Statements with be; possessive adjectives.

Statements with be Contractions of be Possessive adjectives

I’m from Mexico. I’m= I am My

You´re from Brazil. You’re= You are Your

He’s from Japan. He’s= He is His

She’s a new club member. She’s= She is Her

It’s an exciting city. It’s= It is Its

We’re in the same class. We’re= We are Our

They’re my classmates. They’re= They are. Their

Greetings from around the world: A handshake (Estrechar la mano) the United States. A bow (reverencia) Japan. A Kiss on the cheek (un beso en la mejilla) France. A hug (un abrazo) Italy. A pat on the back (golpe en la espalda “amistoso”) Egipt.

Yes/No questions and short answers with be

Are you free? Yes, I am. No, I’m not. Is David from Mexico? Yes, he is. No, he’s not/ No, he isn’t.

Is Beth’s class in the morning? Yes, it is. No, it’s not/ No, it isn’t. Are you and Beth in the same class? Yes, we are. No, we’re not/ No, we aren’t.

Are your classes interesting? Yes, they are. No, they’re not/ No, they aren’t.

Hello Good-bye

Hey Bye

Good morning Good night

Hi Good-bye

How are you? Have a good day

How’s it going? See you later

Hello See you tomorrow

Wh-questions with be

What’s your name? My name’s Beth. Where’s your friend? He’s in class.

Who’s Sun Hee? She’s my classmate. What are your classmates like? They’re very nice. Where are you and Luisa from? We’re from New Zealand.

How are your classmates? They’re really interesting.

What’s up? Bye bye.

The six worst jobs in the United States.

Based on salary, stress, number of hours, working conditions, and security. Fisherman Taxi Driver Cowboy Construction worker Dancer Lumberjack

JOBS Office work Food service Travel industry Entertainment business Company director Server Flight attendant Dancer Receptionist Chef Pilot Musician Web-site designer Cashier Tour guide Singer

SPEAKING: work and workplaces.

A salesperson sells clothes in a department store. A chef cooks food in a restaurant. A flight attendant serves passengers for an airline. A carpenter builds houses for a construction company. A receptionist answers the phone in an office. A nurse cares for patients in a hospital.

Simple present Wh-questions and statements.

What do you do? I’m a student, and I have a part-time job.

I/You He/she Work works Take takes Study studies Teach teaches Do does Go goes Have has

Where do you work? I work at/in a restaurant.

Where do you go to school? I go to the University of Texas.

Where does Andrea work? She works at Thomas Cook Travel.

What does she do? She is a guide. She takes people on tours.

How does she like it? She loves it.

Time expressions

I get up At 7:00 In the morning On weekdays

I go to bed Around 10:00 In the evening On weeknights

I leave work Early In the afternoon On weekends

I get home Late At night On Friday

I stay up Until midnight On Saturdays

I wake up Before/after noon On Sundays

BAD WORSE THE WORST

THE MEANING OF COLORS IN THE UNITED STATES

Blue: Truthful White: Pure Gray: Boring Black: Sad Brown: Friendly Purple: Mysterious Pink: Loving Red: Exciting Orange: Fun Yellow: Happy Green: Jealous

Demonstratives; one, ones.

How much is

This necklace? This one?

That necklace? That one?

Which one? The blue one.

It’s $42

How much are

These earrings? These?

Those earrings? Those?

Which ones? The yellow ones.

They’re $18

Preferences; comparisons with adjectives

Which one do you prefer? I prefer the leather one.

That one is cheaper than the wool one.

Spelling Cheap: cheaper Nice: nicer Pretty: prettier Big: bigger Good: better Bad: worse

Which one do you like better/more? I like the leather one better/more.

This one is nicer than……

The leather jacket is prettier than…..

It looks bigger than….

It’s more stylish than…….

Expressing clock time

7:00 Seven

Seven o’ clock 7:00 A.M. = 7:00 in the morning

7:00 P.M.= 7:00 in the evening

Music sales in the United States

Classical Rock Jazz Country Gospel (música spiritual o evangelica) Pop Rap R&B

Entertainment

Movies TV programs Music

Horror films Classical Games shows

Science fiction (sci-fi) Jazz News

Thrillers Pop Soap operas

Westerns Salsa Talk shows

Would; verb + to + verb Would you like to go out on Friday? Would you like to go to a soccer match? Contraction

I’d= I would Yes, I would. Yes, I’d love to. Thanks. Yes, I’d really like to go.

