1I 2 3'(" .55 6.11 2'(" 3'(" .57 6.31 2Y4 4 .60 6.61 2Y, 5 .65 7.21 3 4 .65 7.21 3 5 .69 7.71 3 6 .75 8.3I 4 8 .95 10.5

1. Also known as 1:2:4 1:2:2:4No allowance made in table for waste.

Preet Ferozepuria


QUANTITIESand Coares Aggregate required forMorrar or concretestone 45% specific gravity of Cement = 3.1

Fine Aggregate

Sand CoarseCement Sand moist Age;

in Dry (Bulking) 20% (Broken St on e)Bags eu. ft. eu. ·ft. cu. ft.

07.5 69.0 82.8 -46.5 84.0 101.0 -39.5 94.0 113.0 -33.5 100.0 120.0 -29.0 105.0 126.0 -22.8 110.0 132.0 -16.3 118.0 142.0 -12.7 122.0 147.0 -31.9 38.4 46.1 76.422.9 41.2 49.5 82.420.6 41.2 49.5 82.424.5 59.2 70.8 59.020.5 49.2 59.0 73.819.0 46.1 55.5 79.8

17.75 42.7 51. 2 85.418.25 49.3 59.2 76.717.55 52.6 63.1 73.816.5 49.5 59.5 79.214.7 44.0 52.9 88.0

15.35 52.2 66.2 73.813.35 49.6 59.5 72.612.5 44.9 53.9 89.89.6 46.1 55.5 92.2

1. For gravel aggregate decrease cement by 5% fine aggregate by 2 cu. ft. and coarse aggregate inproporation to fine aggregate as gives in the mix.

.Preet Ferozepuria


46.19.6 55.5 92.2

I. For gravel aggregate decrease cement by 5% fine aggregate by 2 cu. ft. and coarse aggregate inproporation to fine aggregate as gives in the mix.

QUANTITIES OF MATERIALS REQUIRED FORMORTAR AND CONCRETE

MORTAR:

1. Cu. ft. of Loose Portland Cement plus 0.36 Cu. Ft. (=2.25 gallons) of water gives 0.835 cu. ft. ofneat Cement Mortar

1. Cu. ft. Loose Cemant will cover approximately.

10 Sq. Ft. 1" Thick mixed Neat

17 Sq. Ft. 1" Thick mixed with 1. c. ft. of sand.

25 Sq. Ft. 1" Thick mixed with 2 c. ft. of sand.

34 Sq. Ft. 1" Thick mixed with 3 c. ft. of sand.

For Plastering on rickwork one cu. ft. extra mortar per 100 sq. ft. is required to fill theinequalities and joints,

For backwork masonry about 30 cu. ft. cement mortar is required per 100 eu. ft. of masonarywith 'l4" to J/8 joints including wastage.

For rubble masonry' about 50 cu. ft. cement mortar is required per 100 eu. ft. of masonryincluding wastage.

CONCRETE:

1. Cu. Ft. of Loose Portland Cement mixed with sand (80% voids) and broken stone ballast (45%voids) will give unmixed with water about:

3.9 Cu. Ft. Solid Dry Concrete if mixed 1:2:4

4.7 Cu. Ft. Solid Dry Concrete if mixed 1 :2Yz:5

5.6 Cu. Ft. Solid Dry Concrete if mixed 1:3:6

Preet Ferozepuria

EngiJ1eering Information25

MATERIALS REQUIRED FOR PLASTERING 100 SQ. FT. OFSURFACE WITH VAH.YING THICI\.NESS OF MORTAR

C = Cement in Bags (Based on loose cement wcighting 92 Ills. pcr cu. It)FA. = Fine Aggrcgate (Sand) in cu. It. in dry state)

tvlix. : 1:1 J: 1~i 1:2 1:1V,Thickness C. 1'. t\. C. I'.A. C. F.A. C. FA.

J/S" I.X 2.2 I .) 2(, 1.3 2.') 1.0 ]. I

11 !I 2.4 2.') I » 3.5 1.7 ].') lA 4.2"3/4" ].6 4.} 2.9 5.3 2.5 5.9 2.1 6.]

I

I" 4.8 5.8 3.') 7.0 3.3 7.X 2.8 8.4

1Y.." 6.0 7.2 4.1< 8.8 4. I 9.8 3.5 10.'1

IYo," 7.2 8.7 5.8 10.5 4.9 lIS 4.2 12.5

2" 9.6 IU 7.8 14.0 6.6 15.7 5.6 16.7

Mi x. 1:3 1:4 1:6 1:1<

Th ick nc ss C f. A. C F. A. C F.I\. C 1'.1\.

310''' 0.9 3.3 9.7 3.4 O.S 3.0 0.4 3.8Ihfl 1.2 4.4 1.0 4.6 6.7 4.9 0.5 5.1JI4" I.X 6.6 1.4 6.9 1.0 7.4 0.8 7.7

1" 2.4 8.8 1.2 9.2 1.4 9.8 1.1 10.21 ~~ 11 3.0 J I.(J 2.3 11.5 1.7 12.3 I.] J 2.71y," 3.6 13. I 2.9 13.8 2.0 14.8 1.6 15.3

2" 48 17.5 3.1< I~U 2.7 !9.7 2.1 20.4No allowance made in table for wastage.

Preet Ferozepuria


MATERIAL REQUIRED FOR 100 SQ. FT. OF SURFACEFOR VARYING TtllCKNESS OF CONCRETE

C = Cement in Dags (Based OIl loose Cement weighting 92 Ibs.lcu. ft.)F.A. = Fine Aggregate (sand) in ell. ft.

C.A. = Coarse Aggrcgate (Brokcn Stone) in Cll. n.(No allowance for Wastage in Table)

Thickness in Inches

Nominal Mu t c-Mi x r ia I 2" 2W' 3" 3 \1," 4 4 \1,"

C 3.~ ~.4 5.7 6.7 7.6 ~.6I: 1:3 F.A. 6.9 ~.6 10.3 12.0 13.7 15.5

C.A. 13.8 17.2 20.6 24.0 27.4 3 l. 0

C 3.4 4.3 5.1 6.0 6.8 7.71:2:3 F.A. ~.2 I (J. 3 12.3 14.3 16.4 18.5

C.A. 12.3 15.4 I CU 2 I. 5 24.6 27.7

1:2:2:4 C 3.4 4.3 5.1 6.0 6.8 7.0Or F.A. 6.9 8.6 10.3 12.0 13.7 15.7

I : 121J:31/3 C.!\. 13.8 17.2 20.6 24.0 27.4 3 l. 0

5" 6" 8" 9" 10" 12"

C 9.6 11.5 15.3 17.2 19.1 22.9I: 1:3 F.A. 17.2 20.6 27.5 30.9 34.3 41.2

C.A. 34.4 41.2 55.0 61.8 68.7 82.4

C 8.5 10.3 13.7 15.4 17.1 20.51:2:3 F.A. 2 Cl.5 24 6 :128 36.9 41.0 49.2

C.A. 3 O.8 37.0 tJ').3 5 5.4 6 I. 5 73.8

1:2:2:4 C 8.6 10.3 13.7 15.4 17.1 20.6or F.A. 17.2 20.6 27.5 31.0 34.3 41.2

1: 1:2/3:3113 C.A. 34.4 4 I. 2 55.0 62.0 68.5 82.4

Preet Ferozepuria


Noru in a l Iv!a t- Thickness in Inches

!,,!ix eria! 2" 2 '12" 3" 31/2" 4" 4 \/,"C 3.0 3.7 4.4 5.2 5.9 6.7

1:2:4 F.A. 7.1 8.9 10.7 12.5 14.2 16.0C.A. 14.2 17.8 21.4 25.0 28.4 32.0

C 2.5 3.1 3.7 4.3 4.9 5.51:2 \/':5 1'.A. 7.3 9.2 11.0 12.8 14.7 16.5

C;\. 14.6 18.4 22.0 25.6 29.4 33.0

C 2.2 2.8 3.3 3.9 4.5 5.01:3 :5 F.I\. 8.3 104 12.4 14.5 16.5 18.6

C.A. 13.8 17.2 20.6 24.1 27.5 31.0

C 2.1 2.6 3.1 3.6 4.2 4.71:3 :6 F.A. 7.5 9.4 112 13.1 15.4 16.8

C.A. 15.0 18.8 22.4 26.2 30.8 33.6

C 1.6 2.0 2.4 2.8 3.2 3.61:4:8 F.A. 7.7 9.c, 1 1.5 13.5 15.4 17.3

C.A. 15.4 19.2 23.0 27.0 3 O.8 34.6

5" 6" 8" 9" 10" 12"

C 7.4 8.9 11.8 13.3 14.8 17.51:2:4 F. r: 17 8 21.4 28.5 32.0 35.6 42.7

C.I\. 35.6 42.8 57.0 64.0 71.2 85.4

C 6. J 7.4 9 8 11.0 12.2 14.71:2 ~'2:5 F.I\. 18.3 22.0 29.4 33.0 36.7 44.0

C.I\. 36.6 44.0 58.11 66.0 73.4 88.0

C 5.6 6.7 11.0 10.0 1l.2 13.251:3: 5 F.I\. 20.7 24.8 33.1 37.2 41.4 49.6

C.I\. l4.4 41. 0 25.0 62.0 68.8 81.6

C 5 2 (>.J X. :1 9.4 11.4 12.51:3:6 F. i\. 18.7 22 -1 29.9 33.6 37.4 4 '1.9

C.A. 33.4 44 8 59.8 67.2 74.8 89.8

C 4.0 4.8 6.4 7.2 8.0 9.61:4:8 F.A. 9.2 23.3 30.7 34.6 38.4 46.1

C.A. 38.4 46.0 61.4 69.2 76.8 92.2

Preet Ferozepuria

EJzgineering Info1~Jnation28

Granite .

Li me stone .

..................... 30

.............................. 15

................ 20

......................... 15

.............. . 7.5

tons .

tons .

tons.

lons.

tons .

PIERS ~-SAFE LOADSPer Square Fool

Sandstone .

Cemcnt con cr ct c 5: I .Ccm cn t c on crc t c 10: I ..Lime c on cr ctc .Brick in mortar .

....................................................... 2 to 4 tons.

.. 3.5 tons.

Brick in cement . . :'1 to 12 tons.

Rubblc . .... 3. 'i tons

Angles of Repose for Varioas MateE'fiaUs

Biru m inous C0<11

Anthracite Coal

Slaked Coal

............................................................. 13 S'

.............................................................27"... 37!.<l° la 45'

Ash cs .

Sort l r o n Or e ..

