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ENVIRONMENTAL & SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
FOR THE REHABILITATION OF GUBADIDA
IRRIGATION SCHEME, KINNA WARD, ISIOLO COUNTY.
ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT
PROJECT REPORT
NOVEMBER 2020
NOVEMBER 2020
NOVEMBER 2020
PROPONENT: DROUGHT RESILIENCE AND SUSTAINABLE
LIVELIHOODS PROGRAMME -DRSLP/COUNTY GOVERNMENT
OF ISIOLO
i
SUBMISSION OF DOCUMENTATION
We, Bonface Manyara (NEMA Lead Expert No 2534) and the Drought Resilience and
Sustainable Livelihoods Programme Isiolo Field Office, do submit the following
Environmental & Social Impact Assessment Report of the proposed Rehabilitation of
Gubadida Irrigation Scheme in Kinna Ward, Isiolo County. To the best of our knowledge,
we declare and submit that all information contained in this report is an accurate and a
truthful representation of the EA of the facilities.
Name of Expert: Mr. Bonface Manyara
NEMA No.: 2534
Signature ………………………………………………………………
Date November/……. / 2020
THE PROPONENT
Name…………………………………………
Signature……………………………………Date……………………………………….
For & on behalf of;
Drought Resilience and Sustainable Livelihoods Programme
Isiolo County Field Office.
P. O. Box 44482-00100 Nairobi-Kenya
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to register our sincere appreciation to all those who made the entire
Environmental & Social Impact Assessment study a success. We thank the management of
Drought Resilience and Sustainable Livelihoods Programme with specific mention of the
staff at Isiolo county field office, the management committee of Gubadida Irrigation
Scheme and farmers and residents of Gubadida. We thank them for generously responding
to our queries and guiding the Environmental & Social Impact Assessors through the
facility. We also extend our gratitude to the communities living within the scheme. We
appreciate the chief and the assistance chief and community members of Gubadida who
responded to our questions during the study by volunteering information concerning the
scheme in the public consultation and disclosure segment. Asanteni Sana.
iii
ABBREVIATIONS
ASL Above Sea Level
DRSLP Drought Resilience and Sustainable Livelihoods Programme
EMCA Environmental Management Coordination Act
EMP Environmental Management Plan
ERS Economic Recovery Strategy
ESIA Environmental & Social Impact Assessment
GIS Geospatial information system
GIS Gubadida Irrigation Scheme
Ha Hectares
ICG Isiolo County Government
IMCI Integrated Management of Childhood Illnesses
IMT Irrigation Management Transfer
JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency
KARI Kenya Agricultural Research Institute
KEPHIS Kenya Plant Health Inspectorate Services
KeRRA Kenya Rural Roads Authority
KURA Kenya Urban Roads Authority
NCST National Council for Science and Technology
NEAP National Environmental Action Plan
NEMA National Environmental Management Authority
PAP People Affected by Project
PSI Population Services International
SRA Systems Research Applications
ToR Terms of Reference
iv
UNDP United Nations Development Programme
UON University of Nairobi
WRA Water Resources Authority
WRUA Water Users Association
v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ii
ABBREVIATIONS iii
LIST OF FIGURES viii
LIST OF TABLES ix
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY x
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background ................................................................................................................................1
1.2 Justification for the Environmental & Social Impact Assessment .......................................4
1.3 Environmental & Social Impact Assessment requirement ....................................................4
1.4 Background of the Irrigation Scheme .....................................................................................5
1.5 The Environmental & Social Impact Assessment Scope .......................................................5
1.6 Objective of the Environmental & Social Impact Assessment ..............................................6
1.7 Environmental & Social Impact Assessment Criteria ...........................................................6
1.8 Responsibilities and undertakings ...........................................................................................6
1.9 Structure of the Environmental & Social Impact Assessment Report .................................6
CHAPTER 2: SITE LOCATION AND SETTING 7 2.1 Location of the Irrigation Scheme ...........................................................................................7
2.2 Biophysical environment of the scheme ..................................................................................8
2.2.1 Climate, Vegetation Cover and Soil Cover 8
2.2.2 Existing water supplies and demand 10
2.2.3 Geology 10
2.2.4 Flora and Fauna 10
2.2.5 Surrounding Land Use 11
2.2.6 Hydrogeology 11
2.2.7 Demography 11 CHAPTER 3: ENVIRONMENTAL & SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT APPROACH AND
METHODOLOGY 12 3.1 Overview ..................................................................................................................................12
3.2 Environmental & Social Impact Assessment Methodology ................................................12
3.2.1 Literature review 13
3.2.2 Field visits 13
vi
3.2.3 Consultation 13
3.2.4 Interview Schedule administration 14
CHAPTER 4: POLICIES, LEGISLATIONS AND REGULATIONS 15 4.1 General .....................................................................................................................................15
4.2 National policies guiding irrigation projects.........................................................................15
4.3 Legislations and regulations ...................................................................................................16
CHAPTER 5: DESCRIPTION OF SITE ACTIVITIES 20 5.1 General .....................................................................................................................................20
5.2 Site Description ........................................................................................................................20
5.2.1 Site Description of Gubadida Irrigation Scheme 20
CHAPTER 6: PUBLIC CONSULTATION 25 6.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................25
6.2 Methodology ............................................................................................................................25
6.2.1 Direct Interviews 25
6.2.2 Focus Group Discussion 25 6.3 Stakeholders comments ..........................................................................................................27
CHAPTER 7: ENVIRONMENTAL & SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT FINDINGS AND
RECOMMENDATIONS 28 7.1 Identification and Analysis of Impacts ..................................................................................28
7.2 Positive Impacts .......................................................................................................................37
7.3 Negative Impacts .....................................................................................................................38
CHAPTER 8: PROJECT MITIGATION MEASURES FOR POSSIBLE NEGATIVE IMPACTS
43 8.1 Possible Negative Impacts and their Mitigation Measures..................................................43
CHAPTER 9: ENVIRONMENTAL & SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 45 9.1 Significance of ESMP ..............................................................................................................45
9.2 Objectives .................................................................................................................................45
9.3 African Development Bank environmental and social safeguards .....................................45
9.4 Responsibilities ........................................................................................................................46
9.5 Environmental monitoring and & Social Impact Assessments ...........................................46
9.5.1 Monitoring and training 47
vii
9.5.2 Monitoring Data 47
9.5.3 Compliance conditions of EIA Licence 47
9.5.4 Compliance with construction EMP 47
CHAPTER 10: PUBLIC ENTITIES INCHARGE OF ESA ENFORCEMENT 51 10.1 Relevant Environmental Institutions ..........................................................................51
10.1.1 National Environment Management Authority 51
10.1.2 Decentralized /County Environmental Committees 51
10.1.3 National Environmental Complaints Committee (NECC) 51
10.1.4 National Environmental Tribunal (NET) 52
10.1.5 Environment and Land Court 52 10.2 Institutional Responsibilities with Respect to Social Issues .......................................52
10.2.1 Commission on Administrative Justice (CAJ) – Office of the Ombudsman 52
10.2.2 National Gender Equality Commission 53
10.2.3 Kenya National Commission on Human Rights 54
10.2.4 State Department for Social Protection 54
10.2.5 National Council for Persons with Disabilities (NCPWD) 54
CHAPTER 11: GRIEVANCE Conflict Handling Mechanism 56 11.1 Objective of the Grievance Conflict Handling Mechanism .......................................56
11.2 Description of GM in line with the Project SEP .........................................................56
11.3 Monitoring and Reporting back to stakeholder groups ............................................58
11.4 Establishment of Grievance Conflict Handling Committees (GCHC) .....................58
11.4.1 Community Level GRC: Level 1 58
11.4.2 Integrated GRC at Ward Level: Level 2 59
11.4.3 Integrated GRC at Sub County Level: Level 3 59
11.4.4 County Level GRC: Level 4 59
11.4.5 National GRC: Level 5 59 11.5 GCHM Activities at NPCU, CPCU, and Ward GCHM Committee Levels .............59
11.6 Available mechanisms for aggrieved parties to access redress .................................60
11.6.1 National Environmental Complaints Committee 60
11.6.2 Environment and Land Court 60 11.7 Monitoring and Evaluation ..........................................................................................61
11.8 GCHM Budget ...............................................................................................................62
CHAPTER 10: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 64 10.1 Conclusion ..............................................................................................................................64
viii
10.2 Recommendations .................................................................................................................65
Annexes 66 Annex 1: The Tools .......................................................................................................................66
Annex 2: Gubadida Scheme Google Earth Excerpt ...................................................................70
Annex 4: Focus Group Discussion ...............................................................................................72
Annex 5: Minutes of CPP Meeting ..............................................................................................74
Annex 6: List of Participants ........................................................................................................76
Annex 7: Nema License.................................................................................................................77
Annex 8: Stakeholder Engagement Plan .....................................................................................80
Annex 9: Land Resolution Form ..................................................................................................82
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1: Trends in agricultural and economic growth (1960-2008) .......................1
Figure 2. 1: The scheme location in Google Map ........................................................7
Figure 2. 2:Isiolo County Map showing where the irrigation scheme is based .........8
Figure 2. 3: Tomatoes farm on the left, avocados & sugarcane farm on the right ....9
Figure 2. 4: Mango trees & bananas farm on the left ...............................................10
Figure 5. 1: Gubadida Scheme Layout .......................................................................21
Figure 5. 2: Intake of irrigation & domestic water at Gubadida ..............................22
Figure 5. 3: Gubadida residents’ sources of domestic water ...................................23
Figure 5. 4: Main scheme canal 24
Figure 6. 1: Focus Group Discussion ..........................................................................26
Figure 6. 2: A Discussion with Gubadida irrigation scheme officials ........................27
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 4. 1: Mango trees & bananas farm on the left ................................................15
Table 4. 2: Relevant Legal Framework ......................................................................16 Table 5. 1: Scheme objectives and challenges ..........................................................20
Table 7. 1: Impacts Significance Table .......................................................................36
Table 7. 2: Summary of the Possible Positive Impacts .............................................38
Table 7. 3: Summary of the Possible Negative Impacts ............................................41 Table 7. 1: Impacts Significance Table .......................................................................36
Table 7. 2: Summary of the Possible Positive Impacts .............................................38
Table 7. 3: Summary of the Possible Negative Impacts ............................................41 Table 9. 1: Environmental and Social Management Plan .........................................48
x
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
In Kenya agricultural production is considered constrained by dependence on ‘unstable’ rain-fed
agriculture, and strengthening the irrigation sector is now key in national policy. Kenya has 10
million hectares of arable land, with a maximum of 1.3 million hectares reported irrigable.
165,833 hectares of land was under irrigation in 2011. Kenya’s Vision 2030 goal is to increase this
area to 1.2 million hectares by the year 2030 - an increase of over 600%. In an effort to realize this,
ICG and the DRSLP is committed to conducting business in an environmentally responsible manner
by ensuring that the proposed rehabilitation of Gubadida irrigation scheme undergo the
Environmental & Social Impact Assessment process in keeping with the requirements of EMCA
1999 & 2015. In compliance with national and international legislations and protocols, DRSLP has
carried out this Environmental & Social Impact Assessment on rehabilitation of Gubadida Scheme
and its related infrastructure. The environmental & Social Impact Assessment is meant to address
any anticipated environmental & social impacts and environment-related conflicts that may be
associated with rehabilitation and operation of the irrigation scheme.
Environmental & Social Impact Assessment carried out in the irrigation scheme reveal the
components to be undertaken and several measures to ensure conformity to set standards
and `regulations and measures to ensure conformity. As relates to environmental
governance, the proposed (ESMP) environmental and Social Impacts Management Plan, in
addition to the set targets within its performance contract, will now guide the proposed
rehabilitation of the irrigation scheme.
For the Bio physical components, the management of the irrigation scheme and DRSLP has
to put measures to protect the water intake, Canals and related infrastructure; like practicing
afforestation and also work on documentation of protected site, flora and fauna. For the
socio-economic components, the scheme has to ensure that labor required within the
scheme is sourced from the locals thereby offering employment opportunities; the
management committee for the scheme and DRSLP should work to ensure that farmers’
use certified inputs and are offered with requisite training on climate smart agriculture and
technologies and innovations of modern crop farming. In terms of infrastructure, the
scheme management and DRSLP should work to address a number of areas including
transport infrastructure within the farms and along and across the water canals and channels,
Water supply infrastructure, liquid and solid waste infrastructure and operations and
maintenance infrastructure.
The water, soil, air and noise assessment should be done reveal a number of things to be
done. Concentrations of chloride and fluoride at main inlets and drainage outlets should not
exceed NEMA standards for irrigation water. Soils should be tested before and periodically
to avoid acidifying them with some pesticide residues and fertilizers. The Scheme should
work out to apply proposed mitigation measures of the speculated and anticipated negative
impacts identified in this study.
xi
This Environmental & Social Impact Assessment concludes that the project is very
important to the beneficiaries of the irrigation scheme, residents of Kinna ward, Garbatulla
Sub- County and the entire County and should be granted an EIA license to proceed
provided certain areas identified in the ESMP which forms the benchmark of this report are
addressed. During the operation phase of the project, an annual environmental audit will be
required to facilitate documentation on compliance to the conditions of licensing.