I’d like to, but I have to work late. I’d like to, but I need to save money. I’d like to, but I want to visit my parents.

Present continuous Are you living at home now? Yes, I am. No, I’m not. Is your sister working for the government? Yes, she is. No, she’s not /No, she isn’t. Are Ed and Jill going to college this year? Yes, they are. No, they’re not/ No, they aren’t. Where are you working now? I’m not working. I need a job. What is your brother doing these days? He’s traveling in the Amazon. Who are your parents visiting this week? They’re visiting my grandmother.

Yes/No and Wh-questions with do

Do you like rap? Yes, I do. I like it a lot. No, I don´t like it very much.

What kind of music do you like? I like pop a lot.

Object pronouns Me You Him Her It Us Them

Does he play the piano? Yes, he does. No, he doesn´t.

What does he play? He plays the piano.

Do they like the Beatles? Yes, they do. They love them. No, they don’t like them very much.

Who do they like? They like Taylor Swift.

Quantifiers

100%

0%

All Nearly all families have only one child Most Many A lot of families are smaller these days Some Not many A few (suficiente) couples have more than one child Few (no suficiente) No one gets married before the age of 18

In China, 50% of women get married by the age of 22.

In China some women get married by the age of 22.

In Australia, 87% of married couples have children.

In Australia, most married couple have children.

In the United States, 0% of the people vote before the age of 18.

In the United States, no one votes before the age of 18.

Thirty-five percent of the people in Germany live alone.

Not many people in Germany live alone.

Seventy-eight percent of American high school students have jobs.

Many American high school students have jobs.

THE TOP FIVE SPORTS AND FITNESS ACTIVITIES In the United States

Sports Fitness activities Basketball Weight training Volleyball Treadmill (caminadora) Softball Stretching Football Walking Soccer Jogging

Do aerobics Go bicycling Play baseball

Do yoga Go swimming Play soccer

Do weight training Go in line skating Play tennis

Adverbs of frequency 100% Always

How often do you exercise? Do you ever watch TV in the evening? 0%

Almost always Usually Often Sometimes Hardly ever Almost never Never

I lift weights every day. I go jogging once a week. I play soccer twice a month. I swim about three times a year. I don’t exercise very often/much.

Yes, I often watch TV after dinner. I sometimes watch TV before bed. Sometimes I watch TV before bed. I hardly ever watch TV No, I never watch TV.

Do you ever play sports?

What do you usually do on Saturdays?

Do you often do aerobics at the gym?

Do you always exercise on Sundays?

Questions with how; short answer

How often do you work out? Every day. Twice a week. Not very often.

How well do you play tennis? Pretty well. About average. Not very well.

How long do you spend at the gym? Thirty minutes a day. Two hours a week. About an hour on weekends.

How good are you at sports? Pretty good. Ok. Not so good.

1. How good are you at volleyball?

I guess I’m pretty good. I often play on weekends.

2. How long do you spend online?

About an hour after dinner. I like to chat with my friends.

3. How often do you play cards?

Once or twice a month. It’s a good way to relax.

4. How well do you type?

Not very well, actually. I need to take a typing class.

In their free time: the top eight leisure-time activities in the United States.

Read watch TV spend time with family fish Do gardening play sports go to the movies spend time with friends

Simple past

Did you work on Saturday? Yes, I did. I worked all day. No, I didn’t. I didn’t work all day.

What did Rick do on Saturday? He stayed home and studied for a test.

Did you go anywhere last weekend? Yes, I did. I went to the movies. No, I didn’t. I didn’t go anywhere.

How did Meg spend her weekend? She went to a karaoke bar and sang with some friends.

Chores and activities

Do my homework the dishes the laundry

Go bowling dancing shopping

Have a party a lot of fun a good time

Make a phone call the bed some photocopies

Take a day off a vacation a trip

Past of be

Were you in Hawaii? Yes, I was. Contractions

Was the weather OK? No, it wasn’t. Wasn’t: was not. Weren’t: were not. Were you and your and your cousin on

vacation?

Yes, we were.

Were your parents there? No, they weren’t

How long were you away? I was away for a week.

How was your vacation? It was excellent.

What’s a….?

It’s a place where you………

Barber shop Laundromat Library Stationery store Travel agency Grocery store Theater

can get a haircut wash and dry clothes borrow books buy cards and paper make reservations for a trip buy food see a movie or play

There is, there are; one, any, some.