................................. 40"

. 35'

Earth (loam) .. 30° to 45°

Sand (dry) 25'to 35'

Sand (Iv!oist) 30'to 45'

Sand (wet) .. IS' to 3D'

Clay 25'to 45'

Gravel 30' to 40'

Cinders 25' to 40'

Coke.. .. 30° to 45°Wheat.1\1 a iz e

........................................28'...27'l030'

........................... 27°

.. 2 go

.. 17' to 30"

Barlcy .

Uats .

Cement .

Preet Ferozepuria


LOADSStructures arc designed Ior the worst combination or dead and live loads; wherever a pp ic a b l c,

wind loads, SCISIlIIS forces and secondary effects such as shrinkage, the r is e or rail In temperature, etc.

must also be considered.

Dead Loads:

The dead wcight or a number or materials and structural item IS gIven In the Table No. l. In

u sr ng these fi g ur cs it should be noted that the density or most materials V,HICS within certain well

defined limits and this variation can. therefore, effect the imposed loading. The figure In the t a b l c arc

however, sufficiently accurate for normal design purpose.

Live Loads:

The live load to be used I'or the design of fl o or s and roofs 111 building are given 111 table 2 & 3

r e sp ect ive lv. They are considered as un iforml y distributed static loads on the plan area and include the

effects of normal impact. They, however do not take into consideration special concentrated loads ncr

do they cater for loads incidcntial to construction and special cases of vibration such as m oving ma-

chinery, heavy acceleration from cranes hosits and the like, such loads should be dealt with individu-

ally In each case.

Tile figure gIven In Tab le No. 2 & :\ arc conversions from the loading specified In the Indian

standard Code of Practice; I 0 1<75-1957 and their application should, thcr cforc be read In co nju ct io n

with the provIsIons of this code.

Wind Pressure

The basic pr cssu r c induced by wind loads for various heights of exp o se d surface are given 111

Table No. 4. The figures arc based on table III or the I.S. Code of Practice No. 875-1957 and their

application should confirm to the pr o v is ro n contained In clause 4 or the code.

Earth Pressure

The value of the horizontal pressure exerted hy a retained material is obtained from the normal

Rank in's formula, which for a level fill retained against in vertical surface IS expressed as

l-sin 0

I' = wh1 X Sill 0

Preet Ferozepuria

Engilzeering £nfornzation30

Where p = the pressure in kg. m'W = the unit weight or earth kg/m]h = the height of fill ill Metero = the angle of repose of the fill in degrees.

The unit weight of earth and the anglc or rcp ose, wil l of course vary depending upon thedegree of saturation of the retained material.

Thc pressures exerted on inclined surfaces and due to the effect or sloping files are also derivedfrom the normal formulae, tor which reference may be made. to text-book on the subject.

Seismic Effects

The forces exerted as a result or sci m ic clTects call be calculated directly fro m the formulategiven in clause 7 of the I.S. Code of Practice No. 875 = 1957.

Table No. 1

DEAD lNEIGIIT OF MATERIALS

Hem Weight

Bituminous SubstancesAnthracite coalPearl l eavy charcoalCokeGraphiteCrude oilI'itchCo a l t a r

1550 kg/m'750 kg/m'530 kg/m'1200 kg/m]500 kg/m]880 kg/ml

1100 kg/m]1200 kg/m]

Excavated MaterialsClay (dry)Clay (damp, plastic)Earth (dry, loose)I':arth (Packed)Sand (dry, loose)Sand (dry, packed)

1600 kg/m '1760 k g/rn '1200 k g/m 'J 520 k g/rn"1440-17(J() kg/m'1600-1900 kg/rn '

Preet Ferozepuria

Elzgineerz>zg I1ZforJJzatiolZ31

DEAD WEIGHT OF 1'1ATERIALS

It e III Weight

LiquidsAl o c ha lGasolineIceNitric acidSulphuric acidVegel~hlc UtiWatcr

no kg/m)670 kg/m)'! 13 kg/m)

1.500 kg/m]I XOO kg/Ill'930 kg/m]

J ()()() kg/m'

Building NalcrialsBrick.~CementChalk(J Ia ssLim cs t o n cSandstoneStc,,1Ti III"er

1600 kg/m'1400 kg/m'2200 k g/rn '2560 kg/m'2650 kg/m]1800 kg/m]7800 kg/m'

.570-72 0 kg/m)

Structural Items, Ceilings

Pinishes etc.1\.C. SheetsBrick masonryBrick Wall, 6 ill. thickBrick W,III, 9 ill thickCcment Plaster, 2.5 ern. thickCo n cr ct eC; l. sheet, 24 gaugeo.r. sheet, 16 g;lUgc!\!:lllg,dllrc tiles vvith b a t tonsRuhh lc masonry

17kg/m2

1920 kg/m'295 kg/m'440 kg/m'

44 kg/m'

2306 k g/m '5 kg/Ill'

10 kg/Ill'69 kg/Ill'

2100 kg/m'

Preet Ferozepuria

293

1451-2322

Lo a d inj;ClassNo,


Alternative m m unumlive load

474

474

593-949

711

For Slahsu n i lo r m ly

d is t ri b u t c df---------l 0 vcr S pall

per metrewidth

(kg)

LIVE LOADS ON FLOORSTable No, 2

Floor or tenements, hospital wards,

For Beamsun iform ly

distributedover Span

195 a

(kg)

Type or Floor lvl in iIIIurnload

1161

J95b

244-390

Floor Io r residential per unit

purposes, including area

dwelling houses, (kg/m')

bed rooms, and private sitting rooms,

III hostels, and dormitories 195 1162

244 Ofl i cc 1100rs other than entrance halls,

1100rs of light work rooms, 195

Floors or banking halls olTice entrance

halls and oiTice 1100rs below entrance

halls, and reading rooms. 293 1742

Preet Ferozepuria


THEORETICAL VELOCITY OF WATER FT. PER MINUTEVelocity, n. per sec. = 8.025 J Hi n. min. = 481.5 JH

H = 2.3 P

Head 0 2' 4' 6' 8' Pressure Head

Feet III.fin' .8670 I.73 40 2.6010 3.4681 P.lh.in. Fcct

0 0 61'0.94 963.0 1179.43 1369.89 0 0

10 1522.64 1776.% 1801.63 1926.00 2042.81 4.3351 10

30 2637.27 2723.80 2807.63 2l-:89.0() 2%8.16 \3.0032 30

50 3404.73 3472.14 3538.30 3603.21 3667.01 21.6'/54 50

70 4028.52 4085.67 4142.01 4197.62 4252.51 30.3455 70

90 4567.89 4618.40 4668.34 4717.7'1 7466.61 39.0356 90

400 800 1000600200

15226.389630.00 11794.29 13611'.82 oo 6809.42

15415.51 10.837725 7222.50 9926.36 12037.50 131<30.30

76 I :1 I 9 1 0 2 1 <1. I 6 12 27 5 . X9 I ,I ()3 X. (J X 15602.31' 21.675450

15787.04 32.513075 7984.76 10494.05 12509.76 14242.96

25

50

75

Preet Ferozepuria

/"


FLOW OF WATER AND FIfUCTiON

Velocity Diameter at'Feet per

ISecond 3 4 5 6

I Discharge per Minute In Cubic Feet

! i feet Feet I IFeet

IFeet

Feet I Cubic of Cubic or Cu b ic aT Cubic or

I

Feet Head feet IIead i Feet Tlead Feet IIead

Ii II2 5.9

I9.7 10.5 .55 16.4 .41 i 23 6 .32

2.5 7.3 1.49 13.0 .12 20.4 .64 I 29.3 .503 S.8 1.9 15.7 1.2 I 24.5 .82 35.2 "70

• I ~ I3 5 " 10.3 2.6 I S.3 1.6 ! 28.6 1.2 41.2 1.0

I4 I u.s 3.3 2 i. 0 2.2 i 32.7 1.7 47.0 J .3j

II 4 5 ... ... ". " . ! .. . ... 53.0 1.6f

I5 II

~ ... .. .

I i

... ... ... " . , ... I~ ~I 5.5 i ... ... ... . .. I i ... ...I i L6 I L' I ~ ; ... ...... ... ". !

... , .. ""

II I I

I I

FILOW Of' 'WJi\TER .fi T"lD F R IT 'C"','"c[ Clr: I.a ~ 'I ,) Ai t 1-~ b

!Di a m ct cr or!

Velocity,

1i I f

Feet per 15 18 ! 21 24 ! I, ------~~.•..."-~-"'.-- .., I's c c o n d I Discharge per minute In ell b ic Icet ! II

i I' cc! I' cc!I I I: e et I: e c t

'11ICu b ic or Cubic or Cubic of Cubic ofFeel I

I

I 11I

Feet l l e a d Feet I] cad le et Head Feet Head

2 148 .11 212 .0.25 298 .075 I 377 .065 I

2.5 1~4 .17 264 .147 I 360 .117 I 470 .109 I3

I220 .25 317

I.21 I 430 .17 I 565 .15

113.5 25~ .34 372 .29 I 505 .23

I660 I .20

4 295 .44 425 . J 6 I 575 .3 I 755 I .27 I'I I i4.5 I 331 .56 475 . L16 I 650 .39 P4S .34 I5 ]68 .70 530 .58 720 .4X I 940 .41 I

S.S 405 .64 580 .70 I 790 .59 ! 1030 .50 II !6 i ! 1130 .59

Preet Ferozepuria


7 9 10 12

LOSS IN CAST IRON PIPESPipes in inches

CubicFeet3240'iX56

I64

1 72

III

I ]L(Qi§§

I l P;'les in _._~~ •.~. 11Ij ~~=--'--2-7-~-'-~~'~=3=0~~1-~~~-3=3~-~=~-=1=~ 36 ~ 42- I! ,_. --- -I:------+-I ----------+-J ----1---- i

and Loss or Head in Feet per 100 I'cet long. 1 j--r-Ff Ie et

Cubic of IFeet Headj1150 .038 1j 440 .056 I1730 .0812020 .1112300 .142590 .182880 .223170 .273450 .32

and loss or lIead in Fe et, per 100 Feet long.