1
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Agriculture, the mainstay of Kenya’s economy, currently contributes 26 per cent of the GDP
directly and another 25 per cent indirectly. The sector also accounts for 65 per cent of Kenya’s
total exports and provides more than 18 per cent of formal employment. More than 70 per cent of
informal employment is in the rural areas.
In Kenya, growth of the national economy is highly correlated to growth and development in
agriculture (Figure 1.1). In the first two decades after independence, the agricultural sector, and in
turn the national economy, recorded the most impressive growth in sub-Saharan Africa at average
rates of 6 per cent per annum for agriculture and 7 per cent for the national economy. During this
period, small-scale agriculture grew rapidly through expansion, better use of technology,
agricultural extension and research supported by the Government of Kenya and other development
partners.
Figure 1.1: Trends in agricultural and economic growth (1960-2008)
The Economic Recovery Strategy for Wealth and Employment Creation (ERS), developed in
2003, emphasized economic growth and creation of wealth and employment as means of
eradicating poverty and achieving food security. The strategy identified agriculture as the leading
productive sector for economic recovery. In addition, the strategy recognized that revival of
2
agricultural institutions and investment in agricultural research and extension were critical and
essential for sustainable economic growth. Thus, the ERS was the launching pad for revitalizing
the agricultural sector.
The Government developed and launched the SRA in March 2004 as a response to the ERS. The
strategy set out the vision of the Government as: to transform Kenya’s agriculture into a profitable,
commercially-oriented and internationally and regionally competitive economic activity that
provides high-quality, gainful employment to Kenyans. This was to be achieved within the
framework of improved agricultural productivity and farm incomes, while conserving the land
resource base and the environment. The Government’s vision pointed to a paradigm shift from
subsistence agriculture to agriculture as a business that is profitable and commercially oriented.
The SRA also gave policy direction and actions that needed to be taken in each agricultural
subsector to achieve the vision.
The ERS was a 5-year plan that was to expire in the financial year 2007/08. In early 2007 the
Government started developing a new strategy to take over from the ERS. In June 2008, Kenya
Vision 2030 was launched as the new long-term development blueprint for the country. The vision
of this strategy is: A globally competitive and prosperous country with a high quality of life by
2030. It aims to transform Kenya into ‘a newly industrializing, middle- income country providing
a high quality of life to all its citizens in a clean and secure environment’.
Vision 2030 has identified agriculture as one of the key sectors to deliver the 10 per cent annual
economic growth rate envisaged under the economic pillar. To achieve this growth, transforming
smallholder agriculture from subsistence to an innovative, commercially oriented and modern
agricultural sector is critical.
However, since 1980’s Kenya has experienced periodic drought and famine whose frequency of
occurrence has been increasing over the years. From a cycle of about 10 years, recent drought and
famine has been occurring at cycle of 5 years or less. Since Kenya’s economy is highly dependent
on the performance of the agricultural sector, these droughts have induced poor economic growth
within the country in the years they occur. Secondly, in between the drought and famine, the
country has experienced good rains and flooding of rivers and low-lying agricultural lands and
settlements. This cyclic scenario has increasingly impoverished the people of Kenya since they
cannot produce both during years of drought and years of flooding.
Irrigation provides an attractive option for stabilizing agricultural production and by extension,
Kenya’s economic growth. By optimally utilizing national irrigation potential, there is a high
possibility that the country can attain food self-sufficiency and security, income generation for
communities in the rural areas will improve and employ and wealth creation opportunities will be
expanded to the majority of Kenyans.
Water resources are unevenly distributed in space and time in Kenya: about 56 per cent of all the
country’s water resources are in the Lake Victoria basin. Even in the basins, with the exception of
3
the highlands, water availability is scarce. Consequently, the country’s irrigation-based farming is
still limited. Kenya’s irrigation potential is estimated at 540,000 ha of which only about 105,000
ha is exploited.
Irrigation agriculture in Kenya is carried out mainly in irrigation schemes and in large- scale
irrigation of crops such as rice and coffee. Individual farmers have developed their own systems
of irrigation especially for export crops such as coffee and horticulture.
Large commercial farms account for 40 per cent of irrigated land, smallholder farmers 42 per cent,
and Government-managed schemes 18 per cent.
The Government has identified over-reliance on rain-fed agriculture as one of the contributors to
frequent food shortages and insecurity in the country. Therefore, in order to overcome food
shortage and achieve food security, the Government intends to increase funding of irrigation
related development activities so as to carry out the following:
▪ Rehabilitate and extend existing large- and small-scale irrigation schemes,
▪ Develop new irrigation scheme through optimum utilization of available resources,
▪ Develop water storage facilities so as to harness excess rain water thereby reducing
negative impact related to floods.
This commitment was accentuated in the country’s annual development target of 5,000ha of
irrigation and 4,000ha of drainage area of the identified potential of 1,000,000ha during the plan
period. The Kenya Vision 2030 strategy targets an annual development rate of 32,000ha up to the
year 2030. To achieve this development target; the Government has taken steps to address the main
constraints, which have been identified as:
▪ Lack of comprehensive National Irrigation Policy and Master Plan,
▪ Inadequate coordination within the irrigation sub-sector,
▪ Inadequate funding for irrigation and related infrastructure development,
▪ Application of inappropriate technologies in irrigation practices, and
▪ Enhancement of stakeholder and private sector participation, among others.\
Based on the above, DRSLP and Isiolo County government has partnered to rehabilitate to modern
standards the Gubadida Irrigation scheme in Kinna Ward, Garbatulla Sub- County, Isiolo County.
To achieve this enormous mandate on irrigated agriculture, the government of Kenya (GOK) has
to continuously monitor and Environmental & Social Impacts of the facilities in line with the
Environmental Management and Coordination Act (EMCA) 2015 and the EIA/EA regulations of
2003 and 2019.
4
Activities and operations of irrigation schemes have the potential of causing negative
environmental impacts such as air quality degradation, noise pollution, occupational safety and
health risks, inefficient irrigation water use, river pollution and poor solid waste management
among others. In an attempt to address these negative environmental impacts and other
environment-related conflicts, DRSLP has undertaken to carry out this Environmental & Social
Impact Assessment to ensure that the proposed rehabilitation at the existing Gubadida irrigation
scheme is in conformity to the existing environmental rules and regulations and international best
practice.
1.2 Justification for the Environmental & Social Impact Assessment
Worldwide, the need to pursue Sustainable Development guided by environmental, social, cultural
and ethical considerations is fast becoming a norm. The goal of Sustainable Development cannot
be achieved without significant changes in the way development initiatives are planned,
implemented and managed. In order therefore to achieve these changes, humanity has to consider
as a matter of priority environmental conservation, protection and security as essential elements of
this entire process of Sustainable Development. Kenya has made significant steps in the
implementation of environment-friendly legislations. Environmental (Impact Assessment and &
Social Impact Assessment) Regulations 2003 require that all projects listed in the Second Schedule
of the Environmental Management and Co-ordination Act 2015 be subjected to Environmental &
Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) and reports submitted to the National Environment Management
Authority (NEMA).
DRSLP is committed to conducting business in an environmentally responsible manner by
ensuring that all of their proposed projects undergo the Environmental & Social Impact
Assessment process in keeping with the requirements of EMCA 2015. In compliance with national
and international legislations and protocols, DRSLP has therefore commissioned out this
Environmental & Social Impact Assessment on the proposed rehabilitation of current irrigation
scheme in Gubadida and its related infrastructure. The Environmental & Social Impact Assessment
is meant to address any possible negative impacts and environment-related conflicts that may be
associated with the proposed construction and operation of this facility.
1.3 Environmental & Social Impact Assessment requirement
Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) is a systematic analysis of projects, policies,
plans or programmes to determine their potential environmental impacts, the significance of such
impacts and to propose measures to mitigate the negative ones. In response to the legal
requirements that demand that an Environmental & Social Impact Assessment be done on projects
that are likely to have negative impacts on the environment, DRSLP contracted a NEMA registered
and licensed environmental expert to conduct this Environmental & Social Impact Assessment for
the proposed rehabilitation of Gubadida Irrigation scheme. The ESIA was carried out to determine
and document the anticipated negative environmental and social impacts and propose a workable
5
mitigation plans/ measures for the negative impacts through production of this ESIA report that
has an ESMP to guide the mitigations.
1.4 Background of the Irrigation Scheme
Gubadida Irrigation scheme was started in 1971 by elders led by Mr. Mila Galgalo who is now
deceased. It is situated in Gubadida sub-location, Kinna South location Garbatulla sub-county, in
Isiolo County. The scheme is about 404 km North East of Nairobi.
The irrigation scheme is served by Galamila River which is permanent and has its source from
Mila springs. The source is 200meters outside Meru National Park. The river then passes through
the park and exits the park along the Kinna Malka Bisan road. After just exiting the park, the river
pass underneath road culverts and Irrigation water is abstracted from the rivers with fixed intake
weirs and flow is by gravity, conveyed and distributed in the scheme via partly lined and unlined
open channels. There is a link canal joining that is divided into two channels one that proceeds to
Racko village whose canal has 3 tributaries and Gubadida canal which has 5 channels that channel
the water to the various farms in the sub location.
Major crops grown are onions and tomatoes. Other crops grown include bananas, watermelon,
capsicum, maize, beans, French beans and butternuts.
1.5 The Environmental & Social Impact Assessment Scope
The scope of the assessment study covered the physical extent of the project’s site and its
immediate environs, intake construction works of the proposed irrigation scheme, construction of
the canal’s channels and all other auxiliary works. The output of the study was the production of
an Environmental Impact Assessment project report for submission to NEMA for the purposes of
seeking approval and subsequent acquisition of an EIA license. This ESIA report is aimed at
performing the following tasks:
1. Description of the proposed scheme rehabilitation activities,
2. Compliance of the project’s activities to Government environmental policies, controls,
quality standards and environmental offences as contained in the Environment
Management and Coordination Act, of 2015,
3. Evaluation of project alternatives,
4. Identification of potential environmental impacts and risks in the project area,
5. PROPOSING WAYS IN WHICH POTENTIAL ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS, IF
ANY, WILL BE AVOIDED, MINIMIZED, MITIGATED OR COMPENSATED.
6
6. Preparation of an Environmental & Social Management and Monitoring Plan taking into
consideration the reviewed environmental policy framework and guidelines and the
capacity of the project beneficiaries and partners to implement it.
1.6 Objective of the Environmental & Social Impact Assessment
The Environmental & Social Impact Assessment was undertaken with the following objectives:
▪ To determine whether the irrigation scheme operations and practices were in compliance
with regulatory requirements, policies and procedures.
▪ To evaluate the effectiveness of the environmental management plan of the scheme.
▪ To assess irrigation scheme compliance to environmental health and safety standards and
opportunities for improvement.
▪ To gauge the level of awareness and commitment to environmental policy by the DRSLP
staff, the community and other concerned parties and how these can be raised.
▪ To develop an integrated environmental management and monitoring plan for the scheme.
1.7 Environmental & Social Impact Assessment Criteria
The Environmental & Social Impact Assessment was done in keeping with the legal requirements
governing the construction and operations of any new programmes, plans and projects. It is done
with the overriding objective of ensuring that the proposed operations of DRSLP at the facility are
in harmony with environmental rules, regulations and standards.
1.8 Responsibilities and undertakings
The Consultant carried out the Environmental & Social Impact Assessment exercise based on the
terms and conditions agreed with the client. In order to achieve these, the proponent provided
contact persons to provide information required by the Consultant, as well as other material in their
custody that were deemed necessary for the effective carrying out of this environmental & Social
Impact Assessment.
1.9 Structure of the Environmental & Social Impact Assessment Report
This document presents the methodology, environmental & Social Impact Assessment results,
analysis, and recommendations, and Environmental & Social Management Plan for the proposed
Gubadida Irrigation Scheme. The methodology gives a description of the research approach and
sampling technique applied during the Environmental & Social Impact Assessment.
7
CHAPTER 2: SITE LOCATION AND SETTING
2.1 Location of the Irrigation Scheme
Gubadida irrigation scheme is situated in Gubadida sub location, Kinna south location, Kinna
Ward, Garbatulla sub-county, in Isiolo County. The scheme is about 404 km North East of Nairobi.
Figure 2. 1: The scheme location in Google Map
8
Figure 2. 2:Isiolo County Map showing where the irrigation scheme is based
2.2 Biophysical environment of the scheme
The project site is located in Gubadida sub location, Kinna south Location, Kinna Ward, Garbatulla Sub
County, Isiolo County. The site is situated at an approximately on the coordinates 37N 0410158 UTM
0033028.