Is there a Laundromat near here? Yes, there is. There’s one across from the shopping center.

No, there isn’t, but there’s one next to the library.

Prepositions On Next to Near/close to Across from/opposite In front of In back on/behind On the corner of

Are there any grocery stores around here? Yes, there are. There are some nice stores on Pine Street. No, there aren’t, but there are some on Third Avenue.

No, there aren’t any around here.

Opposite and across from

The prepositions opposite and across from typically mean the same thing: on the other side of (something or someone). In the sentences below, for example, either one of these two prepositions can be used, without a change in meaning.

She sat across from / opposite me at the table. The restaurant is across from / opposite the high school. We live across from / opposite a park. However, there is a context in which the preposition opposite has a different meaning. In written or spoken language about plays or movies, opposite can mean “in a play or movie with (another actor)” as in this example: She appears opposite Clint Eastwood in her latest movie. Finally, be aware that unlike across from, opposite is not always a preposition. It often functions as an adjective or a noun, as in these examples: The two boys lived on opposite sides of the street. (Opposite is an adjective describing sides) My two sisters are complete opposites. (Opposites is a plural noun)

COMMON COMPLAINTS about neighbors

Noise My neighbor’s dog barks all night. My neighbor always has loud parties.

Privacy The kids next door always play in my yard. My neighbor visits every day. It’s too much.

Animal problems My neighbor’s cats go everywhere. My neighbor has six dogs. It’s a zoo!

Cleanliness My neighbor has garbage in his front yard. My neighbor never cuts the grass.

Quantifiers; how many and how much Count nouns Are there many restaurants?

Noncount nouns Is there much crime?

Yes, there are a lot. Yes, there are a few. No, there aren’t many. No, there aren’t any. No, there are none.

Yes, there’s a lot. Yes, there’s a little. No, there isn’t much. No, there isn’t any. No, there’s none.

How many restaurants are there? There are ten or twelve.

How much crime is there? There’s a lot of street crime.

Hair She has /he has long brown hair short blond hair straight black hair curly red hair bald a mustache and beard

Age Young middle aged elderly in his/her thirties/forties/fifties….. In his/her late forties……

Looks Handsome (boys) good-looking pretty beautiful (girls) gorgeous

Height Short fairly short medium height pretty tall very tall.

Skin Pale white/fair brown tanned

Describing people

General appearance Age Height Hair

What does she look like? She’s tall, with red hair. She’s gorgeous.

How old is she? She’s about 32. She’s in her thirties.

How tall is she? She’s 1 meter 89. She’s 6 feet 2.

How long is her hair? It’s medium length.

Does she wear glasses? Yes, and she has curly hair.

How old is he? He’s in his twenties.

How tall is he? He’s quite short.

What color is hir hair? It’s dark/light brown. He has brown hair.

Modifiers with participles and prepositions

Participles

Who’s Raul? He’s the man Wearing a green shirt.

Which one is Raul? He’s the one Talking to Liz.

Prepositions

Who’s Liz? She’s the woman With short black hair.

Which one is Julia? She’s the tall one In jeans.

Who are the Smiths? They’re the people Next to the window.

Which ones are the Smiths? They’re the ones On the couch.

Present perfect; already, yet. The present perfect is formed with the verb have + the past participle.

Have you been to a Jazz club? Has she ridden in a streetcar?

Has she called home lately? Have they eaten dinner yet?

Yes, I’ve been to several. Yes, she’s ridden in one. Yes, she’s called twice this week. Yes, they’ve already eaten.

No, I haven’t been to one. No, she hasn’t ridden in one. No, she hasn’t called in months. No, they haven’t eaten yet.

Present perfect vs simple past Use the present perfect for an indefinite time in the past.

Use the simple past for a specific event in the past.

Have you ever eaten Moroccan food? Yes, I have. I ate it once in Paris. No, I haven’t. I’ve never eaten it.

Have you ever had green curry? Yes, I have. I tried it several years ago. No, I haven’t. I’ve never had it.

For and since

How long did you live in Thailand? I lived there for two years. It was wonderful.

How long have you lived in Miami? I’ve lived there for six months. I love it here. I’ve lived here since last year. I’m really happy here.