Feet Feet Feet Feet Feetof Cubic of Cubic or Cubic of Cubic of

1I cad Fect Head Feet IIcad Feet Head Feet Head.27 42 .23 53 I .19 65 .18 94 .15,43 52 .36 66 .30 82 .27 117 .23.61 63 .51 79 .44 n .39 141 .33.7 73 .71 93 .61 ! 1 ~ .52 165 .45,-,.9 86 .92 106 .79 131

1~188 .59

1.2 94 1.2 J 19 1.01 147 .87 212 .7S132 1.2 164 1.1 325 .96

l II II ~

IfI'~ (CJ!.~§T·U~Or'1I (Contd§)Inches

i , l

Feet Feet

I

Feet I FeetI i

q Cubic of Cubic of Cubic of j Cubic ofFe.,;t Head Feet i IIead Feet Head Feet Head

II n .055 590 .052 700 .049 650 .04595 ,UR8 73U .o 8 5

I890 ,076 1000 ,07d 715 .13 880 .12 1070 .108 1270 .10I X35 .18 !O30 .16

I1250 .15 1480 .14

I 955 .23 1180 .22 1420 .20 1700 .171()70 .30 1320 .2 (I lGOn .25 1900 .22

~ 119U .37 1470 .34 I 17t·:O .30 2120 .22

! I 13 le .44 t6]() .39 19S0 .36 2330 .32

I H30 .53 1760 .49 2140 .43 2540 .40

II',-~~

IJPreet Ferozepuria


THERMOMETER AND HYDROMETER SCALES

The number of degrees between fr ccz ing point and boiling point of water is 212-32 = 180 de-grees on the Fahrenheit scale, add 100 degrees on the Centigrade scale. The magnitude of the degreeF. relative to degrees C. is thus as 5 to 9.

Temp C = 99(1'"_32); Temp F. = 113 CO + 32.The following formula enahle degrees Baume to be converted into Specific Gravity:

140 140Sq Gr = Dcgs. 13 = -130

De gs 13+ 130 Sq. Gr.146

For liquids heavier water :- Sq. Or. .-145- Degs. B

6 I. 4hPressure of a column of oil h feet high = p

131.5 + B6

Ih.Zin?

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING746 Watts equal onc Mechanical Horse-Power Generatos are rated in Kilowatts = 1000 Watts. TheKilowatt Hour is the quantity unit for power. I Watt = 1 Volt x 1 Ampere.l B.H.P. = 0.746 kilowatts 1Km!!. = 3413 B. Th. U.I.E.E. 1939 11th Edition.El cctr ical pressure, potential difference, or elect, n.o.t. force.E.M.F. VoltCurrent AmpResistance Ohmwork JouleCapcity FaredCapcity Micro FaredPower wattPower KilowattEnergy Kilowatt

hour

10l10-1

102

103

10_2

10-"107

1010

36'10 12

Preet Ferozepuria

Engineering Info;r'J1zation37

Power ill Direct Curent Circuits

VoltsCoulombs

b.h.p.Specific Resistance: R x I x VWork done = V x 108x Q X 10') VQ x 10'ergsWork done =Vlt x 10' ergs = VIt Joulus = W Joules.Work done = V'lIR Joulues.The mcchnnica l-c quiva lcnt of heat is 4.18 x 10' ergs per calorie, or 4.18 Joules per calorie.ll cn t developed in a conductor ~ .2391/P Rt calor ics.i\ m et er is made to register a comhination of wait-minutes.

V = V x 10' clcctr ostutic units.Q = Q X 10"

= V x I x n -7 746 x lOO

x x zx Watts for z minutes = units

1000 x 60In Ih e case of a water or liquid hcatcr-/1,·1gr amrncs x Sq. ht. x T'C x F Rt/4.18 = time in secs.Efli ci ency of heater (kettle or radiator) = 4.1 g MSTlF Rt Power in Alternating Current Vi = copacity(farads.V = applied vlolage I = cueewnr (amps) L=Inductance (lhenries): R=resistonce (ohms)f = (frequency of supply); Capacity and inductance send to neutralise each other;

ICapacity reactance =

2 zr fc

~+ (2n-D -~

V·Current = 0,+(2nD - 2~rc)

If 2 x tc = Il2nfc there is resonance and I = VIRPower (Watts) = Volts x amps. is termed the power factor.Power (Watts) in single phase A. C. circuit = volts x amps. x power factor x volts x Ol.mps. x cosine ofangle of phase differcncil, B.II.P. = V X Zx n x pf -l- 746 x lOO.ln a 3 phase A.C. circuii-Power (Watts) =IT x volts-amps. x power factor.

--- 1.732 x vo lts x amp s. x rower factor,Power in 3- phase cir cuit rncasur cd by two wattmeters = W! + W2 13.11.1'. = Vznpf x 1.732 +746 x 100Power factor is obtained from tan 0 = [3wI - W, \VI+ \VI

British Standards 168 : 1936.741 1937,170: 1939,480 1942.

Irnpedence

Preet Ferozepuria

EJzgineering Information38

FUSE WiRE TABLECopper Aluminium 1'1a t i n Old

Fu s ingCurrent Din SWC; Din S.WG. Dia S.WGAmps In ("PP) In. (app) In. (ap p)

I .0021 47 .0026 46 .0035 432 .0034 43 .0041 42 .0056 39 I3 .0044 41 .0054 39 0074 36

I4 .0053 39 .0056 37 .OOR9 3S5 .00C,1 lX JJ07G 3G .0104 33

10 .U09X 1.1 .0110 30 01C,4 2715 0129 10 .015X 2X .0115 2420 0156 28 .0191 25 .026 j 2325 0181 26 0222 2~ . .r13 \) 3 2130 0205 25 .0250 23 .03,\2 2035 .0227 24 0277 22 .O:n9 2040 0248 n .0303 21 .0414 19 I45 02(,)( 22 .0323 11 .0448 1950 0288 22 0352 20 .O-1}:O 18 I60 .0325 21 .0397 J9 0542 J7 I70 o 1U) 20 .0440 :9 .0601 16 IXO .0194 19 0481 I" .0657 16"90 .0426 19 .0520 18 .0711 15 IlOO 0457 18 .0558 17 .0762 14120 .0516 17 G6:1O J6 0861 !3---,~

ITin Alia-Tin Lend

!j"usingCurrent Din S WC: Dia S WG. Dia S.Wc:Amps III (;'1pp.) In. (a pp.) in (app.) I,- ---------

I 0072 17 .0083 45 .\J08 ! 352 0113 31 0132 19 .oizs 30 I., .0149 2R 0173 27 .0168 27

I4 OIRI 20 .0210 2'i .0203 25'i .02!0 25 .0243 ~, .0236 23LJ

10 .0334 21 .0186 19 .0373 20IS .0437 19 05G6 I R .0491 1 s20 .0529 J7 0516 J6 .0595 !725 06J4 16 .0711 15 .0690 !530 .06')4 15 .OB03 14 .0779 1435 .07(,9 14 .OX90 13 .0864 J 340 OX40 14 0973 J 3 .0944 j 34:; 0909 13 I:)' 2 12 .1021 J2

I.)0 0')7 ) 13 1121) I1 .10\)4 1260 I 101 II 1275 10 .1237 10 I70 1220 10 . j 413 9 .! 37t \)

11

80 1334 10 1544 3 J499 <)

90 . j 443 9 .167 i 8 .1621 g100 .1548 8 1792 7 .!739 7120 .1748 7 .2024 5 . i 954 C I-

JJPreet Ferozepuria


ELECTRICAL UNITS AND FORMULAEA.c. Afolors-- single Phase- ., 1.2 Two phase: x 0.9

J lo r sc- [lower10 20

Approx. Current 111 Amperes

1025 I53282621

600

300

1-156728462400363291

375

=

Voltage I I 2 3 III

11O 6.6 12.4 I 17.5220 3.3 6.2 , 8834() " , 4.0 5.6s: , I

40()

I1 8 3 4.8

44(J 1.7 3 4.4550 1.3 2 , 3.5

I?. P.!"!. 750

I Ilorsc-po\Vcr

IIVoltage I :l0 (,(J :.«)

IApprox. Current in Amp cr cs

~ } U 20'1 I 302 ; 404220 102 IS i I 202340 I 65 9G

I128

4(JO i 56 n 11144() I 51 '7, 10 Ii J

550 ! 41 GO ~- 815(~()

6

27.7, 52.013.8 I 26.0

~: I16.514.3

6.9 13.0S.S 10.4

II

lOO 250 I5!2 I 996 I,256 498 I160 I 317J 3 8

I274

I126 240100 199

-.--------L . ·~_-~---<---

II

S\'i1CijfO:I()US SllCC:(~-

:;:~~:-(~;:--;.!;;:i -~~-S~~L~:~~;;-:;JrN~~of p-~-§_Synchr. spceyp:c_tt_..<a_!_s_r_'~_'-::_('_; ~~

2 I 3000 I 2900 j 12 I 500 t 4354 , 1500 I 1440! J4 . 428 I 410

G . iuoo I 970 .1. iG I 375 . 360X i 750 725 18 I 333 ; 320I (j ! 600 580! 20 I 300 I 290

Starting Torques and Currents:

Star DeltaI 30% 60% 75%

-------i------+------+'----+---------t-----t-----"" I .inc voltage 1100 100 51< 50 60~.;, Full Loa d curn;1l11' SOU SOO 170 125 1xo I<~'o hill I.uad Torque i 125 125 42 :12 45 J__________ ~ ~ L ~ ~_____ __ _

Au lo -Tra nsfor m er

For 62,5001-\. V/\ at 20,000 vo lt al 1,500 L pill. arc u sun llv m nd c tDI;1ity enclosed. The st art or weight90 ton made up or electrical Iv wo l dcd steel plates and t h c ir laminator cores are held III positionwithout the use or through. -

,

~ ll~========================================::::.

Directionl\lcihod or St nr ting

75no70

Preet Ferozepuria


"'[EIGHTS AND MEASURESTray weight

24 grain = 1 dwt70 dwts = i ounce.

12 ounces = I pound.

Used far weighting gohL silver and j ew ef s

Ap no tbecarf es w(eight

20 gains I scruple3 scruples = I dram.

8 drams = 1 ounce.

Avr oir dupof s weight2711, gr ains = I dram.16 drams = I ounce.J 6 ounces = I pounds2g pounds = 1 quarter

4 quarters = 1 cwt.2,000 Ills. = 1 short ton2,240 lbs. = I long ton

Dry I"Ieasure

2 pints = 1 quart.1<quarts = I peck.

4 pecks = I bushel.3 6 bushels = 1 chaldron

Liquid Measure

60 minims = i Ilu id drachm = I teaspoon8 iluid drachms =1 fluid oz. = 2 table spoons.20 fluid oz. = 1 pint4 gills = 1 pint.2 pint = 1 quart.

4 quarts = I gallon3111, gallons = 1 barrel.2 barrels = hogshead.

long measure12 inches = 1 root.3 feet = I Yard.S 0.yards = I rod.

40 rods = 1 furiong.8 furlongs = 1 st at mile3 mi!s = 1 league.

Sq uar e Measure

144 sq. inches = I sq. foot.9 sq. reels = 1 54 yards301,1. sq. yards = I rod.40 sq rods = ! rood.