2.2.1 Climate, Vegetation Cover and Soil Cover
The county is hot and dry in most months in the year with two rainy seasons. The short rain season
occurs between October and December with the peak in November while the long rain occurs
between March and May with the peak in April. The topography of the landscape influences the
amount of rainfall received. The higher ground areas near Mount Kenya and Nyambene Hills
(Bulla Pesa, Burat and Kinna wards) receive between 500-670 mm of rainfall per year. The drier
eastern and northern part of the county receives less than 300mm (County Government of Isiolo,
2018).
High temperatures are recorded in the county throughout the year, with variations in some places
due to differences in altitude. The mean annual temperature in the county is 290C.
9
The county records more than nine hours of sunshine per day and has a huge potential for
harvesting and utilization of solar energy.
Monsoon winds blow across the county throughout the year and attain their peak during the months
of July to August, sweeping away all the moisture. The strong winds provide a huge potential for
wind generated energy (County Government of Isiolo, 2018).
Three main soil types are red sandy soils, grey sandy soils and alluvium. The red sandy soils are
developed over most of the rocks of the Basement System. The grey sandy soils are derived from
the Upper Pliocene sediments and are rather similar to black cotton soils with admixture of sandy
material. The alluvium is best developed along Ewaso Ngiro (Matheson, 1971).
Figure 2. 3: Tomatoes farm on the left, avocados & sugarcane farm on the right
10
Figure 2. 4: Mango trees & bananas farm on the left; arrow roots along a water canal on the right
2.2.2 Existing water supplies and demand
The area is supplied by the same Galamila River that supplies the farms/ irrigation scheme the
project area therefore requires a complete rehab of the current water supply to ensure the residents
get hygienic and reliable water fit for human consumption to meet the daily demand of water for
agricultural, livestock and domestic use. There is no bulk water supply in vicinity of the area to
meet this demand.
2.2.3 Geology
The project area has sedimentary rocks of the Precambrian age which includes; gneiss, schist and quartzite
which form a basement system that lie beneath a veneer of deposits of younger ages.
2.2.4 Flora and Fauna
The project area is not densely populated and there are some several areas covered by savannah
grassland, thick shrubs and big trees. There are few small wild animals in the area
11
2.2.5 Surrounding Land Use
The area is occupied by small scale mixed farmers who practice both crop and livestock and residential
plots. The crops mainly grown in the area are tomatoes, onions, maize and beans. They also have cows,
goats and sheep.
2.2.6 Hydrogeology
The hydrogeology of an area is determined by the nature of the parent rock, structural features,
weathering processes and precipitation patterns. Within volcanic rocks, groundwater primarily occurs
within fissure zones, fractures, sedimentary beds, lithological contacts and Old Land Surfaces (OLS). Lava
flows rarely possess significant pore space; instead, their porosity is largely determined by secondary
features, such as cracks. However, pyroclastic deposits and especially sediments do have a primary
porosity: the cavities between the mineral grains or clasts are usually open and interconnected.
Consequently, they can contain and transmit water.
2.2.7 Demography
Population of entire Kinna ward is put at 14, 618 persons based on the last Census carried out in
the Country.
12
CHAPTER 3: ENVIRONMENTAL & SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT APPROACH
AND METHODOLOGY
3.1 Overview
The ESIA process involved a detailed study of the current and present or anticipated environmental
impacts associated with the rehabilitation and operations until decommissioning of the irrigation
scheme and developed mitigation measures for the identified impacts. The study also identified
methods of optimizing positive impacts and minimizing negative impacts resulting from the
operations of the project. In executing the environmental & Social Impact Assessment, a number
of key elements were looked at. These included the following among others:
▪ Requirements (Licenses and permits)
▪ Wastewater management infrastructure
▪ Solid waste management infrastructure
▪ Irrigation and domestic water infrastructure
▪ Air quality
▪ Facility operations
▪ Reduction of pollution at source
The environmental & Social Impact Assessment evaluated all relevant processes associated with
the project’s operation. This was aided by the terms of reference (TOR), which steered and guided
the Environmental & Social Impact Assessment process, ensuring that all environmental concerns
were adequately addressed.
3.2 Environmental & Social Impact Assessment Methodology
This ESIA was undertaken using two main approaches, which included: (i) desk study and (ii)
field and site visits.
The purpose of conducting the Environmental & Social Impact Assessment was to ensure that the
project is environmentally and socially sound and fits well with the community/ beneficiaries
needs and aspirations. The study therefore described and quantified the impacts of existing
facilities on the biophysical environment, and neighboring populations. The assessors have
proposed mitigation and compensatory measures for any negative impacts identified and have
developed an environmental management and monitoring plan. In order to achieve the objectives
of the environmental & Social Impact Assessment, the following strategies were adopted:
▪ Qualitative assessments of the state of the environment in the project area
▪ Prediction and evaluation of positive and negative environmental impacts
▪ Identification of the mitigation measures for the adverse environmental impacts, and
▪ Formulation of an Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP)
13
The ESIA activities consisted of desk studies, fieldwork, participatory interviews, focus group
discussions, and questionnaires among others, leading to the preparation of this report.
Specifically, the following activities were undertaken during the study.
3.2.1 Literature review
A desk study to review the available reports, development plans and maps in order to compile
relevant biophysical and socio-economic information about the study area was conducted. This
information was obtained from the client and project documents in the custody of the proponent
and his consultants. Special emphasis was placed on the following:
▪ Climate, hydrology and soils
▪ Irrigation and domestic water quality
▪ Wastewater quality
▪ National environmental laws and regulations
▪ Wastewater management infrastructure
▪ Anticipated Pollution levels
▪ Human population and settlements
▪ Socio-economic infrastructure
▪ Human wildlife conflicts
3.2.2 Field visits
Field visits were conducted in the irrigation scheme from 1st /09/2020 to 6th /09/2020 and CPP
interviews were done on 9th and 10th /09/2020 in order to collect and evaluate site specific
information on the biophysical and socio-economic environment. It also provided opportunity to
cross check the secondary data that were compiled during desktop studies. Environmental data
were recorded and potential impacts identified.
3.2.3 Consultation
Consultations with scheme management committee members and farmers were conducted on 1st,
2nd and 6th September 2020, with the following aims:
▪ To seek views, concerns and opinions of people in the scheme areas concerning the
activities of the irrigation project.
▪ To establish if there were any negative impacts associated with the current and planned
operations of the irrigation project.
▪ To establish how the local people would like the negative impacts associated with the
projects operations to be addressed.
14
3.2.4 Interview Schedule administration
Interview Schedules were prepared and administered to the various stakeholders identified at the
initial stages of the Environmental & Social Impact Assessment. The ESIA team then organized
visits to meet the representatives of all the stakeholders identified, whom they met, spent
considerable time with, and held discussions with on their opinions about the operations of the
project. COVID-19 preventive measures were strictly adhered to during these consultations.
15
CHAPTER 4: POLICIES, LEGISLATIONS AND REGULATIONS
4.1 General
According to the Kenya National Environment Action Plan (NEAP, 1994) the government
recognized the negative impacts on ecosystems emanating from industrial, economic and social
development programmes that disregarded environmental sustainability. Following this, the
establishment of appropriate policies and legal guidelines as well as harmonization of the existing
ones have been accomplished and/or are in the process of development. The NEAP process
introduced environmental assessments in the country with the key stakeholders being
industrialists, business community and local authorities. This culminated into the development of
the Policy on Environment and Development under the Sessional Paper No. 6 of 1999.
4.2 National policies guiding irrigation projects
The following national policies are of relevance to the operations of DRSLP’s existing irrigation
schemes:
Table 4. 1: Mango trees & bananas farm on the left; arrow roots along a water canal on the right
National
Policy
Requirements Compliance status
The Kenyan
Constitution
• Every Kenyan has a right to a clean environment and this right includes protection from nuisances that may arise as a result of unsustainable utilization of environmental elements.
• Ensuring sustainable exploitation, utilization, management and conservation of the environment and natural resources,
• Encouraging public participation in the management of, protection and conservation of the environment and establishing systems of environmental impact assessment, environmental & Social Impact Assessment and monitoring among others.
The Irrigation management
committee, DRSLP & ICG has
complied with the provisions of
the constitution by ensuring that all
activities are done in compliance
with existing laws and regulations.
Environment
and
development
policy
(Sessional
Paper No.6 of
1999)
To harmonize environmental and
development goals so as to ensure
sustainability.
The Irrigation management
committee, DRSLP & ICG to
apply proposed mitigation
measures to ensure balanced
coexistence of the irrigation farms
and the neighboring land uses.
16
National
Policy
Requirements Compliance status
The National
Environmental
Action Plan
(NEAP).
Integrate environmental considerations
into the country’s economic and social
development through a multi-sectoral
approach to develop a comprehensive
framework to ensure that environmental
management and conservation of
natural resources are an integral part of
societal decision making.
The Irrigation management
committee, DRSLP & ICG to
ensure that the scheme which is
located along the Tana River basin,
with a lot of competing interest in
water needs and its operations
maintains environmental integrity
for the benefit of downstream
users.
National
Policy on
Water
Resources
Management
and
Development
1999
Development of appropriate sanitation
systems to protect people’s health and
water resources from all forms of
pollution.
The Irrigation management
committee, DRSLP & ICG to
coordinate the management of
wastes arising from their activities
in environmentally sound manner
and ensures that acts of pollution
that may go against provisions of
this policy are avoided.
Management of wastewater and
solid waste is undertaken in the
scheme.
4.3 Legislations and regulations
There are a number of legislations and regulatory provisions that have direct bearing on the
optimum operation of the irrigation schemes and they are reviewed in the table below:
Table 4. 2: Relevant Legal Framework
Law/ Regulation Requirements Compliance Status
The Water Act, of 2016,
Cap 372 Laws of
Kenya/Water Resource
management rules 2007
• Prohibits the pollution of water.
• A water permit must be obtained before using any water resource.
• WRA to impose management controls on land use falling on riparian land.
• Complains can be channelled through
• DRSLP has complied with this Act and the 2007 rules through observation of requirements and stipulations of various sections of the Act applicable to the operations of the scheme.
• DRSLP to continuously monitor the efficacy of the irrigation system and also consider the livelihood of the downstream users through river flows monitoring.
17
Law/ Regulation Requirements Compliance Status
Agriculture Act Cap
318
• Promote and maintain stable agriculture to provide for the conservation of soil and its fertility t
• To stimulate the development of agricultural land in accordance with the accepted practices of good land management and good crop husbandry.
• Trainings on crop husbandry and capacity building of the farmers in place
• DRSLP/ICG should continuously monitor and guide the operations of the farmers.
Environment
Management and
Coordination Act, 2015
Requires that all proposed new
projects, plans and policies to be
subjected to environmental &
Social Impact Assessment.
DRSLP has complied by
ensuring that those carrying out
the Environmental & Social
Impact Assessments are certified
by the regulatory authority
(NEMA). This is done through
stringent prequalification and
contract requirements.
Environmental (Impact
Assessment and &
Social Impact
Assessment) regulations
2019.
• Stipulate how an Environmental & Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) report should be prepared and specify all the requirements that must be complied with.
• The stages to be followed, information to be made available, role of every stakeholder and rules to be observed during the whole EA report making process
• DRSLP has complied with provisions of this regulation on environmental & Social Impact Assessment and requirements that a qualified and authorized environmental & Social Impact Assessment conduct an environmental & Social Impact Assessment.
• DRSLP also insists on contents of the Environmental & Social Impact Assessment report and ensures that consultants comply with this regulation while writing Environmental & Social Impact Assessment reports
Environmental
Management and Co-
Ordination (Water
Quality) Regulations,
2006
• Prevention of water pollution.
• Compliance with the standards for effluent discharge
• Monitoring discharge of waste water into the environment
• Drought Resilience and Sustainable Livelihoods Programme to observe the requirements of this regulation especially with regard to standards for sources of domestic waste and also irrigation water in the irrigation scheme.
18
Law/ Regulation Requirements Compliance Status
• DRSLP to ensure that water for domestic use complies with the standards through periodic water quality monitoring.
• The irrigation management committee, DRSLP & ICG to monitor waste water quality being discharged back to the river to avoid river pollution.
Environmental
Management and Co-
ordination (Waste
Management)
Regulations 2006
• Minimising waste generation
• Collecting and segregating waste
• Proper disposal of the different types of waste.
• The irrigation management
committee, DRSLP & ICG
to ensure strict observation
of these regulations by all the
actors in dealing with all the
wastes produced in the entire
project cycle.
• DRSLP through the regional
NEMA offices to undertake
water quality monitoring in
the irrigation scheme to
ensure that contaminants
from pesticides and chemical
fertilizers do not exceed the
minimum levels.
Noise and Excessive
Vibration Pollution
(Control) Regulations.
The Factories and
Other Places of Work
(Noise Prevention and
Control)
• Should not cause to be made any loud, unreasonable, unnecessary or unusual noise which annoys, disturbs, injures or endangers the comfort, repose, health or safety of others and the environment.