Expressions with for Two weeks A few months Several years A long time

Expressions with since 6:45 Last weekend 1997 Elementary school

Activities

Climb A hill A mountain A wall

Drink Herbal tea Iced coffee Wine

Drive A sports car A truck A taxi

Lose Your cell phone Your keys A book

Miss A class An appointment A meeting.

Ride A bicycle A camel A horse

Adverbs before adjectives

San Juan is really nice. It’s a really nice city. Adverbs

It’s fairly big. It’s aa fairly big city. Extremely Very Really Pretty Fairly Somewhat

It´s not very expensive. It’s not very expensive place.

It’s too noisy and it’s too crowded for me.

Fairly: bastante

Conjunctions

It’s an exciting city, and the weather is nice. It’s a big city. It’s not too big, though.

It’s a big city, but it’s not too big. It’s a big city. It’s not too big, however.

Modal verbs can and should.

What can I do in Mexico City? What should I see there?

You can see the Palace of Fine Arts. You can’t visit some museum on Mondays.

You should visit the National Museum. You shouldn’t miss the Pyramid of the sun.

Infinitive complements

What should you do for a cough?

It’s important It’s sometimes helpful It’s a good idea

To get a lot of rest. To eat garlic soup. To take some vitamin C

CONTAINERS

A tube of toothpaste. A bottle of aspirin. A box of bandages. A can of shaving cream. A pack of tissues. A jar of face cream. A bag of cought drops. A stick of deodorant.

Modal verbs can, could, may for request; suggestions. Can/ May I help you? What do you suggest/have for dry skin?

Can I have a box of cough drops? Could I have something for a cough?

May I have a bottle of aspirin?

Try some of this lotion. I suggest some ointment. You should get some skin cream.

So, too, neither, either.

I like Japanese food a lot. So do I/ I do, too

Really? I don’t like it very much

I don’t like greasy food. Neither do I/ I don’t either. Oh, I like it a lot.

I’m crazy about dessert. So am I/I am, too.

Oh, I’m not.

I’m not in the mood of Indian food. Neither am I/ I’m not either. Really? I am.

I can eat really spicy food. So can I/ I can, too.

Really? I can´t.

I can’t stand fast food. Neither can I/ I can either. Oh, I love it!

Modal verbs would and will for requests

What would you like? I’d like the lamb kebabs. I’ll have a small salad.

What kind of dressing would you like? I’d like blue cheese, please. I‘ll have vinaigrette.

What would you like to drink? I’d like an iced tea. I’ll have coffee.

Would you like anything else? Yes, please. I’d like some water. No, thank you. That’ll be all.

Comparisons with adjectives

Which country is larger, Canada or China? Canada is larger than China.

Adjective Comparative superlative

Which city has the largest population: Tokyo, Mexico city or Sao Paulo? Tokyo has the largest population of the three.

Long longer the longest Dry drier the driest Big bigger the biggest Famous more famous the most famous. Beautiful more beautiful the most beautiful Good better the best Bad worse the worst

What is the most beautiful mountain in the world? I think Mount Fuji is the most beautiful.

Questions with how How far is New Zealand from Australia? It’s about 2,000 kilometers. (1,200 miles)

How big is Singapore? It’s 648 square kilometers. (250 square meters)

How high is Mount Cook? It’s 3,740 meter high. (12,250 feet)

How deep is the Grand Canyon? It’s about 1,900 meters deep. (6,250 feet)

How long is the Mississippi River? It’s about 5,970 kilometers long. (3,710 miles)

How hot is Auckland in the summer? It gets up to about 23° Celsius. (74° Fahrenheit)

How cold is in the winter? It goes down to about 10° Celsius. (50° Fahrenheit)

Will | Going to | Present Continuous | Present Simple | Summary | Quiz Present Continuous for Plan We often use the present continuous tense to talk about the future. Of course, we normally use the present continuous to talk about action happening in the present, but if we add a future word, we can use it to talk about the future. (By "future word" we mean words or expressions like tomorrow, next week, in June. The future word may be clearly expressed or understood from the context.) Sometimes there is no real difference between an intention (going to) and a plan (present continuous). In this case, it doesn't matter which we use. We're going to paint the bedroom tomorrow. We're painting the bedroom tomorrow. We use the present continuous only when a plan exists before we speak. Look at these examples: Mary is taking her music exam next year. They can't play tennis with you tomorrow. They're working. We're going to the theatre on Friday. BE GOING TO and present continuous for future plans Be going to refers to future intentions that have been decided but have not been fully planned: We're going to get married. (referring to a past decision) The present continuous tense refers to fixed future events and emphasizes that plans or arrangements have already been made: We are getting married next month. (the wedding has already been arranged)

1. The present continuous for future plans:

The present continuous is used when we say what we have planned and arranged to do at a

specific time in the future. These are fixed plans with definite time and/or place.