4 roods = I acre.I acre = 4840 sq. yards640 acres = sq. mile

Preet Ferozepuria


Time Measure

6U seconds ee I minute.60 minutes = I hour.28,29,30 or31 days Calander month (30 days = I365 days = I year

24 hours - I dny.7 days = I week

month in computing interest).366 days = leap year

Circular Measure

60 seconds = I minute(,(J mi nutc .- 1 dq;rcc.4 quu d rn nts 12 signs.

80 degrees = 1 sign.90 tlcgrcc~ '" I qun dr nnt.or :l(,O degrees ~ 1 circle.

Cloth Measure

2'1. Inches = I nail

4 nails = I quarter

4 quarters = I yard

MARINERS' MEASURE6 feet = I fathom.120 fathoms = cob le length7 cable lengths = 1 mile

5,280 Iccts = l stat, mile6,080 = l naut, mile

Miscellaneous

3 Inches = I palm6 Inches = I hand6 Inches = I span.

18 inches = 1 cubit21.8 in = 1 Bile cubit.2Y2 feet = I military pact.

Surveyors Mesure

7.52 inches =- I link.2S links = I rod. 10 sq. chains or 160. sq. rods I acre640 acres = 1 sq. mile.36 sq. miles (6 miles sq.) = 1 township.

4 rods = I chain.

Cubic Measure

1,728 cubic ins. = I cub. n.27 cub. n. = I cub. yd.2,150.42 cuhic inches = I standard hushel.268.8 cubic inches = I standard gallonI of cubic foot = about foure fifthsa bushel

128 cub. It. = 1 cord (wood)40 cub. n. = I ton (shopping)

Preet Ferozepuria

Engineering Infi?rmation42

METRICAL EQ1lJIVALENTS OF BRITISli IMPERIALWEIGHTS AND 1'1EASURES

Measures of length

ENGLISH

inch = 2.539954 centimetres.

Foot "~ 3.047950 decimetres.

Yard = 0.91438325 metre.

Futho m = 1.82876696 metres.

po le w 5.02911 metres.

furlong = 201.16437 metres.

Mile = 1609.3146 metres.

Nautcl. Mile = 1855.020 metres.

fRENCH

Millimetre = 0.03937 inch.

Centimetre = 0.393708 inches

Decimetre = 3.937079 inches.

Mctre = 39.37.079 inches.

Nocud = English Nautical mile

Metre = 3.2808992 feet.

Mctr e = 1.693633 Yard

Kilometre = 1093.633 Yard

Mriametre = 6.2138 miles

Superficial MeasureENGLISH

Sq. in 0.000645125 Sq. m.

Sq. lt. = 0.0928nO sq. metre.

Sq. Yd. = 9.836082 sq. metre.

Rod = 25.291480 sq. metre

Road = 10.116750 acres.

FRENCH

Acre = 0.404671 hectare.

Sq. metre = 1.193623 sq. yd.

Acre = 0.098845 rood.

Hectare = 2.471143 acres.

Preet Ferozepuria


Weigh ts

ENGLlSII

(Tory) Grain

p annvwei ght

Ounce

Kilogramme

= 0.065 grammes.

= 1.555 grammes.

= 31.133 grammes.

= 373.220 grammes.

0.373220 Kilogramme= 1.77 grammes.= 28.35 grammes.- 453.67 grammes.

0.45357 kilogrammes.- 50.8 kilogrammes.-- 1016.0 Ki l o gr anun e s.

FRENCH

= 15.433 tro y gra ins.0.643 dwl.15.433 lroy grains

= 2.679 1roy lbs.2.203 avo ir lbs.

= 22.0462125 Ibs... 220.462125 Lbs.= 0.9842059 of a ton

Pound (5760 grs.)

(Avoirdupois) DramOuncepound (7000 grs.)

Cwt.

Ton

Gramme

lv!yriagramme or 10 kilosQu int a l orl00 kilosTonneau or Millier , 100 kilos

Ready Methods of Calculating Weights ofSteel and cast Iron

Sleel cubic inches x .2833 = Ibs." " " x .00253 = Cwts." " " 400 + 111 00 = Cwts,

Cas! Iron Cubic inches x .263 = J hs." " " x .00235 = Cwt s." " " x 7,· 300 = Cwts.

Preet Ferozepuria

Engineeri1zg Infornzation44

READY METHODS OF CALCULATING WEIGHTS OFSTEEL AND CAST IRON

Sqare s:Steel:

Cast Iron

RoundsSteel:

Cast Iron

Flats:Steel:

Cast Iron

side ' x length -;- 4 + 1110and Y, of the lengthside 2 x length -;- 400 + 11100side" x 3 length -s- 10 _ IIIside" x 2 ;ength + 116+ 1000

= Lbs.= Cwts.= Lbs.= Cwts.

Dia. % x 2 length + 9Di a, 2 x 2 length -i- 1000Dia." x length x .206Dra 2 x lenght + 9+6+ I 0

= Lbs.= Cwts.= Ills.= Cwts.

Width x thickness x length +4 + I \IOand 113of tthe tenthWidth x thickness x length + 400 + 11100Width x thickness x3 length + 10 _ 113Width x thickness x 2 length + 1\6 + 1000

= Ius.= Cwts.= Ibs.= C'NtS.

Rings or cylinders:Steel: Inside dia.

Inside dia.Cast Iron Inside dia.

Inside dia.

Haxa gons:Steel:

Cast Iron

Octagons:Steel:

Cast Iron

+ thickness x thickness x 8 length + 9+ thickness x thickness x 8 length + 100+ thickness x thickness x 4 length x .206+ thickness x thickness x 8 length + 1100

= Ills.= Cwts.= Ills.= Cwt s.

Dia 1 X length x .249Dial x length x 00222Dial x length x .227Dia ' x length x .00202

= Ibs.= Cwts.= Ibs.= Cwts.

Dia2' length x .235Dial x length x .0021Diu? x length x .217Dia2x length x .00194

= Ibs.= Cwts.= Ibs.= Cwt s.

Preet Ferozepuria


BRIT. MEASURES METRIC EQUIVALENTSDecimal fraction Decimal Decimal Fraction Decimalof an of an of an or an of an of aninch inch m/m Inch Inch m/m

.015625 1/64 .366H75 .515625 33/64 13.096875

.031250 ]/32 .79373 .53125 17/32 13.49375

.046875 3/64 1.190625 .546875 35/64 13.890625

.0625 1/16 1.5875 .5625 9/16 14.2875

.078125 5/64 1984375 .378125 37/64 14.64375

.093750 3/32 2.38125 .59375 19/32 15.08125

.109375 7116 2.7781 .609375 39/64 15.47812

.125 1/8 3.175 .625 5/8 15.875

.140625 9/64 3.571875 .640625 41/64 16.271825

.15625 5/32 3.96875 .65625 21/32 16.66875

.171875 11/64 3.365625 .671875 43/84 17.065625

.1875 3/64 4.7625 .6875 11116 17.4625

.202125 13/64 5.159375 .703123 45/64 17.859375

.21875 7/32 5.85625 .71875 23/32 18.653128

.231375 15/64 5.933125 .734375 47/64 18.25625

.25 1/4 6.35 .75 3/4 19.05

.265625 17/64 6.748675 .765625 49/64 19.446875

.281250 9/32 7.14375 .78125 25/32 19.84375

.296875 19/64 7.540625 .796875 51/64 20.240625

.3125 5/16 7.9375 .815 13/16 20.6375

.. 328125 21164 8.334375 .828125 53/64 21.034375

.34375 11/32 8.73125 .84375 27/32 21.43125

.359375 23/64 9.128125 .859375 55/64 21.828125

.375 3/8 9.525 .875 6/8 22.225

.390625 25/64 9.92 1875 .890625 57/64 22.612875

.40625 13/32 10.31875 .90625 29/32 23.01875

.421875 27/64 10.715625 .921875 59/64 23.415625

.4375 7116 11.1125 .9375 15/1 6 23.1825

.453125 29/64 11.509375 .951325 61/64 24.209375

.46875 15/32 11.9025 .96875 31/32 24.60625

.484075 31/64 12.303125 .984375 63/64 52.003132

.5 1/2 12.7 1 25.4

Preet Ferozepuria


CONVERSION TABLETO CONVERT

Atm o sp hcrcs to lhs. per sq. inchBritish thermal units to calories

Calories to l3ritish thermal units

Cc ntm cnt rcs to inchesCubic ccntimctres to cubic inches

Cuhic feet la cubic metres

Cubic feet to gallonsCubic inches to cubic c ent iructr cs

Cubic inches to litres

Cubic metres to cubic feetCu b ic metres to cubic yards

Cubic yards to cubic metres

Fe et to metres

Foot l bs.p er second to horse power

Foot Ills. to k il o g r a nunetr es

Force de ch cva l to horse power

Gallons to litres

Gallons to cubic feet

Grains to grams.

Grains to gra me.

Grams to ounces

Grams t·) lbs.

llor sc power to n. Ibs. per second

Horse power to force de chevalll o r s e power to waitsInches to c ent irnetr cs

Inches to m il imctr es

Ki l o gr ammctrcs to fo ot lbs.Kilograms (0 Ills.

Kilograms (0 tons

Kilograms (0 miles

MULTIl'LY14.73.252

3.96R.3937

.06103

.028326.22R16.39

.0163935.321.308.7645.3048

.001818. J 383.98634.536.1606

.0648015.43

.03527.002205

3501.0139

7462.54025.407.2332.205

.0009842

.6214

Preet Ferozepuria


USEFUL NOTES ON CEMENT

I Ton or Portland Cement = 20 Bags.

I Cubic foot of portland Cement weights 90 to 94 lbs. when loosely filled. Average weight of 1:2:4

concrete; Co k ebr ee xe aggregate 100 Ibs. per cubic foot; clinker aggregate 110 l bs. per cubic

foot;Brick aggregate 125 lbs. per cubic foot; Ballast aggregate 145 lbs, per cubic foot.

Average weight of 1:2:4 reinforced concrete, 150 lbs. per cubic root.

I Cubic foot or loose portland cement paste will make about

4.1 cu.n. of concrete mixed 1:2:4

5.1 cu. It. or concrete mixed 1:2Yz:5

5.8 cu. n. or concrete mixed 1:3:6

7.5 cu.It. concrete mixed 1:4:8

I Cubic foot of loose portland cement neat as Cement paste will cover about 9.5 sq. feet, 1 inch

I thick.

I Cubic root or loose Portland Cement to 2 or sand will cover 16.8 sq. feet, 1 inch thick.