• Permitted noise levels that a worker should be subjected to at the workplace.
• Noise prevention program where noise levels exceed 85 dB (A).
• The irrigation management committee, DRSLP & ICG to comply with these regulations by ensuring that noise levels do not exceed those stipulated in the Regulations.
• All construction works to be carried out during day time only
• The scheme management to regulate operation of machines in the farms.
The Occupational
Safety and Health Act,
2007, Cap 514 laws of
Kenya
• Ensure the safety, health and welfare at work of all persons working in his workplace.
• Informing all persons employed of: any risks from new technologies; and imminent danger; and ensuring that
• The irrigation scheme to put up safety and health sub-committee that meet regularly to discuss safety and health matters and also to carry out safety patrols.
19
Law/ Regulation Requirements Compliance Status
every person employed participates in the application and review of safety and health measures.
• Safe use of plant, machinery and equipment and states that all plant, machinery and equipment shall only be used for work, which they are designed for and be operated by a competent person.
• Safe means of access and safe place of employment.
• Necessary precautions including warning signs, to be taken to prevent injury to employees and other persons
• The scheme’s management to commit to continuously improve the safety and health standards in all workplaces making safety concern everyone’s responsibility.
• Safety and health facilities to be provided in the irrigation scheme.
The Public Health Act,
Cap 242 Laws of Kenya
This Act has provisions for
maintaining and securing
health. It defines what
environmental nuisance is.
The scheme’s management to
comply with this Act by
implementing the various
provisions on Prevention and
Suppression of infectious
diseases by ensuring that the
premises are cleaned regularly
and disinfected.
The Pest Control
Products Act Cap 346
• Regulates the importation, exportation, manufacture, distribution and use of products used for the control of pests and of the organic functions of plants and animals and for connected purposes.
• It also regulates against use of pest control products without due analysis from a certified analyst specialist and inspection from an appointed inspector in addition to granting due guidance on the licensing of use and storage of the said products.
The Scheme ensures use of
certified seed/fertilizer and
chemicals facilitated or guided
by MOA Isiolo County.
20
CHAPTER 5: DESCRIPTION OF SITE ACTIVITIES
5.1 General
The current undertakings, objectives / justifications of the proposed rehabilitation and
current challenges of the scheme are summarized in table 5-1 below:
Table 5. 1: Scheme objectives and challenges
Rehabilitation Objectives Current Challenges
Rehabilitation
of Gubadida
Irrigation
Scheme
• Intake
• Main
canal
• Tertiary
canals
▪ Water management
▪ Operation and maintenance of
infrastructure in the scheme
▪ Facilitate the formation and
strengthening of the farmers Water
Users Association for the purpose of
involving farmers in the scheme
management.
▪ Undertake empowerment of farmers
through training and capacity
building to ensure that they take up
more roles in the management of the
scheme. This is done through
Participatory Irrigation Management
(PIM)
▪ Water
shortages/inadequacy
▪ Pollution of water from
source, within Meru
national Park & along the
scheme
▪ Shortages of
funds/capital
▪ Inadequate farm inputs
▪ Inadequate knowledge on
modern farming methods
e.g. CSA (climate smart
Agriculture)
▪ Inadequate knowledge on
innovations & technology
▪ Poor state of
infrastructure
▪ Pest and diseases
▪ Poor market for farm
produce
▪ Conflicts between
farmers and wildlife from
Meru national park
5.2 Site Description
5.2.1 Site Description of Gubadida Irrigation Scheme
Gubadida irrigation scheme is a gravity irrigation scheme. The major structures are river
intake, connector canal from Galamila River, farm major and minor canals, farmers’
farms/fields. The schematic layout of the scheme is illustrated by the figure 5.1 below.
21
Figure 5. 1: Gubadida Scheme Layout
a) Source of Irrigation Water
The main source of irrigation water is river Galamila, the river exits the Meru National Park
fence through Bisan-Ardhi road through the culverts which discharges water from River
Galamila to an old and dilapidated intake that was done by Kick Bee. Collector canal
channels the water from the intake to a junction where it’s divided into two canals; one to
channel the water to Racko which further divides into 3 channels to farms on those side, and
the other to Gubadida which divides further into 5 channels that feed the Gubadida farmers.
22
Figure 5. 2: Intake of irrigation & domestic water at Gubadida (Source: Bonemace
Consultants)
b) Source of drinking water and its safety.
Source of water for domestic use is the scheme intake point and along the canals. Domestic
water is currently either drawn from the intake directly or along the irrigation canals that
lead to the farms. It is unfit for human consumption and lacks; a treatment, storage facilities,
pump or pump house and a distribution pipe network.
23
Figure 5. 3: Gubadida residents’ sources of domestic water, either at intake or along the
canals
c) Irrigation Scheme distribution canals
24
The scheme distribution canals are open lined / unlined canals consisting of main and feeder
canals.
Figure 5. 4: Main scheme canal
d) Scheme access road and crossing structures
The scheme roads are not constructed to and Crossing structures have not been provided for
easy movement of the community and their livestock.
e) Scheme operational Offices and other infrastructure
The irrigation scheme has no operation offices, they usually meet under a big tree, no toilets,
they mostly do open defecation no health center or dispensary within the whole sub location.
The farms and homestead are not connected to electricity and most lack toilets.
25
CHAPTER 6: PUBLIC CONSULTATION
6.1 Introduction
The EMCA 1999/2015 calls for effective stakeholder participation and public consultation
in the ESIA process, this case an ESIA. Public consultations and participation ensure that
the views of the affected and interested parties are incorporated as the project progresses to
minimize potential adverse effects to the environment. Public consultation is also very
beneficial in incorporating the views of the public to adopt the best workable models and
systems since the local people know best what suits them. There were extensive
consultations with various stakeholders that are directly and indirectly affected by the project
involving discussions with the committees, key informants, neighboring local community.
Views of affected stakeholders helped to identify and to evaluate the social and
environmental issues of concerns captured under this Environmental & Social Impact
Assessment
6.2 Methodology
For the Environmental & Social Impact Assessment to capture the views and comments of
the public on the irrigation scheme, this study used key informant interviews and Focus
group discussions. The participants in each case were purposively selected. The tools used
are presented in Annex 1.
6.2.1 Direct Interviews
Interviews were conducted with key informants within the scheme. DRSLP water/irrigation
engineers, irrigation scheme committee and provincial administrative office. Participants list
and minutes are provided under Annex 2.
6.2.2 Focus Group Discussion
Focus Group Discussions were held with farmers and their representatives. Water Users
association leaders were key in this segment (see figure 8.1). Participant’s list is provided
under Annex 5.
26
Figure 6. 1: Focus Group Discussion
27
Figure 6. 2: A Discussion with Gubadida irrigation scheme officials
6.3 Stakeholders comments
Stakeholders’ comments were recorded and analyzed according to the different themes
under the Environmental & Social Impact Assessment. These form the key part of the &
Social Impact Assessment as required for any Environmental & Social Impact Assessment
undertaken
28
CHAPTER 7: ENVIRONMENTAL & SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT FINDINGS
AND RECOMMENDATIONS
7.1 Identification and Analysis of Impacts
A standard checklist was used to guide the ESIA team in the identification of beneficial and
adverse impacts generated from the proposed project. The checklists were complemented by a
Leopold’s interaction matrix, which is appended in Annex. This matrix was generated through
subjecting the various project activities to a checklist that listed the various operations and their
possible effects on the three environmental components: physical environment, biological
environment and the socio-economic environment. These 3 components are broken into specific
components that can be adversely and beneficially affected by various project activities. The
identified impacts were then subjected to a criterion that was used to determine their
characteristics and significance. The parameters used in this particular study include:
• Direction: will the impact generate a beneficial or adverse change?
• Extent: will the impact affect a small, medium or large area?
• Duration: the period over which an impact will be felt. Is it short-term or long-term?
• Reversibility: the permanence of the impact. Is the impact reversible particularly for negative
ones?
• Imminence: the possibility of the impact occurring as predicted.
Impact analysis and evaluation results for and improvement and operational phases of the
proposed Project are presented in the table below. The legend for the table is also shown here
below:
LEGEND
-Adverse impact, + Beneficial impact, L=Low, M=Moderate, H=High, ST=Short term, LT=Long
term, D=Direct, IND=in direct, S=Short, L=Large
Legend:
- Negative impact + Positive impact LT-Long term
ST-Short term D-Direct IND-Indirect
L-low H-High M-Medium/moderate
36
Table 7. 1: Impacts Significance Table P
RO
JE
CT
PH
AS
E
PR
OJE
CT
AC
TIV
ITY
IMP
AC
T
DIR
EC
TIO
N
MA
GN
ITU
DE
DIR
EC
T/I
ND
I
RE
CT
RE
VE
RS
IBIL
I
TY
EX
TE
NT
DU
RA
TIO
N
IMM
INE
NC
E
SIG
NIF
ICA
NC
E
Planning and Design
Phase
Environmental
Impact Assessment
-Integration of environmental considerations in project implementation and
management
+ H D H L LT H H
-Incorporation of community and workers views in project formulation and
implementation
+ H D H L LT H H
Excavation Phase Development of the
water project and
associated
infrastructure
-Employment creation + L D H L ST H L
-Boost to the local economy at Gubadida sub location + L D H L ST H L
-Debris deposition - L D H S ST H L
-Accidents and other occupational health hazards - L D H S ST H L
-Air pollution from fuel emissions during drilling activities - L D H S ST H L
Operation Phase Operational water
project
-Improved access to water for domestic use
+ H D H S LT H H
Availability of a secure and reliable water source
+ H D H S LT H H
Increased water availability and access due to the envisaged greater water troughs
and kiosks
+ H D H S LT H H
Reduced time spent in accessing water will save time that will be used in other
productive activities
+ H D H S LT H H
- Reduced school absenteeism by pupils who become duty bound in collection of
water from other far sources when the existing system fails
+ L D H S ST H L
-Possible overexploitation/ depletion of the water source due to catchment
mismanagement
- H IND H L LT L H
-Possibilities of contaminated water entering the water project - H D H S LT L H
- Possible adverse health effects due to low quality water - L D H S LT L L
37
7.2 Positive Impacts
The positive impacts associated with the proposed rehabilitation of Gubadida irrigation
scheme are as follows:
• Improved agricultural productivity through usage of flood water for crop
production as form livelihood diversification
• Increased household income;
• Increased food and nutrition security;
• The program will contribute to increase in local development and employment as
the local populations are likely to be employed during the construction phase and
after construction due to water related investments;
• Increase in land value within the project area, due to availability of irrigation
water.
• The availability of water and easy access will trigger other developments and
businesses.
• Further increase in agro-tourism in the area.
• Increase in land value within the project area, due to availability of water.
• Provision of a sustainable water resource will generate business and employment
opportunities, and provide a stimulus for women to become more active in
employment generation activities.
• Increased indigenous and fruit tree growing; The availability of water will
contribute to the establishment of indigenous and fruit (mango, citrus) tree nurseries
through engagement with the local sub project implementation committee (PIC)
and concerned stakeholders. This would supply the local community with the
required seedlings for growing fruit trees and increasing the indigenous tree cover.
• Change in groundwater hydrology (Ground water recharge). The prolonged storage
of water in irrigated farms could contribute to groundwater recharge through
gradual infiltration. This could have the benefit of increasing ground water
availability.
• Community project governance. The proposed project will involve the community
(PIC) and the local stakeholders throughout the project cycle equipping them with
management skills in spate irrigation projects. The project will present the local
stakeholders with a learning opportunity on community flood-based irrigation
governance practices, such as: efficient water management, transparency,
management of grievances, accountability and record keeping among others.
38
Table 7. 2: Summary of the Possible Positive Impacts
Project
Phase
Project
Component
Project Activities Positive impact
Design and
planning
Development
of intake and
canals
Consultations with
the project
proponent,
beneficiaries and
other stakeholders
-Participation of community in project
-Inclusion of community concerns in the
design phase
Environmental &
social Impact
Assessment
-Incorporation of environmental and
socio-economic considerations in the
project
Excavation Development
of
infrastructure
Constructing works
Water supply for
domestic use
-Employment creation by providing both
skilled and unskilled labour employment
opportunities during construction
-Boost to the local economy at Racko
Village & entire Gubadida sub location -Improved access to water for agriculture,
livestock & domestic use
-Availability of a secure and reliable
water source
-Increased water production &
management will support a higher
population
-Proper monitoring due to the installation
of management structures will improve
the sustainability of the water project.
-Reduced time spent in accessing water
will save time that will be used in other
productive activities;
-Reduced school absenteeism by pupils
who become duty bound in collection of
water from other far sources.
7.3 Negative Impacts
a) Noise pollution
Excavations of canals, intakes form the dry river bed and other works such as access route
will likely be noisy operation due to the moving machines (mixers, communicating
workers) and incoming vehicles to deliver construction materials and workers to the site.