Examples:

I'm doing my homework this evening.

I'm starting university in September. Sally is meeting John at seven o'clock this evening in a restaurant downtown.

2. To be + going to + verb:

A. We use 'going to' to express the future when we intend to do something or have decided

to do something but did not arrange it. It is just an intention.

Example:

A: The windows are dirty. B: Yes I know. I'm going to clean them later. = I've decided to clean them ,but I haven't arranged to clean them.

B. We also use 'going to' to make predictions.

Watch out! you are going to break the glass. It's so cloudy! I think it's going to rain.

Future with present continuous and be going to. With present continuous With be going to + verb Time expressions

What are you doing tonight? I’m going to a soccer match. Are you doing anything tomorrow? No, I’m not.

What is she going to do tomorrow? She’s going to work until five. Are they going to go bowling? Yes, they are.

Tonight Tomorrow On Friday This weekend Next week

Leisure activities

Spectator sports Live performances Friendly gatherings

Baseball game Comedy act Barbecue Dance performance Beach party Play Birthday party Recital Picnic

Basketball game

Golf tournament

Tennis match

Messages with tell and ask

Statement The meeting is on Friday

“Se usa con un sustantivo”

Messages with a statement Please tell Ann (that) the meeting is on Friday. Could you tell her (that) the meeting is on Friday? Would you tell her (that) the meeting is on Friday?

Request Call me this afternoon

“Se usa un verbo en infinitivo”

Messages with a request. Please ask him to call me this afternoon. Could you ask him to call me this afternoon? Would you ask him to call me this afternoon?

Things that bring about change in our lives.

Change schools Turn 18 Study abroad Get a driver’s license Graduate from school Get a part-time job Fall in love Move to a new city Get married Have children

Describing changes

Present tense Present perfect

I’m not in school anymore. I wear contact lenses now.

I’ve lost weight. I’ve changed jobs.

Past tense Comparative

I got engaged. I moved to a new place.

My hair is shorter now. My job is less stressful.

Verb + infinitive

What are you going to do after graduation?

I’m (not) going to get a job right away. I (don’t) plan to get my own department. I (don’t) want to live with my parents.

I hope to get a new car. I’d like to travel around the world. I’d love to move to a new city.

Changes Money Skills Appearance

Get a bank loan Improve my English Dye my hair

Get a credit card Learn a new sport Gain weight

Open a savings account Learn how to dance Grown a beard

Win the lottery Start a new hobby Wear contact lenses

Borrow money Learn a new language Lose weight

Ambos tiempos describen acciones que tuvieron lugar en el pasado, si bien presentan ciertas diferencias: a) Past Simple - Acción que se desarrolló y finalizó en el pasado, sin que se de ninguna información sobre cual ha sido su repercusión en el tiempo presente. When I was young I played tennis (no nos da ninguna información sobre si en la actualidad sigo jugando al tenis o no)

- Acción que se desarrolló y completó en un periodo de tiempo ya finalizado. This morning I had a very tense meeting with my boss (ya es por la tarde, la mañana ha finalizado) b) Present Perfect - Acción que se inició en el pasado y que aún continúa desarrollándose. I have worked in this bank for ten years (todavía continúo en el banco) - Acción que acaba de finalizar. I have missed my train (lo acabo de perder) - Acción que se ha desarrollado en un periodo de tiempo que aún no ha terminado. This morning I have had a very tense meeting with my boss (aún es por la mañana) Today I have visited my parents (el día todavía no ha finalizado) - Acción desarrollada en el pasado pero cuya repercusión aún se manifiesta en el tiempo presente. My brother has broken his glasses (las gafas se han roto recientemente y siguen rotas) Comparar con la siguiente oración: My brother broke his glasses (no sabemos si las gafas ya están arregladas o no) Para terminar, señalar que en ocasiones las diferencias entre estos dos tiempos no son muy nítidas, y de hecho en algunos casos cabría utilizar cualquiera de ellos.