I Cubic foot of loose portland cement to 2 of sand will cover about 29 sq. feet, 1 inch thick.

I Cubic foot of loose portland cement to 3 or sand will cover about 35.7 sq. feet 1 inch thick.

I Cubic root or loose portland cement to 6 or sand will lay about 410 bricks withJ1l inch joints, and

527 bricks with Y. inch joints.

Preet Ferozepuria


FINENESS MODULUSThe Financess Modulus of an aggregate is obtained by adding the per centae by weight of material

retained on a range of nine selected sieves and dividing the result by 100 • as illustrated in the Table

b e l o w.

Sieve Total percentage retained

by weight

Serial No.

B.S. Sieve Tylcr.Sicvc sand Coarse

No. No. Aggregate

I 100 100 100 100

2 52 4& 80 100

3 25 2& 60 100

4 14 14 40 100

5 7 8 20 100

6 3116" 4 0 100

7 3/8" 3/8" 0 80

1< 3/4" 3/4" 0 50

9 1 ~" 111,'" 0 0

Sum of Percentages 300 730

Fineness Modulus = -- 3.0 -- =7.3

100 100 104

The practical limits or the Fineness Modulus for the aggregate are for fine aggregates from 2 to 3-5 : for

coarse aggregate from 5-5 to 8; and for mixed, aggregates from 4 to 7

Preet Ferozepuria

jl"

390

4g8

732

..•...•


Floors of warehouses, workshops, factories and

other buildings or parts of buliding of s imil ar., category

for light weight loads, oflice Il oor s, for storages and filling 488

nurposes, places of assembly without fixed seating

(puhlic room in hotels, dances halls, waiting ha ss] etc.)

Shop floors used for the display and sea le or

merchandise, work rooms gencr al ly, Il oors or class

rooms in schools, garages for vehicles not exceeding

2.54 tonnes gross weight, places of assembly with fixed

seating, churches, chaples, erstaur ants, curculation

space in machinery power, stations, etc. where

not occupied by plant or equipmet.

Floors of warehouses, workshops, factories

and other building or parts of building of

similar category for medium-weight loads:

floors of garages for nvehicles not exceeding

4.064 tonnes gross weight

390 949

2903

2322

1186

For garage floors only

1.5 times the maximum

wheel load, but not less

732 than 907 kg. considered

to be distributed over a

floors area of 0.760 m.

square.

Preet Ferozepuria


FLAT IRON - WEIGHT IN KO. PER METRE0.7834 kg/ cm? per metre or I eft of steel = 490 Ibs.

ThicknessIII llllll.

----- 5 5.5 6 7 8 10 11 12 14 16Width111

mm.

12 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.3 1.5

16 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.8 2.020 0.8 0.9 0.0 1.1 1.3 1.6 1.7 1.9 2.2 2.525 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.4 1.6 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.7 3. I32 1.3 1.4 1.5 l.8 2.0 2.5 2.8 3.0 3.5 4.040 1.6 1.7 1.9 2.2 2.5 31 3.5 3.8 4.4 5.050 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.7 3. I 3.9 4.3 4.7 5.5 6.363 2.5 2.7 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.9 5.4 5.9 5.9 7.980 3. I 3.5 3.8 4.4 5.0 6.3 6.9 7.5 8.8 10.0100 3.9 4.3 4.7 5.5 6.3 7.8 8.6 9.4 1l.0 12.6125 4.9 5.4 5.9 6.9 7.8 9.8 10.8 11.8 13.7 15.7160 6.3 6.9 7.5 8.8 10.0 12.6 13.8 1 5. 1 17.6 20. I200 7.'8. '8..6 9.4 11.0 12.6 ) 5.7 17.3 UU 22.0 25.1250 9.'8. 10. X IU 13.7 15.7 19.G 21.6 23.6 27.5 3 I.4

Preet Ferozepuria


SQUARE AND ROUND BARS0.7843 k g/cm? per metre or 1 eft of steel = 490 Ibs.

Di ameler Weight per metre Sectional Area Per j me tr eorWidth

0 0 0 0 0 0mm. kg. kg. C1112 cm2 cm. cm.

5.0 0.20 o. J 5 0.25 0.20 2.0 I. 575.5 0.24 O. J 9 0.30 0.24 2.2 1. 736.0 0.2X 0.22 0.36 0.28 2.4 i.s s7.0 0.38 0.30 0.49 0.38 2.8 2.20X.O 0.50 0.39 0.64 0.50 3.2 3.519.0 0.64 0.50 0.81 0.64 3.6 2.83

10 o.vs 0.62 1.00 0.79 4.0 3.1411 0.95 0.75 1.21 0.95 4.4 3.4612 1.13 0.89 1.44 1.13 4.8 3.7714 1.54 I. 2 I 1.96 1.54 5.6 4.40

16 201 I. 5 8 2.56 2.01 6.4 5.0318 2.54 2.00 3.24 2.54 7.2 5.5620 3.14 2.47 4.00 3.14 8.0 6.2822 3.80 2.98 4.84 3.80 8.8 6.9125 4.91 3. X5 6.25 4.91 10.0 7.85n 6.15 4.83 7.84 6.16 \1.2 8.8032 X.04 6.3\ 10.24 8.04 12.8 10.0536 10.17 7.99 12.96 10.18 14.4 11.3 I40 12.56 9.86 16.00 12.57 16.0 12.5745 15.90 12.49 20.25 15.90 18.0 14.1450 19.62 15.4 I 25.00 19.64 20.0 15.7156 24.62 19.34 31.36 24.63 22.4 17.5963 31.16 24.4 7 39.69 31.17 25.2 19.7971 39.57 31.08 50.41 39.59 28.4 22.31XO 50.24 3'J .46 64.00 50.27 32.0 25.13

Preet Ferozepuria

Engz"neerz·ng IJzformatz"on52

Tahle No. 4

WIND VELOCITY AND PRESSURE AT VARIOUS EX~POSED HEIGHTS

lIeight of exposed Horizontal Wind Horizontal pressuresurface above mean Velocity

retarding surface(Ill ) (krnihr) (kg/m')

0 HO 403 96 5H6 108 739 115 R5

12 123 9815 1211 10518 133 11221 137 12024 141 12727 144 13330 147 14138 155 15146 160 16653 165 17561 169 18576 175 20092 181 210.107 186 224122 191 234

Preet Ferozepuria

Engz"neerz"J1g InforJ11atz"on53

WEIGHTS OF STEEL0.7843 kg/cm! per metre

BLACK SHEETS PLATES CHEQUEREDPLATES

Wt.per Wt. per wt. perThick-B.G. Sq. Thick- Sq. metre Thick- Sq.metrene ss metre in ncss in kg ness in gk.III 111111. kg. III mm ill mm

3.15 10 24.70 5 39.2 7 61.1

2.50 12 19.61 7 55.0 10 84.6

2.00 14 15.69 10 78.5 12 100.3

1.66 16 12.55 L2 94.2

1.25 18 9.£\0 14 109.9

1.00 20 7.?-4 !6 125.6

0.80 22 6.27 18 141.3

0.63 24 4.94 20 157.0

0.50 26 3.91 22 172.7

0.44 28 3.10 25 196.2

Preet Ferozepuria

EngiJzeering Infornzation54

LIVE LOADS ON FLOORS

Type of Iloor

Floors of warehouses, workshops,factories buildings of similar category for,heavy, weight loads, fl oors or boooks stores,rooo Is and pavement lights over basementsprojecting under the punlic foortpath.

Stairs, corridors, landings and balconiesnot liahle oto overcrowding:For class 195a loading:For classFor all other classesBalconies liable to over crowding

LoadingClassNo.

Alterrnative minimumlive load

Ivlinim urn Ior Slabs,load uniformly for beams

per unit distributed uniformlyarea over span distributed

(k g./ m') per metre over spanWidth

(kg) (kg)

976 976

The lower value or 244 k g/mt should be taken wwhere separate storage facilities are provided and thehigher value oar 390 kg/ Ill' where such provisions arc lacking

195293488

Preet Ferozepuria

Engz>zeering IJz..jOrJ1zation55

Slope of Roof

LIVE LOADS ON ROOFSTable No.3

Flat, sloping orcurved with slopup to andin cl id o n g l U"

Sloping or curved

roofs from 10° to30° and incladign JUGSloping or curvedroofs greaterthan 30°

FLl,. ;!oping

or curved

Type Snow load

Roofs otherthan sheeredr o o ls

Imposed loads other thanwind and snow

147 k g/m" measured on plansubject to a minimum of

-91kg uniformly distributcd overany span of 0.305 III widthof the roof slab and 726 kguniformly distributed overthis span in the case ofall beams.

where snow isencountered ad-ditional allow-ance o f 15 kg

per meter depthor SIlOW measu-red on plant.

73. kg/.m2 measured 011 plan

or 91 kg concentrated load.

nil

~do~

-do~

Sh c ct.ed

------f--.---- .--------.--f---------------t---------

To provide for loads ~do~incidental to manitenance allroof coverings (other than glass)and supporting structure shallbe capable or carrying loadof 82 kg concentrated on.an area 12.7 cm square.This load is not in additionto wind load and shall betreated as an o ccas ianol.