The site workers are likely to be affected since noise beyond some level is itself a nuisance
39
and need to be avoided. Normally such noise created shall be a nuisance to the neighboring
premises and business, nevertheless, noise emissions should be minimized as much as
possible from the source point while workers should be provided with appropriate personal
protective wear.
b) Excavation works leading to enhanced soil disturbance
Excavation will take place during establishment of canals, intakes and levelling of the
proposed site for flood-based farming in a bid to make formidable ground for water
infiltration. However, excavated soils have to be reused or disposed of in an
environmentally sound manner.
c) Impact on Flora and Fauna
The temporary loss of vegetation along the access route to the site and associated works
will lead to clearance of some indigenous vegetation. The proposed site is however
predominantly occupied by invasive Prosopis juliflora, notable wildlife species that
depend on the undisturbed riverine ecosystem should also be conserved through minimal
habitat disturbance
d) Breeding grounds for disease vectors
The canals and diversions created may become breeding grounds for disease vectors-
especially mosquitoes (which are vectors for malaria) and snails (which are vectors for
Schistosomiasis) can take advantage of this slow flowing water.
e) Dust emissions
Particular matter pollution is likely to occur during land preparation and the site clearance,
excavation and loading of the top soil, loading and transportation of construction waste,
there is a possibility of suspected and settle-able particles affecting the site workers and
even neighbor’s health. During excavation and transportation of material, there is bound to
be emission of dust from the excavation sites and also from the vehicles traversing the
access routes.
f) Generation of Exhaust Emissions
Exhaust emissions are likely to be generated by construction equipment during the
construction phase. Tractors used in land preparation and assorted construction equipment
would cause a potentially significant air quality impact by emitting pollutants through
exhaust emissions
40
g) Increased Runoff from New Impervious areas
Excavation works could result in additional runoff through creation of impervious areas
and compaction of soils. Impervious areas and compacted soils generally have higher
runoff coefficients than natural area, and increased flood peaks are common occurrence in
developed areas
h) Worker’s accidents and hazards during construction
During construction workers are likely to incur injuries and hazards as a result of handling
tools and other materials. Because of construction activities including excavations of
trenches, bush clearing and fastening of materials, metal grinding and cutting, concrete
work, steel erection and welding among others, construction workers will be exposed to
risks of accidents and injuries. At times, such injuries may be from accidental falls, injuries
from hand tools and construction equipment cuts from sharp edges of metal sheets and
collapse of building sections among others.
I) Solid Waste Generation
During construction and operation solid waste will be generated. These include plastic
containers, excavated soils/debris, papers used for packing cement, and wood remains.
Dumping around the site will interfere with aesthetic status of the area. This has direct
effect to the surrounding community.
Solid waste generation during operation of the proposed flood-based farming will occur
from daily routine hence need to employ proper method
Disposal of the same solid waste off-site could also be a social inconvenience if done in
the wrong places. The off-site effects could be aesthetic, pest breeding, pollution of
physical environment, invasion of scavengers and informal recycling
j) Health Impact – Spread of COVID-19
The World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a global pandemic after assessing
both its alarming levels of spread and severity, and the alarming levels of inaction.
Consequentially, WHO issued various guidance and measures to prevent the spread of the
virus. The measures have been adopted worldwide. Similarly, the Kenyan government has
since then issued several guidance and directives after the first case was registered on
March 13th 2020. These included complete cessation of movement to and from areas
considered hot spots and night curfew, social distancing guidelines, closure on non –
critical and essential enterprises, closure of places of worship and public gatherings,
mandatory use of masks in public places, among others.
41
During project execution (civil works), large numbers of workers will be required to
assemble together in meetings, and even at work sites; varied number of workforces
including suppliers of material and services are also expected to come in from various
places in the county which may be COVID-19 hot spots; and interaction of workers with
the project host community. The potential for the spread of any infectious disease like
COVID-19 by projects is high. There is also the risk that the project may experience large
numbers of its workforce becoming ill and will need to consider how they will receive
treatment, and whether this will impact on local healthcare services including the project
host community. The presence of international workers, especially if they come from
countries with high infection rates, may also cause social tension between the foreign
workers and the local populations.
Recently, the WHO has warned that the virus is here to stay for a long time and might
persist and become our new way. The Government of Kenya has also lifted some of the
initial movement controls and allowed the resumption of business, with certain industry
specific guidelines being enforced. The duty of care has now been transferred to individual
citizens and enterprises. Recognizing the potent risk this may present, it is difficult to
clearly outline exhaustive mitigation measures under the mitigation impacts. As such, there
is need for the Proponent and the contractor to develop and adopt COVID-19 Standard
Operating Procedure (SOPs) in line with the World Bank guidance, Ministry of Health
Directives and site-specific project conditions. These SOPs need to be communicated to
all workers and enforced to the latter without fail.
Table 7. 3: Summary of the Possible Negative Impacts
Project
Phases
Project
Component
Project Activities ` Possible Negative Impacts
Excavation Infrastructure
development
Actual Construction
and development
works
-Debris deposition
-Accidents and other occupational health
hazards during excavation
Air pollution from fuel emissions during
Constructing works
Operation
Phase
Irrigation
scheme
project
operation
phase
Water supply for
agriculture, livestock
& domestic use
-Possible overexploitation/ depletion of
the aquifer
-Possibilities of flood water entering the
canals
Possible adverse health effects due to low
quality water
42
Project
Phases
Project
Component
Project Activities ` Possible Negative Impacts
Possible pollution of water due to
farming activities; pesticides and
fertilizer application
Pollution due to human activities viz;
open defecation, deforestation,
overstocking of livestock
43
CHAPTER 8: PROJECT MITIGATION MEASURES FOR POSSIBLE
NEGATIVE IMPACTS
Following, the identification of the likely environmental impacts of the proposed project,
recommendations are given in this chapter for feasible and cost-effective measures to
prevent or reduce the severity of negative impacts of environmental degradation to
acceptable levels and to enhance positive impacts for the improvement of overall benefits
of the project. The mitigation measures are presented in the table below:
8.1 Possible Negative Impacts and their Mitigation Measures
Table 8. 1: Mitigation Measures for Possible Adverse/ Negative Impacts
Project
Phases
Project
Component
Project
Activities `
Possible
Negative
Impacts
Proposed Mitigation
Measures
Excavation Intake &
canals
development
Actual
Constructing
and
development
works
-Debris
deposition
-Ensure separation of
biodegradable and non-
biodegradable wastes
-Encourage use of
recyclable materials
-Provide adequate waste
collection bins at the site
-Accidents and
other
occupational
health hazards
during drilling
activities
-Provide workers with
Protective Personal
Equipment (PPEs)
-Ensure occupational
safety measures are put
in place including a First
Aid Box
-Train workers on
occupational health and
safety
Air pollution
from fuel
emissions during
Constructing
works
-Ensure efficiency of
Constructing equipment
through regular checks
and maintenance
-Keep gasoline usage at
a minimum
Operation
Phase
Depletion of
catchment
Over
abstraction
of water,
Livestock
overgrazing
-Possible
overexploitation/
depletion of the
vegetation
-protection of the
catchment area
-
-Ensure efficiency in
water use
44
Project
Phases
Project
Component
Project
Activities `
Possible
Negative
Impacts
Proposed Mitigation
Measures
and
degradation
of the
catchment
-Possibilities of
flood water
entering the
water canals or
intake
-Adhere to the
specifications contained
in the Hydrogeological
Survey Report.i.e.
intake & canals
construction be enclosed
in a water tight chamber
in the well head
Possible adverse
health effects
due to low
quality water
-treatment and
purification of water
from the water project
before it is made
available for drinking
-Ensure regular
monitoring of the water
quality, air quality and
noise levels
45
CHAPTER 9: ENVIRONMENTAL & SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN
9.1 Significance of ESMP
EMP involves the protection, conservation and sustainable use of the various components
of the environment. The EMP for the project provides all the details of project activities,
impacts, mitigation measures, time schedules, costs, responsibilities and commitments
proposed to minimize environmental impacts of activities, including, monitoring and
evaluation and environmental & Social Impact Assessments during operation and
decommissioning phases of the project.
The Environmental Management Plan (EMP) (Table 1) has been developed to assist in
prioritizing the key findings of the ESIA, suggesting necessary mitigation actions and
allocating responsibilities and the estimated cost of implementation To comprehensively
implement the EMMP, on the commissioning of the project by DRSLP and other
implementing partners should put in place a task force to:
• Regularly inform and update it on the EMMP and recommend any necessary changes.
• Do a final evaluation that would assess whether or not project activities as designed
have been successful i.e., whether or not the environmental status of pre and post-
Environmental Audit have remained the same, changed for the better or worse.
It is further recommended that a project unit be created to implement project activities, co-
ordinate and do follow-up management and monitoring of the mitigation measures for the
project. The EMP is presented below.
9.2 Objectives
The objectives of the EMP include the following:
(i) To bring the project into compliance with applicable national, social and legal
requirements, policies and procedures.
(ii) To outline mitigating/enhancing, monitoring, consultative and institutional
measures required to prevent, minimize, mitigate or compensate for adverse
environmental and social impacts, or enhance the project beneficial impacts.
9.3 African Development Bank environmental and social safeguards
The environmental and social safeguards of the African Development Bank (AfDB, or the
Bank) are a cornerstone of the Bank’s support for inclusive economic growth and
environmental sustainability in Africa. As the Bank adapts to emerging environmental and
social development challenges, safeguards can quickly become out of date. To better
articulate its safeguard policies while improving their clarity, coherence and consistency,
the Bank has developed an Integrated Safeguards System (ISS). The ISS builds on the two
46
previous safeguard policies—Involuntary Resettlement (2003) and Environment (2004)—
and on three cross-cutting policies and strategies: Gender (2001), the Climate Risk
Management and Adaptation Strategy (2009) and the Civil Society Engagement
Framework (2012).
It also builds on the Bank’s sector policies: Health (1996), Integrated Water Resources
Management (2000), Agriculture and Rural Development (2000, 2010), and Poverty
Reduction (2004). It brings these policies and strategies into a consolidated framework that
is intended to enhance the effectiveness and relevance of the Bank’s work. In doing so, the
ISS seeks to:
• Better align the safeguards with the Bank’s new policies and strategies, including
the Bank’s new Ten-Year Strategy (2013-2022);
• Adopt good international practice, including on climate change;
• Adapt policies to an evolving range of lending products and innovative financing
modalities;
• Work toward greater harmonisation of safeguard practices across multilateral
finance institutions;
• Tailor safeguard approaches to different clients with varying capacities; and
• Improve internal processes and resource allocation.
9.4 Responsibilities
In order to ensure sound development and effective implementation of EMP, it will be
necessary to identify and define the responsibilities and authority of the various persons
and organizations that will be involved in the project. The following entities will be
involved in the implementation of this EMP.
▪ Drought Resilience and Sustainable Livelihoods Programme
▪ Management committee
▪ Environmental consultants.
▪ National Environment Management Authority-NEMA
▪ Farmers
9.5 Environmental monitoring and & Social Impact Assessments
Environmental monitoring and & Social Impact Assessments are essential in a project’s
life span as they are conducted to establish if project implementation has complied with set
environmental management standards for Kenya as spelt out in EMCA 2015 and the
Environmental (Impact Assessment and & Social Impact Assessment) Regulations 2019.
In this project, environmental monitoring and & Social Impact Assessments will be
conducted to ensure that identified potential negative impacts are mitigated during the
project’s life span.
47
9.5.1 Monitoring and training
In order to ensure a healthy environment in the project area and its environs, the proponent
and his agents will undertake to monitor the quality of the environment as a routine
practice. Monitoring will involve measurements, observations, evaluations, assessments
and reporting on the following variables:
▪ Water management along the canals and the irrigation fields
▪ Wastewater quality
▪ Managing oil spills
▪ Timely management of the operational areas of the schemes
▪ Occupational health and safety issues
▪ Air quality
9.5.2 Monitoring Data
i. Wastewater quality
Occasional sampling for observation and monitoring should be undertaken at the canals
and the irrigation fields.
ii. Occupational health and safety
Occupational health monitoring should be carried out for Farmers and their workers on the
irrigation field. This will include comprehensive health surveillance and monitoring.
9.5.3 Compliance conditions of EIA Licence
Annual environmental audits as provided in the Environmental Impact Assessment and &
Social Impact Assessment (Regulations 2019) should be undertaken.
9.5.4 Compliance with construction EMP
The Environmental Management Plan Provided herein should guide the initial and
subsequent environmental audits.