Preet Ferozepuria


ROLLED STEEL BEAMSWeight Sectional Depth of Width of Thickness Thickness

per metre Flange or Flange or WedDesi gnation area secation

a h b tf twWkg cm? mm mill mm mill

Ism 150 7.1 9.0 I 150 50 4.6 3.0Ism 175 8.1 10.28 175 50 4.8 3.2Ism 200 9.9 12.64 200 60 5.0 3.4

ISJB 225 12.8 16.28 225 80 5.0 3.7ISLB 75 6.1 7.71 75 50 5.0 3.7ISLB 100 8.0 10.21 100 50 6.4 4.0ISLH 125 11.9 15.12 125 75 6.5 4.4ISLB 150 142 18.08 150 80 6.8 4.8ISLI.l 175 26.7 21.30 175 90 6.9 5.1ISLU 200 19.8 25.27 200 100 7.3 5.4ISLB 225 23.5 29.92 225 100 8.6 5.8ISLB 250 27.9 35.53 250 125 8.2 6.1ISLB 275 33.0 42.02 275 140 8.8 6.4

18LB 300 37.7 4!C08 300 150 9.4 6.7ISLB 325 43.1 24.90 325 165 9.8 7.0ISLI~ 350 49.5 63.01 350 165 11.4 7.4JSLD 400 569 72.43 400 165 12.5 8.0ISLB 450 65.3 83.14 450 170 13.4 8.6ISLB 500 75.0 95.50 500 180 14.1 9.2ISLB 550 86.3 109.97 550 190 15.0 9.9IJSLB 600 99.5 126.69 600 210 15.5 10.5ISMB 100 11.5 14.60 100 75 7.2 4.018MB 125 13.0 16.60 125 75 7.6 8.618MB 150 14.9 19.00 150 80 7.6 4.418MB 175 19.3 24.62 175 90 8.6 5.5ISMB 200 25.4 32.3 200 100 10.8 5.7ISMB 225 31.2 39.72 225 110 11.8 6.518MB 250 37.3 47.35 250 125 12.55 6.918MB 300 44.2 56.26 300 140 12.4 7.5ISMB 350 52.4 66.71 350 140 14.2 8.1181\1B 4()0 61.6 78.46 400 140 16.0 8.9ISMB 450 72.4 92.27 450 150 17.4 9.4IS1\1B 500 86.9 110.74 500 180 17.2 10.2IS I\-!B 550 103.7 132. I 1 550 190 19.3 11.2ISMB 600 122.6 256.21 600 210 20.8 12.0ISWB 150 17.0 21.67 150 100 7.5 5.4

Preet Ferozepuria


DIMENSIONS OF PROPERTIESMoments of Radii of Moduli ofInertia Gyration Section

I I -n

r r z•• Zor7'1 u rrern" ern" cm cm cm% cm'

322.1 9.2 5.98 1.01 42.9 3.7479.3 9.7 6.83 0.93 54.8 3.9780.7 17.3 7.86 1.17 78.1 5.8

130832 40.5 8.97 1.58 116.3 10.172.7 10.0 3.07 1.14 19.4 4.1

J 68.0 12.7 4.06 1.12 33.6 5.1406.8 43.4 5.19 1.69 65.1 11.6688.2 55.2 6.17 I. 7 5 91.8 13.8

1096.6 115.4 8.19 2.13 169.7 23.13717.8 193.4 10.23 2.33 297.4 3.075375.3 287.0 11.31 2.61 392.4 41.07323.9 376.2 12.35 2.80 488.9 50.2

13158.3 631.9 14.45 3.17 751."9 76.619306.3 716.4 16.33 3.15 965.3 80.827536.1 853.0 18.20 3.20 1223.8 160.453161.6 1335.1 21.99 3.48 1933.2 140.572879.6 1821.9 23.98 3.79 2428.9 1735

275.5 40.8 4.20 1.67 51.5 10.9449.0 43.7 5.20 1.62 71.8 11.7

1272.0 85.0 7.19 1.86 145.4 189.92235.4 150.0 8.32 2.15 223.5 30.03441.8 218.3 9.31 2.34 306.9 39.75131.6 334.5 10.39 2.65 410.5 58.58603.6 483.9 12.37 2.84 573.6 64.8

13630.3 537.7 14.29 2.84 778.9 76.620S5S.4 422.1 16.15 2.S2 1022.9 88.930390.8 834.0 18.15 3.10 1350.7 111. 24521 S.3 1369.S 20.21 3.52 1S,I<.7 152.264893.6 1833.8 22.16 3.73 2359.8 193.091813.0 2651. 0 24.24 4.12 3060.4 252.5

889.1 94.8 6.22 2.09 Ill. 9 19.0

Preet Ferozepuria

.Engineerin![~hz/ormation 11ROLLED STEEL

Dimensions

IThick- I S e c ti o n \\Tei ~h i Moduli

ISize

In c s s ! at area per of

Designation A x 13 I I m ct r c Sect IonI , ' 'f :.;,;-Z'"i i. I a I w 1-, -

rn m mm ~-~~~~-.-l~--~--lkg. c m ' crn :

ISh. 3020 32 x 2U l 3.0 ' 4' , 1 1 0.6 0.3i' ,! . . I4 r, ! .8-4 t ,); I 0 a o J.0

, "I

I5.0 I :2 25 .1\ 1 '1 O.t.!-

! .U

II

IIS !\ 4025 40 X 2S 3.0 I i ~S i 5 0.5

4.UI

2.46 .9 o r

I.~ .0

5.0 3 .02 2.4 1 .g C.7i

II 6.0 ] .5 G 2g 2. 1 (:.9

I

rSi\. <5]1] 4Sx3 G I 3.0 ~.5 S i 7 4 0.7

i 4.0 'j ,r () 2.2 9 C.[.\..! (I

5.0 ') "," 2.1': 2.3.: .,' L

I6.U L I6 2. '- i .3-'

I

is 5 3 SDx3 o ') (; i, j,~ .(\ 7 Il ..J."'" : u . 1

! :~ 7 '-,2 . 2. Cl.) i"f, I i1 7 f~ .0 2.8 1 ! i~ i

G. ;;. 7 3.5 3 4 .3 I ,~ ,LJr , , !I GC (. GC le" ,\ { 76 ! 4.2 2.0 !i .! J."

! < n S. 3 4 '2 iV.U(. '. Cl i.. I

5 x·::;-S .5 1\ 5.2(; "+ 5 ,u IlS;\ /' r .' :;- I IuJ"-i_) '" L., • ~:

I6.0 6.25 4.9 " » J

IgC ((. 1 7 6.4 7.7 J .9 IIS/\ 7045 70 x<· 5 5.0 :'.5'2 4.3 5 7 2.5

I 6.0 G . .5 6 3.0 6.8 .'"\ f' i I.:i.V

Ig.o 8 6.7 8,9 3.9

!I .0 :!, C. j 2 8.3 1 0.9 4.1(, 1St, 7550 75 xSO 5.0 f .02 4.7 67 3.26.0 7. t G S.h (;.0 3.g

8.0 9.3~ 7 L. 1 (J Lt 4.9

J 0.0 j 0.52 9.0 12.7 6.0IS/\ 8050 1\OxSO 50 6.27 ,1 .9 7 " 3.2

6.0 .49 5 .9 9.0 3.8SO 9.78 7.7 1 1 7 4.9

10.0 1 2.2 9.4 1 4.4 6.0----.--.-------'-----~~--'----------

Preet Ferozepuria


UNEQUAL ANGLESand Properties

I<c. Thick Section al Wc ight ModuliLIZC

n c s s per SectionDcs ign at ion I Ax13 area metre

t a \V Z ZI x x i")'

I mill III III mill cm' kg cm 'cm ,

lSA 90GO 90x60 6.0 !e65 6R 11.5 5.5

I 8.0 1 I .37 8.9

IJ 5. I 7.2

10.0 14.0 I I 11.0 18.6 8.8

Ij 2. (J I G. 5 7 I 1:1.0 I 22.0 103

II S;\ IOO6S 1()()xGS GO 9.55 7.5

Ii 4.2 6.4

S() I ! 2.57 9.9 18.7 8.5I 10. U

115.51 12.2 23.1 10.4

IISA 10075 1()Ox75

I6 0 10.14 8.0 14.4 8.5g 0 I 13.3 (, 10.5 19.1 !1.2

10.0 16.50 13.0 I 23.6 13.812.0 19.56 15.4 27.9 16.3

IS/\. 12575 125x75 6.0 1 iGG1

9.2 ! 22.2 8.7,g.U 1 'i.3 8 I 121 2 9 .l~ j i.sI !

~o o I Y()2 i 4.9 s ~, 0 ; 4.21 , .i o .»J

IS i\ 12595 125x95 6G I 12.% I 10. !,

2 J. , j '1. 0

II

,IX " I !6.n 13.3 I 30. G ! :::.5.V

I I I10.G 21.02 I G 5 37 8 22 9

II I

IIl2.0 ! 24.98 I 19.6 4·U: 27.1

I SA 15075 150x75 8.0 17.'i2 13.7 £-11 .7 I' "I I

• ! . ~'\

I 100 I 21. 5 G

II G. 9 I 51. G i'1· 5

I120 , 25.62 20.! I G 1. 2 17 )

I i

]S.:.\ 150 I ! 5

I150x115 8.0 20.5 R 16.2 I 44.2 .27 2I I

10 0 25. S'2 20.0 I 5 -1. 9 'J." oI .•• t , (\

I 12.0 30.88 23.5

I65.3 -10.2

I 15 0 J 7. <, 2 29.5 80.4 49.2ISA 200100

I200\'100 I i0.0 I 2903 22.8 n.s 26.2

I I! 2.0 j 34.59 27.2 I 110.6 31.1II !

15.0 L12.7g 33.6 13 G. 5 38.3

Ii I IIS /, 200150 200xlSO I 10 0 J·1 (JO .! 6.7 S' ~~.] 52.7! J I

i2 0 I 40.:; (,

I,., ~ '1 1 17 . L~ G;). J ').'i t ' !1 Ii 15 0

I50 :2 5 39.4 l ( 5 . L~ gc;. o

I i

! 1 X 0 59.7C: t,l6.9 1 172.5 10. R

\. ./

Preet Ferozepuria

"Engineering Information60

ROLLED STEELDimensions

Thick Section at Weight Moduli ofSize n es s area per Section

Designation AxB metret a w Z''''Zl'Y

mm mm cm ' k!. crn+crn '

ISA 2020 20x20 3.0 1.12 0.9 0.34.0 1.45 1.1

I0.4

(SA 2525 25x25 v 3.0 1.41 i.t 0.44.0 1.84 1.4 0.65.0 2.25 1.8 0.7

ISA 3030 30x30 3.0 I.73 1.4 I 0.64.0 2.26 1.8

I 0.85.0 2.77 2.2 1.0

ISA 3535 35X35 3.0 2.03 1.6 0.94.0 2.66 2.1 1.2

140X40 c>

5.0 3.27 2.6 1.46.0 3.86 3.0 1.7

IS/\. 4040 3.0 2.34 1.8 1.2

I4.0 3.07 2.4 1.65.0 3.18 3.0 1.96.0 4.47 3.5 2.3

ISA 4545 45X45 , 3.0 2.64 ;2 I 1.5I 4.0 3.47 2.7 2.05.0 4.28 I 3.4 2.56.0 5.07 4.0 2.9

ISA 5050 50X50 v 3.0 2.95 2.3 1.94.0 3.88 3.0 2.55.0 4.79 3.8 3.16.0 5.68 4.5 3.6

ISA 5555 55X55 5.0 5.27 4.1 3.76.0 6.26 4.9 4.48.0 8.18 6.4 5.7

10.0 10.02 7.9 7.0ISA 6060 GOX60 5.0 5.75 4.5 4.4

6.0 6.84 5.4 5.28.0 8.96 7.0 6.8

I10.0 11.00 8.6 8.4

ISA 6565 65X65v 5.0 6.25 4.9 5.2I 6.0 7.44 58 6.2

8.0 9.76 7.7 8.110.0 12.00 9.4 9.9

Preet Ferozepuria

Engineering Infornzationr

61

EQUAL ANGLESand Properties

Thick Section Weight Mo d ul i orSize n e s s Cl I area per sceti on

Designation AxE metreI J\ W ZX=Zyy

mill mm cm' kg cm!