48
Table 9. 1: Environmental and Social Management Plan
Potential
Impacts
Mitigation Responsibility for
mitigation
Monitoring plan Frequency of
monitoring
exce
Liquid and solid
waste
1. Sensitize farmers to
construct toilets or
Provide farmers
with mobile toilets
in the farms
2. Improve treatment
of the liquid waste
3. Regular
maintenance of the
waste water
stabilization ponds
4. Conduct laboratory
tests on the treated
wastewater
5. Sensitization on
solid waste
separation
1. Farmers
/DRSLP/
County Health
officer
Nos. 2- 5. DRSLP
1. Random
inspections
during
working
periods
2. Periodic
inspection of
the systems
and records
3. Waste water
sampling and
testing
4. To begin next
financial year
5. To begin next
financial year
1. During working
periods
3. To be monitored
occasionally
300
Energy
conservation
1. Continuously
DRSLP should
sensitize farmers to
plant trees within
their homesteads
2. Plant more trees at
the intakes
3. Use solar as source
of energy
Farmers
DRSLP
Farmers
▪ Annual
monitoring
using plant
survival ratio
Annually
500
Water
conservation and
maintaining
Quality of water
1. Improve on the
treatment of
domestic water and
1. DRSLP
Nos. 2-4: DRSLP
at main and branch
▪ Random
inspections
Quarterly 500
49
Potential
Impacts
Mitigation Responsibility for
mitigation
Monitoring plan Frequency of
monitoring
exce
regular maintenance
of domestic water
2. Trim grown grass
along the canals and
also prevent
seepages
3. Regular desilting of
canals
4. Enforcement of
laws to prevent
illegal abstractions
along the canal
5. Conduct water
quality analysis
both for irrigation
and domestic water
supply
canals/ farmers at
tertiary
▪ Increased
irrigation
water flow and
domestic
water
production
▪ Reduced illegal
abstractions
along the canal
▪ No recorded
water borne
diseases
▪ Contracted
teams for
desilting
Disaster
management
The scheme to form
disaster management
unit
Sensitization of the unit
Disaster management
workshop
DRSLP
▪ Random
inspection at
the scheme
operation
Annually- to begin
next financial year
1000
Operational areas
of the scheme
1. Cut grown grass at
the intakes
2. Pave the unpaved
areas in the office
compound
3. Dispose properly
debris at the intake,
and the canals
4. Maintain access
roads in the scheme
Gubadida scheme
management
▪ Contracted
team to
maintain grass
levels in the
operational
areas of the
scheme
▪ Contracted
team to
undertake
reconstruction
1. Immediately
2. To begin Next
financial year
3. Done
periodically
200
50
Potential
Impacts
Mitigation Responsibility for
mitigation
Monitoring plan Frequency of
monitoring
exce
and
maintenance
of the paved
areas and the
scheme roads
Plant and
machinery
Handle properly oil
spillages
Disposed well oil cans
DRSLP/Contractor
▪ No oil spills Annually In contract
Health and safety
1. Record injuries
2. Provide operators
with head gears
3. Continuous safety
training to the staff
as soon as possible
4. Continuous
Prevention;
Monitoring and
management of
irrigation related
diseases
5. Provide safe
crossing structures
where necessary
DRSLP/
Contractor
Farmers
For No 4: DRSLP
to work with other
stakeholders like
ministry of Health
to offer support
▪ Injury and
accident
record book
kept
▪ Safety training
programmes
1. Quarterly
Annually
1000
Conflicts 1. Form a conflict
management unit
2. Continuous
stakeholders’
engagement
3. Keep records
DRSLP/Special
committees/County
Commissioners
Peace Committee
Farmers
Conflict
management
programmes
Record of conflicts
1000
Total 4,500
51
CHAPTER 10: PUBLIC ENTITIES INCHARGE OF ESA ENFORCEMENT
10.1 Relevant Environmental Institutions
10.1.1 National Environment Management Authority
The responsibility of the National Environmental Management Authority (NEMA) is to exercise
general supervision and co-ordination over all matters relating to the environment and to be the
principal instrument of Government in the implementation of all policies relating to the
environment. In addition to NEMA, the Act provides for the establishment and enforcement of
environmental quality standards to be set by a technical committee of NEMA known as the
Standards and Enforcement Review Committee (SERC) which governs the discharge limits to the
environment by the proposed project.
10.1.2 Decentralized /County Environmental Committees
The County Environmental Committees contribute to decentralized environmental management
and enable the participation of local communities. These environmental committees consist of the
following:
i) Representatives from all the ministries;
ii) Representatives from local authorities within the province/district;
iii) Two farmers / pastoral representatives;
iv) Two representatives from NGOs involved in environmental management in the
province/district;
v) A representative of each regional development authority.
10.1.3 National Environmental Complaints Committee (NECC)
The National Environmental Complaints Committee (NECC) was established under Section 31 of
the Environmental Management and Co-ordination Act, 1999. It was formerly known as the Public
Complaints Committee (PCC) but its name changed in the EMCA (Amendment) No. 5 of 2015).
It is an important institution in the assessment of the condition of the environment in Kenya. It
plays an important role in the facilitation of alternative dispute resolution mechanisms relating to
environmental matters. The NECC makes recommendations to the Cabinet Secretary and thus
contributes significantly to the formulation and development of environmental policy.
The membership of NECC is drawn from key stakeholders in environmental management. The
Committee consists of seven members headed by a Chairperson, who is appointed by the Cabinet
Secretary and qualifies to be a judge of the Environment and Land Court of Kenya. Other members
are; a representative of the Attorney General, a representative of the Law Society of Kenya, one
person who has demonstrated competence in environmental matters to be nominated by the
Council of Governors and who is the Secretary to the Committee, a representative of the business
community and two members, appointed by the Cabinet Secretary for their active role in
environmental management.
52
10.1.4 National Environmental Tribunal (NET)
The NET is established under Section 125 of EMCA for the purpose of hearing appeals from
administrative decisions by organs responsible for enforcement of environmental standards. An
appeal may be lodged by a project proponent upon denial of an EIA license or by a local
community upon the grant of an EIA license to a project proponent. NEMA may also refer any
matter that involves a point of law or is of unusual importance or complexity to NET for direction.
The proceedings of NET are not as stringent as those in a court of law and NET shall not be bound
by the rules of evidence as set out in the Evidence Act. Upon the making of an award, NET’s
mandate ends there as it does not have the power to enforce its awards. EMCA provides that any
person aggrieved by a decision or award of NET may within 30 days appeal to the High Court.
10.1.5 Environment and Land Court
The Kenya Constitution establishes Environment and Land Court. Article 162 of the constitution
provides for the creation of specialized courts to handle all matters on land and the environment.
The court has the status and powers of a High Court in every respect. Article 159 on the principles
of judicial authority, indicates that courts endeavors to encourage application of alternative dispute
resolution mechanisms, including traditional ones, so long as they are consistent with the
constitution. Section 20, of the Environment and Land Court Act, 2011 empowers the
Environment and Land Court, on its own motion, or on application of the parties to a dispute, to
direct the application of including traditional dispute resolution mechanisms.
10.2 Institutional Responsibilities with Respect to Social Issues
The constitution provides for several institutions to address issues of vulnerable and marginalized
groups including grievance and conflict handling mechanisms as provided for in this project
ESMF as well as in the project Implementation plans. Key constitutional mechanisms for redress
of issues related to marginalization include the (a) Commission on Administrative Justice-Office
of the Ombudsman; (b) National Land Commission; and (c) Committee on Revenue Allocation.
10.2.1 Commission on Administrative Justice (CAJ) – Office of the Ombudsman
Kenya has a formal Feedback and Complaints Handling Mechanism. The Commission is the
national/constitutional stakeholder instrument for grievance redress. Its mandate is to receive and
address complaints against public officers and public institutions to improve service delivery.
Three types of complaints can be made to the office of the Ombudsman including:
1. Citizen against State/public officers and institutions;
2. Public officers against fellow public officers; and,
3. Public institutions against other public institutions.
53
4. Table 0.1 below provides the steps and process for feedback and complaints redress by the
Ombudsman. The Ombudsman has a three step and time bound mechanism for feedback and
grievance redress, as shown below.
Table 0.1: Feedback and Complaints Redress by the CAJ (the Ombudsman)
Step 1 Complainant fills in a Complaint Form
• Complaint is assessed for compliance with CAJ Mandate;
• If within mandate, CAJ commences inquiries and complainant is issued with copy
of communication – CAJ 2 [Sec. 43];
• If NOT within CAJ mandate, Complainant is advised accordingly and/or referred
to appropriate government agencies;
• If a response is not received from the respondent after 14 working days, CAJ sends
a first reminder giving the respondent 7 days to comply;
• If no response is received after this, a final reminder of 7 days is sent;
• If there is still no response after 28 days, summonses are issued to the respondent
in line with [Sec. 27(a)].
Step 2 If after the summonses the respondent still fails to comply, the Ombudsman proceeds
to:
• Determines the complaint in the absence of the respondent;
• Institutes legal proceedings against the respondent [according to Sec. 52];
• Cites the respondent as an unresponsive State or Public Office or Officer, and/or
declares such State or Public Officer to be unfit to serve in the Public Service;
Step 3 How the Ombudsman undertakes grievance redress action: In resolving a complaint,
the Ombudsman may:
• Conduct investigations according to articles [A.59 (2)(i)] [Sec 8 b)] [A.252(1)(g)]
[Sec. 53 (1)];
• Demand and obtain information or documents [S.26 (d)];
• Conduct an inquiry [A.252(1)(g)]
• Undertake mediation, negotiation and conciliation [A.252 (1) (b)];
• Constitute a hearing panel;
• Invite or summon any person or persons to attend to the Commission [S.26 (f)];
• Obtain orders from the Court authorizing Searches or Seizures [Sec.26 (e)].
• Obtain warrants of arrest for breach of any summons or orders of the Commission.
10.2.2 National Gender Equality Commission
National Gender Equality Commission is a constitutional Commission established by an Act of
Parliament in August 2011, as a successor commission to the Kenya National Human Rights and
Equality Commission pursuant to Article 59 of the Constitution. NGEC derives its mandate from
54
Articles 27, 43, and Chapter Fifteen of the Constitution; and section 8 of NGEC Act (Cap. 15) of
2011, with the objectives of promoting gender equality and freedom from discrimination. The
over-arching goal for NGEC is to contribute to the reduction of gender inequalities and the
discrimination against all; women, men, persons with disabilities, the youth, children, the elderly,
minorities and marginalized communities. The Agency has specific mandates including ensuring
that those considered marginalized benefit from the project interventions.
10.2.3 Kenya National Commission on Human Rights
The Kenya National Commission on Human Rights (KNCHR) is an autonomous national human
rights institution established under Article 59 of the Constitution of Kenya 2010. The commission
has a core mandate to further the promotion and protection of human rights in Kenya. This is
categorized further into two key broad mandates, namely:
• To act as a watch-dog over the Government in the area of human rights; and
• To provide key leadership in moving the country towards a human rights state.
The main goals of KNCHR are to investigate and provide redress for human rights violations;
research and monitor the compliance of human rights norms and standards; conduct human rights
education, to facilitate training, campaigns and advocacy on human rights; and collaborate with
other stakeholders in Kenya.
10.2.4 State Department for Social Protection
The department is responsible for sectoral oversight and management of all matters concerning
children, older persons and PWDs, including related policies, social development and management
of statutory institutions.
The State Department has officers in all counties and most of sub-counties across the country.
Since they focus on children, older persons and PWDs, the officers are key resource in the selection
of beneficiaries and monitoring the project’s social impacts.
10.2.5 National Council for Persons with Disabilities (NCPWD)
The NCPWD oversees all matters relating to PWDs, including:
1. Statutory responsibility for facilitation of disability mainstreaming programmes;
2. Formulating and developing measures and policies designed to achieve equal
opportunities for PWDs;
3. Cooperating with the government;
4. Recommending measures to prevent discrimination against PWDs; and
5. Registering persons with disabilities and institutions and organizations giving services
to PWDs.
55
The NCPWD has officers in all counties and a documented list of persons with disabilities that
could inform implementation of the project. The officers could also support the process of
translating documents and communicating with PWDs (e.g. sign language and braille).
56
CHAPTER 11: GRIEVANCE Conflict Handling Mechanism
11.1 Objective of the Grievance Conflict Handling Mechanism
The Grievance Conflict Handling Mechanism (GCHM) seeks to “respond directly and proactively
to concerns, tensions and fears of the community arising from effects of an intervention, resolve
them in a manner that meets both the aggressor and the complainant needs and to ensure agreement
and commitment by all”. The GCHM procedure explained here is replicated in all the tools and
plans for the project including SEP.
The GCHM is a process intended to facilitate the resolution of concerns and grievances of project-
affected parties that could have a bearing on the Borrower’s environmental and social
performance1. The GCHM is proportionate to the risks and impacts of the project (ESF, 2018).
GCHMs provide an effective avenue for expressing concerns and providing redress within
communities. In the execution of DRSLP II activities, it is expected that grievances, complaints
and disputes may arise at multiple stages including design, preparation, planning and
implementation.
A key risk for the project is the potential for inadequate, ineffective or inappropriate stakeholder
engagement and information disclosure that could exclude vulnerable, marginalized and minority
sections of the community from project benefits. This could be amplified further in the context of
limited resources in the face of widespread need. Other risks include elite capture (where project
benefits – mainly on restoration of livelihoods – are diverted to less needy individuals and
locations), and poor access to beneficiaries that hinders meaningful community engagement and
monitoring of social harm.
The project Stakeholder Engagement Plan (SEP) was prepared as a standalone plan and was
disclosed and the GCHM procedure is replicated from it. It provides the framework for
identification of stakeholders, gauging stakeholder interest and providing systematic targeting
means and processes of inclusive and meaningful engagements with the stakeholders and
communities in a way that influences project design and implementation which is key to GCHM.
11.2 Description of GM in line with the Project SEP
Grievances will be handled at the community level. The GM will include the following steps and
indicative timelines.
1 The grievance mechanism may utilize existing formal or informal grievance
mechanisms, provided they are properly designed and implemented, and deemed
suitable for project purposes; these may be supplemented as needed with project-
specific arrangements.
57
The GM will provide an appeal process if the complainant is not satisfied with the proposed
resolution of the complaint. Once all possible means to resolve the complaint has been proposed
and if the complainant is still not satisfied then they should be advised of their right to legal
recourse.
It is important to have multiple and widely known ways to register grievances. Anonymous
grievances can be raised and addressed. Several uptake channels under consideration by the project
include:
• Toll-free telephone hotline
• Letter to Grievance focal points at local health facilities
• Complaint form to be lodged via any of the above channels
• Walk-ins may register a complaint on a grievance logbook at healthcare facility or
suggestion box at clinic/hospitals.
Once a complaint has been received, by any and all channels, it should be recorded in the
complaints logbook or grievance excel-sheet/grievance database and subsequently addressed or
resolved within 5-7 working days.
Survivors of Gender-based Violence or Sexual Exploitation and Abuse are generally encouraged
to report all GBV/SEA cases through the dedicated GBV/SEA referral system and complaints
resolution mechanism. This will be made explicit in all community awareness sessions, as well as
be part of the publicly disclosed information. The GBV/SEA referral system will guarantee that
survivors receive all necessary services, including medical, legal, counselling, and that cases are
reported to the police where applicable.
If such cases are reported through the Project GCHM, the GCHM Operator needs to report the
case within 24 hours to the PIU, as the PIU is obliged to report any cases of GBV/SEA to the
African Development Bank within 48 hours following informed agreement by the survivor.
Furthermore, cases need to be reported to the IP, if it concerns a direct worker or a worker from a
sub-contractor, NGO partner or even a community worker following a survivor-centered approach.
UN agencies will have their organizational PSEA systems in place, through which violations by
staff will be handled. This may be in addition to criminal prosecution, to ensure that sanctions for
the violation of Code of Conducts are implemented. IPs are in charge of monitoring that the courses
for contractors regarding the Code of Conduct obligations and awareness raising activities to the
community are in place. The information gathered would be monitored and reported to the PIU
and the African Development Bank. All reporting will limit information to the survivor’s wishes
regarding confidentiality and in case the survivor agrees on further reporting, information will be
shared only on a need-to know- base, avoiding all information which may lead to the identification
of the survivor and any potential risk of retribution.
58
11.3 Monitoring and Reporting back to stakeholder groups
Information disclosure and consultations are relevant throughout the entire life cycle of the Project.
Project design has therefore been based on national-level consultations. Activities under each
subcomponent will include further consultations prior to their commencement, to ensure a broadly
inclusive selection of beneficiaries, transparency and accountability on project modalities, and
allow community voices to form the basis for the concrete design of every intervention;
consultations will continue throughout the project cycle.
The IPs implementing different sub-components of the Project will gather all comments and inputs
originating from community meetings, GCHM outcomes, and surveys. The information gathered
will be submitted to the Environmental and Social Specialists in the Risk Management Unit of the
NPCU, to ensure that the Project has general information on the perception of communities, and
that it remains on target. It will be the responsibility of the different IPs to respond to comments
and inputs, and to keep open a feedback line to the communities, as well as the local authorities
and State governments. Training on environmental and social standards facilitated by AFDB will
be provided soon after the Project becomes effective to ensure that all the staff from the PIU, and
the different IPs are equipped with the necessary skills.
The Implementing Partner (IP) will provide first feedback on the case to the aggrieved party within
one week, if the case was not filed anonymously. Further feedback and action will depend on the
nature of the case, and whether cases are decided upon within the respective IP. The IP will show
to the PCU that action has been taken within a reasonable amount of time.
Most importantly, all cases filed need to be logged and monitored by the IP. The IP will analyze
all complaints and feedback on a quarterly basis, and share a synthesis report of the analysis with
the PCU.
11.4 Establishment of Grievance Conflict Handling Committees (GCHC)
During the preparation and implementation of DRSLP II, the NPCU and the County Coordinating
Offices will facilitate the establishment of Grievance conflict handling Mechanism Committees
within communities in the Project areas and Wards traversed by the project. Five levels of GRC
will be instituted, namely: the NPCU GRC, the CPCU GRC, the sub-County GRC, the Ward GRC,
and the Community GRC. At each project level, once reported, a case should be resolved within
5-7 working days or else escalated to the next level.
11.4.1 Community Level GRC: Level 1
Project beneficiaries will elect a three-member GRC through a democratic process to implement
the grievance redress. Similarly, the beneficiaries at each sub-project site will elect their respective
GRCs. The one-third gender rule will be applied to ensure ethnic balance and representation of
women and youth. It is recommended that communities avoid electing individuals already in
positions of local leadership (County/National Government representatives and other local
59
political leadership). All group level GRCs for each value chain will hold further elections at Ward
level to establish a Ward level value chain GRC comprising of three members.
11.4.2 Integrated GRC at Ward Level: Level 2
The various Ward level value chain GRCs will elect an integrated Ward level GRC with one
representative from each value chain. The one-third rule will be applied to ensure participation of
VMGs and women members at the Ward level-integrated GRC.
11.4.3 Integrated GRC at Sub County Level: Level 3
The integrated GRC at the Ward level will elect one representative to form the integrated sub-
county GRC. The one-third rule will be applied to ensure participation of VMGs and women.
11.4.4 County Level GRC: Level 4
The integrated GCHMC at Sub-County level will elect one representative from each Sub-County
to form a nine-member integrated County GCHMC. These GRC will elect three of its members,
who together with one representative from other Sub-County level institutions (CTAC, CPIT, and
CDDO), will form the County Grievance Redress Committee. The one-third rule will be applied
to ensure the participation of VMGs and women.
11.4.5 National GRC: Level 5
The NPCU in collaboration with NTAC has identified representatives from the implementing and
executing agencies to form the national GRC. In DRSLP II, the crisis communication team is
composed of the NPC, Communication Officer, Environment and Social Safeguards Officer,
concerned Component Coordinator, CPC, Chair of the CPSC, Chair CTAC, Executive Committee
of the CDDC, Executive Committee of the CDDO and representatives of the Project Affected
Persons (PAP). Erreur ! Source du renvoi introuvable. is the Organogram Representation of the
Proposed Project Five GCHM Levels.
11.5 GCHM Activities at NPCU, CPCU, and Ward GCHM Committee Levels
The receipt of complaints is key; hence, a simple and understandable procedure shall be adopted
for receiving grievances, suggestions and comments relating to the project. The complainant may
submit (including his/her personal information) suggestions and/or comments in the prescribed
form under the custody of each the various committees.
Generally, each of the various levels of grievance redress shall undertake the following steps:
• Receive and register grievance (indicating the mode of communication i.e. oral, letter, text,
email, telephone call, video, etc.; also indicate the details of the complainant – name, I/D
No., PAP or otherwise, gender, contacts) (see Grievance Registration Form – Annex III-
A);
60
• Screen and sort out type of complaint (does it require just immediate answer? Who by? Do
it or refer; accordingly, or does it require a decision by the GCHM Committee? Book it
accordingly) (Grievance log – Annex III-B continued);
• Send acknowledgement to grievance owner (write an acknowledgement to the complainant
regardless of the type of complaint);
• Forward grievance to relevant sub-committee (after booking the complaint in the register,
bring it to the attention of the relevant contact person for the committee. Do ensure that
this process is tracked – date and timing, etc.);
• Verify the complaint/investigate/redress (the committee shall investigate and take
appropriate action. Keep minutes of the undertakings, etc.)
• Where redress calls for other parties/stakeholders to intervene, kindly consult, convene and
decide as a team on the best course of redress.
• If the complaint is not resolved at any given level, kindly refer it to the next level. Provide
documentation to justify why the issue could not be resolved at your level (case reference,
complainant/contacts/case summary, date logged in, summary of findings, why it is being
referred, etc.). The complainant do have a right of appeal at all levels of the GCHM.
• After the 5th levels (Figure 10-1), the complainant shall be referred to a competent court.
• At all stages it is reemphasized that tracking, monitoring, documentation, and evaluation
are key processes and MUST be well documented - (Annex III-A).
NB: National appeal process. The labor laws provide for the national appeals process that should
be utilized by any aggrieved staff if they consider if dissatisfied by the process established by the
project.
11.6 Available mechanisms for aggrieved parties to access redress
11.6.1 National Environmental Complaints Committee
The National Environmental Complaints Committee on Environment is an organ established by
the EMCA. The committee addresses complaints from the public arising from the environmental
and social impacts of project activities. In an event that members of the public are dissatisfied
with aspects of the proposed projects, the PCC serves as the first stop for those seeking redress. If
this fails, the National Environmental Tribunal (NET) or another organ set up by NET to resolve
environmental and social disputes on investments provides the next option for redress.
11.6.2 Environment and Land Court
Additionally, the Constitution of Kenya (CoK) provides for specific courts to deal with disputes
related to land and the environment (Land and Environment Court). They are charged with
reconciling environmental related disputes, and serve as the final stop in the event of disputes or
complaints that cannot be resolved through other means.
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11.7 Monitoring and Evaluation
The GCHM shall provide for monitoring and evaluation. This is to ensure improvement of GCHM
e.g. quarterly review of quantitative indicators, annual review of grievance redress processes, and
review of number of grievances reported and resolved (%). The DRSLP II Social Safeguards
Expert shall help to track and monitor the grievance resolution processes and their outcomes by
different levels of the GRCs.
GCHM Committees shall monitor the grievance redress process including implementation of
decisions made, and check that redress is granted to PAPs in a timely and efficient manner. They
will provide regular feedback to the complainants on the progress of the grievance redress process.
Monitoring will track the progress of grievance resolutions and timeliness of grievance redress;
follow-up grievances to ensure they are attended to; and document details of complaints received
and the progress of resolutions. GRCs will provide information to project managers on the progress
of implementation, and report actual and potential problems.
An evaluation system shall assess the effectiveness and impact of GRCs. Such evaluations will
take place biannually, and their results shall contribute to improving the performance of the
different GRCs, and provide valuable feedback to project management.
The following questions can be addressed in such evaluations:
1) How many complaints have been raised/% of which addressed/escalated?
2) What types of complaints have been raised?
3) What is the status of the complaints (rejected or not eligible, under assessment, action
agreed upon, action being implemented, or resolved)?
4) How long did it take to solve the problem?
5) How many PAPs have used the grievance redress procedure?
6) What were the outcomes?
7) Are the GCHM Committees effective in realizing the stated goals, objectives, and
principles?
8) Are the GCHM committees capable of responding to the range of grievances specified in
their scope?
9) Are the GCHM committees equipped with an adequate and diverse set of resolution
approaches?
10) Have the GCHM committees adopted measures to improve the resolution approaches, e.g.,
capacity building, consultation, with technical experts, etc.?
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11) Are the GCHM committees effectively integrated into overall project implementation?
The answers to the above questions will help project managers to track the trends of complaints;
detect flaws in implementation; take timely corrective action; and make strategic changes where
needed. They shall also provide valuable feedback about PAPs' satisfaction with the project, which
could help executing agencies improve their reputation within communities. Those involved in
M&E will liaise with media; monitor media reports; and provide feedback to project management
for action or attention (as the case will require).
11.8 GCHM Budget
A GCHM shall have a realistic budget that sufficiently cover the costs of its operations such as
facilitation, operationalization, disclosure, awareness campaigns, capacity-building training, field
inspections, meetings, and documentation. GCHM budget has been developed to guide the
implementer in planning for the same. In this case, the table below presents the proposed Work
Plan and Annual Budget per phase
Table 0.1: Typical Annual GCHM Work Plan and Budget for the project
S/No. ACTIVITY BUDGET
(USD)
1 Awareness campaigns (how many? Frequency? No. of persons
involved? No. of days, stationery, transport/fares, allowance)
3,000
2 Establishment of GCHM Committees (how many? Frequency of
establishment meetings? No. of persons involved? No. of days?
Stationery, fuel/fares, allowances)
2,000
3 Capacity building sessions (how many? Frequency of trainings/
meetings? No. of persons involved? No. of days? Stationery, fuel/fares,
allowances)
6,000
4 Disclosure (printing of materials, stationery, mapping of the disclosure
points, allowance, transport/fares, etc.)