ISA 7070 70X70 5.0 60.77 5.3 6.18.0 806 6.3 7.38.0 10.58 8.3 9.0

10.0 13.02 10.2 11.5ISA 7575 t,.... 75X75 5.0 7.27 5.7 7.1

6.0 8.66 68 8.48.0 1138 8.9 11.0

10.0 1'1.02 11.0 13.5ISA 8080 80X80 6 0 9.29 7.3 9.6

8.0 12.21 9.6 12.610.0 15.05 11.8 15.512.0 17.81 14.0 18.3

1S;\ 9090 v 90X90 6.0 10.47 18.2 12.28.0 13.79 10.8 16.0

[ 0.0 17.03 13.4 19.812.0 20.19 15.8 23.3

ISA !00 100 l>"" 100XIOO 6.0 11.67 9.2 20.08.0 15.39 12.1 24.7

10.0 19.03 14.9 29.212.0 22.59 17.7 24.4

ISA 110110 IIOXIIO R.O 17.02 13.4 30.110.0 21.06 16.5 35.712.0 35.02 19.6 43.715.0 30.8 [ 24.2 34.5

IS;\ 130130 130XI30 8.0 2.22 15.9 42.710.0 25.06 19. 50.712.0 2982 23.4 62.315.0 36.81 28.9 56.9

ISA 150150v' 501X150 10.0 29.03 22.8 67.712.0 34.59 27.2 83.5115.0 52.78' 35.6 n.718.0 50.79 39.9 122.2

IS/\ 200200 200X200 12.0 4GG I 36.6 3.35115.0 57.80 45.4 224.418.0 68.81 54.0 17! .925.0 93.80 73.6 159

Preet Ferozepuria

Engineering Infoynzotion62

ROLLED STEELDimensions

I Weight S e ct io n Weigllt I Thick- Thick- I Thick-

I oi' I of oi' ofpcr area I ness i ncesDesigna- I metre Sc ct ic n I Flange Flange \"'cbt io n a h , b If I-i~i w kg. crn'l I mm !}1Ill mmrIS)2 I lOO 5.8 7.41 lOO 45 S. I .) .0ISJC 125 7 9 10.07 125 50 G.6 I 3.0ISlC ISO 9.9 J z.« 5 ISO 55 (j 9

I ;;I IS.lC 175 1 1 " l,j 2<- 175 60 6.9I

{ . L

ISJC 200 1 J. 9 17.77 200 70 7. ' < .1ISl\lC 75 5.7 7 26 75 40 rJ.Cl ! 3.7

i ISLC lOO 7.9 1002 IOU SO "6 ,1 I ii.OI

I

ISLC 12 S j o 7 j::: .67 125 '1 <. 6.6 I 4.4ISLC ISO 14.4 IfU6 150 ..,- 7.R

,4.8/ ) !

ISLe 175 17.G 22.40 175 75 9,) 5. I

ISLC LOG 20. G 26.22 200 75 10. R 5.5ISLC: 225 24.C 30.53 225. 90 j 02 5.8

I rsi.c 250 28.0 35.5 j 250 100 10.7 / Jti , !

ISLC lOO 33 ] 42 67 ::lOO lOO I l.G 6.7ISLC 350 38./l 49 14 350 IOC 12.5 7.74iSLC L}O 0 45.7 58.2 :3 400 100 14.0 3.0is rviC 75 6.8 8.()7 75 0 7.3 4.L}

ISMC

itCO 9 2 1 1.70 lOO SO 7.5 4.--:;

lSIvJC 125 12.7 j 6 19 125 65 1<.1 5. o

IISlvie i ISO 16 4 20.88 1 S Cl 75 9.0 5.4

i 'Si'vlC I 175 19. I 24.3 g i75 75 10.2 5.ii)i\lC I 200 22. J 18.21 200 5 j 1.4 6.1IS?IIC 225 25 ') 35.0 J 22S gn J 2.4 S.

,l U ~.

ISMC I 250 30.4g :1855.67 250 80 14.1 ~7 1

lSMC I .lOO :1 5 g 4S.6/~ 300 90 13.6 i .~ ri .U

TSMC i 'so 42.1 35.66 350 I lOO 13.5 8.1lSl\-i C I 'iOO 49.<: 62.91 400 lOO ] :1.3 2~. .:)I 1___ u_,_~--1~ _____ e L-- -_._,,-"-,

!

I

[' I~~============================================:=:==~~

Preet Ferozepuria

Engineering In/-ormationr

63

CnANNELSand PropertiesCentre of Moments of r Radii of I Muduli oCGravity Inertia I Gyration Section

Cyy Ixx ! rx x I r:yy Zxx Zyy,crrr' I crn ' crn 'ern I I cm ! cm I

i i I II , - j.1r '0 , Ll ~~ i•. 10 14.9 r .2

t .64 270.0 25. 7 5. j 1>, , .GO,t .66 471 i 37.9 G. 1 0 I ~J1

.1 _)

, 75 71 9 I) 50.5 7 , 1 1 88, I

1 .97 16 1.2 84.2 (;.0 s 2.1 8j .35 66. ] ] J .5 3.02 I .261 ,;;~ I64.7 24 S 4.06 1 .57, .\j L

2.C4 :i 5 6 « S7 2 ') .~ ! 2.05I

2.3 ~ 697 2 IOJ 2 G. 1 G 2,372.'10 j 8. 126.5 7 1 6 ~ 38'1 '1 J:; ~72).5 ~~6. 8. .[ 1 7 ~ ry-:...,J_1 ..~ .. J I

2.~6 25/.:-7.9 209.5 0 1 4 2.622.70 36 g7 .~I 29/1. 4 I0 J

'7 2.89i

:Z.55 G047.9 34G(J 1 1 9 " .'in. 0

2Al 93 12.6 394.6 1 ~ I" .82.' 1 L

2.36 13989 5 460cl 1 5.50 2 X 1.3 ] 7 (;. G 1 . , 2.96 1 .21.( L.o

1 .5 J 1 ()r:! 25,9 4.00 I .49{~v.

1 9' 41 6.4 59.9 5.07 I.92. 'I

2.22 779.4 I 02 3 G. 1 I '1 ~. 1L.L r

2.20 122L3 ' ~ 1 n 7.0R 2.23, L J.U

2. I7 1 g 19.3 1 40. s.o 3 " "'1,t.-.L..J

'2.30 2694.6 i 87.2 2. (J3 2.382.30 3g 16.8 2 1 9. I 9.94 2.381

2.36 6362.6 3 Io " 1 I .S ] 2.6 I.(\

2.44 I QQO s.o 4:> O. 6 I3 .G6 2, R32.42 1 53g2.~~ 504 g 1 S.4(! 2.83

24 843.262.882 3

116 j

17.G32.957 I

13 i. 3172.5226.5295.040 .25:; 2 !699 5

20.337.366.6

103.9! "1 f1 0l_J J. ()

181.9 26.3239.5 32.33US.3 3S(424.2 46.857 1.9 57.0754.1 6Ce;

7.69.9

11.916.7

1 ~{•... J

7.:>12.820.22'.81~\.5

10.9

60.24.77. :;

22.8

jPreet Ferozepuria


WEIGHT PER METRE IN KGd ,*,u11d Square llexa Octa- d- Round Square Ilexa octa-ntn genal genal mll genal gonal

5 0.154 0.196 0170 0.163 53 17319 12.051 19.098 18.2676 0.222 0.283 0.845 0234 54 17.978 22.891 19.824 189637 0302 0385 0336 0319 55 18650 23.746 20.565 19.6728 0395 0.502 0435 0.416 56 19315 24.618 21J19 203949 0.499 0.636 0551 0527 57 20031 25505 22088 2112910 0.617 0.785 0.680 0.650 58 20740 26.407 22.869 21.877II 0.746 0.950 0.823 0.787 59 21.462 27.326 23.665 22.63812 0.888 1130 0979 0.936 60 22.195 28.260 24.474 23.412D 1.042 lJ27 1140 1.09 61 22 941 29.210 25.296 24.19814 1208 1.539 1330 1.275 62 23700 30.! 75 26.133 24.99815 I J87 I 766 1530 1.463 63 24 470 3U57 26982 25.81116 1.578 2010 1.740 1.665 64 25.253 32.154 27846 26.637

, 17 In2 2.269 1965 1.879 65 26.05 HI7 28.72 27.4818 I 998 2.543 2203 2160 66 2686 34 20 29.61 283319 2226 2834 2.454 2348 67 2768 35.24 3052 29.1920 2.466 3.140 2.719 2.60 I 68 28.51 3630 31.44 300721 2.0719 3462 2.998 2868 67 2935 3737 32J7 30.96322 2.984 3.799 3.290 3.148 70 30.21 38.46 3DI 321.8723 3.261 4.153 3596 3.430 71 Jl08 39.57 34.27 32.78'24 3551 4.522 3916 3.746 72 3l.96 40.69 35.24 H7125 3853 4.906 4249 4.065 73 32.86 41.R3 36.23 246626 4163 5307 4.596 4396 74 33.76 4299 3723 356127 4.495 5.723 4.956 4741 75 3468 4416 385.23 36.5828 4.84 6.154 5330 5.299 76 35.61 45.34 39.27 37.5629 5.18 6602 5.717 5 469 77 36 56 4654 403 I 38.5630 5.49 7.065 6.118 5.853 78 37.51 47.76 41.38 39.5631 5.925 7.544 6.503 6250 79 3848 4899 42.43 40.5932 6313 8038 6961 6959 80 3949 50.24 43 51 41.6233 6.714 8.549 7403 7082 81 4045 5150 4460 42.6734 7.127 9.075 7.859 7.5 18 82 41.43 52.78 45.71 43.7335 7.553 9.661 8328 7966 83 <1247 54.08 4683 4UO36 7.990 10200 8.811 8428 84 4350 5539 47.5 7 45.7937 8.440 10.747 9307 8.903 85 44.5 5 56.72 49.12 46.9938 8.903 1!J65 9.817 9391 86 45.60 58.06 5028 48.1039 9378 11.940 10340 9891 87 46067 59.42 51.46 49.2240 9865 12.560 10.877 10.405 88 47.75 60.79 52.65 503641 10364 13.96 11.428 10932 89 4884 6218 53.85 5LSI42 10876 !3 847 11.992 11.472 90 4994 63.58 55.07 526843 11.400 14.515 12 570 12024 91 51 06 650 I 2630 53.R544 11.936 15198 13.162 12.590 92 52.18 6644 57.54 55.0445 12.485 16896 13707 13.196 93 53.32 67.90 58.80 562546 13046 16.611 14385 13.761 94 54 48 67.36 60.07 57.4647 1J.619 17341 15.017 14263 95 5564 70.85 6LJ6 58.6748 14.205 18086 15.663 14.986 96 56.82 7235 62.65 59.9349 14.803 18.848 16323 15.614 97 58.0 I 7H6 63.96 61.19SO 15414 19625 16.996 16.258 98 59.21 7539 65.29 62.4651 16036 20.418 17.682 16.915 99 60.43 76.94 66.63 63.7452 16.617 21.226 18383 17.585 100 61.65 78.50 67.98 6502