3,000
5 Field inspections (how many? Frequency? Persons involved?
Allowances, transport/fares, stationery, etc.)
6,000
6 Management meetings (frequency? How many persons? Allowances?
Etc.)
5,000
7 Documentation/Reporting (lump sum annual) 1,000
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8 Coordination and facilitation (lump sum-annual) 14,000
9 Contingency Cost 4,000
Grand Total 44,000
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CHAPTER 10: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
10.1 Conclusion
Environmental & Social Impact Assessment is a necessary tool to ensure that operations at the
irrigation scheme are in conformity to the existing environmental rules and regulations and
international best practice.
This ESIA has attempted, in an integrated manner, to cover all the components of proposed
project. It has identified the adverse impacts and as appropriate recommended feasible and
attainable mitigation measures. In this light, it is imperative that the Environment Management
and Monitoring Plan be fully implemented. The Plan should also feed into the African
Development Bank evident commitment to environmental conservation.
It is thus the expert’s recommendation that the project be approved subject to the outlined
mitigation measures being adhered to. The key goal should be geared towards minimizing the
occurrence of impacts that (may) have the potential to degrade the general environment. This will
be effectively overcome through close monitoring and adoption of the recommended
Environmental Management and Monitoring Plans (EMPs). The project proponent shall work
closely with the environmental Expert including NEMA, the general public and the County
Government of Isiolo to enhance the management of the issues of concern.
For the Biophysical components, the scheme has to put up measures to protect the water intake,
they practice afforestation but will also work on documentation of protected site, flora and fauna.
For the socio-economic components, the scheme should ensure that labor required within the
scheme is sourced from the locals thereby offering employment opportunities; DRSLP and ICG
should work to ensure that farmers use certified inputs and are offered with requisite training. In
terms of infrastructure, the scheme sponsors should work to address a number of areas including
transport infrastructure, Water supply infrastructure, liquid and solid waste infrastructure and
operations and maintenance infrastructure.
The water, soil, air and noise analysis should be done regularly to inform the authorities a number
of things like; Concentrations of chloride and fluoride at main inlets and drainage outlets to ensure
they do not exceed NEMA standards for irrigation water; levels of BOD of irrigation water point
to some level of pollution. Soils acidity and if laced with some pesticide residues. The Scheme
should work into applying proposed mitigation measures.
The Environmental & Social Impact Assessment concludes that the project is feasible and should
be allowed to proceed by the authority issuing DRSLP with an EIA License.
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10.2 Recommendations
The proponent must comply with the Water Act, 2016 on the provision of agriculture/irrigation
and use of water resources. The use of energy efficient equipment and use of approved materials
are all important in ensuring the sustainability of the proposed project.
▪ Environmental problems in the Gubadida Irrigation Scheme ecosystem are intertwined
and so approaches to address them should be integrated.
▪ All institutions in the ecosystem are affected by these problems or contribute to them and
so they should be involved in seeking solutions.
▪ The community should own all the conservation efforts since they are the main
beneficiaries. They must therefore be involved at all stages.
▪ There is no one solution to the environmental problems. A range of approaches has to be
employed to address these problems.
▪ Those communities residing in the semi-arid part are the poorest and most vulnerable. As
such they should be cushioned against the effects of reckless resource use practices
upstream.
▪ Community empowerment in form of training is important to addressing environmental
problems in the area.
▪ Success of environmental conservation efforts will be realized only to the extent poverty
alleviation in the area will be addressed.
Therefore, in this area, the following interventions will lead to environmental sustainability
Initiate the small-holder irrigation projects but work towards high irrigation efficiency Promoting
alternative livelihoods such as bee-keeping which is thriving in other semi-arid areas
• Promote drought resistant crops
• Improve water harvesting and storage techniques
• Promote value addition of raw products
• Reforesting with appropriate tree species
• The proponent should undertake an Environmental Audit after first year of operation of the
project
The positive impacts will benefit all stakeholders’ especially local residents. The project
proponents have promised to adhere to prudent implementation of the environmental management
plan. They are obtaining all necessary permits and licenses from the relevant authorities and have
qualified and adequate personnel to implement the project as proposed. They have proposed
adequate safety and health mitigation measures as part of the relevant statutory requirements.
They should therefore be licensed to implement this project subject to adherence to the
environmental management plan proposed in this report and the statutory requirement.
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Annexes
Annex 1: The Tools
The Checklist
Focus Group Discussion Checklist
SECTION A: GENERAL INFORMATION
Identification………………………………………………………………………......
Contact group …………………………………………………..…..……………….
County ……………………………………………………………………………
Sub-County ……………………………………………………..……………………..
Constituency………………………………………………………………………………..
Ward ………………………………………………….………………………………..
Project Area Description
Approximate area covered by the project…………………… (Km2) ;
Estimated total population in project area: ……………… persons
Population density: ……………………………………
SECTION B: SOCIAL ECONMIC INFORMATION
1. What are the primary economic activities for an average family in the project area?
……………………………………………………………………………………………
2. What is the major source of income for households in this area?
……………………………………………………………………………………………
3. Average farm size?................................................................................
Land tenure system?..............................................................................................................
4. Where do they get their farm inputs from?
• Seeds?
• Fertilizer?
• Extension services?
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• Are they adequate? if no how do they deal with inadequacies?.
...................................
5. What health facilities do you have in the area?
……………………………………………………………………………………………
6. For the last 5 years, what were the most common diseases in the area?
7. What is the main source of water?
……………………………………………………………………………………………
8. How is the water quality?
……………………………………………………………………………………………
Is the water regularly available?.if No how do they deal with shortages?
9. How is solid waste managed in the area
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………….…………………………………..
10. What are the main sources of energy in the area? Are they adequate? If no how do they
deal with inadequacies
11. Are the workers in the project provided with housing
……………………………………..………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
12. What organizations do you have in the project area?
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
13. Are there any farmer’s organizations in the areas? (1) Yes….. (2) No
……………………..
If yes, what are their roles and responsibilities?
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
14. Are there any recreational facilities in your areas? (1) Yes…… (2)
No………………………
If yes name them.................................................................................................................
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15. How can you rate the standards of roads in the project area?.................................
……………………................................................................................................................
16. What are the main means of transport in the area?
………………………….…………………………………………………………………
17. Do farmers generally employ permanent or casual labor in this area? (1) Yes… (2)
No…….
18. How easy is it to find casual labor at the time needed?
……………………………………..
a. Is there labor shortage in the area? (1) Yes (2) No
19. Has there been any damage to property caused by the irrigation project
(1) Yes…… (2) No……..
If yes name them…………………
20. What compensations have been made to counter the damages………………………….
21. Any occurrence of cases of human /wildlife / livestock conflicts……………………….
If yes name them…………………………
How are the conflicts
addressed………………………………………………………………?
22. Is the community consulted on key decision of the
projects………………………………..
If yes how and which
ones…………………………………………………………………….
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KEY INFORMANT INTERVIEWS
KEY INFORMANT INTERVIEW: Public Health Office
Interviewee……………………………………Date………………………………
Position held……………………………………………………………………………
Location………………………………………………………………………………….
1. Any health facility in the project area? How many and what level/kind of health
facility?
2. How big an area is the health facility expected to cover in service provision?
• Probe for numbers and adequacy of staff and equipment?
3. What are the Common diseases in the project area in the last five years?
4. Are the diseases related to the irrigation project?
5. Which age group(s) is most affected? And why?
6. What measures are in place to address these diseases?
7. Any sensitization programs for the community?
8. What other organizations are involved in addressing health issues and in what
capacity?
9. How do the health facilities work in collaboration with the irrigation scheme to
tackle health issues?
10. Any other health related challenges?
11. Any recommendations to address the challenges?
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Annex 2: Gubadida Scheme Google Earth Excerpt
Gubadida Irrigation Scheme
71
Annex 3: Gubadida Scheme on Isiolo County Map
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Annex 4: Focus Group Discussion
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Appendix A1: Picture of public participation meeting
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Annex 5: Minutes of CPP Meeting
GUBADIDA IRRIGATION SCHEME CPP MEETING HELD ON 5th OCTOBER
AT RACKO VILLAGE AREA
The meeting started at 10.30 am after prayers from one of the members. The meeting was
held in accordance with the MOH/WHO regulations on the Covid-19 pandemic prevention.
The consultant highlighted the agendas of the meeting and invited members present to air
their views on the project and the expected impacts.
The following issues arose from the consultations.
POSITIVE IMPACTS
1. Provision of irrigation water:
The members agreed that the irrigation scheme project would bring access to reliable and
clean water for their irrigation requirements, livestock, as well as domestic uses.
2. Installation of water management structures
The water management structures will aid to better manage the activities and to support the
increasing population in the area and guarantee the sustainability of the project and the
community in general.
3. Creation of employment
The irrigation scheme project will bring about a need for both casual and skilled labor and
thus create employment for residents of the neighborhood.
4. Promotion of secondary businesses
More opportunities for business will be created by this irrigation scheme project as the
demand for other products sold by vendors and other business entities.
5. Enhancement of security
The project site will enhance incomes hence idle youth who would have engaged in crimes
will be busy hence enhance security in the area.
6. Increase in incomes
The promotion of businesses and employment opportunities will bring about an increase in
incomes for residents.
7. Time Savings
Further, the amount of time spent in search of water initially can be invested in other more
productive activities that would translate to an increase in incomes. For students who had
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become duty-bound in collection of water from alternative sources, school productivity
will increase as absenteeism will be a thing of the past.
NEGATIVE IMPACTS
1. Debris Deposition
It was explained that during the construction and development works process debris could
be deposited into the water sources and thus affect the useful life of the irrigation scheme
and eventually the quality of the water being channeled from suspended solids. This impact
can be minimized by ….
2. Risk of Accidents and other Occupational Hazard Risks During Excavation
The risk of accidents and other occupational hazards is real during the excavation process
and will be minimal since machinery will be used for a short period of time and the
management plan against these risks will be fully implemented during this stage.
3. Air Pollution from dust and fuel emissions
The contractor committed to maintain the machinery to guarantee minimal emissions from
the machinery. Further the technique to be used does not generate dust save for the heavy
machinery used during the commissioning to and from site which however is minimal and
for a very short duration of time.
4. Possibility of flood water entering the irrigation canals
The members were informed that there is a risk that flood water may enter the irrigation
canals and creating a need for screens to be installed in the canal ends to prevent the
occurrence of siltation. This implies that the risk is only speculative if the project is
implemented in accordance with the environmental management plan to mitigate the
expected negative impacts.
5. Generation of Solid Waste
Solid waste is expected during the excavation and developmental phase ranging from
plastic water bottles and other expected wastes. This is also minimal given the short period
of time that the drilling team will be at the site and if the EMP will be implemented to
mitigate this impact
There being no other business, the meeting was closed at 1:30 PM.
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Annex 6: List of Participants
77
Annex 7: Nema License
78
79
80
Annex 8: Stakeholder Engagement Plan
STAKEHOLDER
ORGANIZATION,
GROUP OR
INDIVIDUAL
POTENTIAL
ROLE IN THE
ACTIVITY
ENGAGEMNET
STRATEGY
FOLLOW-UP
STRATEGY
National and County
Governments (
NEMA, sector
ministries, Water
Resources Authority
etc)
Counterpart
funding,
Regulation,
technical backup,
M&E,
Enforcement,
Environmental
Audit
Planning,
implementation,
operation and
decommissioning.
Through
periodic reports
and
consultations
Political leadership (
National and County
Government Admin,
local leadership)
- Community and
resource
mobilization
- General Conflict
resolution
including
witnessing and
approval of
community land
resolution forms,
GBV)
- Ownership and
sustainability
- Community
mobilization
- site identification
and confirmation
- Ex-official in
Irrigation Water
Users Association
(IWUA)
- Site Management
meetings
- Trainings
- Periodic
meetings and
consultations
Private Sector Construction,
input supply,
aggregation,
export, transport,
provision of credit.
- Contracts,
stakeholder forum,
trainings
- site
management
meetings
- Consultation
fora
NGOs and Civil
Society Organizations
- lobbying and
advocacy, relief
services, resource
mobilization,
funding
- Continuous
involvement in
Project cycle
- Stakeholder
fora and
sharing of
reports
Financiers - Resource
mobilization and
allocation,
monitoring and
auditing, capacity
building for
accounts and
procurement
- Protocol of
agreement, M&E,
Audits
- Periodic
report
And
consultations
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Beneficiaries - Site
identification,
Voluntary land
provision,
operation and
maintenance of the
system,
sustainability
-Conflict
resolution ,
Environment
management,
Operation and
maintenance,
production and
marketing
- Involvement
throughout the
project cycle
- Through Conflict
resolution,
Environment
management, O&M
and produce and
marketing
committees
, trainings, site
meetings, monitoring
etc)
- General
extension
services; site
management
meetings;
training fora
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Annex 9: Land Resolution Form