JPreet Ferozepuria

'X/EiGHTS AND NIEASURES

LFNC;TIl

IlvlPERIAI. ;\'IF,\~UR[S

12 Inches.) !'~'("{

).S }".uds

-t rod ..•

!7(lIJ ::ard,

naur.cal(I [cct

I 00 fathoms6080 fccr

ARB:.;,' 'q inrhe

,) ~q rcer

30,2) ~q. y.uds

40 sq y.HJ~

-'l.S'1tJ c;q yards

(140 acres

.:i.5:.5 grains;(, dl.l:m

16 ounces

2,~ pounds

100 '0111 :b

VOLU\'IE

: 72S cu inches.~7cu fcC{

\\;ip?ingI r~:gi,,{r~ron

CAPACITYS flurd drachms5 tlu.d ()Ul](':L'~

.+ ~i:;l qu.m~ p;nn I ~;dllJn

'j quarts

1 g:tLons

4 pecksg bushels

1 loot

I yardI rod, poleI chain

1 rurjnn~

1 mile

1 mik

I farhoin1 l~tblc !t:n.f.irl~

nau ricnl

I ~<J I~l(lt

1 sq vardJ sq rod, pole

I rood

1.1nL"

I sq milt

Louncc,...I ounce

1 pound

1 quarter1 short cwr

long cwt

1 ClI foor

I ell yard

IOU ell fect

J fluid ounce

Il:ill1 pintZ pinrsl pallonI gallouI peck1 bushed1 quarter

mi!c

;\IETRIC MEASURES

HI millimetre.1110 millinh'lrn

10 c-mimcrrc10(10 millirurtresI()() c c n r; ~1j c r r ('10 dvcimcncs

Ion metro1O1l0 IlKHl'$

:000 kilometres;1.tu[icd

AREA

lOll so min~Il1::{fn

I00 ~<:lkcimch:,';

lOO ~\I metres

1t):Ul':'

IU dckarc

WEI(;HT (mm)

1000 nanograms

1ono micrograms1000 n;.!:ligrJnts10 grJm~

10 debgrall1.~

~Ii{lU 5:J1m

100 kilo ~r.\oH

VOI.L'\iE

I decimetre

! decimetre1 nuuc

I mer-e

I hecomcuc

1 kilometre

I ~llccmimctrcslsc ccrimctrcI sq metre

12.c

I dckarrI hccrarc

I microgra:»

I millipram- 1 gram

I J('bp:rJI11

1 hcctogr.unI ~il()grJ:i1

I Ljllinul

i(~JI)~'J d':::ilk';:;..")

lflOf; -t r'ckamnrcs

IO'JO cc centimetres

CAPACITY10 millilirrcs1 (I ~(,I1t1::lr("3

10 decilitre:I litre

10 litres;OOlims

IOOlllit;c,10 hccto.itrcs

I k:ioliuc

1 drrilinrl liuc1 cu decimetre

I dck.rlitre1 hectoli:reI kilolitreI kilolitre

I r metre

, CS;\ Dr) Mca-ure Equivalents

F.~\i!lY ('I1.\Rl.\IISCELU:\F.lll " L"\llS &: R\TIOS

0.9h~<) UK pt

0.9089 UK hu

1 fluid ounce 1.()~U~ UK fl 0'

0,5506 litre

35.2JX litr, ..'~

(),2% litre

0.4132 litre

17KSJ litres

4,\

56 58112 116

IG

42H

I Rii

cl)·iG

fiG

. I pint (1) oz)

l~gallOll

I

(),X327 UK pt

O.8.1~7LK gill

l'\;n,R'\;,HIOl\.\i. CLOTH],\;(; j SHOE SIZE---

L'K/CSA (ill,) 36 r ,,8-._-----_ ..•----F:~~':.(sill'~ 48I~:t)pc J~·m~l..__~ 96\X"O\,[E:>SS CLOTI ILS

lIK (,i7c) 8 I iJ

,il

44

3912 5,j50

lOO IU4 I!lK

12

3H

46J(,

48 50

20

<..;crmany (jiZt') 34 3Cl- ._---_ ..

France (,ild .H ,\6

~(aly i'izcl 3H 40Usa (size) JI)

.IS

4212 \ 8

ME:\'S SII("ll'SILES..._-----_ ..-

l:k 71.; S--_.- ._-_._.CSA 7~2 S 81/,

I'Eur~ 40;} 41 42

WO\iEt\S SIIOE SIZES .! ~~;;---' --.;;- ..

..._--_ .. _-['SA it! Gl.;

SI i

38

ID

41

TF;\11'1'RATURF C00JVFRSION

FAHRE,\;[ IHT TO Cl.Xl"I(;RADE/CELCIUS

;1 "J )~ fj " ~ jj It:1 I~ Eo !12 'F

~~1~--,;r}-I+\~2~--2i~+'~~;-5-+!~~l--8or-l+lo-)~Dcarcc Cclcius {Ccn rigr.id c)

rnnvcncd tc[lcgrn:.~Fahrchcir

"f -9/) 'C;32

l.h.-hn.:c Fahrenheitconverted [Cl

Dc!;rce Crluus (CcntirrfJJd"(:::-)f9(-'F -,)2)

'e-10

Il

10

20:\Il

.0

50

-10o

III20

3040SIl

"I: "c:14 (,0

3:! 70

50 80Gx ')0H(, I Ill)

IIl4 1,0

122 200

-If

1/;0

1'i8

176194212

.,02

392

!NTLR:"-J:\TIONAI. PAPER SIZE

-2.l-IR

-12

"F(,0

70

RO

90lOO150

200

-I

III

A is series based 011 AD (841 x 11?)'J mm), ,,·hieh is the cquivalcur ofsquare metre in arc.r. and each smaller si'/l', A L A2, ctc, is equal ro h~ll( the area llthc pn.:r.:cding hrga sill'.

inches

2A

AOAl

.'\.2 1,112 x 1.46

millimetres

IIS9 x 1682 46,81 x 6(',22

841 x 1189 :n,1 [ x 46.81

'\9-i x 841 n,\9 x ,13.11

-120 x 594 16. '54 x 2.\39

A3A4A5AG

millimetres

297 x 420

210 x 297

148 x 210

105 x 148

inches milhnerres

11.69 x 16.';1 74 x 11))A7

8.27 x 11.6~ 5~ x 74

),83 x 8.27 :>7 x 62A9

4, LI x 5.83 AIO

291 x 4.1.\

2,05 x 2.')1

1.46 x 2.0\Preet Ferozepuria

'lVf·""I~l.<'·'[NT~nR'VlA~rr "'-,I,1 "1 'u.\"" 1.1 1''0 11 ,-,lUh

Standaud ? vlcrric Cnnversionsinch .X 25.4 millmctrc SizeIuot x .304~ metre ."'0

yard x .9144 metre Almile x 1.6093 kilometre A2acre x .4047 hectare A3

quart x .9463 litre 1\4gallon x .004 cubic metre A5OUIlC,;,' X 2~.3495 gram A6pouno x .4536 kilogram

A7degrees Fahrchcit x 5:9-32 degrees Celsius

milimetrc x .0394 inch.metre x J.2XOX foot

metre x 1.0936 yardKilometre x .6214 mile

hectare x 2.4 710 acrelitre x 1.0567 quart

cubic mete x 2X4.2 gallon

granl s .0353 ouncekilogram x 2.2046 pound

degrees Celsius x 9:5-32 degrees fahrcnhcit

Clnthillg Si:t.t·s

\((,11', ~uib. (}\l'/TtI:iI'i

American 36 3X 40 42 44 4(,

British 36 38 40 42 44 46European 46 4X 51 54 56 59

\\'oll1l'n's Suits and Dresses

AmericanBritish

European

la12-la

16IX-16

121442

14

16-14

X101X

Shirts

American 14British 14European 36

14~'; 15 IS',; 16 16Y., 1714,'~ 15 15 ~,j 16 16Y, 1737 3X 39 41 42 43

"en's Shoes

AmericanBritishEuropean

7l,tS 8 X~/2 91, I 0 ~t, 11\1,

7 7';, 0 9 10 1I401, 41 42 43 44\'2 -le;

\\'oml'n's Shoes

American 6 61, 7 7~/: R 8~/;British 4'/' 5 5'/, (i 6~'2 7

European 3 7~'2 38 39 39:·', 40 40Y,

\\'oJIIl'n's Shoes

American -I (i ~ 10 12 14British [Height (in)] 43 48 55 5~ 60 62

European [Ilcight (in)] 109 122 140 147 152

lntcrnariunal Paper Sizesmm

8-11 x 118<)

59-1 x S41

420 x 594297, -120

21 ().x 297148 x 210

105 x 14~

74 x 105

inches:>1.1 x 46.823.4 x 3.'.1

16.5" 23.-111.7 -,16.5~.3 x 11.75.8-,lU4.1 x 5.S

2.9 x 4.1

.'4

6

7

10

1112

Winlls Speeds7 mph

11 mph16 mph20 mph25 mph

30 mph35 mph

45 mph50 rnph

(,0 111ph

7D mphBO mph

light windlight breeze

gentle breeze

moderate breeze

fresh breeze

strong breezemoderate gale

fresh gale

strong. gale

whole galestormhurricane

Temperat 11 res

"e (IF

-5 22n 32

5 41

15 59

20 6830 8650 122

T~I'i:PressureIh/in2 kg/ern?

]0 1.41

22 1.5524 1.69

26 1.83

28 1.97

30 2.1132 2.25

34 2.39

Roman :\ umcrals

J XVI 16II 2 XVI1 17III 3 XVIII - IX

IV 4 XIX Il)V 5 XX 20

VI 6 XXX 30VII 7 XL 40

VIII 8 L 50

IX 9 LX 60

X 10 LXX 70

XI 11 LXXX .. 60

XII 12 XC 90

XIII 13 C lOOXIV 14 D 14

XV 15 I 1000

Preet Ferozepuria

Documents

Engineering Information